An interval of peace,166—The new emperor,166—A legacy of the Spaniards,167—Cortésin extremis,167—The Aztec army,168—Battle at Otumba,170—The Spaniards victorious,170—Preparations for defence,171—The Spaniards in Tlaxcalla,171—Ixtlilxochitl,171—Cortés at Texcuco,172—A new army and a new fleet,172—Thecampaign against Mexico,173—Suffering in the city,174—Surrender,174—The city destroyed,175—Cortés at Coyoacán,175—Search for treasures,175—The kings tortured,175—Military rule,176—Subjugation of Michoacan,176—Later conquests,177—Death of the Aztec kings,178—Later life of Cortés,178; return to Spain,178; death, 178; burial in Mexico,179.
Doña Marina180-183
Her position in the camp,180—After the victory,180—Life at Coyoacán,180—Arrival of Doña Catalina,181; her death,182—Insurrection in Honduras,182—Marriage of Marina,183; her later life and her death,183—Cortés visits Spain,183—A second marriage,183.
Indians184-190
The conquest complete,184—The name Indian,184—Origin of the Nahuatl tribes,185—Distinguished from the North American Indian,186—Military government,188—TheAyuntamiento,188—TheAudiencia,188—Nuño de Guzman,189; his cruelty to the natives,189—Guadalajara founded,189—A secondAudiencia,189—A viceroy appointed,190—Extent of New Spain,190.
The First of the Viceroys191-202
Antonio de Mendoza,191; his family and character,191—Reforms instituted,191—Industries encouraged,192—The Franciscans,192—Fray Pedro,192—Foundation of schools and colleges,193—Guadalajara and Valladolid,193—Michoacan and its people,194—The founding of a city,195—Spanish families in Mexico,196—Jews and Moors banished,196—Vasco de Quiroga,197; his life in Tarasco,197; his church at Tzintzuntzan,198—A wonderful picture,198—The cathedral at Morelia,199—Cortés goes to Spain,200—Popularity of the viceroy,200—First Mexican book,202—Departure of Mendoza,202.
Fray Martin de Valencia203-213
Don Luis de Velasco, second viceroy,203—New institutions and industries,203—Puebla de los Angeles,204; the tradition of its founding,204; the situation,206—The early ecclesiastics,207—The worship of the Virgin,207—The "twelve apostles of Mexico,"208—Fray Martin of Valencia,208; his life in Amecameca,209; his death,210—Relics of Fray Martin,211—An object of reverence,212—Death of Velasco,212—A well-regulated government,213.
Other Viceroys214-223
Events in Spain,214—Philip II.,214—The character of the viceroys,215—The Inquisition,216—TheQuemadero,216—Death of Philip,217—Inundations,217—Martinez and his canal,218—Successors of Philip,219—Wars of succession,220—Revillagigedo,220; anecdotes of his administration,221.
Humboldt224-232
A distinguished visitor,224; he arrives in Mexico,225—Remarks on the carving,225—Academy of fine arts,226; its later history,227—The cathedral,227—Humboldt at Chapultepec,228; The market,228—Teotihuacan,229—Mexican mines,229—Valenciana,229—At Patzcuaro,230—The birth of a volcano,231.
Revolutions233-237
Charles III. of Spain,233; his successor,233—Branciforte and the statue of Charles IV.,234—Napoleon invades Spain,235—A change of government,235—Juntas,235—The Bourbons restored,235—Iturrigaray and his administration,236—Revolt in the air,237—The policy of Spain,237—Venegas,237.
Hidalgo238-249
Birth and education,238—Colegio de San Nicholas,238—He takes orders,238; life at Dolores,240; bold schemes,240—Ignacio Allende,241; An important step,241—TheGrito de Dolores,242—A new army,242—Attack on Guanajuato,243—A brave boy,243—The new viceroy,243—Hidalgo excommunicated,244—Valladolid taken,245—Monte de la Cruces,245—The insurgents defeated at Aculco,246—Hidalgo declared Generalissimo,246—Battle of Calderon,247—Capture and death of the chiefs,248—End of the struggle for independence,248.
Morelos250-257
Birth and family,250—Morelia,251—Muleteer and student,251—Morelos joins Hidalgo,251—Siege of Cuautla,252—Acapulco,252—First Mexican Congress,252—Declaration of independence,253—Attack on Valladolid,253—Mishaps,254—Morelos a prisoner,254—Death of Morelos, 255; his character and aims,255; his object achieved,256.
Yturbide258-271
The close of Calleja's administration,258—The insurgents dispersed,258—Apodaca and Guerrero,259—Affairs in Spain,259—Agustin de Yturbide,260; early services, 260; meets Guerrero,261—"Plan of Iguala,"261—The "three guaranties,"261—Advance of the insurgents,262—The viceroy deposed,262—A successful campaign,263—O'Donojú,263—Treaty of Cordova,264—Yturbide enters the capital,264—The Regency,264—The Mexican Empire founded,265—Work of the new government,265—Second Mexican Congress,265—Yturbide proclaimed Emperor,266—Signs of dissatisfaction,267—Santa Anna,267—The Casa-Mata,268—Yturbide banished,268; his return to Mexico,270; his execution,270; character of Yturbide,271.
Santa Anna272-280
A confused story,272—Santa Anna,273; his connection with Yturbide,273—The Constitution,273—"Guadalupe" Victoria,273—Expulsion of the Spanish,274—A presidential election,274—Mutiny in the capital,275—Colonization of Texas,276—Pedraza,276—A Spanish invasion,277—Santa Anna made Commander-in-Chief,277—Bustamente,278—Guerrero betrayed and shot,278—Santa Anna becomes President,278—Farías,279—Insurrection in Texas,279.
Still Santa Anna281-289
Louis Philippe,281—Reclamacion de los pasteles,281—The French repelled,281—Santa Anna's home,282—Bustamente recalled,282—Trouble again,283—Mejia,283—A revolution described,284—Bustamente resigns,288—Santa Anna triumphant,288.
Society290-300
Madame Calderon's journal,290—An ambassador from Spain,290—State of society,291—The Paséo,291—The Viga,292—Women in Mexico,292—Good-Friday in Mexico,294—Robbers,297—Guardias Rurales,298—A monarchy proposed,299.
Rumors of War301-310
Results of the Spanish rule,301—Playing at independence,301—The appeal to arms,302—The country exhausted,302—Misfortunes,304—The United States,304—Spread of its territory,304—Colonization of Texas,305—Moses Austin,304—Revolt against Mexico,305—Houston and Santa Anna,305—Texas independent,305—Annexed to the United States,306—Herrera, Farías, and Paredes,307—TheMexican army,308.
War Begun311-322
The beginning of hostilities,311—Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma,311—The war carried into Mexico,312—Difficulty of negotiation,312—"Indemnity for the past,"313—California,313—Policy of the United States,313—Monterey taken,314—Fremont enters the capital,316—Taylor's campaign,316—Siege of Monterey,318—Ampudia's proclamation, 319,—Paredes and his "Plan,"319—Santa Anna again,320—Fall of Paredes,321—Santa Anna at the capital,321—A new army,321.
Puebla Lost323-332
Scott before Vera Cruz,323—Buena Vista,323—Raising money,323—The religious orders and their influence,324—Wealth of the Church,326—Ecclesiastical property seized,327—Bombardment of Vera Cruz,328—The city surrenders,328—Cerro Gordo,330—Santa Anna at Puebla,330—Puebla occupied by the Americans,331—Guadalupe and its surroundings,331—Santa Anna as Dictator,332—Patriotism aroused,332.
Chapultepec Taken333-341
The approach to the capital,333—Churubusco,333—Docile Indians,333—Another victory for the Americans,334—Molino de Rey,334—Chapultepec taken,336—Occupation of the capital,336—Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,338—Discovery of gold,338—Effects of the war,339—Attempts to capture Santa Anna,340—Santa Anna retires to Jamaica,341—Grant in the Mexican war,341.
Benito Juarez342-347
Peace restored,342—Herrera and his administration,342—Santa Anna again Dictator,344—An epoch of reform,344—Clerigosandliberales,344—Benito Juarez,344; his early life,345; governor and exile,345; restored to office,346—A new Constitution,346—Juarez becomes President,346—Foreignintervention,347.
French Intervention348-356
A foreign squadron,348—The pretext and the cause,348—Spain and England withdraw,349—The policy of Napoleon III.,349—A proposed empire,349—Maximilian,350; dreams of "the right divine,"352—The French troops advance on the capital,353—Divisions in Mexico353—TheCinco de Mayo,354—A bold attack,355—Defence of Puebla,356.
The Empire under Protection357-364
The sovereigns arrive,357—The imperialist party,357—Reception of Maximilian,358—Relics of royalty,359—Military affairs,360—The new government,362—Chapultepec restored,363—Society at the capital,363—Apparent prosperity,364.
The Unprotected Empire365-372