TheAccademia Militarewas originally designed by Charles Emanuel, for the instruction of sons of officers of the army and of the nobility in the use of weapons, in horsemanship, dancing, mathematics, and belles-lettres. In the course of time, the institution was converted to its present purpose, of training Officers for the Sardinian Army.
The regular course of study in this school lasts apparently for six years, shortly to be reduced to five years, and the earliest age at which it ispossiblenow to enter is fourteen, theusualage of admission being fifteen or sixteen. Formerly, boys entered at eleven and twelve, but this practice has lately been altered, to the regret of many Officers, who prefer the plan so commonly adopted abroad, of training Officers to their business as soldiers from very early years.
The peculiarity of this school is that during a portion of the course it educates Officers for all Arms in common. The most talented pupils are then selected by examination for the Artillery and Engineers, which are the two favorite services, and indeed the most aristocratic corps in the Sardinian army. The number of the pupils is limited to 200, but it is rarely complete; at present there are 180 pupils. About half of these pay for themselves a yearly sum of 1,200 francs, 48l., the remaining half are supported, or partly supported by the Government. The system ofdemi-boursesprevails here as in France.
The pupils are divided into four classes, according to the years of the course; a fifth class, contains those who have been just selected for the Artillery and Engineers, who work by themselves, chiefly at the higher kinds of drawing and the Differential and Integral Calculus, and Mechanics. These senior pupils are Officers, and have each their separate room. German is taught, and there is a Course of Italian Literature, &c., but no Latin is taught in any part of the school. The system of working (at least with the higher boys) is in rooms where eight or ten are united, and apparently there is something of theRépétiteursystem.
The arrangements of the house are excellent. The pupils appear to be strictly confined to barracks during the week, but allowed to go out on Sundays. The discipline is said to have been relaxed of late years, and this is attributed by old Officers to a cause which will appear curious in England, viz., to the pupils havinganyholidays at all. This innovation upon the simplicity of the Piedmontese system of education was alleged to have encouraged distinctionsbetween the richer and poorer pupils, and thus to have injured both the economy and theCamaraderieof the school. Great stress was laid here, as at other Military Institutions, on a strictness of discipline very unusual in England. The boys begin their work at half-past five o’clock, and work till seven; then they go to chapel for a short time, and breakfast and recreation follow immediately after. Both are concluded by eight, when they return to their studies for an hour and a quarter; then a quarter of an hour’s relaxation is allowed, and the studies are resumed until eleven o’clock. An hour is then devoted to the schools of fencing, riding, gymnastics, or dancing. From twelve to a quarter before two o’clock is allotted to dinner and recreation, and then another hour is spent in the fencing, riding, gymnastic, or dancing schools. A quarter of an hour’s recreation is again granted, and from three to half-past four o’clock study is resumed. A quarter of an hour’s recreation follows, and half an hour is then given to military exercises, succeeded by another quarter of an hour’s interval for rest. Two hours are then devoted to study—from half-past five to half-past seven o’clock. An hour is afterwards allowed for chapel, supper, and retiring to rest.
A monthly account is taken of their work, and the marks then given exercise an influence upon their places in the examinations which take place every year.
The following tables give a full view of the work of the pupils during their six years’ course.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS BRANCHES OF STUDY IN THE DIFFERENT YEARS OF THE COURSE, AND GENERAL TIME TABLE FOR THE SCHOOLS.
M MonthsW In each Week.Rows referring to “Year” were printed in a column headed Classes.
M Months
W In each Week.
Rows referring to “Year” were printed in a column headed Classes.
PUPIL SUB-LIEUTENANTS.
GENERAL TIME TABLE FOR SCHOOL DAYS.
From 5 to 5½, Rising, Dressing, &c.“ 5½ to 7 A.M., Study.“ 7 to 8, Chapel, Breakfast, and Recreation.“ 8 to 9¼, School of Science and Literature.“ 9¼ to 9½, Recreation.“ 9½ to 11, School of Science and Literature.“ 11 to 12, School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c.“ 12 to 1¾, Dinner and Recreation.“ 1¾ to 2¾, P.M., School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c.“ 2¾ to 3, Recreation.“ 4¾ to 5¼, Military Exercises.“ 5¼ to 5½, Recreation.“ 5½ to 7½, Study.“ 7½ to 8½, Chapel, Supper, Dormitory.“ 3 to 4½, School of Science and Literature.“ 4½ to 4¾, Recreation.
From 5 to 5½, Rising, Dressing, &c.
“ 5½ to 7 A.M., Study.
“ 7 to 8, Chapel, Breakfast, and Recreation.
“ 8 to 9¼, School of Science and Literature.
“ 9¼ to 9½, Recreation.
“ 9½ to 11, School of Science and Literature.
“ 11 to 12, School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c.
“ 12 to 1¾, Dinner and Recreation.
“ 1¾ to 2¾, P.M., School of Fencing, Riding, Gymnastics, Dancing, &c.
“ 2¾ to 3, Recreation.
“ 4¾ to 5¼, Military Exercises.
“ 5¼ to 5½, Recreation.
“ 5½ to 7½, Study.
“ 7½ to 8½, Chapel, Supper, Dormitory.
“ 3 to 4½, School of Science and Literature.
“ 4½ to 4¾, Recreation.
TheArtillery and Engineer School(Scuola Complementaria,) which is established in a large building in one of the suburbs of Turin, is a School of Application, intended to complete the special education of the Young Officers of the Artillery and Engineers, which the Cadets of those Corps have previously entered upon during their four last years in theAccademia Militare. Its course of studies occupies nominally two years, but really only eighteen months, after which the final examinations begin, and the pupils receive leave of absence. The Students do not live in barracks here, but the Inspector of the School seemed to think it desirable that they should do so. The exercises of the day commence, at eight o’clock every morning, with an hour’s riding. A lecture then follows, which lasts for an hour and a half, from nine till half-past ten. The rest of the morning is left free till twelve o’clock, when the pupils return to the school till three, and where they study together in large classes in the same room; they have afterwards some military exercises till five, and are then free for the evening.
The number of pupils at the school is twenty; from ten to fifteen for the Artillery, the rest for the Engineers. The subjects of study will show what difference exists in the studies of the two Corps, and we were told that very little preference was shown in the choice of the Students for one over the other. The Engineers do not appear to be at all employed in civil works; indeed, the Government does not allow them to be so, as there are sufficient fortifications in the kingdom of Sardinia to afford them constant employment. The pay of the two Corps is equal, and is very little above that of the Infantry, and the same as that of the Cavalry. The Artillery and Engineers (theArmi dotti) appear to be decidedly the favorite and aristocratic corps of the Sardinian army. They rarely enter the Staff Corps, and the reason assigned for this is their unwillingness to quit their own arm of the service. The position of the pupils on entering the Corps is fixed by the Final Examination alone, and is not influenced by marks previously given for industry and application during the course, as is the case in some of the French and German schools—at the Polytechnic, for instance, and at Znaim. The only value of a high position in the Final Examination is that it gives seniority in the Corps.
The direction of the school is intrusted to a Field Officer of Artillery, assisted by two Captains, one from the Artillery, and the other from the Engineers. His authority extends to instruction and discipline.
The scientific instruction is given by professors (effective and supplementary) and by Officers belonging to the various Artillery divisions and establishments, who, together, constitute a Council of Instruction, of which the Director is President.
The examinations to which the Officer Students are subjected are held by a Commission, nominated by the Secretary of War.
Regulations respecting the Professors, &c.
The Professors and Instructors are personally responsible for the teaching of the subjects contained in the programmes and regulation for the discipline of the students in School, for the daily drawing up of the notes and execution of the drawings, and for the constant presence of the students during the time of the instructions and lectures.The Military Professors and Instructors will maintain constantly among the students the spirit of subordination and military discipline in all its force.The Professors not possessed of military rank, when reproof is not sufficient to keep the students to their duty, will report the matter to the Director and to the Captains attached to the direction of the School, in order that more vigorous measures may be adopted.At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will satisfy themselves that the students have finished the notes preceding it, and the regulated tasks and drawings.The Professors will also have the power of visiting with arrest students whoare negligent in the execution of the notes and tasks, and those who exhibit a constant indisposition to work, reporting it to the Director of the School.When the lectures are upon difficult subjects, it is the duty of the Professors sometimes to visit the students during the hours of study, for the purpose of explaining difficulties.At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will dictate to the students a summary of the lesson which they are about to explain.At the commencement of their course of lectures, they will point out to the students the books and treatises to be followed.At fixed intervals, as they shall judge it most convenient, the Professors will suspend the course of their lectures to satisfy themselves by questions of the attention given and the progress made by the students.At the opening of their course, the Professors will notify to the Director of the School the hours which suit their engagements best for the giving of the lectures; these hours will be subsequently maintained unchanged throughout the duration of their course. These hours can only be selected out of those fixed in the general time table.In case of any lectures having to take place out of the lecture-rooms of the School, they will give notice in time to the Director.If they should consider any change in the programme necessary, they will give notice in writing to the Director of the School, so that he may be able to submit their propositions to the General Commandant.The Instructors will exact of the students, in the execution of the practical instructions and in the explanation of them, a demeanor perfectly military, and a tone of voice appropriate to the circumstance. All the students, without exception, should render themselves capable of executing the practical tasks and explanations now mentioned with the greatest perfection.The Professors, as well as Instructors, in concluding their course of lectures, will transmit to the Director of the School a statement showing the degree of instruction acquired by the students, and their conduct in School; the credit for the instruction and for conduct will be given by means of two distinct integral numbers, selected from two to ten.
The Professors and Instructors are personally responsible for the teaching of the subjects contained in the programmes and regulation for the discipline of the students in School, for the daily drawing up of the notes and execution of the drawings, and for the constant presence of the students during the time of the instructions and lectures.
The Military Professors and Instructors will maintain constantly among the students the spirit of subordination and military discipline in all its force.
The Professors not possessed of military rank, when reproof is not sufficient to keep the students to their duty, will report the matter to the Director and to the Captains attached to the direction of the School, in order that more vigorous measures may be adopted.
At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will satisfy themselves that the students have finished the notes preceding it, and the regulated tasks and drawings.
The Professors will also have the power of visiting with arrest students whoare negligent in the execution of the notes and tasks, and those who exhibit a constant indisposition to work, reporting it to the Director of the School.
When the lectures are upon difficult subjects, it is the duty of the Professors sometimes to visit the students during the hours of study, for the purpose of explaining difficulties.
At the beginning of every lecture, the Professors will dictate to the students a summary of the lesson which they are about to explain.
At the commencement of their course of lectures, they will point out to the students the books and treatises to be followed.
At fixed intervals, as they shall judge it most convenient, the Professors will suspend the course of their lectures to satisfy themselves by questions of the attention given and the progress made by the students.
At the opening of their course, the Professors will notify to the Director of the School the hours which suit their engagements best for the giving of the lectures; these hours will be subsequently maintained unchanged throughout the duration of their course. These hours can only be selected out of those fixed in the general time table.
In case of any lectures having to take place out of the lecture-rooms of the School, they will give notice in time to the Director.
If they should consider any change in the programme necessary, they will give notice in writing to the Director of the School, so that he may be able to submit their propositions to the General Commandant.
The Instructors will exact of the students, in the execution of the practical instructions and in the explanation of them, a demeanor perfectly military, and a tone of voice appropriate to the circumstance. All the students, without exception, should render themselves capable of executing the practical tasks and explanations now mentioned with the greatest perfection.
The Professors, as well as Instructors, in concluding their course of lectures, will transmit to the Director of the School a statement showing the degree of instruction acquired by the students, and their conduct in School; the credit for the instruction and for conduct will be given by means of two distinct integral numbers, selected from two to ten.
Duration of the Course and Subjects.
The course of the Complementary School will be terminated in a year and a half.The students belonging to two successive promotions will participate in the same instructions during the last six months of the first course, and the first six of the second course.The subjects which will be taught to the Officer-students of the Complementary School are,—a.Mineralogy and metallurgy.b.Introduction to applied mechanics, and application of mechanics to machinery.c.Theory of the combustion of powder; of the movement inside the bore; of the resistance of ordnance; of the volume, weight, and center of gravity of ordnance; projectiles.d.Use of artillery in war, construction of batteries, service in the field.e.Permanent fortification.f.Course of construction and of military and civil architecture.g.Topography.h.Geodesy.For Engineer-Officers only.i.Military bridges and passage of water.l.Classified nomenclature, and drawing of artillery materials.m.Manufacture of powder, fire-works, arms, ordnance.
The course of the Complementary School will be terminated in a year and a half.
The students belonging to two successive promotions will participate in the same instructions during the last six months of the first course, and the first six of the second course.
The subjects which will be taught to the Officer-students of the Complementary School are,—
a.Mineralogy and metallurgy.
b.Introduction to applied mechanics, and application of mechanics to machinery.
c.Theory of the combustion of powder; of the movement inside the bore; of the resistance of ordnance; of the volume, weight, and center of gravity of ordnance; projectiles.
d.Use of artillery in war, construction of batteries, service in the field.
e.Permanent fortification.
f.Course of construction and of military and civil architecture.g.Topography.h.Geodesy.For Engineer-Officers only.
i.Military bridges and passage of water.
l.Classified nomenclature, and drawing of artillery materials.
m.Manufacture of powder, fire-works, arms, ordnance.
Practical Instructions.
Practical instruction will be given every day to the students of the Complementary School.The object of this instruction is to render the Officers themselves familiarwith the execution of the operations, and with the proper method of instructing Non-commissioned Officers and soldiers of Artillery.These instructions, which will be, as far as possible, executed and explained by the Officers of the School, will consist of—Gymnastics.Riding, according to the regulations in force.The pack of the infantry soldier, armament, infantry instruction.Classified nomenclature of the various parts of horse furniture, convenient adaptation of them; pack of the cavalry soldier.Principles of the physiology of the horse, and of veterinary science; care of horses.Nomenclature and use of the field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast material.Lading of field and siege carriages, and mountain mules.Service of field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast artillery.Driving and sectional drill, battery and brigade drill.Regulations for marches, encampments.Charges and compositions in use in the field, in sieges, and in garrisons.Judging distance drill, practice; remedies applied to materials in the field.
Practical instruction will be given every day to the students of the Complementary School.
The object of this instruction is to render the Officers themselves familiarwith the execution of the operations, and with the proper method of instructing Non-commissioned Officers and soldiers of Artillery.
These instructions, which will be, as far as possible, executed and explained by the Officers of the School, will consist of—
Gymnastics.Riding, according to the regulations in force.The pack of the infantry soldier, armament, infantry instruction.Classified nomenclature of the various parts of horse furniture, convenient adaptation of them; pack of the cavalry soldier.Principles of the physiology of the horse, and of veterinary science; care of horses.Nomenclature and use of the field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast material.Lading of field and siege carriages, and mountain mules.Service of field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast artillery.Driving and sectional drill, battery and brigade drill.Regulations for marches, encampments.Charges and compositions in use in the field, in sieges, and in garrisons.Judging distance drill, practice; remedies applied to materials in the field.
Gymnastics.
Riding, according to the regulations in force.
The pack of the infantry soldier, armament, infantry instruction.
Classified nomenclature of the various parts of horse furniture, convenient adaptation of them; pack of the cavalry soldier.
Principles of the physiology of the horse, and of veterinary science; care of horses.
Nomenclature and use of the field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast material.
Lading of field and siege carriages, and mountain mules.
Service of field, mountain, siege, garrison, and coast artillery.
Driving and sectional drill, battery and brigade drill.
Regulations for marches, encampments.
Charges and compositions in use in the field, in sieges, and in garrisons.
Judging distance drill, practice; remedies applied to materials in the field.
The Staff School at Turin has only existed since the year 1850. Previously to that time the Staff was supplied by picked scholars from theAccademia Militare.
The whole Staff Corps of the Sardinian Army only consists of thirty-six Officers, viz., twenty-four Captains, and twelve of higher rank; no one of a lower rank than Captain being admitted even as attached to the corps, a regulation which appeared to be considered inconvenient.
Officers are required to have served four years before their admission, as is the case in the Austrian Staff Schools, and they must not have exceeded their twenty-eighth year. Again, as in Austria, the Officers on leaving the school are ranged strictly in the order of merit, as tested by a final examination; and the ablest obtain appointments to the Staff in the same order. The Sardinian School has, however, some peculiarities, partly arising from the higher position which the Special Arms (Armi dotti) of Artillery and Engineers hold in Sardinia than in Austria or Prussia. The method of admission is as follows:—
An Officer requests his Colonel to recommend him for admission to the Staff School. Great caution seems to be observed in giving this recommendation; but having obtained it, an Officer has no further difficulty in entering the School. In consequence of the small numbers of the Staff Corps, the demand for entrance is not very great, and there is accordingly no competitive examination. The numbers in the School have, during the first five years of existence, varied greatly—from fourteen or sixteen to four or six. A year (or rather eleven months) is the time occupied by the studies;the first six months being given to theory, the last five to practice. The time thus occupied lasts from ten till three in the afternoon.
The amount of knowledge required for admission into the School is stated, in the “Note” of Colonel Petitti, to be an acquaintance with Geometry and Algebra, as far as Equations of the Second Degree.
The practical work consists in the usual surveys of countries, plans, &c. The young Officers are taken by the Inspecting Colonel of the School into the country, and worked hard for four or five months. There have hitherto been only places for one or two of these Officers on the Staff at the end of the year, and these (as has been already mentioned) have always been the most distinguished pupils of the School. The rest become teachers in the regimental schools. Officers leaving the Staff School do not appear to have a right to a step immediately (as in Austria) by virtue of their having been at the School; but the Sardinian system of making all the appointments above the rank of Major by selection gives them a prospect of advancement. Examinations are held in the School every three months, at which the Professors give marks of proficiency; these are combined with those obtained in the final examinations in determining the position of the pupils.
The Professors in the Staff School are all military men. The building is very good, and, although small, contains a library, instruments, museum, and all the apparatus for maps.
Among the conditions which must be met favorably to be admitted to the Royal Staff Corps are the following:—
Physique:—
If the constitution is robust, sufficiently strong, or weak.If the sight is good, acute, or short.
If the constitution is robust, sufficiently strong, or weak.
If the sight is good, acute, or short.
Intellectual Qualities:—
If the intelligence is prompt, clear, reflective, and the mind orderly or confused.If he is ready of speech, or uncommunicative.
If the intelligence is prompt, clear, reflective, and the mind orderly or confused.
If he is ready of speech, or uncommunicative.
Moral Qualities:—
If he is honorable, and of a good disposition, with much or little expansion of character.If of conciliatory or rough manners.If peaceable, quick, or irascible.If active, resolute, authoritative, timid, or feeble.
If he is honorable, and of a good disposition, with much or little expansion of character.
If of conciliatory or rough manners.
If peaceable, quick, or irascible.
If active, resolute, authoritative, timid, or feeble.
Education:—
What degree of instruction he has arrived at in mathematics, in the theory and practice of surveying.What ability in plan-sketching and topographical drawing.If he cultivates any other branch of knowledge connected or unconnected with the Institute itself, and what.If he is master of the Italian and French languages, so as to speak and write them with facility and correctness.If he is acquainted with, and if he can speak, other languages.If he is addicted to study.
What degree of instruction he has arrived at in mathematics, in the theory and practice of surveying.
What ability in plan-sketching and topographical drawing.
If he cultivates any other branch of knowledge connected or unconnected with the Institute itself, and what.
If he is master of the Italian and French languages, so as to speak and write them with facility and correctness.
If he is acquainted with, and if he can speak, other languages.
If he is addicted to study.
Conduct:—
If his behavior is dignified, as becomes a soldier and a citizen.If he enjoys the good-will of his superiors, the esteem of his comrades and inferiors.
If his behavior is dignified, as becomes a soldier and a citizen.
If he enjoys the good-will of his superiors, the esteem of his comrades and inferiors.
Mode of discharging his Duty:—
If he discharges his duty with exactness and zeal, or remissly and ill.
If he discharges his duty with exactness and zeal, or remissly and ill.
Particular Aptitude:—
If he is more especially fitted for the duties of the surveying, topographical, or military branch of the service.If he has shown aptitude for teaching.If he is adapted for progress in the Corps, or in the Infantry or Cavalry services.
If he is more especially fitted for the duties of the surveying, topographical, or military branch of the service.
If he has shown aptitude for teaching.
If he is adapted for progress in the Corps, or in the Infantry or Cavalry services.
Miscellaneous Information:—
N.B.—Under this head will be inserted those notices which, finding no place under the preceding heads, contribute towards a fuller information respecting those Staff Officers who, in consequence of circumstances and duties special and unconnected with the service of the corps, may afford ground for special mention.
N.B.—Under this head will be inserted those notices which, finding no place under the preceding heads, contribute towards a fuller information respecting those Staff Officers who, in consequence of circumstances and duties special and unconnected with the service of the corps, may afford ground for special mention.
The requirement of professional study from Officers after entrance into the Army is a point almost peculiar to the Sardinian service. Theprincipleof the Prussian Division School is, indeed, almost the same as that of the two Schools we are about to describe; but the examination for which the Division Schools prepare is a qualification for obtaining a commission, and not (like that of the Sardinian Schools) for subsequent promotion. And this difference is partly owing to an obvious cause, the slowness of promotion in the Prussian Service. If the Division Schools and their examination were placed before the promotion to a Captaincy, the candidates attending the School would be in most cases nearly forty years of age.
Some instruction in Topography is given to the Officers of every Regiment in the Sardinian Army, under the direction of the Chief of the Staff of the Division. Care is taken to render the teaching uniform throughout the Army, and it may be considered as a preparation for the more systematic instruction given in the Schools of Ivrea and Pinerol. The former of these is intended for the Infantry; the latter for the Cavalry. Every Officer, excepting those of the Special Arms, must have passed a year of study in one or other of these Schools, as well as a subsequent examination, before he can obtain a Captaincy.
The studies are mainly practical, as may be seen from the “Prospectus of Instruction” annexed. Topography, Field Fortification, and Secondary Operations are the only branches of Military Sciencein which instruction is given; and upon these much care appears to be bestowed.
One-third of the Officers of the Sardinian Army are promoted, as has been mentioned, from the ranks. Accordingly, a class has been recently added to the School of Ivrea, intended exclusively for the Education of those Non-commissioned Officers who aspire to a Commission. This class is to be common to Infantry and Cavalry.
The following extracts from the Regulations of the Minister of War, will exhibit the practical character of instruction in this class of schools.
Prospectus of Instruction to be given to Lieutenants in the Military School of Infantry.
Soldiers’ Drill, Squad, Company, Battalion, and Chasseur ditto, &c.Fencing with the Bayonet.Exercise of the various Arms, &c.Musketry Practice.Regulations of Discipline, Garrison and Field Regulations, Army Accounts.Secondary Operations of War.Topography.Field Fortification.
Soldiers’ Drill, Squad, Company, Battalion, and Chasseur ditto, &c.
Fencing with the Bayonet.
Exercise of the various Arms, &c.
Musketry Practice.
Regulations of Discipline, Garrison and Field Regulations, Army Accounts.
Secondary Operations of War.
Topography.
Field Fortification.
School of Topography.
It is decided that such instruction [in Topography,] shall take place from the commencement of March till the end of July.
This will be obligatory on Officers who have not passed the age of thirty years.
Those Corps, however, who may think that they can thus employ themselves in the winter also for the hour or so which may remain over after the other occupations of the Officers, shall have the power of establishing, from the beginning of November, a school, in which drawing and other preliminary acquirements may be taught.
This School will be attended especially by beginners and the less educated, who will thus be able better to profit at the beginning of March by the lectures given to the Officers more advanced in this study.
The Schools will be instituted for regiments or brigades, according as the General commanding the Division shall determine, upon the report of the Chief of the Staff, regard being had to the Director who can be assigned to them and the opportunities afforded by the situation.
In cases, however, where it may be convenient, they can institute Divisional Schools as well, which will be attended by the Officers of the different corps already more advanced in the study.
There they will be exercised, by direction of the Chief of theStaff, in the various subjects taught in the School, especially in the application upon sketches of themes of secondary operations of war, and will be taken into the field to execute surveys on the spot with the instruments and by the eye.
In this case, in the Regimental Schools, the less educated officers will be trained under the direction of Officers who have given proof of sufficient capacity.
The Officers of the Detachments of Cavalry or of the Rifles, for whom it may not be convenient to establish separate schools, will attend those schools of their garrison to which they are assigned by the General Commandant of the Division upon the proposition of the Chief of the Staff.
Inasmuch as this Ministry is careful to provide the Schools of Topography with the instruments necessary for the practical training upon the ground, it makes known henceforward the implements with which they must be provided, at the charge of the Treasury, in cases where they do not already possess them, viz.:—
Small tables, with desks. Seats or stools. Slate, with stand. 2 pieces of Indian ink. 2 ditto of French blue. 2 ditto of gum. 2 tablets of carded wool. 1 case of mathematical instruments. 2 plane rulers of one metre each, besides some rulers of various dimensions, the necessary paper for themes, &c. 2 pen-knives. Some pencils. 1 paper of steel pens for drawing. Half a bundle of crows’-quills. Chalk for the slate, and sponge. Inkstand, with ordinary ink. 2 crayons (coulé) of No. 2. 2 ditto of No. 4. 2 pieces of Indian rubber.GENERAL SYLLABUS OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE INFANTRY OF THE LINE.Months of November, December, January, February and March.Recruits will be kept separate from the seniors during these five months in all the instructions (except the drills.)They will be instructed progressively once a day in soldiers’ and squad drill.They will attend daily the gymnastic exercise and the school of reading and writing.N.B. As they shall progress by degrees in the various branches of instruction, they will take their part in the service, at first on duty where arms are not required, and afterwards with their arms, as much as possible always upon public holidays.Seniors will have to attend the school of reading, writing, arithmetic, and gymnastics daily.The recruits as well as the seniors will be prepared for the practice range, during the months of February and March, by aiming at the butt and firing at the candle.The Officers, especially the juniors, will be encouraged to exercise themselves in gymnastics, and to frequent the School of Topography.The Captains will be taught riding as much as possible where they are in garrison with Cavalry.In the months of February and March the Officers will be further prepared in the appropriate theory, with a view to the instruction of the following months, and all without exception will have to practice firing with the rifle.April and May.There will be no further distinction made between the recruits and seniors.They will pass successively through soldiers’, squad, and company drill, bayonet exercise, and rifle practice at the butt.The school of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and gymnastics, will be continued at least for the lower classes.The Captains will give instruction to their companies, especially in bad weather, on the subject of packing necessaries, and on the general behavior of the soldier under different circumstances on and off duty, showing them also the manner of making reports in a few clear and concise words.The Officers will be prepared by the appropriate theoretical training for the instruction of the following months.The School of Topography will be continued as much as possible for the Officers who desire to attend it.June, July, August.They will pass successively through battalion drill and regimental and brigade manœuvres.The rifle practice at the butt will be continued.TheChasseurexercise will be taught.The swimming school will proceed with the utmost possible activity.The school of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and gymnastics will be continued at least for the lowest classes, as much at least as the instructions in other subjects, and especially swimming, permit.The Generals of Brigade will explain theoretically to the superior Officers and Captains, and these latter to their own companies, the nature of service in the field.September.By frequent marches instruction will be given in field service, practical in its nature, and separate for every arm.Manœuvres and evolutions appropriate to the ground will be gone through.The troops will be disposed for the defense of a village or a position, of a stream, or the like.October.The instruction in the field will continue as much as possible, and especially in the garrisons where troops of different arms are quartered, one part of the force can be opposed to the other, and, where the service of the place permits it, by calling in the assistance of the National Guard, the garrison will be able entirely or in part to absent itself for two or three days.GENERAL RULES RELATING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS.1. As far as is possible the soldiers should receive at least two lessons in the day.2. In the months of April, May, June, July, and August, the drill in theplace d’ armeswill take place only once a day, the other will be in the barrack or the neighborhood.3. The Officers should give the instructions themselves, and should never appear as idle spectators before the soldier.The subalterns will themselves conduct the soldiers’ and squad drill, and the bayonet exercise.The Captains will be careful to instruct their own companies. At the rifle practice all the Officers of the Company should be present and interest themselves for the good working of so important a subject of instruction.4. During recreation times, and in all those kinds of instruction which do not require silence and immobility, the Officers will be careful to converse with their inferiors, and to study their character and qualities, praising and encouraging the good to do well, and visiting with words of blame more or less severe those who are ill-regulated in their conduct.5. In order to interrupt as little as possible the course of the instructions, the Colonels and Generals of Brigade will avail themselves of the festivals accurately to review the men before and after mass.6. In forts the Infantry will be exercised at the service of guns according tothe directions which will be given to the Officers of Artillery commanding in them.7. Some Non-commissioned Officers in every regiment will be trained as the carpenters for making cartridges.8. In the interior of the barracks the men will be encouraged to amuse themselves, and be gay, rather than to loiter about in idleness. It will be most advantageous to introduce singing to music, as was done in the camp of 1846.9. In the month of August, Staff Officers will be dispatched to the principal garrisons who, being attached to Generals of Brigade and Division, will prepare with them the projects and plans for the field instructions of the months of September and October. These Staff Officers are further particularly charged to study the environs, and to point out in reports for that purpose the most important military positions, and the mode of occupying them.10. Appropriate instructions concerning the rules to be observed in the rifle schools, concerning the swimming school, and the exercises in the field, will be forwarded at the proper time.
Small tables, with desks. Seats or stools. Slate, with stand. 2 pieces of Indian ink. 2 ditto of French blue. 2 ditto of gum. 2 tablets of carded wool. 1 case of mathematical instruments. 2 plane rulers of one metre each, besides some rulers of various dimensions, the necessary paper for themes, &c. 2 pen-knives. Some pencils. 1 paper of steel pens for drawing. Half a bundle of crows’-quills. Chalk for the slate, and sponge. Inkstand, with ordinary ink. 2 crayons (coulé) of No. 2. 2 ditto of No. 4. 2 pieces of Indian rubber.
GENERAL SYLLABUS OF INSTRUCTION FOR THE INFANTRY OF THE LINE.
Months of November, December, January, February and March.
Recruits will be kept separate from the seniors during these five months in all the instructions (except the drills.)
They will be instructed progressively once a day in soldiers’ and squad drill.
They will attend daily the gymnastic exercise and the school of reading and writing.
N.B. As they shall progress by degrees in the various branches of instruction, they will take their part in the service, at first on duty where arms are not required, and afterwards with their arms, as much as possible always upon public holidays.
Seniors will have to attend the school of reading, writing, arithmetic, and gymnastics daily.
The recruits as well as the seniors will be prepared for the practice range, during the months of February and March, by aiming at the butt and firing at the candle.
The Officers, especially the juniors, will be encouraged to exercise themselves in gymnastics, and to frequent the School of Topography.
The Captains will be taught riding as much as possible where they are in garrison with Cavalry.
In the months of February and March the Officers will be further prepared in the appropriate theory, with a view to the instruction of the following months, and all without exception will have to practice firing with the rifle.
April and May.
There will be no further distinction made between the recruits and seniors.
They will pass successively through soldiers’, squad, and company drill, bayonet exercise, and rifle practice at the butt.
The school of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and gymnastics, will be continued at least for the lower classes.
The Captains will give instruction to their companies, especially in bad weather, on the subject of packing necessaries, and on the general behavior of the soldier under different circumstances on and off duty, showing them also the manner of making reports in a few clear and concise words.
The Officers will be prepared by the appropriate theoretical training for the instruction of the following months.
The School of Topography will be continued as much as possible for the Officers who desire to attend it.
June, July, August.
They will pass successively through battalion drill and regimental and brigade manœuvres.
The rifle practice at the butt will be continued.
TheChasseurexercise will be taught.
The swimming school will proceed with the utmost possible activity.
The school of reading, writing, and arithmetic, and gymnastics will be continued at least for the lowest classes, as much at least as the instructions in other subjects, and especially swimming, permit.
The Generals of Brigade will explain theoretically to the superior Officers and Captains, and these latter to their own companies, the nature of service in the field.
September.
By frequent marches instruction will be given in field service, practical in its nature, and separate for every arm.
Manœuvres and evolutions appropriate to the ground will be gone through.
The troops will be disposed for the defense of a village or a position, of a stream, or the like.
October.
The instruction in the field will continue as much as possible, and especially in the garrisons where troops of different arms are quartered, one part of the force can be opposed to the other, and, where the service of the place permits it, by calling in the assistance of the National Guard, the garrison will be able entirely or in part to absent itself for two or three days.
GENERAL RULES RELATING TO THE INSTRUCTIONS.
1. As far as is possible the soldiers should receive at least two lessons in the day.
2. In the months of April, May, June, July, and August, the drill in theplace d’ armeswill take place only once a day, the other will be in the barrack or the neighborhood.
3. The Officers should give the instructions themselves, and should never appear as idle spectators before the soldier.
The subalterns will themselves conduct the soldiers’ and squad drill, and the bayonet exercise.
The Captains will be careful to instruct their own companies. At the rifle practice all the Officers of the Company should be present and interest themselves for the good working of so important a subject of instruction.
4. During recreation times, and in all those kinds of instruction which do not require silence and immobility, the Officers will be careful to converse with their inferiors, and to study their character and qualities, praising and encouraging the good to do well, and visiting with words of blame more or less severe those who are ill-regulated in their conduct.
5. In order to interrupt as little as possible the course of the instructions, the Colonels and Generals of Brigade will avail themselves of the festivals accurately to review the men before and after mass.
6. In forts the Infantry will be exercised at the service of guns according tothe directions which will be given to the Officers of Artillery commanding in them.
7. Some Non-commissioned Officers in every regiment will be trained as the carpenters for making cartridges.
8. In the interior of the barracks the men will be encouraged to amuse themselves, and be gay, rather than to loiter about in idleness. It will be most advantageous to introduce singing to music, as was done in the camp of 1846.
9. In the month of August, Staff Officers will be dispatched to the principal garrisons who, being attached to Generals of Brigade and Division, will prepare with them the projects and plans for the field instructions of the months of September and October. These Staff Officers are further particularly charged to study the environs, and to point out in reports for that purpose the most important military positions, and the mode of occupying them.
10. Appropriate instructions concerning the rules to be observed in the rifle schools, concerning the swimming school, and the exercises in the field, will be forwarded at the proper time.
Men, who are destined to work in the arsenal, receive here practical instruction in their art. The arsenal contains, 1st, a chemical and metallurgical laboratory, in which analysis, &c., are performed; 2d, a mineralogical collection, containing 1100 specimens of minerals, and many models of crystalization, besides a complete collection of specimens from the territory of Genoa; 3d, a collection of philosophical apparatus, containing 600 different machines and instruments, partly from Puxy and Dumotier of Paris, and partly from Zest and Brabante of Turin; 4th, a library containing the best books on Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, Astronomy, Geology, Geography, &c.; 5th, a foundry of cannon, which includes the foundry properly so called, the atelier of modelers, the hall of models, the ateliers of trepans and of engravers; 6th, the lithographic establishment; 7th, the machine shop; 8th, a manufacture of all kinds of arms for the army and navy; 9th, the atelier of bombardiers; 10th the manufacture of gunpowder, and refinery of saltpetre; 11th, a forge for gun-barrels.
SCHOOL OF NAUTICAL INSTRUCTION AT GENOA.
The course of instruction in the Nautical Institute at Genoa embraces:—I. Nautical Astronomy and Navigation; II. Mechanics and Steam Engine; III. Maritime and Commercial Law; IV. Geography and Meteorology.
I. Nautical Astronomy and Navigation.
Introduction:1. Nautical art in general; different sciences attached; need of varied knowledge for captains; special applications of mathematics to navigation. 2. Method to be pursued in carrying on nautical studies.Plane Navigation:3. Figure and dimensions of the earth; equations in equal spheres of a circle traced on the same. 4. Methods for determining the course of the ship; the compass. 5. Demonstrations of the principles on which the solution of problems of navigation rest, reduction tables. 6. Given two of the four quantities, how to find the other two in determining the position of a ship. 7. Reduction of a straight course; degree of confidence to be placed in results. 8. Maritime charts; how constructed; resolution of problems.Nautical Astronomy.9. Elementary notions of astronomy; special objects in teaching this science to seaman. 10. Astronomical tables in use among different nations, and how to use them. 11. Instruments for reflexion, and principles of construction; verification, rectification, and use of the sextant, octant, and artificial horizon; corrections to be made on the heights and angular distances observed; depression; refraction; parallax, semi-diameter. 12. Examination of the principal problems relative to the measure and transformation of time. 13. The chronometer; absolute state of the chronometer; diurnal variations; comparison; use of chronometers. 14. Compass; its construction and verification; determination of the declivity; tables of deviation; correction bars. 15. Different methods for determining the latitude and longitude at sea. 16. The tides, their fundamental theory; calculations regarding them. 17. Hydrographic charts; topographical instruments, and different projections.
Introduction:1. Nautical art in general; different sciences attached; need of varied knowledge for captains; special applications of mathematics to navigation. 2. Method to be pursued in carrying on nautical studies.
Plane Navigation:3. Figure and dimensions of the earth; equations in equal spheres of a circle traced on the same. 4. Methods for determining the course of the ship; the compass. 5. Demonstrations of the principles on which the solution of problems of navigation rest, reduction tables. 6. Given two of the four quantities, how to find the other two in determining the position of a ship. 7. Reduction of a straight course; degree of confidence to be placed in results. 8. Maritime charts; how constructed; resolution of problems.
Nautical Astronomy.9. Elementary notions of astronomy; special objects in teaching this science to seaman. 10. Astronomical tables in use among different nations, and how to use them. 11. Instruments for reflexion, and principles of construction; verification, rectification, and use of the sextant, octant, and artificial horizon; corrections to be made on the heights and angular distances observed; depression; refraction; parallax, semi-diameter. 12. Examination of the principal problems relative to the measure and transformation of time. 13. The chronometer; absolute state of the chronometer; diurnal variations; comparison; use of chronometers. 14. Compass; its construction and verification; determination of the declivity; tables of deviation; correction bars. 15. Different methods for determining the latitude and longitude at sea. 16. The tides, their fundamental theory; calculations regarding them. 17. Hydrographic charts; topographical instruments, and different projections.
II. Mechanics and Steam Engine.
Introduction:1. Necessity for the use of mechanics and physics for the shipmaster, naval constructor and machinist. 2. Method of giving such instruction to seamen.Mechanics:—Motion considered geometrically; composition; decomposition. 3. Transformation of motion. 4. Force; composition and decomposition of force; equilibrium. 5. Center of gravity, and how to find it; application of the same, on the theory of the ship. 6. Theory of simple machines; principal machines. 7. Principle of force. 8. Blows. 9. Resistance of materials; experimental elements of resistance, and elasticity of the principal substances in use in naval construction. 10. Mechanic of fluids; demonstrations of its principal theorems; application of the same to the stability of the ship.Steam Engines:—11. General notions on steam; mechanical element of heat; thermometers; tension; expansion; condensation of steam. 12. Steam engines generally; examination and description of its organs, and its different forms and applications. 13. Marine steam engines, and different systems on which they are constructed. 14. The boilers and their different types. 15. Combustibles and their different kinds. 16. Different systems of propulsion. 17. Mixed Navigation. 18. Historical summary of the origin and progress of machine and steam power.
Introduction:1. Necessity for the use of mechanics and physics for the shipmaster, naval constructor and machinist. 2. Method of giving such instruction to seamen.
Mechanics:—Motion considered geometrically; composition; decomposition. 3. Transformation of motion. 4. Force; composition and decomposition of force; equilibrium. 5. Center of gravity, and how to find it; application of the same, on the theory of the ship. 6. Theory of simple machines; principal machines. 7. Principle of force. 8. Blows. 9. Resistance of materials; experimental elements of resistance, and elasticity of the principal substances in use in naval construction. 10. Mechanic of fluids; demonstrations of its principal theorems; application of the same to the stability of the ship.
Steam Engines:—11. General notions on steam; mechanical element of heat; thermometers; tension; expansion; condensation of steam. 12. Steam engines generally; examination and description of its organs, and its different forms and applications. 13. Marine steam engines, and different systems on which they are constructed. 14. The boilers and their different types. 15. Combustibles and their different kinds. 16. Different systems of propulsion. 17. Mixed Navigation. 18. Historical summary of the origin and progress of machine and steam power.
III. Maritime and Commercial Law.