Chapter 14

[147]Rivoira, I, p. 225.[148]Rivoira, I, p. 224, Figs. 330, 331.[149]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vault.[150]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 22.[151]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 23.[152]See Cattaneo, p. 227.[153]The word square is used to denote bays which are approximately as well as actually equilateral.[154]See list in Enlart, I, p. 264 note 2 and note 3. Examples of transverse arches of earlier date exist in Syrian and Early Christian architecture, but not with a regular alternate system.[155]This was especially important to the Lombard builders, who always preferred the semicircular arch, which could thus be employed for all six ribs of the vault and would cause the crown to be domed up just high enough to permit the construction of the entire vault by means of a simple centering from rib to rib. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.[156]See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.[157]Illustrated in M. H.[158]Illustrated in Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 19.[159]See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 13.[160]Examples include: Laval (Mayenne), La Trinité; LeMans (Sarthe), La Couture; Poitiers (Vienne), Cath. (portion); Poitiers, Sainte Radegonde; Brantôme (Dordogne), Ch.; Lucheux (Somme), Ch.; Airaines (Somme), Notre Dame.[161]They are, perhaps, the earliest of the Anjou group. Enlart (Vol. I, pp. 435, note 1 and 445, note 1) gives an earlier date for Lucheux and Airaines, but the appearance of their vaults does not seem to bear out this assertion.[162]See Choisy, II, p. 277 and p. 276, Fig. 8—A. B. C.[163]Enlart, I, p. 437, Fig. 205.[164]Enlart, I, p. 444, Fig. 210. See also p. 446, note 1.[165]Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.[166]Ill. in Bond, p. 328, Fig. 4.[167]See Street, p. 80, and Fig. 7, opp. same.[168]Examples could be cited in Belgium, Holland, Norway, Spain, etc., in fact, wherever Lombard, Rhenish or Anjou influence was strong.[169]See also Milan, S. Nazzaro. Cummings, I, p. 116.[170]Similar building-up of the arches may be seen in the nave at Bury(Fig. 22), and in the narthex of St. Leu d’Esserent (Oise). See Moore, p. 68 and p. 69, Fig. 24.[171]Very interesting examples occur also at Saint Aignan (Loire-et-Cher), Ch.[172]Similar angels are found in the porch of Santiago-de-Compostella illustrated in Uhde, Baudenkmaeler in Spainen und Portugal; also in Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 166. These latter are Angels of Judgment, forming part of the sculptural scheme of the three portals.[173]Similar figures also appear at Salamanca, in the old cathedral. See Street, p. 80 and Fig. opp. p. 80. Uhde,op. cit., Fig. 119, p. 50.[174]See p. 57.[175]Other examples include: Bologna, San Petronio, ill. in Joseph, p. 172, Fig. 132; Verona, Cath. See Bond, p. 321; Pavia, San Teodoro (1150-1180), see Bond, p. 321; Venice, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Cummings, II. p. 192.[176]See also Rivolta d’Adda—Rivoira, I. p 234, Fig. 331; Pavia, S. Michele, Porter, I, ill. 104, opp. p. 204.[177]See pp. 39 and 42.[178]Omitting for the present the cathedral of Durham.[179]These windows like others of the Norman school are actually to one side of the center of the bay but not far enough to make the difference apparent. In fact, they would seem to have been moved over for the purpose of making them appear in the center since the inward curve of the diagonal, which lies on one side of them only, would make them appear to be out of center were they placed on the axis of the bay.[180]Enlart gives several examples, though not in churches with a regular pier system. Among these are: Cerisy-la-Forêt (Manche), Enlart, I, p. 261, Fig. 97; Le Mans, N. D. du Pré (original state); Villemagne (Hérault), Saint Gregoire (ruined), see Enlart, I, p. 264, note 2.[181]Illustrated in Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXIX.[182]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXVIII.[183]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXI.[184]In England, where thick walls are an important factor in vault support even at a comparatively late date, this same form of vaulting conoid is frequently found, for example in Chichester, Cath. (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 110, Fig. 91), Worcester, Cath. choir, (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XX), Lincoln, Cath., E. Transept (see Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 116), etc.[185]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVIII.[186]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.[187]Flying-buttresses had to be added not long after their construction, to keep them from falling.[188]Even these vaults have suffered from reconstruction in the thirteenth century.[189]See Moore, p. 130 et seq. for discussion of this point.[190]A later instance does appear and this, too, on a very large scale in the rebuilt choir vaults of Beauvais cathedral (1284), but the six-part vaults of this church are entirely due to the subdivision of four-part rectangular vaults in order to obtain greater stability.[191]Among the more important examples not mentioned are: Laon (Aisne), Cath.; Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Cath.; Dijon (Côte-d’Or), Notre Dame, etc.[192]Other examples are: Lincoln, Cath. choir;(Fig. 35)Durham, Cath. east transept; Rochester, Cath. presbytery, (Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XVIII), etc.[193]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Figs. 58-60.[194]Other Italian examples are: Casamari, Ch.; San Galgano, Ch.; San Martino, Ch.; etc.[195]This bay was rebuilt (cir. 1237-1239) after the fall of the tower and is, therefore, later than the transept (cir. 1200).[196]In La Trinité there are no side aisles, but a series of chapels constitutes virtually the same arrangement.[197]Lubke, I, p. 440, Fig. 313.[198]Sturgis, II, p. 435, Fig. 382.[199]Sturgis, II, p. 439, Fig. 386.[200]See also one bay of Lincoln choir(Fig. 35)rebuilt cir. 1239, also Bourges, S. Pierre-le-Guillard, early thirteenth century, vaults rebuilt on original lines in the fifteenth century. Nesle (Somme) Ch. also has this vaulting form according to Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 114, note 1.[201]See also Erfurt, Frankiskanerkirche.[202]Gurlitt, pl. 83.[203]Ex. Voulton (Seine-et-Marne), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 62.[204]Bumpus, illustration opp. p. 92.[205]Ill. in Moore, p. 51.[206]See p. 96 and Fig. 44.[207]Bond, p. 643.[208]Rivoira, II, pp. 235-243.[209]Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 25.[210]Lasteyrie, p. 497, note 1.[211]Bond, p. 370.[212]Bond, pp. 315 and 319.[213]Bond, p. 319.[214]The system, moreover, is complete with a transverse arch which might seem to indicate that it was later than that at Durham.[215]The other three are, the sexpartite and pseudo-sexpartite vaults and the irregular four-part method employed at Durham.[216]Moore, p. 80, Fig. 32.[217]Whether these concealed buttresses were first used in Normandy or the Ile-de-France is an open question, but in either case their origin would seem to be traceable to such prototypes as the ramping walls above the transverse aisle arches of such Lombard churches as Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and perhaps even to Roman monuments like the basilica of Maxentius at Rome. The really important question is to learn when these concealed buttresses were first raised above the aisle roofs to constitute true flying-buttresses. This would seem to have taken place in the Ile-de-France, perhaps at Domont as Porter suggests (Porter, II, pp. 91-92), or at Noyon towards the middle of the twelfth century.[218]Ill. in Moore, p. 76.[219]An example of the heavy ribs used in early work may be seen at Morienval, Fig. 77.[220]These and the following churches are chosen at random merely for the purposes of comparison.[221]For example in the cathedral of Albi, where the nave is sixty feet in width, and in that of Gerona (Spain), where it is over seventy.[222]See pp. 49 and 70.[223]See Bond, p. 336.[224]See Bond, p. 335.[225]See Bond, p. 336.[226]As a matter of fact these in their turn help to support the ridge rib.[227]See Street, p. 78 for a drawing (from Wilde) of this vault before its restoration.[228]See p. 93 for examples.[229]So far as the writer knows there are no examples of the simple transverse ridge rib in England, where one would naturally expect to find it used.[230]Moreover the tiercerons at Worcester would seem to have been an afterthought. See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 175.[231]Illustrated in Bond, p. 327.[232]Illustrated in Bond, p. 327. See also Lichfield’s Cath. nave for similar transverse rib.[233]Not without their influence, however, as a number of late churches could be cited in which there is no true transverse rib, as for example the minster at Berne (Switzerland), (illustrated in Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31).[234]See Bond, p. 333.[235]Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 234, Fig. 1.[236]A larger number of tiercerons is frequently found but not in vaults without liernes, except in very rare instances such as Oxford Schools Tower, where there are three pairs of tiercerons in each severy. Plan in Bond, p. 324-8.[237]Bond, p. 340.[238]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.[239]Illustrated in Bond, p. 331.[240]Michel, III, p. 27, Fig. 17.[241]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.[242]Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.[243]See also illustration in Bond, p. 332.[244]See illustration of Gloucester choir in Bond, p. 334.[245]See illustration in Bond, opp. p. 132.[246]See illustration of Tewkesbury nave, Wells choir (Bond, p. 332) and Gloucester choir (Bond, p. 334).[247]Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.[248]Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.[249]Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.[250]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.[251]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.[252]See also Cambridge, King’s College chapel, illustrated in Bond, p. 333.[253]See also Oxford, Christ Church staircase, illustrated in Bond, p. 348.[254]Illustrated in Willis, p. 50.[255]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.[256]The vaults are modern but the church was planned to have this type.[257]Illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348, also Willis, pl. III, opp. p. 54.[258]Illustrated in Bond, p. 297. See also Oxford, Divinity School, illustrated in Bond, p. 331 and Henry VII’s Chapel, illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348.[259]For an extended discussion of English vaulting see Bond, English Church Architecture, Vol. I, Chap. V, pp. 279-384.[260]The diagonals of many vaults in France and Spain and especially in England had been decorated with carving, particularly in the early Gothic period.[261]Illustrated in Michel, IV, p. 858.[262]Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 558.[263]Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373. See also Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (Hartung, I, pl. 5).[264]Plan in Street, pl. IV, opp. p. 104.[265]Plan in Street, pl. XII, opp. p. 194.[266]Michel, III, p. 10, Fig. 4.[267]Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31.[268]Hartung, II, pl. 114.[269]So far as the writer is aware.[270]Michel, IV, p. 567, Fig. 376.[271]Enlart, I, pp. 598-599, Fig. 323.[272]Enlart, I, pp. 676-677, Fig. 345. See also Bristol cathedral, Berkeley Chapel (cir. 1340) illustrated in Bond, p. 329.[273]See Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 82.[274]Perhaps as early as between 1124-1140 when there was a reconstruction of the cathedral. The character of their construction certainly would not be inconsistent with such a date.[275]Ribs rising in a somewhat similar manner are to be found in the south of France, in the crypt of the church of Saint Gilles (Gard.) (Ill. in Lasteyrie, p. 263, Fig. 253) or the chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet at Avignon (Vaucluse), where they mark the intersection of two flattened tunnel vaults.[276]Lincoln, Cath. nave aisle. Plan in Bond, pp. 308-9; Salisbury, Cath.; Southwell, Minster.[277]Hartung, I, pl. 16.[278]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.[279]Examples include: Linköping, Cath.; Paderborn, Cath.; Minden, Cath.; Mainz, S. Stephen; Landshut, Saint Martin; Prenzlau, Marienkirche; Heidelberg, Peterskirche; Paris, Sainte Chapelle (lower church); Chaumont, Ch.; Perugia, Cath.; Winchester, Cath. (Lady chapel); Belem (Portugal) Ab. Ch.; Barcelona, Cath.; Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (1494-1501); Hartung, I, pl. 5; Soest, Sta Maria zur Wiese, Hartung, I, pl. 49; Stendal, S. Maria (cir. 1450), Hartung, II, pl. 69.[280]Hartung, III, pl. 126.[281]Illustration in Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373.[282]See Butler, p. 78.[283]See Lasteyrie, p. 480 and notes 1-2.[284]From its elevation, this would seem to have been added later.[285]Other examples include: Issoire, Saint Paul, and the churches at Saint Saturnin and Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme).[286]Illustrated in Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.[287]Illustrated in Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.[288]Saint Jean-au-Bois (Oise) (twelfth century); Épinal (Vosges) (thirteenth century); Valentigny and Vendeuvre (Aube); Roberval, Vauciennes, and Verberie (Oise); Brunembert (Pas-de-Calais); etc.[289]See p. 131, note 16 for explanation of the use of the word chevet.[290]See also Tour (Calvados), Ch. Illustrated in Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 187. Rys (Calvados), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot II, pl. 12; Omonville-la-Rogue, Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 46; Puiseaux (Loiret), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 28.[291]Hartung, III, pl. 134.[292]There is a similar vault in the transept.[293]Among them: Lérins, Chapelle de la Trinité. Illustrated in Revoil I, pl. 1; St. Martin-de-Londres, Ch. Revoil, I, pl. XXXIII.[294]For example: Querqueville (Manche).[295]See Lasteyrie, p. 530.[296]An earlier transept with similar vaulting may have existed in church of St. Lucien at Beauvais (1090-1109), but this church was unfortunately destroyed during the Revolution. See Enlart, I, p. 480, note 3.[297]Similar transepts at Breslau, Heiligekreuze; Paderborn, Cath.; Marburg, St. Elizabeth.

[147]Rivoira, I, p. 225.

[148]Rivoira, I, p. 224, Figs. 330, 331.

[149]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vault.

[150]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 22.

[151]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 23.

[152]See Cattaneo, p. 227.

[153]The word square is used to denote bays which are approximately as well as actually equilateral.

[154]See list in Enlart, I, p. 264 note 2 and note 3. Examples of transverse arches of earlier date exist in Syrian and Early Christian architecture, but not with a regular alternate system.

[155]This was especially important to the Lombard builders, who always preferred the semicircular arch, which could thus be employed for all six ribs of the vault and would cause the crown to be domed up just high enough to permit the construction of the entire vault by means of a simple centering from rib to rib. See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.

[156]See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults.

[157]Illustrated in M. H.

[158]Illustrated in Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Fig. 19.

[159]See Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, p. 13.

[160]Examples include: Laval (Mayenne), La Trinité; LeMans (Sarthe), La Couture; Poitiers (Vienne), Cath. (portion); Poitiers, Sainte Radegonde; Brantôme (Dordogne), Ch.; Lucheux (Somme), Ch.; Airaines (Somme), Notre Dame.

[161]They are, perhaps, the earliest of the Anjou group. Enlart (Vol. I, pp. 435, note 1 and 445, note 1) gives an earlier date for Lucheux and Airaines, but the appearance of their vaults does not seem to bear out this assertion.

[162]See Choisy, II, p. 277 and p. 276, Fig. 8—A. B. C.

[163]Enlart, I, p. 437, Fig. 205.

[164]Enlart, I, p. 444, Fig. 210. See also p. 446, note 1.

[165]Lasteyrie, p. 474, Fig. 490.

[166]Ill. in Bond, p. 328, Fig. 4.

[167]See Street, p. 80, and Fig. 7, opp. same.

[168]Examples could be cited in Belgium, Holland, Norway, Spain, etc., in fact, wherever Lombard, Rhenish or Anjou influence was strong.

[169]See also Milan, S. Nazzaro. Cummings, I, p. 116.

[170]Similar building-up of the arches may be seen in the nave at Bury(Fig. 22), and in the narthex of St. Leu d’Esserent (Oise). See Moore, p. 68 and p. 69, Fig. 24.

[171]Very interesting examples occur also at Saint Aignan (Loire-et-Cher), Ch.

[172]Similar angels are found in the porch of Santiago-de-Compostella illustrated in Uhde, Baudenkmaeler in Spainen und Portugal; also in Madrazo-Gurlitt, pl. 166. These latter are Angels of Judgment, forming part of the sculptural scheme of the three portals.

[173]Similar figures also appear at Salamanca, in the old cathedral. See Street, p. 80 and Fig. opp. p. 80. Uhde,op. cit., Fig. 119, p. 50.

[174]See p. 57.

[175]Other examples include: Bologna, San Petronio, ill. in Joseph, p. 172, Fig. 132; Verona, Cath. See Bond, p. 321; Pavia, San Teodoro (1150-1180), see Bond, p. 321; Venice, SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Cummings, II. p. 192.

[176]See also Rivolta d’Adda—Rivoira, I. p 234, Fig. 331; Pavia, S. Michele, Porter, I, ill. 104, opp. p. 204.

[177]See pp. 39 and 42.

[178]Omitting for the present the cathedral of Durham.

[179]These windows like others of the Norman school are actually to one side of the center of the bay but not far enough to make the difference apparent. In fact, they would seem to have been moved over for the purpose of making them appear in the center since the inward curve of the diagonal, which lies on one side of them only, would make them appear to be out of center were they placed on the axis of the bay.

[180]Enlart gives several examples, though not in churches with a regular pier system. Among these are: Cerisy-la-Forêt (Manche), Enlart, I, p. 261, Fig. 97; Le Mans, N. D. du Pré (original state); Villemagne (Hérault), Saint Gregoire (ruined), see Enlart, I, p. 264, note 2.

[181]Illustrated in Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXIX.

[182]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXVIII.

[183]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXI.

[184]In England, where thick walls are an important factor in vault support even at a comparatively late date, this same form of vaulting conoid is frequently found, for example in Chichester, Cath. (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 110, Fig. 91), Worcester, Cath. choir, (ill. in Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XX), Lincoln, Cath., E. Transept (see Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 116), etc.

[185]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVIII.

[186]Ruprich-Robert, pl. LXXXVII.

[187]Flying-buttresses had to be added not long after their construction, to keep them from falling.

[188]Even these vaults have suffered from reconstruction in the thirteenth century.

[189]See Moore, p. 130 et seq. for discussion of this point.

[190]A later instance does appear and this, too, on a very large scale in the rebuilt choir vaults of Beauvais cathedral (1284), but the six-part vaults of this church are entirely due to the subdivision of four-part rectangular vaults in order to obtain greater stability.

[191]Among the more important examples not mentioned are: Laon (Aisne), Cath.; Mantes (Seine-et-Oise), Cath.; Dijon (Côte-d’Or), Notre Dame, etc.

[192]Other examples are: Lincoln, Cath. choir;(Fig. 35)Durham, Cath. east transept; Rochester, Cath. presbytery, (Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, pl. XVIII), etc.

[193]Porter, Cons. of Lombard and Gothic Vaults, Figs. 58-60.

[194]Other Italian examples are: Casamari, Ch.; San Galgano, Ch.; San Martino, Ch.; etc.

[195]This bay was rebuilt (cir. 1237-1239) after the fall of the tower and is, therefore, later than the transept (cir. 1200).

[196]In La Trinité there are no side aisles, but a series of chapels constitutes virtually the same arrangement.

[197]Lubke, I, p. 440, Fig. 313.

[198]Sturgis, II, p. 435, Fig. 382.

[199]Sturgis, II, p. 439, Fig. 386.

[200]See also one bay of Lincoln choir(Fig. 35)rebuilt cir. 1239, also Bourges, S. Pierre-le-Guillard, early thirteenth century, vaults rebuilt on original lines in the fifteenth century. Nesle (Somme) Ch. also has this vaulting form according to Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 114, note 1.

[201]See also Erfurt, Frankiskanerkirche.

[202]Gurlitt, pl. 83.

[203]Ex. Voulton (Seine-et-Marne), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, I, pl. 62.

[204]Bumpus, illustration opp. p. 92.

[205]Ill. in Moore, p. 51.

[206]See p. 96 and Fig. 44.

[207]Bond, p. 643.

[208]Rivoira, II, pp. 235-243.

[209]Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 25.

[210]Lasteyrie, p. 497, note 1.

[211]Bond, p. 370.

[212]Bond, pp. 315 and 319.

[213]Bond, p. 319.

[214]The system, moreover, is complete with a transverse arch which might seem to indicate that it was later than that at Durham.

[215]The other three are, the sexpartite and pseudo-sexpartite vaults and the irregular four-part method employed at Durham.

[216]Moore, p. 80, Fig. 32.

[217]Whether these concealed buttresses were first used in Normandy or the Ile-de-France is an open question, but in either case their origin would seem to be traceable to such prototypes as the ramping walls above the transverse aisle arches of such Lombard churches as Sant’ Ambrogio at Milan and perhaps even to Roman monuments like the basilica of Maxentius at Rome. The really important question is to learn when these concealed buttresses were first raised above the aisle roofs to constitute true flying-buttresses. This would seem to have taken place in the Ile-de-France, perhaps at Domont as Porter suggests (Porter, II, pp. 91-92), or at Noyon towards the middle of the twelfth century.

[218]Ill. in Moore, p. 76.

[219]An example of the heavy ribs used in early work may be seen at Morienval, Fig. 77.

[220]These and the following churches are chosen at random merely for the purposes of comparison.

[221]For example in the cathedral of Albi, where the nave is sixty feet in width, and in that of Gerona (Spain), where it is over seventy.

[222]See pp. 49 and 70.

[223]See Bond, p. 336.

[224]See Bond, p. 335.

[225]See Bond, p. 336.

[226]As a matter of fact these in their turn help to support the ridge rib.

[227]See Street, p. 78 for a drawing (from Wilde) of this vault before its restoration.

[228]See p. 93 for examples.

[229]So far as the writer knows there are no examples of the simple transverse ridge rib in England, where one would naturally expect to find it used.

[230]Moreover the tiercerons at Worcester would seem to have been an afterthought. See Moore, Mediaeval Church Architecture of England, p. 175.

[231]Illustrated in Bond, p. 327.

[232]Illustrated in Bond, p. 327. See also Lichfield’s Cath. nave for similar transverse rib.

[233]Not without their influence, however, as a number of late churches could be cited in which there is no true transverse rib, as for example the minster at Berne (Switzerland), (illustrated in Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31).

[234]See Bond, p. 333.

[235]Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 234, Fig. 1.

[236]A larger number of tiercerons is frequently found but not in vaults without liernes, except in very rare instances such as Oxford Schools Tower, where there are three pairs of tiercerons in each severy. Plan in Bond, p. 324-8.

[237]Bond, p. 340.

[238]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

[239]Illustrated in Bond, p. 331.

[240]Michel, III, p. 27, Fig. 17.

[241]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

[242]Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.

[243]See also illustration in Bond, p. 332.

[244]See illustration of Gloucester choir in Bond, p. 334.

[245]See illustration in Bond, opp. p. 132.

[246]See illustration of Tewkesbury nave, Wells choir (Bond, p. 332) and Gloucester choir (Bond, p. 334).

[247]Illustrated in Bond, p. 330.

[248]Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.

[249]Illustrated in Bond, p. 332.

[250]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

[251]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

[252]See also Cambridge, King’s College chapel, illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

[253]See also Oxford, Christ Church staircase, illustrated in Bond, p. 348.

[254]Illustrated in Willis, p. 50.

[255]Illustrated in Bond, p. 333.

[256]The vaults are modern but the church was planned to have this type.

[257]Illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348, also Willis, pl. III, opp. p. 54.

[258]Illustrated in Bond, p. 297. See also Oxford, Divinity School, illustrated in Bond, p. 331 and Henry VII’s Chapel, illustrated in Bond, opp. p. 348.

[259]For an extended discussion of English vaulting see Bond, English Church Architecture, Vol. I, Chap. V, pp. 279-384.

[260]The diagonals of many vaults in France and Spain and especially in England had been decorated with carving, particularly in the early Gothic period.

[261]Illustrated in Michel, IV, p. 858.

[262]Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 558.

[263]Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373. See also Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (Hartung, I, pl. 5).

[264]Plan in Street, pl. IV, opp. p. 104.

[265]Plan in Street, pl. XII, opp. p. 194.

[266]Michel, III, p. 10, Fig. 4.

[267]Michel, III, p. 52, Fig. 31.

[268]Hartung, II, pl. 114.

[269]So far as the writer is aware.

[270]Michel, IV, p. 567, Fig. 376.

[271]Enlart, I, pp. 598-599, Fig. 323.

[272]Enlart, I, pp. 676-677, Fig. 345. See also Bristol cathedral, Berkeley Chapel (cir. 1340) illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

[273]See Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 82.

[274]Perhaps as early as between 1124-1140 when there was a reconstruction of the cathedral. The character of their construction certainly would not be inconsistent with such a date.

[275]Ribs rising in a somewhat similar manner are to be found in the south of France, in the crypt of the church of Saint Gilles (Gard.) (Ill. in Lasteyrie, p. 263, Fig. 253) or the chapel of the Pont Saint-Benezet at Avignon (Vaucluse), where they mark the intersection of two flattened tunnel vaults.

[276]Lincoln, Cath. nave aisle. Plan in Bond, pp. 308-9; Salisbury, Cath.; Southwell, Minster.

[277]Hartung, I, pl. 16.

[278]Illustrated in Bond, p. 329.

[279]Examples include: Linköping, Cath.; Paderborn, Cath.; Minden, Cath.; Mainz, S. Stephen; Landshut, Saint Martin; Prenzlau, Marienkirche; Heidelberg, Peterskirche; Paris, Sainte Chapelle (lower church); Chaumont, Ch.; Perugia, Cath.; Winchester, Cath. (Lady chapel); Belem (Portugal) Ab. Ch.; Barcelona, Cath.; Freiberg-i-Sachsen, Cath. (1494-1501); Hartung, I, pl. 5; Soest, Sta Maria zur Wiese, Hartung, I, pl. 49; Stendal, S. Maria (cir. 1450), Hartung, II, pl. 69.

[280]Hartung, III, pl. 126.

[281]Illustration in Lubke, I, p. 540, Fig. 373.

[282]See Butler, p. 78.

[283]See Lasteyrie, p. 480 and notes 1-2.

[284]From its elevation, this would seem to have been added later.

[285]Other examples include: Issoire, Saint Paul, and the churches at Saint Saturnin and Saint Nectaire (Puy-de-Dôme).

[286]Illustrated in Lasteyrie, p. 445, Fig. 463.

[287]Illustrated in Enlart, I, Fig. 318, opp. p. 588.

[288]Saint Jean-au-Bois (Oise) (twelfth century); Épinal (Vosges) (thirteenth century); Valentigny and Vendeuvre (Aube); Roberval, Vauciennes, and Verberie (Oise); Brunembert (Pas-de-Calais); etc.

[289]See p. 131, note 16 for explanation of the use of the word chevet.

[290]See also Tour (Calvados), Ch. Illustrated in Dehio and von Bezold, II, p. 187. Rys (Calvados), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot II, pl. 12; Omonville-la-Rogue, Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, II, pl. 46; Puiseaux (Loiret), Ch. Baudot and Perrault-Dabot, III, pl. 28.

[291]Hartung, III, pl. 134.

[292]There is a similar vault in the transept.

[293]Among them: Lérins, Chapelle de la Trinité. Illustrated in Revoil I, pl. 1; St. Martin-de-Londres, Ch. Revoil, I, pl. XXXIII.

[294]For example: Querqueville (Manche).

[295]See Lasteyrie, p. 530.

[296]An earlier transept with similar vaulting may have existed in church of St. Lucien at Beauvais (1090-1109), but this church was unfortunately destroyed during the Revolution. See Enlart, I, p. 480, note 3.

[297]Similar transepts at Breslau, Heiligekreuze; Paderborn, Cath.; Marburg, St. Elizabeth.

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