SUPPLEMENTARY PORTRAITS.

SUPPLEMENTARY PORTRAITS.It has been said that there is no photograph or painting of Faraday which is a satisfactory likeness; not because good portraits have never been published, but because they cannot give the varied and ever-shifting expression of his features. Similarly, I fear that the mental portraiture which I have attempted will fail to satisfy his intimate acquaintance. Yet, as one who never saw him in the flesh may gain a good idea of his personal appearance by comparing several pictures, so the reader may learn more of his intellectual and moral features by combining the several estimates which have been made by different minds. Earlier biographies have been already referred to, but my sketch may well be supplemented by an anonymous poem that appeared immediately after his death, and by the words of two of the most distinguished foreign philosophers—Messrs. De la Rive and Dumas."Statesmen and soldiers, authors, artists,—stillThe topmost leaves fall off our English oak:Some in green summer's prime, some in the chillOf autumn-tide, some by late winter's stroke."Another leaf has dropped on that sere heap—One that hung highest; earliest to inviteThe golden kiss of morn, and last to keepThe fire of eve—but still turned to the light."No soldier's, statesman's, poet's, painter's nameWas this, thro' which is drawn Death's last black line;But one of rarer, if not loftier fame—A priest of Truth, who lived within her shrine."A priest of Truth: his office to expoundEarth's mysteries to all who willed to hear—Who in the book of Science sought and found,With love, that knew all reverence, but no fear."A priest, who prayed as well as ministered:Who grasped the faith he preached; and held it fast:Knowing the light he followed never stirred,Howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past."And if Truth's priest, servant of Science too,Whose work was wrought for love and not for gain:Not one of those who serve but to ensueTheir private profit: lordship to attain"Over their lord, and bind him in green withes,For grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord;Of the large grist that they may take their tithes—So some serve Science that call Science lord."One rule his life was fashioned to fulfil:That he who tends Truth's shrine, and does the hestOf Science, with a humble, faithful will,The God of Truth and Knowledge serveth best."And from his humbleness what heights he won!By slow march of induction, pace on pace,Scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun,Whence few can look, unblinded, in his face."Until he reached the stand which they that winA bird's-eye glance o'er Nature's realm may throw;Whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes inWhat seems confusion, looked at from below."Till out of seeming chaos order grows,In ever-widening orbs of Law restrained,And the Creation's mighty music flowsIn perfect harmony, serene, sustained;"And from varieties of force and power,A larger unity, and larger still,Broadens to view, till in some breathless hourAll force is known, grasped in a central Will,"Thunder and light revealed as one same strength—Modes of the force that works at Nature's heart—And through the Universe's veinèd lengthBids, wave on wave, mysterious pulses dart."That cosmic heart-beat it was his to list,To trace those pulses in their ebb and flowTowards the fountain-head, where they subsistIn form as yet not given e'enhimto know."Yet, living face to face with these great laws,Great truths, great myst'ries, all who saw him nearKnew him for child-like, simple, free from flawsOf temper, full of love that casts out fear:"Untired in charity, of cheer serene;Not caring world's wealth or good word to earn;Childhood's or manhood's ear content to win;And still as glad to teach as meek to learn."Such lives are precious: not so much for allOf wider insight won where they have striven,As for the still small voice with which they callAlong the beamy way from earth to heaven."Punch, September 7, 1867.The estimate of M. A. de la Rive is from a letter he addressed to Faraday himself:—"I am grieved to hear that your brain is weary; this has sometimes happened on former occasions, in consequence of your numerous and persevering labours, and you will bear in mind that a little rest is necessary to restore you. You possess that which best contributes to peace of mind and serenity of spirit—a full and perfect faith, a pure and tranquil conscience, filling your heart with the glorious hopes which the Gospel imparts. You have also the advantage of having always led a smooth and well-regulated life, free from ambition, and therefore exempt from all the anxieties and drawbacks which are inseparable from it. Honour has sought you in spite of yourself; you have known, without despising it, how to value it at its true worth. You have known how to gain the high esteem, and at the same time the affection, of all those acquainted with you."Moreover, thanks to the goodness of God, you have not suffered any of those family misfortunes which crush one's life. You should, therefore, watch the approach of old age without fear and without bitterness, having the comforting feeling that the wonders which you have been able to decipher in the book of nature must contribute to the greater reverence and adoration of their Supreme Author."Such, my dear friend, is the impression that your beautiful life always leaves upon me; and when I compare it with our troubled and ill-fulfilled life-course, with all that accumulation of drawbacks and griefs by which mine in particular has been attended, I put you down as very happy, especially as you are worthy of your good fortune. This leads me to reflect on the miserable state of those who are without that religious faith which you possess in so great a degree."In M. Dumas' Eloge at the Académie des Sciences, occur the following sentences:—"I do not know whether there is asavantwho would not feel happy in leaving behind him such works as those with which Faraday has gladdened his contemporaries, and which he has left as a legacy to posterity: but I am certain that all those who have known him would wish to approach that moral perfection which he attained to without effort. In him it appeared to be a natural grace, which made him a professor full of ardour for the diffusion of truth, an indefatigable worker, full of enthusiasm and sprightliness in his laboratory, the best and most amiable of men in the bosom of his family, and the most enlightened preacher amongst the humble flock whose faith he followed."The simplicity of his heart, his candour, his ardent love of the truth, his fellow-interest in all the successes, and ingenuous admiration of all the discoveries of others, his natural modesty in regard to what he himself discovered, his noble soul—independent and bold,—all these combined gave an incomparable charm to the features of the illustrious physicist."I have never known a man more worthy of being loved, of being admired, of being mourned."Fidelity to his religious faith, and the constant observance of the moral law, constitute the ruling characteristics of his life. Doubtless his firm belief in that justice on high which weighs all our merits, in that sovereign goodnesswhich weighs all our sufferings, did not inspire Faraday with his great discoveries, but it gave him the straightforwardness, the self-respect, the self-control, and the spirit of justice, which enabled him to combat evil fortune with boldness, and to accept prosperity without being puffed up...."There was nothing dramatic in the life of Faraday. It should be presented under that simplicity of aspect which is the grandeur of it. There is, however, more than one useful lesson to be learnt from the proper study of this illustrious man, whose youth endured poverty with dignity, whose mature age bore honours with moderation, and whose last years have just passed gently away surrounded by marks of respect and tender affection."

It has been said that there is no photograph or painting of Faraday which is a satisfactory likeness; not because good portraits have never been published, but because they cannot give the varied and ever-shifting expression of his features. Similarly, I fear that the mental portraiture which I have attempted will fail to satisfy his intimate acquaintance. Yet, as one who never saw him in the flesh may gain a good idea of his personal appearance by comparing several pictures, so the reader may learn more of his intellectual and moral features by combining the several estimates which have been made by different minds. Earlier biographies have been already referred to, but my sketch may well be supplemented by an anonymous poem that appeared immediately after his death, and by the words of two of the most distinguished foreign philosophers—Messrs. De la Rive and Dumas.

"Statesmen and soldiers, authors, artists,—stillThe topmost leaves fall off our English oak:Some in green summer's prime, some in the chillOf autumn-tide, some by late winter's stroke."Another leaf has dropped on that sere heap—One that hung highest; earliest to inviteThe golden kiss of morn, and last to keepThe fire of eve—but still turned to the light."No soldier's, statesman's, poet's, painter's nameWas this, thro' which is drawn Death's last black line;But one of rarer, if not loftier fame—A priest of Truth, who lived within her shrine."A priest of Truth: his office to expoundEarth's mysteries to all who willed to hear—Who in the book of Science sought and found,With love, that knew all reverence, but no fear."A priest, who prayed as well as ministered:Who grasped the faith he preached; and held it fast:Knowing the light he followed never stirred,Howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past."And if Truth's priest, servant of Science too,Whose work was wrought for love and not for gain:Not one of those who serve but to ensueTheir private profit: lordship to attain"Over their lord, and bind him in green withes,For grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord;Of the large grist that they may take their tithes—So some serve Science that call Science lord."One rule his life was fashioned to fulfil:That he who tends Truth's shrine, and does the hestOf Science, with a humble, faithful will,The God of Truth and Knowledge serveth best."And from his humbleness what heights he won!By slow march of induction, pace on pace,Scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun,Whence few can look, unblinded, in his face."Until he reached the stand which they that winA bird's-eye glance o'er Nature's realm may throw;Whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes inWhat seems confusion, looked at from below."Till out of seeming chaos order grows,In ever-widening orbs of Law restrained,And the Creation's mighty music flowsIn perfect harmony, serene, sustained;"And from varieties of force and power,A larger unity, and larger still,Broadens to view, till in some breathless hourAll force is known, grasped in a central Will,"Thunder and light revealed as one same strength—Modes of the force that works at Nature's heart—And through the Universe's veinèd lengthBids, wave on wave, mysterious pulses dart."That cosmic heart-beat it was his to list,To trace those pulses in their ebb and flowTowards the fountain-head, where they subsistIn form as yet not given e'enhimto know."Yet, living face to face with these great laws,Great truths, great myst'ries, all who saw him nearKnew him for child-like, simple, free from flawsOf temper, full of love that casts out fear:"Untired in charity, of cheer serene;Not caring world's wealth or good word to earn;Childhood's or manhood's ear content to win;And still as glad to teach as meek to learn."Such lives are precious: not so much for allOf wider insight won where they have striven,As for the still small voice with which they callAlong the beamy way from earth to heaven."Punch, September 7, 1867.

"Statesmen and soldiers, authors, artists,—stillThe topmost leaves fall off our English oak:Some in green summer's prime, some in the chillOf autumn-tide, some by late winter's stroke.

"Statesmen and soldiers, authors, artists,—still

The topmost leaves fall off our English oak:

Some in green summer's prime, some in the chill

Of autumn-tide, some by late winter's stroke.

"Another leaf has dropped on that sere heap—One that hung highest; earliest to inviteThe golden kiss of morn, and last to keepThe fire of eve—but still turned to the light.

"Another leaf has dropped on that sere heap—

One that hung highest; earliest to invite

The golden kiss of morn, and last to keep

The fire of eve—but still turned to the light.

"No soldier's, statesman's, poet's, painter's nameWas this, thro' which is drawn Death's last black line;But one of rarer, if not loftier fame—A priest of Truth, who lived within her shrine.

"No soldier's, statesman's, poet's, painter's name

Was this, thro' which is drawn Death's last black line;

But one of rarer, if not loftier fame—

A priest of Truth, who lived within her shrine.

"A priest of Truth: his office to expoundEarth's mysteries to all who willed to hear—Who in the book of Science sought and found,With love, that knew all reverence, but no fear.

"A priest of Truth: his office to expound

Earth's mysteries to all who willed to hear—

Who in the book of Science sought and found,

With love, that knew all reverence, but no fear.

"A priest, who prayed as well as ministered:Who grasped the faith he preached; and held it fast:Knowing the light he followed never stirred,Howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past.

"A priest, who prayed as well as ministered:

Who grasped the faith he preached; and held it fast:

Knowing the light he followed never stirred,

Howe'er might drive the clouds thro' which it past.

"And if Truth's priest, servant of Science too,Whose work was wrought for love and not for gain:Not one of those who serve but to ensueTheir private profit: lordship to attain

"And if Truth's priest, servant of Science too,

Whose work was wrought for love and not for gain:

Not one of those who serve but to ensue

Their private profit: lordship to attain

"Over their lord, and bind him in green withes,For grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord;Of the large grist that they may take their tithes—So some serve Science that call Science lord.

"Over their lord, and bind him in green withes,

For grinding at the mill 'neath rod and cord;

Of the large grist that they may take their tithes—

So some serve Science that call Science lord.

"One rule his life was fashioned to fulfil:That he who tends Truth's shrine, and does the hestOf Science, with a humble, faithful will,The God of Truth and Knowledge serveth best.

"One rule his life was fashioned to fulfil:

That he who tends Truth's shrine, and does the hest

Of Science, with a humble, faithful will,

The God of Truth and Knowledge serveth best.

"And from his humbleness what heights he won!By slow march of induction, pace on pace,Scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun,Whence few can look, unblinded, in his face.

"And from his humbleness what heights he won!

By slow march of induction, pace on pace,

Scaling the peaks that seemed to strike the sun,

Whence few can look, unblinded, in his face.

"Until he reached the stand which they that winA bird's-eye glance o'er Nature's realm may throw;Whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes inWhat seems confusion, looked at from below.

"Until he reached the stand which they that win

A bird's-eye glance o'er Nature's realm may throw;

Whence the mind's ken by larger sweeps takes in

What seems confusion, looked at from below.

"Till out of seeming chaos order grows,In ever-widening orbs of Law restrained,And the Creation's mighty music flowsIn perfect harmony, serene, sustained;

"Till out of seeming chaos order grows,

In ever-widening orbs of Law restrained,

And the Creation's mighty music flows

In perfect harmony, serene, sustained;

"And from varieties of force and power,A larger unity, and larger still,Broadens to view, till in some breathless hourAll force is known, grasped in a central Will,

"And from varieties of force and power,

A larger unity, and larger still,

Broadens to view, till in some breathless hour

All force is known, grasped in a central Will,

"Thunder and light revealed as one same strength—Modes of the force that works at Nature's heart—And through the Universe's veinèd lengthBids, wave on wave, mysterious pulses dart.

"Thunder and light revealed as one same strength—

Modes of the force that works at Nature's heart—

And through the Universe's veinèd length

Bids, wave on wave, mysterious pulses dart.

"That cosmic heart-beat it was his to list,To trace those pulses in their ebb and flowTowards the fountain-head, where they subsistIn form as yet not given e'enhimto know.

"That cosmic heart-beat it was his to list,

To trace those pulses in their ebb and flow

Towards the fountain-head, where they subsist

In form as yet not given e'enhimto know.

"Yet, living face to face with these great laws,Great truths, great myst'ries, all who saw him nearKnew him for child-like, simple, free from flawsOf temper, full of love that casts out fear:

"Yet, living face to face with these great laws,

Great truths, great myst'ries, all who saw him near

Knew him for child-like, simple, free from flaws

Of temper, full of love that casts out fear:

"Untired in charity, of cheer serene;Not caring world's wealth or good word to earn;Childhood's or manhood's ear content to win;And still as glad to teach as meek to learn.

"Untired in charity, of cheer serene;

Not caring world's wealth or good word to earn;

Childhood's or manhood's ear content to win;

And still as glad to teach as meek to learn.

"Such lives are precious: not so much for allOf wider insight won where they have striven,As for the still small voice with which they callAlong the beamy way from earth to heaven."Punch, September 7, 1867.

"Such lives are precious: not so much for all

Of wider insight won where they have striven,

As for the still small voice with which they call

Along the beamy way from earth to heaven."

Punch, September 7, 1867.

The estimate of M. A. de la Rive is from a letter he addressed to Faraday himself:—

"I am grieved to hear that your brain is weary; this has sometimes happened on former occasions, in consequence of your numerous and persevering labours, and you will bear in mind that a little rest is necessary to restore you. You possess that which best contributes to peace of mind and serenity of spirit—a full and perfect faith, a pure and tranquil conscience, filling your heart with the glorious hopes which the Gospel imparts. You have also the advantage of having always led a smooth and well-regulated life, free from ambition, and therefore exempt from all the anxieties and drawbacks which are inseparable from it. Honour has sought you in spite of yourself; you have known, without despising it, how to value it at its true worth. You have known how to gain the high esteem, and at the same time the affection, of all those acquainted with you.

"Moreover, thanks to the goodness of God, you have not suffered any of those family misfortunes which crush one's life. You should, therefore, watch the approach of old age without fear and without bitterness, having the comforting feeling that the wonders which you have been able to decipher in the book of nature must contribute to the greater reverence and adoration of their Supreme Author.

"Such, my dear friend, is the impression that your beautiful life always leaves upon me; and when I compare it with our troubled and ill-fulfilled life-course, with all that accumulation of drawbacks and griefs by which mine in particular has been attended, I put you down as very happy, especially as you are worthy of your good fortune. This leads me to reflect on the miserable state of those who are without that religious faith which you possess in so great a degree."

In M. Dumas' Eloge at the Académie des Sciences, occur the following sentences:—

"I do not know whether there is asavantwho would not feel happy in leaving behind him such works as those with which Faraday has gladdened his contemporaries, and which he has left as a legacy to posterity: but I am certain that all those who have known him would wish to approach that moral perfection which he attained to without effort. In him it appeared to be a natural grace, which made him a professor full of ardour for the diffusion of truth, an indefatigable worker, full of enthusiasm and sprightliness in his laboratory, the best and most amiable of men in the bosom of his family, and the most enlightened preacher amongst the humble flock whose faith he followed.

"The simplicity of his heart, his candour, his ardent love of the truth, his fellow-interest in all the successes, and ingenuous admiration of all the discoveries of others, his natural modesty in regard to what he himself discovered, his noble soul—independent and bold,—all these combined gave an incomparable charm to the features of the illustrious physicist.

"I have never known a man more worthy of being loved, of being admired, of being mourned.

"Fidelity to his religious faith, and the constant observance of the moral law, constitute the ruling characteristics of his life. Doubtless his firm belief in that justice on high which weighs all our merits, in that sovereign goodnesswhich weighs all our sufferings, did not inspire Faraday with his great discoveries, but it gave him the straightforwardness, the self-respect, the self-control, and the spirit of justice, which enabled him to combat evil fortune with boldness, and to accept prosperity without being puffed up....

"There was nothing dramatic in the life of Faraday. It should be presented under that simplicity of aspect which is the grandeur of it. There is, however, more than one useful lesson to be learnt from the proper study of this illustrious man, whose youth endured poverty with dignity, whose mature age bore honours with moderation, and whose last years have just passed gently away surrounded by marks of respect and tender affection."

APPENDIX.LIST OF LEARNED SOCIETIES TO WHICH MICHAEL FARADAY BELONGED.ANNO1823.Corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.Corresponding member of the Accademia dei Georgofili, Florence.Honorary member of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.Honorary member of the British Institution.1824.Fellow of the Royal Society.Honorary member of the Cambrian Society, Swansea.Fellow of the Geological Society.1825.Member of the Royal Institution.Corresponding member of the Society of Medical Chemists, Paris.1826.Honorary member of the Westminster Medical Society.1827.Correspondent of the Société Philomathique, Paris.1828.Fellow of the Natural Society of Science, Heidelberg.1829.Honorary member of the Society of Arts, Scotland.1831.Honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.1832.Honorary member of the College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia.Honorary member of the Chemical and Physical Society, Paris.Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston.Member of the Royal Society of Science, Copenhagen.1833.Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin.Honorary member of the Hull Philosophical Society.1834.Foreign corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences and Literature, Palermo.1835.Corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Medicine, Paris.Honorary member of the Royal Society, Edinburgh.Honorary member of the Institution of British Architects.Honorary member of the Physical Society, Frankfort.Honorary Fellow of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, London.1836.Senator of the University of London.Honorary member of the Society of Pharmacy, Lisbon.Honorary member of the Sussex Royal Institution.Foreign member of the Society of Sciences, Modena.Foreign member of the Natural History Society, Basle.1837.Honorary member of the Literary and Scientific Institution, Liverpool.1838.Honorary member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.Foreign member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Stockholm.1840.Member of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.Honorary member of the Hunterian Medical Society, Edinburgh.1842.Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Berlin.1843.Honorary member of the Literary and Philosophical Society, Manchester.Honorary member of the Useful Knowledge Society, Aix-la-Chapelle.1844.Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.Honorary member of the Sheffield Scientific Society.1845.Corresponding member of the National Institute, Washington.Corresponding member of the Société d'Encouragement, Paris.1846.Honorary member of the Society of Sciences, Vaud.1847.Member of the Academy of Sciences, Bologna.Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Belgium.Fellow of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Munich.Correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.1848.Foreign honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Vienna.1849.Honorary member, first class, of the Institut Royal des Pays Bas.Foreign correspondent of the Institute, Madrid.1850.Corresponding Associate of the Accademia Pontificia, Rome.Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Haarlem.1851.Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, The Hague.Corresponding member of the Batavian Society of Experimental Philosophy, Rotterdam.Fellow of the Royal Society of Sciences, Upsala.1853.Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Turin.Honorary member of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences, Mauritius.1854.Corresponding Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Naples.1855.Honorary member of the Imperial Society of Naturalists, Moscow.Corresponding Associate of the Imperial Institute of Sciences of Lombardy.1856.Corresponding member of the Netherlands' Society of Sciences, Batavia.Member of the Imperial Royal Institute, Padua.1857.Member of the Institute of Breslau.Corresponding Associate of the Institute of Sciences, Venice.Member of the Imperial Academy, Breslau.1858.Corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pesth.1860.Foreign Associate of the Academy of Sciences, Pesth.Honorary member of the Philosophical Society, Glasgow.1861.Honorary member of the Medical Society, Edinburgh.1863.Foreign Associate of the Imperial Academy of Medicine, Paris.1864.Foreign Associate of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Naples.

FOOTNOTES:[1]These books, with others bound by Faraday, are preserved in a special cabinet at the Royal Institution, together with more valuable documents,—the laboratory notes of Davy and those of Faraday, his notes of Tatum's and Davy's lectures, copies of his published papers with annotations and indices, notes for lectures and Friday evening discourses, account books, and various memoranda, together with letters from Wollaston, Young, Herschel, Whewell, Mitscherlich, and many others of his fellow-workers in science. These were the gift of his widow, in accordance with his own desire.[2]This idea was suggested by some remarks of Faraday to the Baroness Burdett Coutts.[3]Sir Roderick Murchison used to tell how he was attending Brande's lectures, when one day, the Professor being absent, his assistant took his place, and lectured with so much ease that he won the complete approval of the audience. This, he said, was Faraday's first lecture at the Royal Institution.[4]The laboratory note-book shows that at this very time he was making a long series of commercial analyses of saltpetre for Mr. Brande.[5]The following anecdote has been sent me on the authority of Mr. Benjamin Abbott:—"Sergeant Anderson was engaged to attend to the furnaces in Mr. Faraday's researches on optical glass in 1828, and was chosen simply because of the habits of strict obedience his military training had given him. His duty was to keep the furnaces always at the same heat, and the water in the ashpit always at the same level. In the evening he was released, but one night Faraday forgot to tell Anderson he could go home, and early next morning he found his faithful servant still stoking the glowing furnace, as he had been doing all night long." A more probable and better authenticated version of this story is that after nightfall Anderson went upstairs to Faraday, who was already in bed, to inquire if he was to remain still on duty.[6]One evening, when the Rev. A. J. D'Orsey was lecturing "On the Study of the English Language," he mentioned as a common vulgarism that of using "don't" in the third person singular, as "He don't pay his debts." Faraday exclaimed aloud, "That's very wrong."[7]TheSt. Paul's Magazine, June 1870.[8]British Quarterly Review, April 1868.[9]See Appendix.[10]No wonder the celebrated electrician P. Riess, of Berlin, once addressed a long letter to him as "Professor Michael Faraday, Member of all Academies of Science, London."[11]Bacon's "Novum Organum," i. 1.[12]Bence Jones has used the Greekἀγάπη; and it was just this ideal of Christian love which Faraday set before himself.[13]For this anecdote, and some others in inverted commas, I am indebted to Mr. Frank Barnard.[14]In another letter that Lady Burdett Coutts has kindly sent me, Faraday says: "We had your box once before, I remember, for a pantomime, which is always interesting to me because of the immense concentration of means which it requires." In a third he makes admiring comments on Fechter.[15]I myself once heard this advanced by an infidel lecturer on Paddington Green.[16]"Electrical Researches," Series XV.[17]"Analogies in the Progress of Nature and Grace," p. 121.[18]"Mittheilungen aus dem Reisetagebuche eines deutschen Naturforschers," p. 275.[19]Since the publication of the first edition I have been struck with how precisely his practice corresponded with his precept in the introduction to his book on "Chemical Manipulation:"—"When an experiment has been devised, its general nature and principles arranged in the mind, and the causes to be brought into action, with the effect to be expected, properly considered, then it has to be performed. The ultimate objects of an experiment, and also the particular contrivance or mode by which the results are to be produced, being mental, there remains the mere performance of it, which may properly enough be expressed by the termmanipulation."Notwithstanding this subordinate character of manipulation, it is yet of high importance in an experimental science, and particularly in chemistry. The person who could devise only, without knowing how to perform, would not be able to extend his knowledge far, or make it useful; and where every doubt or question that arises in the mind is best answered by the result of an experiment, whatever enables the philosopher to perform the experiment in the simplest, quickest, and most direct manner, cannot but be esteemed by him as of the utmost value."[20]Punch'scartoon next week represented Professor Faraday holding his nose, and presenting his card to Father Thames, who rises out of the unsavoury ooze.[21]Since writing the above I have come across a letter written by Faraday in answer to one by Captain Welier as far back as 13th Sept. 1839, in which he pointed out the mal-adjustment of the dioptric apparatus at Orfordness. In July of the following year he made lengthy suggestions to the Trinity House, in which he proposed using a flat white circle or square, half an inch across, on a piece of black paper or card, as a "focal object." This was to be looked at from outside, in order to test the regularity of the glass apparatus. He also suggested observations on the divergence by looking at this white circle at a distance of twenty feet at most. Another plan he proposed was that of lighting the lamp and putting up a white screen outside. These methods of examining he carried out very shortly afterwards at Blackwall, on French and English refractors, but it seems never to have occurred to him to place his eye in the focus, or in any other manner to observe the course of the rays from inside the apparatus.[22]Dr. Scoffern,Belgravia, October 1867.[23]Mr. Barrett,Nature, Sept. 19, 1872.[24]A good instance of his caution in drawing conclusions is contained in one of his letters to me:—"Royal Institution of Great Britain,"2 July, 1859."My dear Gladstone,"Although I have frequently observed lights from the sea, the only thing I have learnt in relation to theirrelative brilliancyis that the average of a very great number of observations would be required for the attainment of a moderate approximation to truth. One has to be some miles off at sea, or else the observation is not made in the chief ray, and then one does not know the state of the atmosphere about a given lighthouse. Strong lights like that of Cape Grisnez have been invisible when they should have been strong; feeble lights by comparison have risen up in force when one might have expected them to be relatively weak; and after inquiry has not shown a state of the air at the lighthouse explaining such differences. It is probable that the cause of difference often exists at sea."Besides these difficulties there is that other great one of not seeing the two lights to be compared in the field of view at the same time and same distance. If the eye has to turn 90° from one to the other, I have no confidence in the comparison; and if both be in the field of sight at once, still unexpected and unexplained causes of difference occur. The two lights at the South Foreland are beautifully situated for comparison, and yet sometimes the upper did not equal the lower when it ought to have surpassed it. This I referred at the time to an upper stratum of haze; but on shore they knew nothing of the kind, nor had any such or other reason to expect particular effects."Ever truly yours,"M. Faraday."As an instance of his unwillingness to commit himself to an opinion unless he was sure about it, may be cited a letter he wrote to Sir G. B. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who asked for his advice in regard to the material of which the national standard of length should be made:—"I do not see any reason why a pure metal should be particularly free from internal change of its particles, and on the whole should rather incline to the hard alloy than to soft copper, and yet I hardly know why. I suppose the labour would be too great to lay down the standard on different metals and substances; and yet the comparison of them might be very important hereafter, for twenty years seem todoortella great deal in relation to standard measures." Bronze was finally chosen.[25]De la Rive points this out in his brief notice of Faraday immediately on receiving the news of his death:—"Je n'ai parlé que du savant, je tiens aussi à dire un mot de l'homme. Alliant à une modestie vraie, parcequ'elle provenait de l'élévation de son âme, une droiture à toute épreuve et une candeur admirable, Faraday n'aimait la science que pour elle-même. Aussi jouissait-il des succès des autres au moins autant que des siens propres; et quant à lui, s'il a accepté, avec une sincère satisfaction, les honneurs scientifiques qui lui out été prodigués à si juste titre, il a constamment refusé toutes les autres distinctions et les récompenses qu'on eût voulu lui décerner. Il s'est contenté toute sa vie de la position relativement modeste qu'il occupait à l'Institution Royale de Londres; avoir son laboratoire et strictement de quoi vivre, c'est tout ce qu'il lui fallait.—Presinge, le 29 août, 1867.—A. de la Rive."[26]Preface to "Faraday und seine Entdeckungen."[27]I am indebted to Sir Charles Wheatstone for the following impromptu by Herbert Mayo:—"Around the magnet FaradayWas sure that Volta's lightnings play:But how to draw them from the wire?He drew a lesson from the heart:'Tis when we meet, 'tis when we part,Breaks forth the electric fire."[28]The room with glass sides, from which the light is exhibited at the top of a lighthouse, is called by this name.[29]One night there was a beautiful aurora. Mr. Holmes remarked that his poor electric light could not compare with that for beauty; but Faraday rejoined, "Don't abuse your light. The aurora is very beautiful, and so is a wild horse, but you have tamed it and made it valuable."[30]The illuminating apparatus at Dungeness is one of what is termed the sixth order, 300 millimetres (about 12 inches) in diameter. Mr. Chance constructed one for Souter Point of the third order, one metre (nearly 40 inches) in diameter, with special arrangements for giving artificial divergence to the beam in a vertical direction, in order to obviate the danger arising from the luminous point not being always precisely in the same spot. It has also additional contrivances for utilizing the back light. Similar arrangements were made for the South Foreland lights, which are also of the third order; and every portion of the machinery and apparatus is in duplicate in case of accident, and the double force can be employed in times of fog.

[1]These books, with others bound by Faraday, are preserved in a special cabinet at the Royal Institution, together with more valuable documents,—the laboratory notes of Davy and those of Faraday, his notes of Tatum's and Davy's lectures, copies of his published papers with annotations and indices, notes for lectures and Friday evening discourses, account books, and various memoranda, together with letters from Wollaston, Young, Herschel, Whewell, Mitscherlich, and many others of his fellow-workers in science. These were the gift of his widow, in accordance with his own desire.

[2]This idea was suggested by some remarks of Faraday to the Baroness Burdett Coutts.

[3]Sir Roderick Murchison used to tell how he was attending Brande's lectures, when one day, the Professor being absent, his assistant took his place, and lectured with so much ease that he won the complete approval of the audience. This, he said, was Faraday's first lecture at the Royal Institution.

[4]The laboratory note-book shows that at this very time he was making a long series of commercial analyses of saltpetre for Mr. Brande.

[5]The following anecdote has been sent me on the authority of Mr. Benjamin Abbott:—"Sergeant Anderson was engaged to attend to the furnaces in Mr. Faraday's researches on optical glass in 1828, and was chosen simply because of the habits of strict obedience his military training had given him. His duty was to keep the furnaces always at the same heat, and the water in the ashpit always at the same level. In the evening he was released, but one night Faraday forgot to tell Anderson he could go home, and early next morning he found his faithful servant still stoking the glowing furnace, as he had been doing all night long." A more probable and better authenticated version of this story is that after nightfall Anderson went upstairs to Faraday, who was already in bed, to inquire if he was to remain still on duty.

[6]One evening, when the Rev. A. J. D'Orsey was lecturing "On the Study of the English Language," he mentioned as a common vulgarism that of using "don't" in the third person singular, as "He don't pay his debts." Faraday exclaimed aloud, "That's very wrong."

[7]TheSt. Paul's Magazine, June 1870.

[8]British Quarterly Review, April 1868.

[9]See Appendix.

[10]No wonder the celebrated electrician P. Riess, of Berlin, once addressed a long letter to him as "Professor Michael Faraday, Member of all Academies of Science, London."

[11]Bacon's "Novum Organum," i. 1.

[12]Bence Jones has used the Greekἀγάπη; and it was just this ideal of Christian love which Faraday set before himself.

[13]For this anecdote, and some others in inverted commas, I am indebted to Mr. Frank Barnard.

[14]In another letter that Lady Burdett Coutts has kindly sent me, Faraday says: "We had your box once before, I remember, for a pantomime, which is always interesting to me because of the immense concentration of means which it requires." In a third he makes admiring comments on Fechter.

[15]I myself once heard this advanced by an infidel lecturer on Paddington Green.

[16]"Electrical Researches," Series XV.

[17]"Analogies in the Progress of Nature and Grace," p. 121.

[18]"Mittheilungen aus dem Reisetagebuche eines deutschen Naturforschers," p. 275.

[19]Since the publication of the first edition I have been struck with how precisely his practice corresponded with his precept in the introduction to his book on "Chemical Manipulation:"—"When an experiment has been devised, its general nature and principles arranged in the mind, and the causes to be brought into action, with the effect to be expected, properly considered, then it has to be performed. The ultimate objects of an experiment, and also the particular contrivance or mode by which the results are to be produced, being mental, there remains the mere performance of it, which may properly enough be expressed by the termmanipulation."Notwithstanding this subordinate character of manipulation, it is yet of high importance in an experimental science, and particularly in chemistry. The person who could devise only, without knowing how to perform, would not be able to extend his knowledge far, or make it useful; and where every doubt or question that arises in the mind is best answered by the result of an experiment, whatever enables the philosopher to perform the experiment in the simplest, quickest, and most direct manner, cannot but be esteemed by him as of the utmost value."

"Notwithstanding this subordinate character of manipulation, it is yet of high importance in an experimental science, and particularly in chemistry. The person who could devise only, without knowing how to perform, would not be able to extend his knowledge far, or make it useful; and where every doubt or question that arises in the mind is best answered by the result of an experiment, whatever enables the philosopher to perform the experiment in the simplest, quickest, and most direct manner, cannot but be esteemed by him as of the utmost value."

[20]Punch'scartoon next week represented Professor Faraday holding his nose, and presenting his card to Father Thames, who rises out of the unsavoury ooze.

[21]Since writing the above I have come across a letter written by Faraday in answer to one by Captain Welier as far back as 13th Sept. 1839, in which he pointed out the mal-adjustment of the dioptric apparatus at Orfordness. In July of the following year he made lengthy suggestions to the Trinity House, in which he proposed using a flat white circle or square, half an inch across, on a piece of black paper or card, as a "focal object." This was to be looked at from outside, in order to test the regularity of the glass apparatus. He also suggested observations on the divergence by looking at this white circle at a distance of twenty feet at most. Another plan he proposed was that of lighting the lamp and putting up a white screen outside. These methods of examining he carried out very shortly afterwards at Blackwall, on French and English refractors, but it seems never to have occurred to him to place his eye in the focus, or in any other manner to observe the course of the rays from inside the apparatus.

[22]Dr. Scoffern,Belgravia, October 1867.

[23]Mr. Barrett,Nature, Sept. 19, 1872.

[24]A good instance of his caution in drawing conclusions is contained in one of his letters to me:—"Royal Institution of Great Britain,"2 July, 1859."My dear Gladstone,"Although I have frequently observed lights from the sea, the only thing I have learnt in relation to theirrelative brilliancyis that the average of a very great number of observations would be required for the attainment of a moderate approximation to truth. One has to be some miles off at sea, or else the observation is not made in the chief ray, and then one does not know the state of the atmosphere about a given lighthouse. Strong lights like that of Cape Grisnez have been invisible when they should have been strong; feeble lights by comparison have risen up in force when one might have expected them to be relatively weak; and after inquiry has not shown a state of the air at the lighthouse explaining such differences. It is probable that the cause of difference often exists at sea."Besides these difficulties there is that other great one of not seeing the two lights to be compared in the field of view at the same time and same distance. If the eye has to turn 90° from one to the other, I have no confidence in the comparison; and if both be in the field of sight at once, still unexpected and unexplained causes of difference occur. The two lights at the South Foreland are beautifully situated for comparison, and yet sometimes the upper did not equal the lower when it ought to have surpassed it. This I referred at the time to an upper stratum of haze; but on shore they knew nothing of the kind, nor had any such or other reason to expect particular effects."Ever truly yours,"M. Faraday."As an instance of his unwillingness to commit himself to an opinion unless he was sure about it, may be cited a letter he wrote to Sir G. B. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who asked for his advice in regard to the material of which the national standard of length should be made:—"I do not see any reason why a pure metal should be particularly free from internal change of its particles, and on the whole should rather incline to the hard alloy than to soft copper, and yet I hardly know why. I suppose the labour would be too great to lay down the standard on different metals and substances; and yet the comparison of them might be very important hereafter, for twenty years seem todoortella great deal in relation to standard measures." Bronze was finally chosen.

[24]A good instance of his caution in drawing conclusions is contained in one of his letters to me:—

"Royal Institution of Great Britain,"2 July, 1859."My dear Gladstone,"Although I have frequently observed lights from the sea, the only thing I have learnt in relation to theirrelative brilliancyis that the average of a very great number of observations would be required for the attainment of a moderate approximation to truth. One has to be some miles off at sea, or else the observation is not made in the chief ray, and then one does not know the state of the atmosphere about a given lighthouse. Strong lights like that of Cape Grisnez have been invisible when they should have been strong; feeble lights by comparison have risen up in force when one might have expected them to be relatively weak; and after inquiry has not shown a state of the air at the lighthouse explaining such differences. It is probable that the cause of difference often exists at sea."Besides these difficulties there is that other great one of not seeing the two lights to be compared in the field of view at the same time and same distance. If the eye has to turn 90° from one to the other, I have no confidence in the comparison; and if both be in the field of sight at once, still unexpected and unexplained causes of difference occur. The two lights at the South Foreland are beautifully situated for comparison, and yet sometimes the upper did not equal the lower when it ought to have surpassed it. This I referred at the time to an upper stratum of haze; but on shore they knew nothing of the kind, nor had any such or other reason to expect particular effects."Ever truly yours,"M. Faraday."

"Royal Institution of Great Britain,

"2 July, 1859.

"My dear Gladstone,

"Although I have frequently observed lights from the sea, the only thing I have learnt in relation to theirrelative brilliancyis that the average of a very great number of observations would be required for the attainment of a moderate approximation to truth. One has to be some miles off at sea, or else the observation is not made in the chief ray, and then one does not know the state of the atmosphere about a given lighthouse. Strong lights like that of Cape Grisnez have been invisible when they should have been strong; feeble lights by comparison have risen up in force when one might have expected them to be relatively weak; and after inquiry has not shown a state of the air at the lighthouse explaining such differences. It is probable that the cause of difference often exists at sea.

"Besides these difficulties there is that other great one of not seeing the two lights to be compared in the field of view at the same time and same distance. If the eye has to turn 90° from one to the other, I have no confidence in the comparison; and if both be in the field of sight at once, still unexpected and unexplained causes of difference occur. The two lights at the South Foreland are beautifully situated for comparison, and yet sometimes the upper did not equal the lower when it ought to have surpassed it. This I referred at the time to an upper stratum of haze; but on shore they knew nothing of the kind, nor had any such or other reason to expect particular effects.

"Ever truly yours,

"M. Faraday."

As an instance of his unwillingness to commit himself to an opinion unless he was sure about it, may be cited a letter he wrote to Sir G. B. Airy, the Astronomer Royal, who asked for his advice in regard to the material of which the national standard of length should be made:—"I do not see any reason why a pure metal should be particularly free from internal change of its particles, and on the whole should rather incline to the hard alloy than to soft copper, and yet I hardly know why. I suppose the labour would be too great to lay down the standard on different metals and substances; and yet the comparison of them might be very important hereafter, for twenty years seem todoortella great deal in relation to standard measures." Bronze was finally chosen.

[25]De la Rive points this out in his brief notice of Faraday immediately on receiving the news of his death:—"Je n'ai parlé que du savant, je tiens aussi à dire un mot de l'homme. Alliant à une modestie vraie, parcequ'elle provenait de l'élévation de son âme, une droiture à toute épreuve et une candeur admirable, Faraday n'aimait la science que pour elle-même. Aussi jouissait-il des succès des autres au moins autant que des siens propres; et quant à lui, s'il a accepté, avec une sincère satisfaction, les honneurs scientifiques qui lui out été prodigués à si juste titre, il a constamment refusé toutes les autres distinctions et les récompenses qu'on eût voulu lui décerner. Il s'est contenté toute sa vie de la position relativement modeste qu'il occupait à l'Institution Royale de Londres; avoir son laboratoire et strictement de quoi vivre, c'est tout ce qu'il lui fallait.—Presinge, le 29 août, 1867.—A. de la Rive."

[26]Preface to "Faraday und seine Entdeckungen."

[27]I am indebted to Sir Charles Wheatstone for the following impromptu by Herbert Mayo:—"Around the magnet FaradayWas sure that Volta's lightnings play:But how to draw them from the wire?He drew a lesson from the heart:'Tis when we meet, 'tis when we part,Breaks forth the electric fire."

[27]I am indebted to Sir Charles Wheatstone for the following impromptu by Herbert Mayo:—

"Around the magnet FaradayWas sure that Volta's lightnings play:But how to draw them from the wire?He drew a lesson from the heart:'Tis when we meet, 'tis when we part,Breaks forth the electric fire."

"Around the magnet Faraday

Was sure that Volta's lightnings play:

But how to draw them from the wire?

He drew a lesson from the heart:

'Tis when we meet, 'tis when we part,

Breaks forth the electric fire."

[28]The room with glass sides, from which the light is exhibited at the top of a lighthouse, is called by this name.

[29]One night there was a beautiful aurora. Mr. Holmes remarked that his poor electric light could not compare with that for beauty; but Faraday rejoined, "Don't abuse your light. The aurora is very beautiful, and so is a wild horse, but you have tamed it and made it valuable."

[30]The illuminating apparatus at Dungeness is one of what is termed the sixth order, 300 millimetres (about 12 inches) in diameter. Mr. Chance constructed one for Souter Point of the third order, one metre (nearly 40 inches) in diameter, with special arrangements for giving artificial divergence to the beam in a vertical direction, in order to obviate the danger arising from the luminous point not being always precisely in the same spot. It has also additional contrivances for utilizing the back light. Similar arrangements were made for the South Foreland lights, which are also of the third order; and every portion of the machinery and apparatus is in duplicate in case of accident, and the double force can be employed in times of fog.

INDEX.A.Abbott, Benjamin,3.Abel, F. A., reminiscences by,30,71.Anderson, Sergeant,31.Apparatus, simplicity of,127-131.Arrow, Sir Frederick, anecdote by,127.Astley's Theatre, adventure at,20.Athenæum Club,21,153.Atoms, or centres of force?143.Autograph persecution,86.B.Barlow, Rev. John,57;incident at his house,68.Barnard, F., anecdotes by,81,84,131.Barnard, Miss Jane,58.Barrett, W. F., reminiscences by,72,138,142.Blacksmith's shop,40,79.Blaikley's painting,35.Bollaert, William,19.Bores,44.British Association,40.C.Carpenter, Dr., anecdote by,107.Character of Faraday,60.Charitable gifts,75."Chemical Manipulation,"52;quotations from,126,127.Chemical Society,59.Children and Faraday,32,35,69.Churchyard at Oberhofen,119.City Philosophical Society,11,17.Close, Captain, anecdotes by,87,88.Colliery explosion at Haswell,133.Committees,42,114.Continent, visits to the,12,38.Correspondence,48.Crosse, Mrs. A., visit of,89.D.Daniell, Professor,64.Davy, Sir Humphry,7,8,16,17,67;his safety-lamp,16.De la Rive, A.,76;sketches by,139,146,170.Deacon, Mrs., recollections by,38.Discoveries, value of,146,166.Domestic affection,79.Dumas, sketches by,66,145,171.E.Education, views on,97,101-104.Electrical machines, primitive,3,129.Enthusiasm,62.Experiment, love of,127,137.Explosions,10.F.Faithfulness,61.Faraday, Michael, his birth,1;apprenticed to a bookseller,2,61;begins to experiment,3,4;attends Tatum's lectures,3;Davy's,7;becomes journeyman bookbinder,8;engaged by Davy,8,9;his attempts at self-improvement,11,12,20;travels on the Continent,12;gives his first lecture,17;writes his first paper,17;assists Professor Brande,19;his amusements,20,40,42;marries,24;gives courses of lectures,26;appointed Fullerian Professor,27;his income,27,75;accepts lectureship at Woolwich,29;becomes scientific adviser to Trinity House,29;his usual day's work,31;his Friday evenings,33;his juvenile lectures,35;his Sunday engagements,35;his Wednesday meetings,37;his visits to the country,38;his correspondence,48;his publications,52;his honours,53,173;declines presidentship of Royal Society,54;refuses and accepts pension,55;resigns his appointments,56,57;his last illness,57;his death,59.Faraday's father,1,25,40,61,79." mother,1,25.Field, Cyrus,152.Firmness with gentleness,81.Force, a Proteus,147.Foucault, visit to,66.Friday evenings at the Royal Institution,26,33,150.Fuller, John,27.Funeral,59.G.Giessbach Falls,119.Government and Science,110.Graham, Professor,59,132.Gymnotus,116.H.Hampton Court, house at,56.Helmholz, Professor, quoted,149.Holland, Sir Henry,46,55.Holmes, F. H.,160,163.Home life,25,31,38,79.Honours, scientific,53,173;views on,109-113.Humility,92.Humour,64.I.Imagination,62.Indignation against wrong,68.Infidelity, accusation of,117.Inner conflicts,85.J.Jermyn Street, incident at,126.Jones, Dr. H. Bence, quoted,62;his "Life and Letters of Faraday,"4,14,94.Journals,14,119.Juvenile lectures at Royal Institution,26,35.K.Kindliness,69-77,79,81.L.Laboratory work,31,123.Lectures at Royal Institution,26,107,150.Lecturing, views on,104-108.Letters from Faraday to Abbott, B.,12;Abel, F. A.,30;Airy, Sir G. B. (Astronomer Royal),141;Andrews, Prof.,110;Auckland, Lord,28;Barnard, F.,51;Barnard, Miss Sarah,24;Becker, Dr.,137;Coutts, Lady Burdett,47,83;Crosse, Mrs. Andrew,80;Deacon, Mrs.,57;Faraday, Mrs. (his mother),13;Faraday, Mrs. (his wife),24,25;Field, F.,95;Gladstone, J. H.,140;Inventors,77;Joule, J. P.,49,148;Managers of Royal Institution,56;Matteucci,67;Moore, Miss,50,144;Noad, Dr.,73;Paris, Comte de,58;Paris, Dr.,8,49;Percy, Dr.,114;Phillips, R.,157;Riebau, G.,4;Schönbein,114,120;Siemens, C. W.,150;Spiritualist,115;Wheatstone, Sir Charles,46;Wrottesley, Lord,111.Letters to Faraday, from Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon,48;Davy, Sir Humphry,18;De la Rive, A.,170;Whewell, Dr.,143.Lighthouses, adjustment of apparatus in,134;illuminated by electricity,159-166.Love of study,62.Love to children,69.M.Magnetism, wonder at,142.Magneto-electric light,160-166.Magrath, Mr.,12,21.Mallet, Robert, reminiscences by,45.135.Masquerier, M.,5,43.Mathematics, want of,136.Mayo, Herbert, impromptu by,158.Melbourne, Lord,55.Mental and moral greatness conjoined,88,121.Mental education, views on,97.Music,20,43.N.Napoleon III.,48.Natural theology, views on,117.Noad, Dr.,73.Noble, Mr. (the sculptor),79.Note-books,3,4,7,26.O.Orderliness,125.P.Peel, Sir Robert,55.Philosopher portrayed,94,122.Philosophers and practical men,147,153.Photometer, special,128Playfulness,41,63.Poetry of nature,87,119.Politics, indifference to,42.Pollock, Lady, description of Friday evening discourse,34.Potato models,131.Practical applications of science,149-153.Preaching, style of,36.Prince Consort,35.Pritchard, Rev. C., quoted,118.Progress, necessity of,96,121.Publications, scientific,52,144.Public Schools Commission, evidence before,102.Punch, verses in,167.Q.Queen Victoria,47,56.R.Reid, Miss, reminiscences by,84.Religious belief, views on,99.Religious character,90-93.Researches, early,19;on electricity and magnetism,20,52,148,155,157;electrical eel,116;telegraphy,152;ventilation,152;benzol,154.Respect paid to others,66.Reverence,65,69,81.Roman Carnival,15.Royal Commission on Lights,134.Royal Institution,5,25,56,123,130;Faraday laboratory assistant at,9,16;superintendent of house at,25;Fullerian Professorship,27;relics at,2,129.Royal Society, fellowship,53;presidentship declined,54;communications to,52,144.S.Sandemanians,21,91;Faraday's eldership among,36.Schönbein, Prof., quoted,123,130Science a branch of education,101.Sciences linked together,149.Self-respect,51,67.Sensitiveness,68,85.Sermons, Faraday's,36,37.Simple-hearted joyousness,63,89.Simplicity of character,82,90.SiriumaliasVestium,18.Social character,86,90.Society of Arts,21.Spectrum analysis,47.Spiritualists, opinion of,114.Submarine cables,155.Swiss tour,119.T.Table-turning explained,114.Tenacity of purpose,62.Thames impure,131.Thomson, Sir William,137,155.Thunderstorms enjoyed,62,87.Tomlinson, C., reminiscence by,108.Trinity House,29,57,77,127,135,159-166.Truthfulness,83,140.Tyndall, Professor, reminiscences by,54,82,90;his "Faraday as a Discoverer,"53.U.Unworldliness,90.V.Velocipede riding,20.Visitors, attention to,32,45.Visits to the sick,76.W.Walmer, visit to,38.Welsh damsel at waterfall,71.William IV.,55.Wiseman, Cardinal, visit of,92.Woolwich Academy,29,30,72.Working, method of,31,123.Y.Young, James reminiscence by,132.THE END.

THE END.

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