[The names followed by an asterisk (*) are those which have been already given with more details in the Biographical Index to vol. I.; those followed by two asterisks (**) have been given in vol. II.]
A
ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman. Prime Minister from 1852-1855.ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840; successor to M. de Quélen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound.AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D.AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she was.ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the Spanish army.ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884).Néede Saint Joseph.ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804.ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836.ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of State in Prussia for many years.AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man.ANCELOT, M. (1794-1854). Author of tragedies and comedies, and member of the French Academy.ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and son-in-law of M. Royer Collard.ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X.ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia, daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke of Anhalt Dessau in 1818.APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist, Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of Count Nogarola.APPONYI, the Countess.NéeBenkendorff, niece of the Princesse de Lieven.ARAGO, François Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career: as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the Ministries of War and of the Navy.ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877).ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse of Périgord.ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and financier.ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813.ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of Schulenburg-Wolfsburg.ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time.ASSELINE, Adolphe (1806-1892). Private secretary to the Duchesse d'Orléans; he retired after 1848.ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist, and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at Madrid in 1840.AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous collection ofGuides Richard, which proved very lucrative.AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863).NéePrincess Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in 1812.AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII.AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent.AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno, married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869.AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat insignificant part.AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in 1848 at Olmütz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the abdication of his father, which took place immediately afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, who died in 1898.AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in 1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the Belgians.AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria.AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Elizabeth of (1831-1903). Daughter of the Palatine of Hungary. She married in 1849 Ferdinand Charles Victor, Archduke of Modena Este, who died in 1849; in 1854 she married the Archduke Charles Ferdinand.AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of Aylesbury in 1821.AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon. Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had married in 1833. She was very popular in London society.
ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman. Prime Minister from 1852-1855.
ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840; successor to M. de Quélen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound.
AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D.
AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she was.
ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the Spanish army.
ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884).Néede Saint Joseph.
ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804.
ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836.
ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of State in Prussia for many years.
AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man.
ANCELOT, M. (1794-1854). Author of tragedies and comedies, and member of the French Academy.
ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and son-in-law of M. Royer Collard.
ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X.
ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia, daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke of Anhalt Dessau in 1818.
APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist, Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of Count Nogarola.
APPONYI, the Countess.NéeBenkendorff, niece of the Princesse de Lieven.
ARAGO, François Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career: as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the Ministries of War and of the Navy.
ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877).
ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse of Périgord.
ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and financier.
ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813.
ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of Schulenburg-Wolfsburg.
ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time.
ASSELINE, Adolphe (1806-1892). Private secretary to the Duchesse d'Orléans; he retired after 1848.
ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist, and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at Madrid in 1840.
AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous collection ofGuides Richard, which proved very lucrative.
AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863).NéePrincess Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in 1812.
AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII.
AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent.
AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno, married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat insignificant part.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.
AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in 1848 at Olmütz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the abdication of his father, which took place immediately afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, who died in 1898.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in 1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the Belgians.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Elizabeth of (1831-1903). Daughter of the Palatine of Hungary. She married in 1849 Ferdinand Charles Victor, Archduke of Modena Este, who died in 1849; in 1854 she married the Archduke Charles Ferdinand.
AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of Aylesbury in 1821.
AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon. Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had married in 1833. She was very popular in London society.
B
BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849, afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he held until 1867.BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860).Néede Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died in 1818.BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his brother Louis in 1830.BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852.BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842 the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic; director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He published several books marked by real learning, which secured him a place in the French Academy in 1844.BALZAC, Honoré de** (1799-1850). French man of letters.BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian; for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg.BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy." He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into voluntary exile and died in Holland.BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for Portsmouthfrom 1826-1865; Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1839-1841, and First Lord of the Admiralty from 1849-1852.BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his second wife.BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt.BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important military and political posts under the Empire and the July Monarchy.BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count Gustavus Batthyány Strathmann.BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July Monarchy.BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771.Néede la Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont. She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand.BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince Théodore de Bauffremont.BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the French Academy.BAUTAIN, the Abbé** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris in 1849.BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825, and abdicated in 1848.BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of Bavaria.BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II. He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia.BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844 the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards married a Duke of Wurtemberg.BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances Smith,of the Wellesley family on her mother's side. Her husband inherited her father's title in 1835.BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist, brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848.BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of Coburg-Gotha.BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe.BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published anEssay on the Formation of Catholic Dogmawhich aroused much discussion.BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France.BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847.BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection, when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria. He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in Turkey.BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses, and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M. Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity.BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman, son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany, entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850.BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist, and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married Madame Malibran.BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor. He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of him for State purposes.BERNSTORFF, Count Albert von (1809-1873). Prussian diplomatist and successively Minister Plenipotentiary at Munich, Vienna, Naples, and London; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Prussia and Ambassador at London.BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy.BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded theJournal des Débats, was Councillor of State and Deputy.BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attaché to the staff of the Duc d'Orléans. He was a deputy from 1837 to 1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867.BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer, a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned in 1852.BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot.BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died.BIGNON, François (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber.BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters.BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811.BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833.BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen.BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in 1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After spending some years in the Prussian military service, he afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845 he married Princess Helena Mertschersky.BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Peter of (1818-1852). Cuirassier officer in Prussia.BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government.BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from 1851-1858, and from 1862-1866.BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born Adèle d'Osmond. Her salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859.BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'Orléans and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris.BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to facilitate the return of religious ideas to France.BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII.BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III.BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as Minister of War at Berlin.BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de Chambord.BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist; appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in 1859.BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke Eugène of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of Brazil.BRANDENBURG, Count Frederick William of (1792-1850). A son of the morganatic marriage of King Frederick William II. with the Countess Dönhoff. He entered the army at an early age: in 1848 he took the place of Herr von Pfuel as leader of the Prussian Cabinet, and in November 1849 was sent to Warsaw to negotiate with Russia concerning the conflict between Austria and Prussia.BRANDENBURG (the Countess of).NéeMassenbach, she married the Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia.BRANDHOFEN, Frau von.NéeAnne Plochel in 1802; she married morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran.BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In 1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of Brazil in 1890.BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery: major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection on October 6, 1848.BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.BRESSON, Comtesse.Néede Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian family.BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters; member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis XVIII.BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814 Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years.BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de.NéeDurazzo. She was the mother of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera.BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had married Albertine de Staël, who died in 1840.BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence.BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician.BRUGES, Madame de. Died in 1897.NéeEmilie de Zeuner. She had married as her first husband the Comte de Bruges, a Frenchémigréin Prussia, while her second husband was General von Berger of the Prussian service.BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840 after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855 he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856.BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles, and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837.BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in 1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830 he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836, where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French possessions in Northern Africa.BÜLOW, Baron Henry von* (1790-1846). Prussian diplomatist. He was Minister in England and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prussia.BÜLOW, Count Hans Adolphus Charles of (1807-1869). Prussian statesman, who was commissioned to undertake several negotiations in Hanover, Oldenburg, and in Brunswick. From 1850 to 1858 he directed the affairs of Mecklenburg.BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton** (1804-1872). English diplomatist. Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain from 1843-1848; Ambassador at Constantinople in 1858.BUNSEN, the Chevalier Christian Charles Josias von (1791-1860). German diplomatist. He spent twenty years at Rome as Secretary to the Prussian Legation and negotiated the question of mixed marriages. He was very intimate with the Prince Royal of Prussia who became King Frederick William IV. in 1840. He was appointed by this ruler Ambassador at London, where he remained until the Crimean War in 1854.BUTENIEFF, Apollinaire de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at Constantinople and afterwards at Rome. He married as his second wife Marie de Chreptowicz.
BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849, afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he held until 1867.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860).Néede Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died in 1818.
BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his brother Louis in 1830.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852.
BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842 the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic; director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He published several books marked by real learning, which secured him a place in the French Academy in 1844.
BALZAC, Honoré de** (1799-1850). French man of letters.
BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian; for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy." He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into voluntary exile and died in Holland.
BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for Portsmouthfrom 1826-1865; Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1839-1841, and First Lord of the Admiralty from 1849-1852.
BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his second wife.
BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt.
BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important military and political posts under the Empire and the July Monarchy.
BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count Gustavus Batthyány Strathmann.
BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July Monarchy.
BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771.Néede la Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont. She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand.
BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince Théodore de Bauffremont.
BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the French Academy.
BAUTAIN, the Abbé** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris in 1849.
BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825, and abdicated in 1848.
BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of Bavaria.
BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II. He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia.
BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844 the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards married a Duke of Wurtemberg.
BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances Smith,of the Wellesley family on her mother's side. Her husband inherited her father's title in 1835.
BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist, brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848.
BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of Coburg-Gotha.
BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe.
BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published anEssay on the Formation of Catholic Dogmawhich aroused much discussion.
BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France.
BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847.
BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection, when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria. He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in Turkey.
BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses, and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M. Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity.
BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman, son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany, entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850.
BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist, and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married Madame Malibran.
BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor. He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of him for State purposes.
BERNSTORFF, Count Albert von (1809-1873). Prussian diplomatist and successively Minister Plenipotentiary at Munich, Vienna, Naples, and London; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Prussia and Ambassador at London.
BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded theJournal des Débats, was Councillor of State and Deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attaché to the staff of the Duc d'Orléans. He was a deputy from 1837 to 1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867.
BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer, a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned in 1852.
BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot.
BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died.
BIGNON, François (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber.
BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in 1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After spending some years in the Prussian military service, he afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845 he married Princess Helena Mertschersky.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Peter of (1818-1852). Cuirassier officer in Prussia.
BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government.
BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from 1851-1858, and from 1862-1866.
BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born Adèle d'Osmond. Her salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859.
BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'Orléans and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris.
BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to facilitate the return of religious ideas to France.
BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII.
BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III.
BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as Minister of War at Berlin.
BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de Chambord.
BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist; appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in 1859.
BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke Eugène of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of Brazil.
BRANDENBURG, Count Frederick William of (1792-1850). A son of the morganatic marriage of King Frederick William II. with the Countess Dönhoff. He entered the army at an early age: in 1848 he took the place of Herr von Pfuel as leader of the Prussian Cabinet, and in November 1849 was sent to Warsaw to negotiate with Russia concerning the conflict between Austria and Prussia.
BRANDENBURG (the Countess of).NéeMassenbach, she married the Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia.
BRANDHOFEN, Frau von.NéeAnne Plochel in 1802; she married morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran.
BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In 1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of Brazil in 1890.
BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery: major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection on October 6, 1848.
BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
BRESSON, Comtesse.Néede Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian family.
BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters; member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis XVIII.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814 Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de.NéeDurazzo. She was the mother of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera.
BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had married Albertine de Staël, who died in 1840.
BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence.
BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician.
BRUGES, Madame de. Died in 1897.NéeEmilie de Zeuner. She had married as her first husband the Comte de Bruges, a Frenchémigréin Prussia, while her second husband was General von Berger of the Prussian service.
BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840 after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855 he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856.
BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles, and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837.
BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in 1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830 he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836, where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French possessions in Northern Africa.
BÜLOW, Baron Henry von* (1790-1846). Prussian diplomatist. He was Minister in England and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prussia.
BÜLOW, Count Hans Adolphus Charles of (1807-1869). Prussian statesman, who was commissioned to undertake several negotiations in Hanover, Oldenburg, and in Brunswick. From 1850 to 1858 he directed the affairs of Mecklenburg.
BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton** (1804-1872). English diplomatist. Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain from 1843-1848; Ambassador at Constantinople in 1858.
BUNSEN, the Chevalier Christian Charles Josias von (1791-1860). German diplomatist. He spent twenty years at Rome as Secretary to the Prussian Legation and negotiated the question of mixed marriages. He was very intimate with the Prince Royal of Prussia who became King Frederick William IV. in 1840. He was appointed by this ruler Ambassador at London, where he remained until the Crimean War in 1854.
BUTENIEFF, Apollinaire de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at Constantinople and afterwards at Rome. He married as his second wife Marie de Chreptowicz.
C
CAMBRIDGE, Prince George of. Born in 1819. Son of Duke Adolphus of Cambridge and of Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel; he became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 on the death of his father, and held a high position at the head of the English Army.CAMBRIDGE, Princess Augusta of. Born in 1822, and sister of Prince George. She married in 1843 the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at that time Hereditary Prince.CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf (1802-1890). President of the Prussian Ministry in 1848, afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central Germanic power, where he proposed a confederation in which Prussia was to have the controlling influence.CAPO D'ISTRIA, Count* (1776-1831). Native of Corfu.CARAMAN, the Marquise de.**NéeGallard de Béarn; widow of the Marquis de Caraman after 1836.CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell Bruce (1797-1864). General and peer of England; of an old family in which the family of the Marquises of Aylesbury originated. After several differences with the officers of his regiment, he had a duel with a captain and wounded his adversary. He was then tried before the House of Lords in its judicial capacity in 1841 and was acquitted.CARIGNAN, Princesse Joséphine de (1753-1797). Grandmother of King Charles Albert of Sardinia, daughter of Louis Charles de Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc, Comte de Brionne. She married in 1768 Prince Victor Amédée II. de Carignan, who was settled at Paris.CARLOTTA, the Infanta* (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain.CARNÉ, the Comte Joseph de (1804-1876). Entered the office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and joined the July Government. He was elected Deputy and took an active part in parliamentary work. He entered the French Academy in 1863.CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Henry of** (1783-1864). General of Prussian cavalry and chief royal huntsman.CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide of (1797-1849). Daughter of the Count of Pappenheim, she married Prince Henry Carolath in 1817.CARS, the Duchesse des. Died in 1870. Her maiden name was Augustine du Bouchet de Sourches de Tourzel. In 1817 she married Duc Amédée François des Cars.CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847).NéeCordelia Greffulhe, mother of the Marquis Henri de Castellane.CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de** (1814-1847). Eldest son of the Marshal de Castellane and Deputy for Cantal.CASTELLANE, the Marquise Henri de (1820-1890).NéePauline de Périgord,* grandniece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the author of these memoirs.CASTELLANE, Marie de. Born in 1840. Daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Henri de Castellane and granddaughter of the author of these memoirs. In 1857 she married at Sagan Prince Antony Radziwill, who died in 1904.CASTLEREAGH, Viscount* (1769-1822). English statesman and an embittered enemy of the French revolution and of Napoleon I.CAULAINCOURT, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicence (1772-1827). French general and the business-man of Napoleon I. at the Congress of Châtillon and one of his most faithful servants.CAVAIGNAC, General Louis Eugène (1802-1857). After gaining practically all his military experience in Algiers, he was appointed governor of this province after the revolution of 1848. On thecoup d'étatof December 2, 1851, he was arrested and transported to Ham. On his liberation he requested to be retired and entered private life.CELLAMARE, the Prince of (1657-1733). Was appointed Spanish Ambassador to the Court of France in 1715. He became, in concert with the Duchesse du Maine, the instrument by which Alberoni worked against the regent. His correspondence was intercepted towards the end of 1718 and he was himself arrested and conducted to the Spanish frontier.CÉSOLE, the Comte Eugène de. Lived at Nice and was very popular in society by reason of his cheerful disposition and his talents as a violinist.CÉSOLE, the Comtesse de (1812-1892).Néede Castellane. She lived at Nice to the end of her life.CESSAC, the Comte de (1752-1841). Jean Gérard Lacué de Cessac was on duty when the revolution broke out. He was a member of the Council of the Anciens in 1775. A supporter of the 18th Brumaire, Cessac wassummoned to the Council of State and became Minister of War in 1807 and remained faithful to the Emperor till his death. In 1831 Cessac entered the Chamber of Peers.CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comte Alfred de* (1799-1868). Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp of Louis Philippe, whom he followed into exile.CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comtesse Alfred de (1802-1891). Of English origin; her maiden name was Miss Antoinette Ellice.CHABOT, Philippe de, Comte de Jarnac** (1815-1875). French diplomatist. Deeply attached to the Orléans family.CHABOT, Mlle. Olivia de. Married in 1844 the Marquis de Lasteyrie, who died in 1883.CHAIX D'EST ANGE, Gustave (1800-1876). Famous legal authority, magistrate and French politician. Grand officer of the Legion of Honour and Senator in 1864.CHALAIS, the Prince Elie de** (1809-1883). Eldest son of the Duc de Périgord.CHANALEILLES, the Marquise Stéphanie de. Second daughter of the Duc de Crillon. She married Sosthène de Chanaleilles in 1832. She was a sister of Countess Pozzo.CHANGARNIER, General (1793-1877). After taking part in the Spanish war in 1823, he won distinction in the Algerian campaigns. He was exiled after thecoup d'étatof 1851, returned to France in 1859 and served in the army of Metz.CHARTRES, Robert d'Orléans, Duc de. Born in 1840. Second son of the Duc de Orléans and Princesse Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He married in 1863 his cousin-german, Françoise, daughter of the Prince de Joinville.CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). One of the most famous French writers of his time.CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomtesse de (1775-1845).NéeCeleste de la Vigne Buisson, she had married in 1792 the Vicomte de Chateaubriand with whose sisters she had been intimate since her youth.CHEVREUSE, the Duchesse Marie de (1600-1679). Widow of Duc Albert de Luynes; she married Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse and played a part in the Fronde and in the plots against Mazarin.CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). Doctor to King Louis-Philippe and the Duchesse d'Orléans. He was the first to begin a regular clinical practice at the Hospital of la Charité. He was a pupil of Corvisart.CHREPTOWICZ, Countess Helena.** Died in 1878. A daughter of Count Nesselrode, chancellor of Russia. She married Count Michael Chreptowicz, a Russian diplomatist.CIRCOURT, the Comtesse de (1808-1863).NéeAnastasie de Klustine. She married in 1830 the Comte Adolphe de Circourt and held a very remarkable salon at Paris. She was an intimate friend of Count Cavour and they maintained a highly interesting correspondence; several of the letters from Count Cavour to Madame de Circourt have been published by the Comte Nigra.CLANRICARDE, Lady,* died in 1876. She was the only daughter of the famous George Canning.CLARENDON, Lord* (1800-1870). Diplomatist and English politician.CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Princess (1777-1864). By birth Countess Louise Chotek, she had married in 1802 Prince Charles Clary Aldringen, her cousin-german.CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Edmund (1813-1894). Son of Prince Charles Clary. He was chamberlain at the Austrian Court. He married in 1841 a Countess Ficquelmont, who died in 1878.CLAUSEL, the General, Comte** (1772-1842). Governor of Algiers in 1830 and Marshal of France in 1831.CLÉREMBAULT, the Vicomte Jean Nicolas Adolphe de. Born in 1810. Son of the Comte de Clérembault and Consul General for France in Prussia in 1809; he served in the navy and became lieutenant. In Belgium he married Mlle. Valerie Desœr he was a knight of the Legion of Honour.COBURG, Duke Ernst II. of Saxe- (1818-1893). He succeeded his father, Ernst I., in 1844 and married in 1842 Alexandrina of Baden.COBURG, Prince Albert of Saxe- (1819-1861). Brother of Duke Ernst II. He married in 1840 Queen Victoria of England.COEUR, the Abbé** (1805-1860). A talented pulpit orator. He was made Bishop of Troyes in 1848.COGNY, Dr.** Doctor at Valençay.COIGNY, the Duc Gustave de** (1788-1865). Peer and Marshal of France.COLLOREDO, Count Francis of. Born in 1799. Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at London and afterwards at Rome.COLLOREDO, the Countess of.NéeSeverina Potocka. She married as her first husband Sobanski. Count Colloredo became her second husband in 1847.COMMINES, Philippe de (1445-1509). Chronicler and author of theMemoirsof the reigns of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII., and a historian of first-rate capacity.CONDÉ, the Princesse Louise Adélaïde de (1757-1824). Daughter of the Duc de Bourbon Condé and of Charlotte de Rohan Soubise. She was appointed Abbess of Remiremont by Louis XVI. in 1784, but did not take the veil. Deep feeling for a simple commoner induced her to leave the world. She lived in the Benedictine Order at Turin, at Warsaw, and even at Nieswiez in a convent founded by the Princes Radziwill. There she heard of the death of her brother, the Duc d'Enghien. On her return to France the Princesse de Condé founded the monastery of the Temple.CONSALVI, Cardinal Hercule (1757-1824). He enjoyed the patronage of the Princesses of France, the aunts of Louis XVI., and of the Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts. He occupied important posts at the Papal Court of Pius VI., and was the chief agent in the election of Pius VII., who made him Cardinal and Secretary of State. In 1801 he came to France and signed the famous Concordat, but Napoleon in order to remove him from business kept him in France in practical exile, and he was unable to return to Italy until 1814. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Cardinal not only obtained the restoration to the Holy See of the Marches and of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo, but also secured the supremacy of the papal nuncios in the diplomatic world.CONTADES, the Vicomtesse Jules de (1793-1861). Adèle Alexandrine, daughter of Gabriel Amys du Poureau. She married Vicomte Jules de Contades; after his death in 1844 she married the Duc de Luynes whose second wife she was.CORNÉLIUS, Peter von** (1787-1867). Famous German painter.COSSÉ-BRISSAC, Mlle. Stéphanie Marie de. Daughter of Comte Arthur de Cossé-Brissac, married in 1841 Louis Marie de Riffardeau, Duc de Rivière.COURTIER. An ecclesiastic who enjoyed great popularity.COWLEY, Lord (1804-1884). Son of Lord Mornington and nephew of the Duke of Wellington. He entered upon a diplomatic career at an early age and was accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1841; in 1852 he was appointed Ambassador at Paris to take the place of Lord Normanby, and took part in the Congress of Paris in 1856 with Lord Clarendon. He retained his post in France until 1867. In 1833 he had married Olivia FitzGerald of Ross.COWPER, Lady Fanny. Died in 1880. Daughter of the first marriage of Lady Palmerston and niece of Lord Melbourne. She married in 1841 Lord Robert Jocelyn (1816-1854), M.P., eldest son of Lord Roden.CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). A lawyer and politician who was elected Deputy for Chinon in 1842. He joined the government of National Defence with Gambetta in 1870 and was appointed permanent Senator in 1875.CRILLON, Mlle. Marie Louise Amélie de. Daughter of the Marquis de Crillon, peer of France. She married in 1842 Prince Armand de Polignac, son of the last President of the Council of King Charles X.CRILLON, Mlle. Valentine de. Sister of the foregoing. She married the Comte Charles Pozzo di Borgo.CUJAS, Jacques (1520-1590). Famous legal authority of Toulouse, nicknamed the Papinian of his age.CUSTINE, the Marquis de (1770-1826). Delphine de Sabran, daughter of the first marriage of Madame de Boufflers. She married in 1787 M. de Custine who perished on the scaffold with his brother, General de Custine, in 1793. Madame de Custine was a friend of Chateaubriand.CUSTINE, the Marquis Astolphe de (1790-1857). Son of the foregoing. Traveller and French man of letters.COUVILLIER-FLEURY, Alfred** (1802-1887). French man of letters. Tutor to the Duc d'Aumale, and afterwards his secretary. He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866.CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Friend and Minister of the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; he settled in Paris after 1839.
CAMBRIDGE, Prince George of. Born in 1819. Son of Duke Adolphus of Cambridge and of Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel; he became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 on the death of his father, and held a high position at the head of the English Army.
CAMBRIDGE, Princess Augusta of. Born in 1822, and sister of Prince George. She married in 1843 the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at that time Hereditary Prince.
CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf (1802-1890). President of the Prussian Ministry in 1848, afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central Germanic power, where he proposed a confederation in which Prussia was to have the controlling influence.
CAPO D'ISTRIA, Count* (1776-1831). Native of Corfu.
CARAMAN, the Marquise de.**NéeGallard de Béarn; widow of the Marquis de Caraman after 1836.
CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell Bruce (1797-1864). General and peer of England; of an old family in which the family of the Marquises of Aylesbury originated. After several differences with the officers of his regiment, he had a duel with a captain and wounded his adversary. He was then tried before the House of Lords in its judicial capacity in 1841 and was acquitted.
CARIGNAN, Princesse Joséphine de (1753-1797). Grandmother of King Charles Albert of Sardinia, daughter of Louis Charles de Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc, Comte de Brionne. She married in 1768 Prince Victor Amédée II. de Carignan, who was settled at Paris.
CARLOTTA, the Infanta* (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain.
CARNÉ, the Comte Joseph de (1804-1876). Entered the office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and joined the July Government. He was elected Deputy and took an active part in parliamentary work. He entered the French Academy in 1863.
CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Henry of** (1783-1864). General of Prussian cavalry and chief royal huntsman.
CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide of (1797-1849). Daughter of the Count of Pappenheim, she married Prince Henry Carolath in 1817.
CARS, the Duchesse des. Died in 1870. Her maiden name was Augustine du Bouchet de Sourches de Tourzel. In 1817 she married Duc Amédée François des Cars.
CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847).NéeCordelia Greffulhe, mother of the Marquis Henri de Castellane.
CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de** (1814-1847). Eldest son of the Marshal de Castellane and Deputy for Cantal.
CASTELLANE, the Marquise Henri de (1820-1890).NéePauline de Périgord,* grandniece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the author of these memoirs.
CASTELLANE, Marie de. Born in 1840. Daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Henri de Castellane and granddaughter of the author of these memoirs. In 1857 she married at Sagan Prince Antony Radziwill, who died in 1904.
CASTLEREAGH, Viscount* (1769-1822). English statesman and an embittered enemy of the French revolution and of Napoleon I.
CAULAINCOURT, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicence (1772-1827). French general and the business-man of Napoleon I. at the Congress of Châtillon and one of his most faithful servants.
CAVAIGNAC, General Louis Eugène (1802-1857). After gaining practically all his military experience in Algiers, he was appointed governor of this province after the revolution of 1848. On thecoup d'étatof December 2, 1851, he was arrested and transported to Ham. On his liberation he requested to be retired and entered private life.
CELLAMARE, the Prince of (1657-1733). Was appointed Spanish Ambassador to the Court of France in 1715. He became, in concert with the Duchesse du Maine, the instrument by which Alberoni worked against the regent. His correspondence was intercepted towards the end of 1718 and he was himself arrested and conducted to the Spanish frontier.
CÉSOLE, the Comte Eugène de. Lived at Nice and was very popular in society by reason of his cheerful disposition and his talents as a violinist.
CÉSOLE, the Comtesse de (1812-1892).Néede Castellane. She lived at Nice to the end of her life.
CESSAC, the Comte de (1752-1841). Jean Gérard Lacué de Cessac was on duty when the revolution broke out. He was a member of the Council of the Anciens in 1775. A supporter of the 18th Brumaire, Cessac wassummoned to the Council of State and became Minister of War in 1807 and remained faithful to the Emperor till his death. In 1831 Cessac entered the Chamber of Peers.
CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comte Alfred de* (1799-1868). Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp of Louis Philippe, whom he followed into exile.
CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comtesse Alfred de (1802-1891). Of English origin; her maiden name was Miss Antoinette Ellice.
CHABOT, Philippe de, Comte de Jarnac** (1815-1875). French diplomatist. Deeply attached to the Orléans family.
CHABOT, Mlle. Olivia de. Married in 1844 the Marquis de Lasteyrie, who died in 1883.
CHAIX D'EST ANGE, Gustave (1800-1876). Famous legal authority, magistrate and French politician. Grand officer of the Legion of Honour and Senator in 1864.
CHALAIS, the Prince Elie de** (1809-1883). Eldest son of the Duc de Périgord.
CHANALEILLES, the Marquise Stéphanie de. Second daughter of the Duc de Crillon. She married Sosthène de Chanaleilles in 1832. She was a sister of Countess Pozzo.
CHANGARNIER, General (1793-1877). After taking part in the Spanish war in 1823, he won distinction in the Algerian campaigns. He was exiled after thecoup d'étatof 1851, returned to France in 1859 and served in the army of Metz.
CHARTRES, Robert d'Orléans, Duc de. Born in 1840. Second son of the Duc de Orléans and Princesse Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He married in 1863 his cousin-german, Françoise, daughter of the Prince de Joinville.
CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). One of the most famous French writers of his time.
CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomtesse de (1775-1845).NéeCeleste de la Vigne Buisson, she had married in 1792 the Vicomte de Chateaubriand with whose sisters she had been intimate since her youth.
CHEVREUSE, the Duchesse Marie de (1600-1679). Widow of Duc Albert de Luynes; she married Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse and played a part in the Fronde and in the plots against Mazarin.
CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). Doctor to King Louis-Philippe and the Duchesse d'Orléans. He was the first to begin a regular clinical practice at the Hospital of la Charité. He was a pupil of Corvisart.
CHREPTOWICZ, Countess Helena.** Died in 1878. A daughter of Count Nesselrode, chancellor of Russia. She married Count Michael Chreptowicz, a Russian diplomatist.
CIRCOURT, the Comtesse de (1808-1863).NéeAnastasie de Klustine. She married in 1830 the Comte Adolphe de Circourt and held a very remarkable salon at Paris. She was an intimate friend of Count Cavour and they maintained a highly interesting correspondence; several of the letters from Count Cavour to Madame de Circourt have been published by the Comte Nigra.
CLANRICARDE, Lady,* died in 1876. She was the only daughter of the famous George Canning.
CLARENDON, Lord* (1800-1870). Diplomatist and English politician.
CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Princess (1777-1864). By birth Countess Louise Chotek, she had married in 1802 Prince Charles Clary Aldringen, her cousin-german.
CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Edmund (1813-1894). Son of Prince Charles Clary. He was chamberlain at the Austrian Court. He married in 1841 a Countess Ficquelmont, who died in 1878.
CLAUSEL, the General, Comte** (1772-1842). Governor of Algiers in 1830 and Marshal of France in 1831.
CLÉREMBAULT, the Vicomte Jean Nicolas Adolphe de. Born in 1810. Son of the Comte de Clérembault and Consul General for France in Prussia in 1809; he served in the navy and became lieutenant. In Belgium he married Mlle. Valerie Desœr he was a knight of the Legion of Honour.
COBURG, Duke Ernst II. of Saxe- (1818-1893). He succeeded his father, Ernst I., in 1844 and married in 1842 Alexandrina of Baden.
COBURG, Prince Albert of Saxe- (1819-1861). Brother of Duke Ernst II. He married in 1840 Queen Victoria of England.
COEUR, the Abbé** (1805-1860). A talented pulpit orator. He was made Bishop of Troyes in 1848.
COGNY, Dr.** Doctor at Valençay.
COIGNY, the Duc Gustave de** (1788-1865). Peer and Marshal of France.
COLLOREDO, Count Francis of. Born in 1799. Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at London and afterwards at Rome.
COLLOREDO, the Countess of.NéeSeverina Potocka. She married as her first husband Sobanski. Count Colloredo became her second husband in 1847.
COMMINES, Philippe de (1445-1509). Chronicler and author of theMemoirsof the reigns of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII., and a historian of first-rate capacity.
CONDÉ, the Princesse Louise Adélaïde de (1757-1824). Daughter of the Duc de Bourbon Condé and of Charlotte de Rohan Soubise. She was appointed Abbess of Remiremont by Louis XVI. in 1784, but did not take the veil. Deep feeling for a simple commoner induced her to leave the world. She lived in the Benedictine Order at Turin, at Warsaw, and even at Nieswiez in a convent founded by the Princes Radziwill. There she heard of the death of her brother, the Duc d'Enghien. On her return to France the Princesse de Condé founded the monastery of the Temple.
CONSALVI, Cardinal Hercule (1757-1824). He enjoyed the patronage of the Princesses of France, the aunts of Louis XVI., and of the Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts. He occupied important posts at the Papal Court of Pius VI., and was the chief agent in the election of Pius VII., who made him Cardinal and Secretary of State. In 1801 he came to France and signed the famous Concordat, but Napoleon in order to remove him from business kept him in France in practical exile, and he was unable to return to Italy until 1814. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Cardinal not only obtained the restoration to the Holy See of the Marches and of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo, but also secured the supremacy of the papal nuncios in the diplomatic world.
CONTADES, the Vicomtesse Jules de (1793-1861). Adèle Alexandrine, daughter of Gabriel Amys du Poureau. She married Vicomte Jules de Contades; after his death in 1844 she married the Duc de Luynes whose second wife she was.
CORNÉLIUS, Peter von** (1787-1867). Famous German painter.
COSSÉ-BRISSAC, Mlle. Stéphanie Marie de. Daughter of Comte Arthur de Cossé-Brissac, married in 1841 Louis Marie de Riffardeau, Duc de Rivière.
COURTIER. An ecclesiastic who enjoyed great popularity.
COWLEY, Lord (1804-1884). Son of Lord Mornington and nephew of the Duke of Wellington. He entered upon a diplomatic career at an early age and was accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1841; in 1852 he was appointed Ambassador at Paris to take the place of Lord Normanby, and took part in the Congress of Paris in 1856 with Lord Clarendon. He retained his post in France until 1867. In 1833 he had married Olivia FitzGerald of Ross.
COWPER, Lady Fanny. Died in 1880. Daughter of the first marriage of Lady Palmerston and niece of Lord Melbourne. She married in 1841 Lord Robert Jocelyn (1816-1854), M.P., eldest son of Lord Roden.
CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). A lawyer and politician who was elected Deputy for Chinon in 1842. He joined the government of National Defence with Gambetta in 1870 and was appointed permanent Senator in 1875.
CRILLON, Mlle. Marie Louise Amélie de. Daughter of the Marquis de Crillon, peer of France. She married in 1842 Prince Armand de Polignac, son of the last President of the Council of King Charles X.
CRILLON, Mlle. Valentine de. Sister of the foregoing. She married the Comte Charles Pozzo di Borgo.
CUJAS, Jacques (1520-1590). Famous legal authority of Toulouse, nicknamed the Papinian of his age.
CUSTINE, the Marquis de (1770-1826). Delphine de Sabran, daughter of the first marriage of Madame de Boufflers. She married in 1787 M. de Custine who perished on the scaffold with his brother, General de Custine, in 1793. Madame de Custine was a friend of Chateaubriand.
CUSTINE, the Marquis Astolphe de (1790-1857). Son of the foregoing. Traveller and French man of letters.
COUVILLIER-FLEURY, Alfred** (1802-1887). French man of letters. Tutor to the Duc d'Aumale, and afterwards his secretary. He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866.
CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Friend and Minister of the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; he settled in Paris after 1839.
D
DALMATIE, the Marquis de (1802-1857). Hector Soult, son of the Marshal, general staff officer. He entered the diplomatic career in 1830 and was Minister Plenipotentiary at the Hague, at Turin and Berlin. For a long time he sat as Deputy for Tarn and always supported the Conservative policy. He became a duke in 1850 after his father's death.DECAZES, the Duc Elie* (1780-1846). Peer of France and Minister under Louis XVIII.DECAZES, the Duchesse.*Néede Sainte Aulaire.DEDEL, Solomon* (1775-1846). Danish diplomatist.DEGUERRY, the Abbé (1797-1871). Distinguished preacher and chaplain to the Sixth Regiment of the Guard. Under Charles X. he was in succession canon of Notre Dame, incumbent of Saint Eustache andafterwards of the Madeleine at Paris. During the Commune of 1871 he was arrested and shot with Mgr. Darbois and President Bonjean. He had been religious director to the Prince Imperial.DELAROCHE, Paul (1797-1856). Famous French painter, pupil of Gros. He married at Rome in 1835 Mlle. Louise Vernet, the only daughter of Horace Vernet who died in 1845.DELESSERT, Gabriel (1786-1858). An officer who distinguished himself in the defence of Paris in 1814 and became brigadier-general in 1831. He was then prefect of Aude and afterwards of Eure-et-Loir from 1834 to 1836; finally he was prefect of police from 1836 to 1848; afterwards he retired to private life.DEVRIENT, Daniel Louis (1784-1832). Famous German actor of French origin.DEMIDOFF, the Count Anatole (1813-1870). Anatole Demidoff, Prince of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilda, daughter of King Jerome of Westphalia. His father had made a great fortune in the Siberian mines and was the first to acclimatise French vines in the Crimea.DENMARK, Christian VIII., King of (1786-1848). Formerly Prince Christian of Denmark,** son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick and of the Princess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; he succeeded Frederick VI. on December 3, 1839. His first wife, whom he married in 1806, was Charlotta Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had a son, afterwards King Frederick VII.DENMARK, the Queen of (1796-1881).** Caroline Amelia, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein Sondersburg Augustenburg, second wife of King Christian VIII., by whom she had no children.DEVONSHIRE, the Duke of. Died in 1858. By name William Cavendish.DIEGO LEON. Died in 1841. Spanish general, highly renowned for his bravery. He belonged to the moderate Conservative party which supported Queen Maria Christina at the time of her Regency. When Espartero wished to dethrone her, Diego Leon headed a conspiracy in 1841 for the purpose of abducting the young Queen Isabella and taking her to a provincial town, in order to remove her from the influence of Espartero. A combat took place in the palace of Madrid; Diego Leon was captured and shot in 1841.DINO, the Duc de** (1813-1894). Known until 1838 as Comte Alexandre de Périgord, second son of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.DINO, the Duchesse de (1820-1891).NéeMarie Josephine de Sainte Aldegonde. She had married in 1839 Duc Alexandre de Dino.DINO, Clémentine de. Born in 1841, daughter of the Duc and Duchesse Alexandre de Dino. She married in 1860 at Sagan Count Alexander Orlowski.DOENHOFF, Count Augustus Hermann. Born in 1797. After undertaking various diplomatic missions, he became Prussian Minister to the Diet of Frankfort in 1842, and in 1848 Minister of Foreign Affairs in Pfuel's Cabinet, but he soon resigned. Count Doenhoff was a Member of the House of Lords.DOENHOFF, Sophia Juliana Frederica, Countess. Died in 1834. A favourite of King Frederick William II., by whom she had two children, who took the title of Counts of Brandenburg.DON CARLOS DE BOURBON* (1788-1855).DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen Marie Amélie.DOUGLAS, the Marquis of* (1811-1863). Succeeded his father as Duke of Hamilton in 1852. In 1843 he had married Princess Maria of Baden.DOURO, Lady Elizabeth. Daughter of the Marquis of Tweeddale. She married in 1839 Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, who became Duke of Wellington after his father's death in 1852.DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Abbé de (1811-1893). Third son of the Marquis of Dreux Brézé and Chief Master of the Ceremonies under Louis XVI. He became Vicar General to Mgr. de Quélen at Paris in 1835 and in 1849 was appointed Bishop of Moulins. He never attempted to hide his ultramontane and legitimist opinions.DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Marquis de (1793-1845). Scipion de Dreux-Brézé first entered a military career which he left in 1827; in 1829 he became peer of France on his father's death. He was one of the leaders of the opposition to the Government of Louis Philippe.DUCHATEL, the Comte Charles Tanneguy.* French politician.DUCHATEL, the Comtesse Eglé. Daughter of M. Paulée, who made a considerable fortune as contractor to the French army during the Spanish war of 1823.DU DEFFANT, the Marquise (1697-1780).NéeMarie de Vichy-Chambord. Married at an early age to a man for whom she did not care, she was separated from him, and when her widowhood began opened her salon to the lords and philosophers of her age. At the age of fifty-four she became blind, and substituted friendship for coquetry and wit for beauty, though she never lost her imperious desire for amusement. Her correspondence with Voltaire and HoraceWalpole has been published and shows remarkable certainty of judgment.DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas** (1798-1881). Lawyer and French politician.DUMOURIEZ, Charles François (1739-1824). Field-Marshal when the revolution broke out, he adopted revolutionary principles and became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1792. He declared war on Austria but as he had incurred the disfavour of the Girondists, who had raised him to the Ministry, he resigned and re-entered the service as commander of the army of the north. He won the victories of Valmy and Jemmapes and conquered Belgium; but after a defeat at Neerwinden, he was exposed to the attacks of the Convention and opened negotiations with the enemy, to whom he soon fled. He then led a wandering life and eventually settled in England where the King gave him a pension.DUPANLOUP, the Abbé** (1802-1878). Appointed Bishop of Orléans in 1849, he entered the French Academy in 1854.DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). Lawyer and French magistrate; he was a Deputy for many years.DUPOTY, Michel Auguste (1797-1864). Publicist and violent republican, he opposed both the July and the Bourbon monarchy.DUPREZ, Gilbert-Louis** (1806-1879). Famous French tenor.DURHAM, John Lambton, Lord* (1792-1840). English politician.
DALMATIE, the Marquis de (1802-1857). Hector Soult, son of the Marshal, general staff officer. He entered the diplomatic career in 1830 and was Minister Plenipotentiary at the Hague, at Turin and Berlin. For a long time he sat as Deputy for Tarn and always supported the Conservative policy. He became a duke in 1850 after his father's death.
DECAZES, the Duc Elie* (1780-1846). Peer of France and Minister under Louis XVIII.
DECAZES, the Duchesse.*Néede Sainte Aulaire.
DEDEL, Solomon* (1775-1846). Danish diplomatist.
DEGUERRY, the Abbé (1797-1871). Distinguished preacher and chaplain to the Sixth Regiment of the Guard. Under Charles X. he was in succession canon of Notre Dame, incumbent of Saint Eustache andafterwards of the Madeleine at Paris. During the Commune of 1871 he was arrested and shot with Mgr. Darbois and President Bonjean. He had been religious director to the Prince Imperial.
DELAROCHE, Paul (1797-1856). Famous French painter, pupil of Gros. He married at Rome in 1835 Mlle. Louise Vernet, the only daughter of Horace Vernet who died in 1845.
DELESSERT, Gabriel (1786-1858). An officer who distinguished himself in the defence of Paris in 1814 and became brigadier-general in 1831. He was then prefect of Aude and afterwards of Eure-et-Loir from 1834 to 1836; finally he was prefect of police from 1836 to 1848; afterwards he retired to private life.
DEVRIENT, Daniel Louis (1784-1832). Famous German actor of French origin.
DEMIDOFF, the Count Anatole (1813-1870). Anatole Demidoff, Prince of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilda, daughter of King Jerome of Westphalia. His father had made a great fortune in the Siberian mines and was the first to acclimatise French vines in the Crimea.
DENMARK, Christian VIII., King of (1786-1848). Formerly Prince Christian of Denmark,** son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick and of the Princess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; he succeeded Frederick VI. on December 3, 1839. His first wife, whom he married in 1806, was Charlotta Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had a son, afterwards King Frederick VII.
DENMARK, the Queen of (1796-1881).** Caroline Amelia, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein Sondersburg Augustenburg, second wife of King Christian VIII., by whom she had no children.
DEVONSHIRE, the Duke of. Died in 1858. By name William Cavendish.
DIEGO LEON. Died in 1841. Spanish general, highly renowned for his bravery. He belonged to the moderate Conservative party which supported Queen Maria Christina at the time of her Regency. When Espartero wished to dethrone her, Diego Leon headed a conspiracy in 1841 for the purpose of abducting the young Queen Isabella and taking her to a provincial town, in order to remove her from the influence of Espartero. A combat took place in the palace of Madrid; Diego Leon was captured and shot in 1841.
DINO, the Duc de** (1813-1894). Known until 1838 as Comte Alexandre de Périgord, second son of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
DINO, the Duchesse de (1820-1891).NéeMarie Josephine de Sainte Aldegonde. She had married in 1839 Duc Alexandre de Dino.
DINO, Clémentine de. Born in 1841, daughter of the Duc and Duchesse Alexandre de Dino. She married in 1860 at Sagan Count Alexander Orlowski.
DOENHOFF, Count Augustus Hermann. Born in 1797. After undertaking various diplomatic missions, he became Prussian Minister to the Diet of Frankfort in 1842, and in 1848 Minister of Foreign Affairs in Pfuel's Cabinet, but he soon resigned. Count Doenhoff was a Member of the House of Lords.
DOENHOFF, Sophia Juliana Frederica, Countess. Died in 1834. A favourite of King Frederick William II., by whom she had two children, who took the title of Counts of Brandenburg.
DON CARLOS DE BOURBON* (1788-1855).
DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen Marie Amélie.
DOUGLAS, the Marquis of* (1811-1863). Succeeded his father as Duke of Hamilton in 1852. In 1843 he had married Princess Maria of Baden.
DOURO, Lady Elizabeth. Daughter of the Marquis of Tweeddale. She married in 1839 Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, who became Duke of Wellington after his father's death in 1852.
DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Abbé de (1811-1893). Third son of the Marquis of Dreux Brézé and Chief Master of the Ceremonies under Louis XVI. He became Vicar General to Mgr. de Quélen at Paris in 1835 and in 1849 was appointed Bishop of Moulins. He never attempted to hide his ultramontane and legitimist opinions.
DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Marquis de (1793-1845). Scipion de Dreux-Brézé first entered a military career which he left in 1827; in 1829 he became peer of France on his father's death. He was one of the leaders of the opposition to the Government of Louis Philippe.
DUCHATEL, the Comte Charles Tanneguy.* French politician.
DUCHATEL, the Comtesse Eglé. Daughter of M. Paulée, who made a considerable fortune as contractor to the French army during the Spanish war of 1823.
DU DEFFANT, the Marquise (1697-1780).NéeMarie de Vichy-Chambord. Married at an early age to a man for whom she did not care, she was separated from him, and when her widowhood began opened her salon to the lords and philosophers of her age. At the age of fifty-four she became blind, and substituted friendship for coquetry and wit for beauty, though she never lost her imperious desire for amusement. Her correspondence with Voltaire and HoraceWalpole has been published and shows remarkable certainty of judgment.
DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas** (1798-1881). Lawyer and French politician.
DUMOURIEZ, Charles François (1739-1824). Field-Marshal when the revolution broke out, he adopted revolutionary principles and became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1792. He declared war on Austria but as he had incurred the disfavour of the Girondists, who had raised him to the Ministry, he resigned and re-entered the service as commander of the army of the north. He won the victories of Valmy and Jemmapes and conquered Belgium; but after a defeat at Neerwinden, he was exposed to the attacks of the Convention and opened negotiations with the enemy, to whom he soon fled. He then led a wandering life and eventually settled in England where the King gave him a pension.
DUPANLOUP, the Abbé** (1802-1878). Appointed Bishop of Orléans in 1849, he entered the French Academy in 1854.
DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). Lawyer and French magistrate; he was a Deputy for many years.
DUPOTY, Michel Auguste (1797-1864). Publicist and violent republican, he opposed both the July and the Bourbon monarchy.
DUPREZ, Gilbert-Louis** (1806-1879). Famous French tenor.
DURHAM, John Lambton, Lord* (1792-1840). English politician.
E
ELCHINGEN, the Duchesse d'. Born in 1801. Marie Josephine, daughter of the Comte de Souham, had married the Baron de Vatry as her first husband. After she had been left a widow she married the Duc d'Elchingen in 1834; he was aide-de-camp to the Duc de Orléans, and eldest son of Marshal Ney who died in 1854.ELLICE, the Hon. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician.ELSSLER, Theresa** (1806-1878). Famous dancer and morganatic wife of Prince Adalbert of Prussia. She was given the title of Baroness of Barnim.ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d' (1772-1804). Son of the Prince de Condé and of Louise Thérèse Mathilde d'Orléans. He followed his parents into exile, and showed brilliant courage in the army of Condé. He was settled at Ettenheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden with the young and beautiful Charlotte de Rohan Rochefort, to whom he was said to be secretly married. He was arrested inviolation of international law by the orders of the First Consul who suspected him of conspiracy; he was judged by a military commission and shot in the trenches of the château of Vincennes.ENGLAND, Queen Adelaide of* (1792-1848).NéePrincess of Saxe-Meiningen.ENTRAIGUES, the Marquis Emmanuel Louis d' (1755-1812). At first an officer in the army, he went into exile in 1790, and became Councillor of the Russian Legation at London, where he was assassinated with his wife.ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours from 1830-1847.ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). A Spaniard and a brilliant soldier, Espartero took a keen part in the hostilities when civil war broke out upon the succession of Isabella II. to the throne. In 1840, when the Queen Regent Maria Christina had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the powers of Regency to Espartero. In 1842 he was overthrown and withdrew to England, but returned to Spain in 1847 and resumed his seat in the Senate, where he continued to exert a controlling influence.ESPEUIL, Antoine Théodore de Viel Lunas, Marquis d'. Born in 1802. He became Senator in 1853, and married Mlle. Jeanne Françoise Louise de Chateaubriand, niece of the Vicomte de Chateaubriand.ESSEX, Arthur Algernon Capell, Lord (1803-1892). He had succeeded his uncle as Lord Essex in 1839. He was three times married: first, in 1825, to Caroline Janetta, daughter of the Duke of St. Alban's, who died in 1862; secondly, in 1863, to Louisa Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Dungarvan, who died in 1876; and thirdly, in 1881, to Louise, daughter of Charles Heneage, and widow of Lord Paget, the General.ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian diplomatist.ESTERHAZY, Prince Nicolas (1817-1894). Son of Prince Paul. He married in 1842 Lady Sarah Villiers, daughter of Lord and Lady Jersey; she died in 1853.ESTERHAZY, Count Moritz (1805-1891). Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at Rome in 1855; and a Minister without a portfolio from 1865-1866. He took a large share in the events which preceded the war of 1866, as he objected to all concessions which might have secured an understanding between Vienna and Berlin. He was a member of the old Hungarian Conservative party.EU, Gaston d'Orléans, Comte d'. Born in 1842. Eldest son of the Duc de Nemours and of the Princesse de Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He married, in 1864, at Rio de Janeiro, Princess Isabella of Braganza, eldest daughter of the Emperor of Brazil.EYNARD, Jean Gabriel (1775-1863). A rich merchant whom the revolution had driven into exile at Genoa, where he had stayed. Deeply attached to the cause of Greece, he worked energetically for the liberation of this country.
ELCHINGEN, the Duchesse d'. Born in 1801. Marie Josephine, daughter of the Comte de Souham, had married the Baron de Vatry as her first husband. After she had been left a widow she married the Duc d'Elchingen in 1834; he was aide-de-camp to the Duc de Orléans, and eldest son of Marshal Ney who died in 1854.
ELLICE, the Hon. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician.
ELSSLER, Theresa** (1806-1878). Famous dancer and morganatic wife of Prince Adalbert of Prussia. She was given the title of Baroness of Barnim.
ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d' (1772-1804). Son of the Prince de Condé and of Louise Thérèse Mathilde d'Orléans. He followed his parents into exile, and showed brilliant courage in the army of Condé. He was settled at Ettenheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden with the young and beautiful Charlotte de Rohan Rochefort, to whom he was said to be secretly married. He was arrested inviolation of international law by the orders of the First Consul who suspected him of conspiracy; he was judged by a military commission and shot in the trenches of the château of Vincennes.
ENGLAND, Queen Adelaide of* (1792-1848).NéePrincess of Saxe-Meiningen.
ENTRAIGUES, the Marquis Emmanuel Louis d' (1755-1812). At first an officer in the army, he went into exile in 1790, and became Councillor of the Russian Legation at London, where he was assassinated with his wife.
ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours from 1830-1847.
ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). A Spaniard and a brilliant soldier, Espartero took a keen part in the hostilities when civil war broke out upon the succession of Isabella II. to the throne. In 1840, when the Queen Regent Maria Christina had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the powers of Regency to Espartero. In 1842 he was overthrown and withdrew to England, but returned to Spain in 1847 and resumed his seat in the Senate, where he continued to exert a controlling influence.
ESPEUIL, Antoine Théodore de Viel Lunas, Marquis d'. Born in 1802. He became Senator in 1853, and married Mlle. Jeanne Françoise Louise de Chateaubriand, niece of the Vicomte de Chateaubriand.
ESSEX, Arthur Algernon Capell, Lord (1803-1892). He had succeeded his uncle as Lord Essex in 1839. He was three times married: first, in 1825, to Caroline Janetta, daughter of the Duke of St. Alban's, who died in 1862; secondly, in 1863, to Louisa Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Dungarvan, who died in 1876; and thirdly, in 1881, to Louise, daughter of Charles Heneage, and widow of Lord Paget, the General.
ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian diplomatist.
ESTERHAZY, Prince Nicolas (1817-1894). Son of Prince Paul. He married in 1842 Lady Sarah Villiers, daughter of Lord and Lady Jersey; she died in 1853.
ESTERHAZY, Count Moritz (1805-1891). Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at Rome in 1855; and a Minister without a portfolio from 1865-1866. He took a large share in the events which preceded the war of 1866, as he objected to all concessions which might have secured an understanding between Vienna and Berlin. He was a member of the old Hungarian Conservative party.
EU, Gaston d'Orléans, Comte d'. Born in 1842. Eldest son of the Duc de Nemours and of the Princesse de Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He married, in 1864, at Rio de Janeiro, Princess Isabella of Braganza, eldest daughter of the Emperor of Brazil.
EYNARD, Jean Gabriel (1775-1863). A rich merchant whom the revolution had driven into exile at Genoa, where he had stayed. Deeply attached to the cause of Greece, he worked energetically for the liberation of this country.
F
FABRE, François Xavier* (1766-1837). French painter and a pupil of David.FAGEL, General Robert.* Ambassador from the King of the Low Countries to France under the Restoration.FALLOUX, Comte Alfred de (1811-1885). French politician and member of the Academy; he was Minister of Education under the Presidency of Prince Louis Philippe, and gave his name to the law concerning the organisation of education.FANE, Lady G. J. Georgiana (1811-1874). Daughter of Lord Westmorland, who was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1790 to 1795, by his second marriage with Miss Jane Saunders. She was never married.FESCH, Cardinal** (1763-1839). Maternal uncle of Napoleon I.FEUCHÈRES, the Baronne Sophie de (1795-1841). Known for her intimacy with the last Duc de Bourbon, from whom she obtained the rich estates of Saint Leu and of Boissy and the sum of a million. It was she who induced the Prince to leave the remainder of his fortune to the young Duc d'Aumale, his cousin, to escape the danger to which she would have been exposed if she had taken it for herself. An object of general contempt, she lived in England after the death of Prince de Condé, who was found one day hanging to the cross-bar of a window in his Castle of Chantilly in 1830.FICQUELMONT, Count Charles Ludwig von** (1777-1857). An officer and afterwards a diplomatist in the Austrian service; Minister of State at Vienna in 1840, and for a time Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1848.FLAHAUT, the General Comte Auguste Charles Joseph de* (1785-1870). Peer of France and Ambassador.FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de* (1788-1867). Margaret, Lady Nairn and Keith, had married in 1817 the Comte de Flahaut.FLAHAUT, Emily Jane Mercer Elphinstone de. Eldest daughter of the Comte de Flahaut and of Lady Nairn and Keith. She married in 1843 Henry, Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), M.P.FLAHAUT, Adélïde Elizabeth Joséphine de, died in 1841. Fourth daughter of the Comte and Comtesse de Flahaut.FLOTOW, Count Frederick Augustus von (1812-1883). Composer of German music and author of a great number of operas.FORBIN-JANSEN, the Marquise de.NéeRochechouart Mortemart.FOUQUET, Nicholas (1615-1680). Financial Minister under Louis XIV.; condemned, after a famous trial, for embezzlement, and confined at Pignerol, where he died after nineteen years' imprisonment.FOX, Miss. Died in 1840. Caroline Fox, daughter of Stephen Fox, the second Lord Holland.FRANCIS I., Emperor of Austria (1708-1765). Eldest son of Duke Leopold of Lorraine; he inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1729, but exchanged it, in 1738, for that of Tuscany, where the family of the Medicis had just become extinct. He married Marie Thérèse, daughter of Charles VI., and was appointed Regent on the death of Charles in 1740.FREDERICK I., first King of Prussia (1657-1713). Son of Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg.FREDERICK II., the Great,* King of Prussia (1712-1786). A famous soldier and a friend of the philosophers of his time. He ascended the throne in 1740.FREDERICK WILLIAM II., known as the Fat, King of Prussia (1744-1797). Nephew of Frederick the Great and his successor; ascended the throne in 1786.FREDERICK WILLIAM III.,** King of Prussia (1770-1840). Son of Frederick William II., whom he succeeded, and husband of Queen Louise.FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.,** King of Prussia (1795-1861). Son of Frederick William III., whom he succeeded; ascended the throne in 1840.FROISSART, Jean (1337-1410). Famous French chronicler.FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth (1780-1865). Born of a family distinguished both for wealth and culture, she married at the age of twenty Mr. Joseph Fry, a Quaker. She then devoted her life to pious works, especially to prison visiting, and secured a great improvement in the treatment of prisoners.FUGGER, Ulrich (1441-1510). Famous German merchant who lent considerable sums to the Emperor Maximilian.
FABRE, François Xavier* (1766-1837). French painter and a pupil of David.
FAGEL, General Robert.* Ambassador from the King of the Low Countries to France under the Restoration.
FALLOUX, Comte Alfred de (1811-1885). French politician and member of the Academy; he was Minister of Education under the Presidency of Prince Louis Philippe, and gave his name to the law concerning the organisation of education.
FANE, Lady G. J. Georgiana (1811-1874). Daughter of Lord Westmorland, who was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1790 to 1795, by his second marriage with Miss Jane Saunders. She was never married.
FESCH, Cardinal** (1763-1839). Maternal uncle of Napoleon I.
FEUCHÈRES, the Baronne Sophie de (1795-1841). Known for her intimacy with the last Duc de Bourbon, from whom she obtained the rich estates of Saint Leu and of Boissy and the sum of a million. It was she who induced the Prince to leave the remainder of his fortune to the young Duc d'Aumale, his cousin, to escape the danger to which she would have been exposed if she had taken it for herself. An object of general contempt, she lived in England after the death of Prince de Condé, who was found one day hanging to the cross-bar of a window in his Castle of Chantilly in 1830.
FICQUELMONT, Count Charles Ludwig von** (1777-1857). An officer and afterwards a diplomatist in the Austrian service; Minister of State at Vienna in 1840, and for a time Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1848.
FLAHAUT, the General Comte Auguste Charles Joseph de* (1785-1870). Peer of France and Ambassador.
FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de* (1788-1867). Margaret, Lady Nairn and Keith, had married in 1817 the Comte de Flahaut.
FLAHAUT, Emily Jane Mercer Elphinstone de. Eldest daughter of the Comte de Flahaut and of Lady Nairn and Keith. She married in 1843 Henry, Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), M.P.
FLAHAUT, Adélïde Elizabeth Joséphine de, died in 1841. Fourth daughter of the Comte and Comtesse de Flahaut.
FLOTOW, Count Frederick Augustus von (1812-1883). Composer of German music and author of a great number of operas.
FORBIN-JANSEN, the Marquise de.NéeRochechouart Mortemart.
FOUQUET, Nicholas (1615-1680). Financial Minister under Louis XIV.; condemned, after a famous trial, for embezzlement, and confined at Pignerol, where he died after nineteen years' imprisonment.
FOX, Miss. Died in 1840. Caroline Fox, daughter of Stephen Fox, the second Lord Holland.
FRANCIS I., Emperor of Austria (1708-1765). Eldest son of Duke Leopold of Lorraine; he inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1729, but exchanged it, in 1738, for that of Tuscany, where the family of the Medicis had just become extinct. He married Marie Thérèse, daughter of Charles VI., and was appointed Regent on the death of Charles in 1740.
FREDERICK I., first King of Prussia (1657-1713). Son of Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg.
FREDERICK II., the Great,* King of Prussia (1712-1786). A famous soldier and a friend of the philosophers of his time. He ascended the throne in 1740.
FREDERICK WILLIAM II., known as the Fat, King of Prussia (1744-1797). Nephew of Frederick the Great and his successor; ascended the throne in 1786.
FREDERICK WILLIAM III.,** King of Prussia (1770-1840). Son of Frederick William II., whom he succeeded, and husband of Queen Louise.
FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.,** King of Prussia (1795-1861). Son of Frederick William III., whom he succeeded; ascended the throne in 1840.
FROISSART, Jean (1337-1410). Famous French chronicler.
FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth (1780-1865). Born of a family distinguished both for wealth and culture, she married at the age of twenty Mr. Joseph Fry, a Quaker. She then devoted her life to pious works, especially to prison visiting, and secured a great improvement in the treatment of prisoners.
FUGGER, Ulrich (1441-1510). Famous German merchant who lent considerable sums to the Emperor Maximilian.
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