Footnotes for Part X: United States1The Militia System was broken up by the Volunteer System introduced by the United States and encouraged by State Legislation, and now (1872) even formal returns as to enrollment are not complied with by a majority of the States.2Prepared by Major E. D. Mansfield, a graduate of West Point in 1819, for Barnard’s American Journal of Education, March, 1862.3It is not meant to say that this subject was not mentioned before. It was by Col. Pickering, in 1783. But whoever reads the letters and memoirs of Washington, will see, that all the early ideas on the subject of military education and military science were derived from the experience of Washington.4Thefirstdiploma, which we suppose was a manuscript certificate, was the one given to the then CadetSwift, and signed by Captains Barron and Mansfield.5Captain Partridge, who was a useful and energetic man, had subsequently full opportunity of carrying out his popular views in the military schools of Norwich and Middletown, which he founded by his own efforts.6These defects and irregularities arose from not obeying the law, and not pursuing the ideas it pointed out. The great effort of Professors Mansfield and Ellicott, was to get the spirit of the law followed practically.7The Class here spoken of graduated in 1819. Of its living members, areHenry Brewerton, late Superintendent at West Point;Edward D. Mansfield, Commissioner of Statistics for the State of Ohio;Justin Dimmick, late Commander of Fortress Monroe;Daniel Tyler, a distinguished Engineer and General in the Army of the Potomac;Wm. H. Swift, a distinguished Engineer, and President of the Illinois Canal Company;Joshua Baker, a Civil Engineer, Judge, and Planter, in Louisiana; and MajorTurnbull, distinguished as a Topographical Engineer in the War with Mexico.Among the dead wasGeorge H. Whistler, the most distinguished Civil Engineer our country has produced.8We use the wordmoral, in preference to spiritual, because, in its comprehensive sense, including the latter; but by no means intimating, that in this Christian country, we should make any place of education a mere reproduction of Persian or Greek models. Our servile imitation of the Ancients, often makes us forget that we are neither Spartans nor Romans. The man who attempts at this day to revive the institutions of Pagan Greece, is as false to true Philosophy, as he is to true Christianity.9The authorship of West Point has been quite extensive: too much so to enumerate here. Among the works of its graduates, we may mention the “Political Manual,” “American Education,” and Statistical Reports by Edward D. Mansfield, the “Review of Edwards on the Will,” by A. T. Bledsoe, and the Military Tactics of Generals McClellan, and Halleck. The Educational Works of Mr. Mansfield have been before the public for many years, and studied in all parts of the United States. In this class also may be mentioned the editorial labors of some twenty of the graduates, some of whom have had no small influence on public affairs.10We should not forget that a large number of West Point graduates from the south, (Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, and Tennessee,) have remainedloyal, in spite of all the influences of social and political ties.11Mr. Courtnay was afterwards Professor of Philosophy and Mechanics in the University of Virginia. There he died, lamented by all who knew him.12From Instructions for government of the U.S. Military Academy, Report of Board of Visitors for 1871, and an account by Col. McDougall in Report of English Military Commission.13The duties of Inspector are now (1871) discharged directly by the Secretary.14See Boynton’s “History of Military Academy at West Point,” p. 293.15The successful candidate, out of twenty competitors, was a member of the Free Academy of the city of New York, and stood in scholarship about the middle of his class.16Report of Col. Barry, dated September 12, 1871.17Although no one institution contributed so large a number of officers to the Confederate Armies, the Military Institute at Frankfort, Ky., the Cadet Corps connected with the arsenals in Norfolk, Richmond, and other Southern cities, and the State Military Institutes in Alabama and Louisiana, furnished a large number of subordinate officers, which facilitated the early organization of the armed forces of the South.18Gen. Cocke, in 1866, gave $20,000 to endow this professorship.19Dr. Mercer of Louisiana, made a donation of $11,800 to this chair.20ACadetin the military organization of the Army denoted a junior officer between the grade of lieutenant and sergeant, and was introduced from the French service. An Act of Congress, passed May 7th, 1794, provided for a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers, to consist of four battalions, to each of which eightcadetswere to be attached, and authorized the Secretary of War to procure at the public expense the necessary books, instruments and apparatus for the use and benefit of said corps. In 1798, an additional regiment of Artillerists and Engineers was raised, increasing the number of Cadets to fifty-six. In 1798, the President was authorized to appoint four teachers of the Arts and Sciences necessary to Artillerists and Engineers. No appointment was made till 1801, and in 1802, the Military Academy was established at West Point, where the corps of Engineers was directed to repair with fifty Cadets, and the Senior Officer of the Corps was constituted Superintendent. Col. Williams was then Senior Officer of Engineers, and became,ex-officio, Superintendent, and continued such until 1812.21Captain Partridge attached much importance to pedestrian excursions in reference both to hygenic, and educational considerations. To these excursions he attributed his own robust health, and his familiar knowledge of all the details of American battles. In one year, (1830,) he made four excursions from Norwich, each occupying from four to six days—and from one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles—the last day’s walk generally averaging over sixty miles. He had ascended and measured the altitude of all the highest mountain elevations in the Northern States.22Miss C. E. Beecher’s “Appeal to American Women,” “Calisthenics,” &c.23[We do not share this alarm, or believe that hard study, apart from open or secret vice, has had much, if any thing, to do with such physical deterioration as does exist.—Ed.Am. Jour. of Ed.]24Aristippus.25Written December, 1861. Recommended by Governors Andrew and Morgan in their messages inJanuary.26Such a Manual will soon be published byJ. B.Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.27An early friend of this institution, on learning the fact stated in the same Report of 1862, from which the above extract is taken, “that in the course of six years one hundred and twenty-four students were turned back to pursue a second time portions of the academic course,” and of this number only six passed the final examination, (thereby costing the country over $300,000 in pay, salaries, and equipment, for absolutely nothing, and at the same time depriving the naval service of an equal number of competent young officers,) writes to a member of this Board as follows:—“I have had the curiosity to question fifty middies, as I happened to meet with them, without selection, and representing different classes in the institution and different States, as to the circumstances of their appointment—and of these fifty, forty were the near relations or sons of political friends of the parties making the nominations, and five were the sons of persons in official stations at Washington, although appointed ‘at large,’ leaving but five for selection from other sources. In several cases the answers were significant—‘My father had to bleed freely for my appointment.’ ‘My brother worked hard for his election.’ ‘I had the promise of a cadetship at West Point, but as there was no vacancy that year, I got an appointment here.’ ‘I am an exchange. Senator —— got an appointment for Mr. C.’s nephew, and Mr. C. nominated Senator —— friend’s son for the place.’”—[Ed. of Amer. Journal of Education.]
1The Militia System was broken up by the Volunteer System introduced by the United States and encouraged by State Legislation, and now (1872) even formal returns as to enrollment are not complied with by a majority of the States.
2Prepared by Major E. D. Mansfield, a graduate of West Point in 1819, for Barnard’s American Journal of Education, March, 1862.
3It is not meant to say that this subject was not mentioned before. It was by Col. Pickering, in 1783. But whoever reads the letters and memoirs of Washington, will see, that all the early ideas on the subject of military education and military science were derived from the experience of Washington.
4Thefirstdiploma, which we suppose was a manuscript certificate, was the one given to the then CadetSwift, and signed by Captains Barron and Mansfield.
5Captain Partridge, who was a useful and energetic man, had subsequently full opportunity of carrying out his popular views in the military schools of Norwich and Middletown, which he founded by his own efforts.
6These defects and irregularities arose from not obeying the law, and not pursuing the ideas it pointed out. The great effort of Professors Mansfield and Ellicott, was to get the spirit of the law followed practically.
7The Class here spoken of graduated in 1819. Of its living members, areHenry Brewerton, late Superintendent at West Point;Edward D. Mansfield, Commissioner of Statistics for the State of Ohio;Justin Dimmick, late Commander of Fortress Monroe;Daniel Tyler, a distinguished Engineer and General in the Army of the Potomac;Wm. H. Swift, a distinguished Engineer, and President of the Illinois Canal Company;Joshua Baker, a Civil Engineer, Judge, and Planter, in Louisiana; and MajorTurnbull, distinguished as a Topographical Engineer in the War with Mexico.
Among the dead wasGeorge H. Whistler, the most distinguished Civil Engineer our country has produced.
8We use the wordmoral, in preference to spiritual, because, in its comprehensive sense, including the latter; but by no means intimating, that in this Christian country, we should make any place of education a mere reproduction of Persian or Greek models. Our servile imitation of the Ancients, often makes us forget that we are neither Spartans nor Romans. The man who attempts at this day to revive the institutions of Pagan Greece, is as false to true Philosophy, as he is to true Christianity.
9The authorship of West Point has been quite extensive: too much so to enumerate here. Among the works of its graduates, we may mention the “Political Manual,” “American Education,” and Statistical Reports by Edward D. Mansfield, the “Review of Edwards on the Will,” by A. T. Bledsoe, and the Military Tactics of Generals McClellan, and Halleck. The Educational Works of Mr. Mansfield have been before the public for many years, and studied in all parts of the United States. In this class also may be mentioned the editorial labors of some twenty of the graduates, some of whom have had no small influence on public affairs.
10We should not forget that a large number of West Point graduates from the south, (Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, and Tennessee,) have remainedloyal, in spite of all the influences of social and political ties.
11Mr. Courtnay was afterwards Professor of Philosophy and Mechanics in the University of Virginia. There he died, lamented by all who knew him.
12From Instructions for government of the U.S. Military Academy, Report of Board of Visitors for 1871, and an account by Col. McDougall in Report of English Military Commission.
13The duties of Inspector are now (1871) discharged directly by the Secretary.
14See Boynton’s “History of Military Academy at West Point,” p. 293.
15The successful candidate, out of twenty competitors, was a member of the Free Academy of the city of New York, and stood in scholarship about the middle of his class.
16Report of Col. Barry, dated September 12, 1871.
17Although no one institution contributed so large a number of officers to the Confederate Armies, the Military Institute at Frankfort, Ky., the Cadet Corps connected with the arsenals in Norfolk, Richmond, and other Southern cities, and the State Military Institutes in Alabama and Louisiana, furnished a large number of subordinate officers, which facilitated the early organization of the armed forces of the South.
18Gen. Cocke, in 1866, gave $20,000 to endow this professorship.
19Dr. Mercer of Louisiana, made a donation of $11,800 to this chair.
20ACadetin the military organization of the Army denoted a junior officer between the grade of lieutenant and sergeant, and was introduced from the French service. An Act of Congress, passed May 7th, 1794, provided for a Corps of Artillerists and Engineers, to consist of four battalions, to each of which eightcadetswere to be attached, and authorized the Secretary of War to procure at the public expense the necessary books, instruments and apparatus for the use and benefit of said corps. In 1798, an additional regiment of Artillerists and Engineers was raised, increasing the number of Cadets to fifty-six. In 1798, the President was authorized to appoint four teachers of the Arts and Sciences necessary to Artillerists and Engineers. No appointment was made till 1801, and in 1802, the Military Academy was established at West Point, where the corps of Engineers was directed to repair with fifty Cadets, and the Senior Officer of the Corps was constituted Superintendent. Col. Williams was then Senior Officer of Engineers, and became,ex-officio, Superintendent, and continued such until 1812.
21Captain Partridge attached much importance to pedestrian excursions in reference both to hygenic, and educational considerations. To these excursions he attributed his own robust health, and his familiar knowledge of all the details of American battles. In one year, (1830,) he made four excursions from Norwich, each occupying from four to six days—and from one hundred and fifty to four hundred miles—the last day’s walk generally averaging over sixty miles. He had ascended and measured the altitude of all the highest mountain elevations in the Northern States.
22Miss C. E. Beecher’s “Appeal to American Women,” “Calisthenics,” &c.
23[We do not share this alarm, or believe that hard study, apart from open or secret vice, has had much, if any thing, to do with such physical deterioration as does exist.—Ed.Am. Jour. of Ed.]
24Aristippus.
25Written December, 1861. Recommended by Governors Andrew and Morgan in their messages inJanuary.
26Such a Manual will soon be published byJ. B.Lippincott & Co., Philadelphia.
27An early friend of this institution, on learning the fact stated in the same Report of 1862, from which the above extract is taken, “that in the course of six years one hundred and twenty-four students were turned back to pursue a second time portions of the academic course,” and of this number only six passed the final examination, (thereby costing the country over $300,000 in pay, salaries, and equipment, for absolutely nothing, and at the same time depriving the naval service of an equal number of competent young officers,) writes to a member of this Board as follows:—“I have had the curiosity to question fifty middies, as I happened to meet with them, without selection, and representing different classes in the institution and different States, as to the circumstances of their appointment—and of these fifty, forty were the near relations or sons of political friends of the parties making the nominations, and five were the sons of persons in official stations at Washington, although appointed ‘at large,’ leaving but five for selection from other sources. In several cases the answers were significant—‘My father had to bleed freely for my appointment.’ ‘My brother worked hard for his election.’ ‘I had the promise of a cadetship at West Point, but as there was no vacancy that year, I got an appointment here.’ ‘I am an exchange. Senator —— got an appointment for Mr. C.’s nephew, and Mr. C. nominated Senator —— friend’s son for the place.’”—[Ed. of Amer. Journal of Education.]
Errata for Part X (United States):Arkansas—484,167,—78 companies of State Guard,—484,167—was followed by the appointment of many persons from civil lifeapointmenttill after the war of 1812-’15 proved his ideas to be correct1812—’151 Sergeant Major, / 1 Quartermaster Sergeant.Sergeant,VIII. NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.VII.7 a.m. Parade call, 8 a.m. Guard mounting,final . after “8 a.m.” invisiblepublic examination is to be held from year to year,text has “year to / to year” at line breakthe latter is given according to the Census of 1850.final . missing or invisibleagitate the question unceasingly.”close quote missingWe have been favored with the perusal of the “Propositions,”close quote missingaccording to the personal merits and fitness of the candidate.”printed as shown: missing open quote or superfluous close quote?the boys have not had a fair chance. This is what I want them all to have, and especially the country. I desire that the Academy shall begin, as it goes on, upon the competitive principle.printed with two lines transposed:... the boys havethe country. I desire that the Academy shall begin, as it goes on, upon thenot had a fair chance. This is what I want them all to have, and especiallycompetitive principle...Let us see what is their system.sytemthe powers and duties of the general government,missing hyphen in “govern/ment” at line breakSurgeon—Col. R. L. Madison.Madison,these and the various pedestrian excursions,pedesterainBefore your memorialist proceeds to examine the truthexaimethe abuse of the mode of appointing Cadetsapppointingof 5206 cadets admitted from 1842 to 1863 inclusivepage damaged: number computed from table on page 799an amendment to the appropriation bill in 1836apppropriationIn his general programme he includes studiesprogammeat some time or other save an army, and not letarmy,”[Footnote 23]Ed.Am. Jour. of Ed.all . invisible“that the inferences drawn can not be controverted.”close quote missingrenew his knowledge of what he had been taught.taught.”For the purpose of giving instruction“ForProfessor Owen has stated“Professor[Footnote 25]in their messages in January.final . missingimpress them more strongly with its importance.expected close quote missingReveilleat day break, and they march by squadsRevielleas the cadet wearies of it when the novelty is past.”not an error: this quotation began two pages earlier[Footnote 26]will soon be published by J. B. Lippincottboth . missing or invisiblefootnote tag missing: position conjecturalwell instructed and thoroughly disciplined seamenthoroughy[The principal heads of expenditure ...]Pay of Professors and AssistantsAsssistantsand no doubt a war would develope sad consequencesanomalous spelling unchangedon the 1st of February, and while indoor studiestext has “and / and” at line break
Arkansas—484,167,—78 companies of State Guard,—484,167—
was followed by the appointment of many persons from civil lifeapointment
till after the war of 1812-’15 proved his ideas to be correct1812—’15
1 Sergeant Major, / 1 Quartermaster Sergeant.Sergeant,
VIII. NATURAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY.VII.
7 a.m. Parade call, 8 a.m. Guard mounting,final . after “8 a.m.” invisible
public examination is to be held from year to year,text has “year to / to year” at line break
the latter is given according to the Census of 1850.final . missing or invisible
agitate the question unceasingly.”close quote missing
We have been favored with the perusal of the “Propositions,”close quote missing
according to the personal merits and fitness of the candidate.”printed as shown: missing open quote or superfluous close quote?
the boys have not had a fair chance. This is what I want them all to have, and especially the country. I desire that the Academy shall begin, as it goes on, upon the competitive principle.
printed with two lines transposed:... the boys havethe country. I desire that the Academy shall begin, as it goes on, upon thenot had a fair chance. This is what I want them all to have, and especiallycompetitive principle...
Let us see what is their system.sytem
the powers and duties of the general government,missing hyphen in “govern/ment” at line break
Surgeon—Col. R. L. Madison.Madison,
these and the various pedestrian excursions,pedesterain
Before your memorialist proceeds to examine the truthexaime
the abuse of the mode of appointing Cadetsapppointing
of 5206 cadets admitted from 1842 to 1863 inclusivepage damaged: number computed from table on page 799
an amendment to the appropriation bill in 1836apppropriation
In his general programme he includes studiesprogamme
at some time or other save an army, and not letarmy,”
[Footnote 23]
Ed.Am. Jour. of Ed.all . invisible
“that the inferences drawn can not be controverted.”close quote missing
renew his knowledge of what he had been taught.taught.”
For the purpose of giving instruction“For
Professor Owen has stated“Professor
[Footnote 25]
in their messages in January.final . missing
impress them more strongly with its importance.expected close quote missing
Reveilleat day break, and they march by squadsRevielle
as the cadet wearies of it when the novelty is past.”not an error: this quotation began two pages earlier
[Footnote 26]
will soon be published by J. B. Lippincottboth . missing or invisiblefootnote tag missing: position conjectural
well instructed and thoroughly disciplined seamenthoroughy
[The principal heads of expenditure ...]
Pay of Professors and AssistantsAsssistants
and no doubt a war would develope sad consequencesanomalous spelling unchanged
on the 1st of February, and while indoor studiestext has “and / and” at line break
CONTENTS BY COUNTRY:FrancePrussiaAustriaBavariaItalyRussiaSwedenGreat BritainSwitzerlandUnited States
CONTENTS BY COUNTRY:
FrancePrussiaAustriaBavariaItalyRussiaSwedenGreat BritainSwitzerlandUnited States
Military Education in France; Part I. of Military Schools and Courses of Instruction in the Science and Art of War in different countries. By Henry Barnard, LL.D., late U.S. Commissioner of Education. Pages 7—276.