NL Number of the Lectures.+A With application.-A Without application.I No. of Interrogations.
NL Number of the Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
I No. of Interrogations.
* The number 90 is applied to the interrogations and to the obligations of the notes.
D DrawingsM MemoirsI In the HallsO OutsideC Credits
D Drawings
M Memoirs
I In the Halls
O Outside
C Credits
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.
4th. Methods of defilement employed. Determination of the different planes of barbettes, of their ramps, of the profiles of the gorge, &c. Construction of embrasures.
5th. Means made use of in practice for determining the distance of the salient of the work to the dangerous point on which it is defiladed.
The course of instruction in Permanent Fortification and the Attack and Defense of Places, is divided into three parts, viz:—
The first part consists of the study of the Construction of existing Fortifications, and it is common to the two services; it comprises,
The second part contains principles of the Art of Fortification, divided into three s, of which the
1st relates to Fortification on level ground
2nd relates to Fortification on hilly ground
3rd relates to general questions of Fortifications
Third part relates to the Attack and Defense of Places,
The first part contains a description of the various works of permanent fortification, their respective uses, and the changes that have been successively made in them, together with a short history of ancient fortification prior to the invention of powder, and the changes introduced by the use of fire-arms.
The systems of Errard, Beville, Pagan, Vauban, Cochorn, and Cormontaigne.
The first of the second part describes the principles on which the various parts of a front of fortification on level ground, and according to Cormontaigne’s system, are regulated, such as the command, relief, defilement, form, length, and material of which the various parts should be constructed; the modifications required by the absence or presence of water; the changes which are necessary as regards exterior or advanced works, and ending with a comparison of a front of fortification according to Cormontaigne, with a modification of the same system introduced by the French engineers.
The second commences with the principles of defilement and its application under various given circumstances, proceeds with the description of an imaginary work founded on certain given data, and furnishes the data of its proposed construction. It then supplies the theory relating to mines, and their use in the attack, defense, and destruction of places, and points out the particular duties of engineers in fortified places, and the proper and most efficient manner of carrying them on.
The third relates to the preparation of projects for the improvement of inefficiently fortified places, and to the utility, particular organization, and proper position of fortified places on a frontier line. It then explains the necessity for military law in providing for the security of fortified places and districts along the frontiers of a state.
The third part describes the various operations connected with the attack and defense of a bastioned fortification, commencing with the operations preliminary to the siege and investment of the place, and continuing to describe theseveral processes to be employed in the attack of the place, with the corresponding efforts that should be made during its defense, and ending with an historical account of certain sieges.
This course requires the practical completion of the following:
T Time allowed for its completion.O Observations.
T Time allowed for its completion.
O Observations.
1st Part.—On existing fortifications.
Complete projection of the front of Cormontaigne without counterguard or cavalier,
Three profiles of the front,
2d Part.—Principles of the Art of Fortification.
1st Section: Fortifications on level ground.—Principal graphical constructions of the front on level ground according to particular data given to each Student
Complete projection of the whole of the visible and underground parts of the same front,
Three profiles of the front.
Description of the principles of the Fortification, with a detailed discussion of the dispositions adopted in the particular case treated by the Students.
2d Section: Fortification on hilly ground.—Drawing of the ideal fortress and of its Tête-du-pont, with the interior entrenchments, inundation, sluices, and all necessary details to enable a proper comprehension to be had of the action of the water.
Drawing complete of one of the fronts of the place and its outworks, described by a particular programme. Defilement of all the works of this front and of the masonry of one of its faces,
On the situation of the fortification; description of the imaginary fortress, and of the management of the water; explanation of the operations of defilement drawn on Plate 3.
Plate 4, (Artillerie.)
Plan and profile of a full revetment of the escarp with its counterforts.
Plan, profiles, and elevation of a revetment “en décharge.”
Detail of a gallery and small chamber of a mine, of its tamping and mode of firing.
Plate 4, (Engineers.)
Detailed project of one of the parts of the front of fortification defiladed in Plate 3. Plans at different height; disposition of the galleries and small chambers of mines required for blowing up the whole of the ground between two listening galleries.
Sections and elevations of the preceding project. Foundations, coping of vaults, dressing of cut stones, &c.,
Detail of a small gallery and chamber of a mine, comprised in the dispositions of Plate 4. Tamping and mode of firing.
Abstractions of measurement of a part of the preceding project.
Study of the alterations in the earth of the same part of the projects, representing the four principal periods of the work, by a plan and , with an elevation of the 4th period.
General theory of the removal of earth. Application to a particular project,
Register of the removal of earth as represented in Plate 6.
Estimate of the part of the project to which the abstraction of measurements has been applied.
3d Section: Projection of the improvement of an existing fortified place.
Complete projection of the project for improving an existing fortified place
Details of the most interesting parts of the project, in plans, s, and elevations.
Marginal notes on the defects presented by the existing system, and on the means employed for correcting them.
Balance of the “deblais” and “remblais” of the project.
3d Part.—Attack and Defense of Places.
Project of attack of a front of fortification on level ground,
Details of the attack.
Journal of the siege. Details relating to the composition of the garrison and of the besieging army; also on the material for the Artillery and Engineers required for the attack and defense. Pen sketch of the most elementary works of attack.
* Common to Students of Both Services.† Artillery.‡ Special to Engineer Students.
* Common to Students of Both Services.
† Artillery.
‡ Special to Engineer Students.
RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY.
NL Number of Lectures+A With application (a.) *-A Without application (b.) †T Total.I Number of Interrogations.
NL Number of Lectures
+A With application (a.) *
-A Without application (b.) †
T Total.
I Number of Interrogations.
* (a.) The lectures with application count for 1 hour 5 minutes.† (b.) Those without application for 3 hours.
* (a.) The lectures with application count for 1 hour 5 minutes.
† (b.) Those without application for 3 hours.
D Drawings.M Memoirs.V Various.S Sitting in the Halls of Study.Cr Credits
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
V Various.
S Sitting in the Halls of Study.
Cr Credits
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.
Lectures,of Works, 1,165Execution of Works, 1,0851,250
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.
Lectures,of Works,160Execution of Works, 640800
RECAPITULATION FOR THE ENGINEERS.
NL Number of Lectures.+A With application.-A Without application.T Total.I Number of Interrogations.
NL Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
T Total.
I Number of Interrogations.
* The number 162 is applicable to the Interrogations.
The course of Topography comprehends two parts.
The first relates to the art of topographical drawing, and the second to the art of making topographical surveys. Both parts are carried onpari passu; but as the order in which the different branches of the instruction can be given depends very much on the other works carried on in the School, it will be more convenient to give the programme for each separately.
FIRST PART.—INSTRUCTION IN TOPOGRAPHICAL DRAWING.
The instruction in topographical drawing comprehends lectures and exercises in graphical representation. It is based on a complete exposition of the conventional principles of this species of drawing, and it is illustrated by engraved examples of the characteristics adopted for the representation of the various details.
First Section.—Lectures.
The lectures have for their object the explanation of the general principles of the instruction in topographical drawing, and the geometrical conditions which should regulate the shading of maps and their reduction. They immediately precede the exercise to which they relate.
Lecture 1 relates to small maps, copies, and reductions of these; and it explains the object of topographical maps, the various kinds and the different scales generally used. The manner in which the form of the ground is represented by equi-distant contour or level lines is also explained, and mention is made of the conventional tints used, and the species of writing and value of the scale employed.
Lectures 2 and 3 relate to the execution of shaded plans by the brush and the pen, under different circumstances of light and shade.
Lecture 4 explains the different methods for reducing topographical maps, also the description, mode of using, and verification of pentagraphs.
Second Section.—Exercises.
These exercises are intended to teach the students the conventional signs used in topographical drawing, and to give them facilities with the pencil and brush for producing shaded maps, and in reducing them from one scale to another.
SECOND PART.—INSTRUCTION IN TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYING.
This instruction comprises:
1st. Lectures given in amphitheatre.2d. Practical lectures or exercises.3d. The execution of topographical surveys.
1st. Lectures given in amphitheatre.
2d. Practical lectures or exercises.
3d. The execution of topographical surveys.
First Section.—Oral Lectures.
These lectures are divided in two classes, which comprehend:—
1st. Those relating to the description of the instruments, and of the methods used in topography.2d. Those which have reference to the manner in which the students should proceed in the execution of the work, and principally of surveys of limited extent.
1st. Those relating to the description of the instruments, and of the methods used in topography.
2d. Those which have reference to the manner in which the students should proceed in the execution of the work, and principally of surveys of limited extent.
Eight lectures are devoted to the description of the various instruments, the method of adjusting their errors, and the manner of using them, as well as to the different ways of proceeding in topography; touching also on the various modes of measuring distances, with descriptions of the compass, plane table, and instruments used for leveling, and on the taking observations for and preparation of s, and the orientation of maps.
Four preparatory lectures are given, showing the manner in which the students should proceed when on the ground to make a survey of small extent.
Two lectures relate to the methods that should be employed in making a survey of considerable extent, and on the appropriate scales.
Two lectures on military reconnaissance plans; instruments and scales employed.
Two preparatory lectures relate to the execution of a reconnaissance plan, in which the operations of a sham siege are intended to be recorded.
Second Section.—Practical Lectures or Exercises.
The object of these lectures, which take place on the glacis of the fortification, is to show the students the practical modes of using the instruments, and the precautions which must be taken, together with the most elementary proceedings in topography. They are given to ten or twelve students at the same time, and the Professor is assisted by an officer of the staff. Each lecture lasts two and a half hours.
Third Section.—On the Execution of Topographical Surveys.
The object is to familiarize the students with the use of the principal instruments and the principal operations, and they comprehend out-of-door work, of which the results are sketches, registers, and minutes made in pencil, and in the construction of plans, and inking in of the minutes in the Halls of Study.
The out-of-door work is performed under the superintendence of officers of the staff, who assist the students in their work. The construction of the plans is not commenced until the pencil minutes have been examined by the Professor.
These exercises comprise:—
1st and 2d. Construction of plans by the aid of the compass.3d. The plan of a fortification made with the plane table.4th. The determination of the variation of the compass.5th. The execution of a second survey by the aid of the compass.6th.The execution of arapid survey by pacing the distances.7th.The execution of areconnaissance survey.8th.The execution of aan itinerary and reconnaissance sketch.9th. The preparation of a plan on which the whole of the operations of a sham siege may be laid down, as the works of attack and defense proceed.
1st and 2d. Construction of plans by the aid of the compass.
3d. The plan of a fortification made with the plane table.
4th. The determination of the variation of the compass.
5th. The execution of a second survey by the aid of the compass.
6th.The execution of arapid survey by pacing the distances.
7th.The execution of areconnaissance survey.
8th.The execution of aan itinerary and reconnaissance sketch.
9th. The preparation of a plan on which the whole of the operations of a sham siege may be laid down, as the works of attack and defense proceed.
RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS.
NL Number of Lectures.+A With application.-A Without application.T Total Credits.I Number of Interrogations.
NL Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
T Total Credits.
I Number of Interrogations.
* The credit is diminished here and carried forward to the exercises, which serve for the interrogations of many lectures. These lectures have therefore really three series of interrogations.
D Drawings.M Memoirs.V Various.+H In the halls.-H Out of the halls.O Out of doors.C Credits.
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
V Various.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
O Out of doors.
C Credits.
* The description Itinerary is reckoned with the simulated siege operations.† For a memoir.‡ This number is formed with 5 taken from it for the credit of the interrogations because the exercises serve for the interrogations of several lectures.
* The description Itinerary is reckoned with the simulated siege operations.
† For a memoir.
‡ This number is formed with 5 taken from it for the credit of the interrogations because the exercises serve for the interrogations of several lectures.
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF INFLUENCE.
Lectures,n of Works,30Execution of Works, 565595.
This course is divided into two parts—the one part special for the engineers, and the other common to the artillery and engineers.
The first comprises:—
1st. The study of the execution of a triangulation of some extent, and of its connection with the general triangulation of France, executed under the superintendence of the Dépôt de la Guerre, and2d. Leveling with the barometer.
1st. The study of the execution of a triangulation of some extent, and of its connection with the general triangulation of France, executed under the superintendence of the Dépôt de la Guerre, and
2d. Leveling with the barometer.
The second contains:—
1st. The study of reflecting instruments.2d. The principles of dialling.
1st. The study of reflecting instruments.
2d. The principles of dialling.
Each of these parts comprehend:—
1st. Lectures given in the amphitheatre.2d. Practical lectures or exercises.3d. An application.
1st. Lectures given in the amphitheatre.
2d. Practical lectures or exercises.
3d. An application.
1st Section—Lectures.
These Lectures include:—
1st. A description of the principal geodesical instruments.2d. The establishment of the triangulation.3d. The survey and the calculations connected with it.4th. The orientation of the triangulation.5th. The calculation of the co-ordinates of the points and their construction from the minutes of the survey.6th. The geodesical and barometrical leveling.
1st. A description of the principal geodesical instruments.
2d. The establishment of the triangulation.
3d. The survey and the calculations connected with it.
4th. The orientation of the triangulation.
5th. The calculation of the co-ordinates of the points and their construction from the minutes of the survey.
6th. The geodesical and barometrical leveling.
The first lecture is devoted to the explanation of the different kind of signals used under various circumstances; on the method of measuring bases and angles, and the principles on which these operations are performed; and concluding with the description and mode of using certain instruments for measuring angles.
The second lecture continues and enlarges on the subject of the measurement of angles, horizontal and vertical, with different kinds of instruments.
The third lecture relates to the corrections and reductions which must be made to observed angles, such as the correction for the eccentricity of the instruments, to the reduction of the angles to the horizon, and to the center of the station, and also on the adjustments of the instruments, or the application of corrections for certain errors.
The fourth lecture discusses the calculation of the triangles and their errors, and points out the best organization that can be given to the triangulation, and the exactitude which can be expected from it.
The fifth lecture also relates to the calculation and the development of the triangulation, and explains the nature of the geodesical operations for the map of France.
The sixth lecture explains the manner of observing for, and determination of the azimuthal bearing, for the orientation of the triangulation.
The seventh lecture has reference to the convergence of meridians, calculation of rectangular co-ordinates, sundry problems, and geodesical leveling.
The eighth lecture shows in what manner the barometer is made use of for the determination of differences of altitude, the nature of the corrections to be applied to the instrument, and the degree of exactitude to be found in the results of this process.
The ninth lecture points out the order in which geodesical calculations should be performed and the verifications which should be exacted.
The Second Section contains five lectures or exercises, and they have for their object to familiarize the students with the use of the various kinds of instruments employed in carrying on the operations which have been shortly described in the first .
The Third Section relates to the practical application of the preceding principles, and mostly consists of geodesical applications.
The First Section consists of lectures given in the amphitheatre, and relates to reflecting instruments, such as the sextant, reflecting circle, and the method of using them, and also on the principles of dialling, and its connection with various problems in astronomy; describes also the different kinds of dials.
SECOND SECTION.—PRACTICAL EXERCISES.
In which the students are called upon, in the presence of the Professor, to adjust the sextant, and to use it in connection with an artificial horizon for the measurement of the angle between any two objects of the altitude of these objects above the horizon, and also the same altitude.
Third Section contains the practical application of the principles enunciated in the preceding s, in the preparation by the students of two drawings, in which they will exhibit the graphical representation of the hour in terms of the altitude of the sun previously observed, and show the various constructions of a sun-dial, according to the specified conditions based on the observation of the hour angle.
RECAPITULATION FOR THE ENGINEERS.
NL Number of Lectures.+A With application.-A Without application.T Total Credits.I Number of Interrogations.
NL Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
T Total Credits.
I Number of Interrogations.
D Drawings.M Memoirs.V Etats Divers.+H In the halls.-H Out of the halls.C Credits.
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
V Etats Divers.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
C Credits.
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF IMPORTANCE.
Lectures,of Works,25Execution of Works, 5580.
RECAPITULATION FOR THE ARTILLERY.
NL Number of Lectures.+A With application.-A Without application.T Total Credits.I Number of Interrogations.
NL Number of Lectures.
+A With application.
-A Without application.
T Total Credits.
I Number of Interrogations.
D Drawings.M Memoirs.+H In the halls.-H Out of the halls.C Credits.
D Drawings.
M Memoirs.
+H In the halls.
-H Out of the halls.
C Credits.
RECAPITULATION OF THE CREDITS OF IMPORTANCE.
Lectures,n of Works,5Execution of Works, 2530.