355This is the date proposed by Bates,Border Holds: C. H. Hartshorne (Archæol. Inst., Newcastle, vol. ii.) proposed a later date,c.1435-40. Mr Bates’ date is more likely than the other: for neither is there any direct evidence.
355This is the date proposed by Bates,Border Holds: C. H. Hartshorne (Archæol. Inst., Newcastle, vol. ii.) proposed a later date,c.1435-40. Mr Bates’ date is more likely than the other: for neither is there any direct evidence.
356New works were begun at Porchester in 1386, when Robert Bardolf, the constable, was appointed to impress masons, carpenters, etc., and to take materials at the king’s expense (Pat. 8 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 23). This probably applies to the building of the barbican, but the hall may also have been remodelled at this period. There are considerable remains of twelfth-century work in the substructure of the hall, as already noted.
356New works were begun at Porchester in 1386, when Robert Bardolf, the constable, was appointed to impress masons, carpenters, etc., and to take materials at the king’s expense (Pat. 8 Rich. II., pt. 2, m. 23). This probably applies to the building of the barbican, but the hall may also have been remodelled at this period. There are considerable remains of twelfth-century work in the substructure of the hall, as already noted.
357The stone gatehouse of the Norman castle appears to be incorporated in the fourteenth-century work, the outer archway, which was covered by a barbican, being merely a facing added to earlier work. The inner walls of the gatehouse were also lengthened, as part of the fourteenth-century enlargement.
357The stone gatehouse of the Norman castle appears to be incorporated in the fourteenth-century work, the outer archway, which was covered by a barbican, being merely a facing added to earlier work. The inner walls of the gatehouse were also lengthened, as part of the fourteenth-century enlargement.
358John of Gaunt was duke of Lancaster 1362-99. The gatehouse of Lancaster castle, known as John of Gaunt’s gateway, was not built until after his death. See p.327.
358John of Gaunt was duke of Lancaster 1362-99. The gatehouse of Lancaster castle, known as John of Gaunt’s gateway, was not built until after his death. See p.327.
359This hall was probably built late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth century.
359This hall was probably built late in the thirteenth or early in the fourteenth century.
360Charles also seems to have rebuilt the chapel on the south side of the enclosure.
360Charles also seems to have rebuilt the chapel on the south side of the enclosure.
361See the drawing by Androuet du Cerceau and plans in W. H. Ward,French Châteaux and Gardens in the XVIth Century, Plates III., IV., and p. 11.
361See the drawing by Androuet du Cerceau and plans in W. H. Ward,French Châteaux and Gardens in the XVIth Century, Plates III., IV., and p. 11.
362See p.285above.
362See p.285above.
363The three principal features of the strong tower at Stokesay are (1) its isolation from the range of buildings adjoining it, its only entrances being from the outside, in the basement and on the first floor; (2) the division of its face towards the field into two small half-octagons; (3) the stairs carried from floor to floor in the thickness of the wall. The stair from the basement to the first and second floors crosses the entrance-lobby on the first floor; but, in order to reach the roof, the second-floor chamber has to be passed through, and a new stair entered in the embrasure of a window. This was planned partly, as at Richmond and Conisbrough, to give the defenders complete control of the stair, and partly to keep the stair within the wall of the tower which was least open to attack, and could therefore be lightened most safely.
363The three principal features of the strong tower at Stokesay are (1) its isolation from the range of buildings adjoining it, its only entrances being from the outside, in the basement and on the first floor; (2) the division of its face towards the field into two small half-octagons; (3) the stairs carried from floor to floor in the thickness of the wall. The stair from the basement to the first and second floors crosses the entrance-lobby on the first floor; but, in order to reach the roof, the second-floor chamber has to be passed through, and a new stair entered in the embrasure of a window. This was planned partly, as at Richmond and Conisbrough, to give the defenders complete control of the stair, and partly to keep the stair within the wall of the tower which was least open to attack, and could therefore be lightened most safely.
364This was done towards the end of the twelfth century. The licence stated that the wall was to be without crenellations (sine kernello).
364This was done towards the end of the twelfth century. The licence stated that the wall was to be without crenellations (sine kernello).
365The hall may be a little earlier than the fourteenth century: the windows seem to indicate the period 1290-1310. The great chimney and the heavy battlement were added when the porch to the hall was built.
365The hall may be a little earlier than the fourteenth century: the windows seem to indicate the period 1290-1310. The great chimney and the heavy battlement were added when the porch to the hall was built.
366Such a position for a medieval stronghold was not unusual. Thus Richmond castle is commanded by much higher hills on the north and south-west. In medieval warfare, however, before fire-arms had received any full development, an enemy would have gained little advantage by occupying a commanding position at some distance from the place attacked. In 1644, the Parliamentary force which besieged Wingfield attempted to breach the walls from Pentrich common, on slightly higher ground to the south-east. This was found impossible, and the cannon had to be moved to a wood on the west side of the manor before any damage was done.
366Such a position for a medieval stronghold was not unusual. Thus Richmond castle is commanded by much higher hills on the north and south-west. In medieval warfare, however, before fire-arms had received any full development, an enemy would have gained little advantage by occupying a commanding position at some distance from the place attacked. In 1644, the Parliamentary force which besieged Wingfield attempted to breach the walls from Pentrich common, on slightly higher ground to the south-east. This was found impossible, and the cannon had to be moved to a wood on the west side of the manor before any damage was done.
367The additions at this end were possibly the work of John Talbot, second earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1460), to whom Cromwell sold the manor shortly before his death. The earl certainly did some building at Wingfield: see the short, but carefully compiledGuide to Wingfield Manor, by W. H. Edmunds, p. 11.
367The additions at this end were possibly the work of John Talbot, second earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1460), to whom Cromwell sold the manor shortly before his death. The earl certainly did some building at Wingfield: see the short, but carefully compiledGuide to Wingfield Manor, by W. H. Edmunds, p. 11.
368This can clearly be seen from the small open courtyard on the north-west side of the great chamber block. The kitchen block is there seen to have been built up against the west wall of the great chamber and its lower stage, without any bonding.
368This can clearly be seen from the small open courtyard on the north-west side of the great chamber block. The kitchen block is there seen to have been built up against the west wall of the great chamber and its lower stage, without any bonding.
369At Conway, Porchester, etc., however, the large hall was probably intended for the use of the garrison. The great hall at Wingfield was essentially the hall of a dwelling-house, in which the inner court is kept quite separate from the base-court, where possibly a common hall was provided for the men-at-arms who might be lodged there.
369At Conway, Porchester, etc., however, the large hall was probably intended for the use of the garrison. The great hall at Wingfield was essentially the hall of a dwelling-house, in which the inner court is kept quite separate from the base-court, where possibly a common hall was provided for the men-at-arms who might be lodged there.
370This tower, like that at Stokesay, can be entered only by an outer door. This is at the foot of a turret containing a broad vice. The doorway had no portcullis, but was commanded by a slit in the wall from the stair, which ascends on the left of the entrance lobby.
370This tower, like that at Stokesay, can be entered only by an outer door. This is at the foot of a turret containing a broad vice. The doorway had no portcullis, but was commanded by a slit in the wall from the stair, which ascends on the left of the entrance lobby.
371The gateways of the outer and inner courtyards each had double doors. There was no provision for portcullises. Each gateway has a small postern entrance on one side of the main archway. This would be used after the great doors had been closed for the night.
371The gateways of the outer and inner courtyards each had double doors. There was no provision for portcullises. Each gateway has a small postern entrance on one side of the main archway. This would be used after the great doors had been closed for the night.
372These have recently been removed, to the great detriment of this noble tower.
372These have recently been removed, to the great detriment of this noble tower.
373The high tower at Wingfield is not machicolated, and affords a curious contrast in this respect to Tattershall.
373The high tower at Wingfield is not machicolated, and affords a curious contrast in this respect to Tattershall.
374The late thirteenth-century hall at Little Wenham, near Hadleigh, is an early example of a brick house in this district.
374The late thirteenth-century hall at Little Wenham, near Hadleigh, is an early example of a brick house in this district.
375Other Lincolnshire examples of brick-work are the gatehouse of Thornton abbey (1382), already described, and the early sixteenth-century manor-house on the Trent above Gainsborough, known as Torksey castle.
375Other Lincolnshire examples of brick-work are the gatehouse of Thornton abbey (1382), already described, and the early sixteenth-century manor-house on the Trent above Gainsborough, known as Torksey castle.
376The ditch at Hurstmonceaux is now dry. That at Compton Wyniates has been partly filled up. The moat of Kentwell, an Elizabethan house, is still perfect.
376The ditch at Hurstmonceaux is now dry. That at Compton Wyniates has been partly filled up. The moat of Kentwell, an Elizabethan house, is still perfect.
377The upper stories of these towers only are semicircular. The two lower stages are half octagons. The towers have circular upper turrets like those at Warwick.
377The upper stories of these towers only are semicircular. The two lower stages are half octagons. The towers have circular upper turrets like those at Warwick.
378The castle of Amberley was built about 1379 by Bishop Rede of Chichester, and is therefore nearly contemporary with Bodiam. It is rectangular in shape, with lofty curtains, and has a gatehouse flanked by round towers.
378The castle of Amberley was built about 1379 by Bishop Rede of Chichester, and is therefore nearly contemporary with Bodiam. It is rectangular in shape, with lofty curtains, and has a gatehouse flanked by round towers.
379Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII., vol. IV., nos. 2,655, 2,656.
379Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII., vol. IV., nos. 2,655, 2,656.
380Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII., vol. IV., no. 1,089.
380Lett. and Pap. Hen. VIII., vol. IV., no. 1,089.
381Calendaredibid., vol. III., no. 1,186.
381Calendaredibid., vol. III., no. 1,186.
382Pat. 19 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 25.
382Pat. 19 Edw. III., pt. 1, m. 25.