Safety valve at night.—How would you set the safety valve for a banked fire?II. 369.
Opening a banked fire.—What is the first thing to do in starting up a banked fire?II. 369,401.
Regulating boiler feed.—How would you regulate the boiler feed?II. 369.
Regulating a pump.—How can a pump be regulated so as to be kept pumping without surcharging the boiler?II. 369.
Even boiler injection.—Can a continuous feed be maintained if injectors are used?II. 370.
Stuck valve.—How may a stuck valve or a check valve be released?II. 370.
Hot feed water.—What would you do if the feed water got so hot that the pump worked imperfectly or not at all?II. 370.
Scale.—What causes scale to form in the boiler and what effect does scale have on the boiler?II. 370.
Preventing scale.—What are the principal methods employed to prevent the formation of scale in the boiler?II. 370.
Horizontal heater.—What advantage does a horizontal heater possess?II. 370.
Dirty gauge glass.—What should be done to the gauge glass if the feed water is dirty? How many times a day should the gauge be blown out?II. 370.
Priming.—What is the priming or foaming of the water in a boiler? What are the known causes of priming? Why is priming wasteful? Can blowing off at the safety valve cause priming? What are other causes of priming? How can priming be detected? What would you do to stop priming? What would you do to prevent priming? What parts of the engine would you attend to if the boiler primes?II. 370.
Low water.—What would you do if the water got dangerously low in the boiler? In such a case how would you regulate the dampers? What do you consider dangerously low? What is blowing down a boiler?II. 370.
Cleaning a boiler.—How often would you clean a boiler?II. 371.
Water falling.—What would you suppose was going wrong if the pump was kept going and the water still fell in the boiler?II. 370.
Empty pump.—What causes a pump to fail?II. 370.
Blowing down.—How much would you blow down a boiler? How low should the pressure get before the water is let out? What would be the result if the boiler was blown off under a high pressure? What would you do after the water is all out of the boiler?II. 371.
Special examination.—What parts would you pay special attention to in examining the boiler after cleaning it?II. 371.
Hammer test.—What does the “hammer test” consist of?II. 371.
Washing and scaling.—What determines the periods at which a boiler should be washed out and scaled?II. 371.
Regulating dampers.—How would you regulate the dampers when letting the fire out?II. 371.
Naming the parts.—Name all the parts of a simple or plain D slide-valve engine, beginning with the cylinder.II. 372.
Dividing the parts.—Into what three divisions may the parts of a plain slide-valve engine be divided?II. 372.
Defining clearance.—What is the meaning of the word “clearance” as applied to an engine cylinder?II. 372.
Finding equal clearance.—How would you proceed to find if the clearance in the cylinder was equal at each end?II. 372,404.
Parts of valve motion.—What parts constitute the valve motion or valve gear?II. 372.
The driving parts.—What parts constitute the driving or power-transmitting mechanism?II. 372.
Lubricating attachments.—Name the attachments used upon an engine cylinder to lubricate the piston and valves.II. 373.
Pet cock.—What is the difference between a cylinder pet cock and a cylinder relief valve?II. 373.
Relief valves.—What are cylinder relief valves used for?II. 373.
Quick steam admission.—Which gives the quickest steam admission, a long and narrow or a wide and short steam port, both having the same area?II. 373.
Placing the piston-ring split.—At what part of the cylinder bore should the split of a piston ring be placed?II. 374.
Fitting a piston ring.—How tight should a piston ring fit to the cylinder bore?II. 374.
Testing steam tightness.—How would you test the steam tightness of a piston?II. 374.
Jacketed.—What is a jacketed cylinder?II. 374.
Valve gear.—What is a releasing valve gear? What is a positive valve gear?II. 374.
Packing a stuffing box.—About how full of packing would you fill a stuffing box for a piston gland?II. 375.
Connecting rods.—What are the two principal kinds of connecting rods? What is meant by the angularity of a connecting rod?II. 375.
Oiling guide bars.—Which guide-bar is the most difficult to oil, the top or the bottom one?II. 375.
Effect of angularity.—What effect does the angularity of the connecting rod have on the piston motion? Is this effect increased or diminished by shortening the connecting rod?II. 375.
Crank at full power.—When the crank is at its point of full power, is the piston in the middle of the cylinder? Is it nearer to the crank-end or the head-end of the cylinder?II. 375.
Piston motion irregular.—What causes the piston to have irregular motion?II. 375.
Live steam period.—What constitutes the live steam period of a position?II. 376.
Cut-off.—What is the point of cut-off?II. 375.—What is a separate cut-off valve, and what event does it control in the supply of the steam to the cylinder? How is the point of cut-off varied when a cut-off valve is used?II. 378.
Working expansively.—What causes the steam to be worked expansively in an engine cylinder?II. 402.
Follower.—- What is a piston follower?II. 374.
Valve lead.—What is the lead of valve?II. 376.
Valve lap.—What is the lap of a valve?II. 376.
Admission.—What is the point of admission?II. 376.
Cushioning.—At what point in the valve travel does cushioning begin?II. 376.
Release and compression.—What are the points of release and of compression?II. 376.
Double-ported valve.—What is a double-ported valve?II. 377.
Valves.—What is a griddle valve? What is a balanced valve?II. 377.—What is a piston valve?II. 378.
Slide and piston valves.—Is there any difference between the action of a plain slide valve and a piston valve if both have the same amount of lap, lead, and travel?II. 378.
Cut-off diagram.—Make a diagram to give the dimensions of a slide valve, to cut off at3⁄4stroke, the valve travel being 4 inches.II. 380.
Reversing an engine.—What is the ordinary means provided for reversing an engine?II. 383.
Full gear.—What is the meaning of the term full gear, with regard to a link motion?II. 383.
Third use Of link motion.—What does a link motion accomplish besides enabling the engine to run in either direction?II. 383.
Slide valve for link motion.—What are the two operations to be performed in setting the slide valve of an engine having a link motion? Describe these two operations.II. 383.
Governors.—What is a throttling governor? What is an isochronal governor? What is a dancing governor?II. 384.
Forward.—What is full gear forward?II. 383.
Backward.—What is full gear backward?II. 383.
Starting.—How would you proceed to start a plain slide valve?II. 384,400.
Crank position.—What is the best position for the crank to be in to start the engine, and why is it the best position?II. 384.
Taking charge.—What is the first thing you would do in taking charge of an engine?II. 385.
Length of connecting rod.—How would you find out if the connecting rod was the right length to give an equal amount of clearance at each end of the cylinder?II. 385,404.
Order of examination.—In what order should a thorough examination of the engine be made?II. 385.
Least examination.—What would constitute the least permissible examination of an engine, with a due regard to safety?II. 385.
Thorough examination.—What would constitute a complete examination of a plain slide-valve engine? In what order should such an examination be made?II. 385.
Quick examination.—What examination should an engineer make of a plain slide-valve engine, if called upon to start it as quickly as possible without knowing its condition?II. 385.
Taking a lead.—How would you take a lead for adjusting the fit of a bearing to its journal?II. 386.
Set of slide valve.—How would you test whether the slide valve was set properly?II. 386.
Squaring a valve.—Is it proper to square a plain slide valve?II. 386.
Lead affected by wear.—How does the wear of the parts affect the lead in vertical engines?II. 386.
Heating of crank-shaft.—What would you do if the crank-shaft bearings began to heat?II. 386.
Hot crank-pins.—What are the principal causes of hot crank-pins?II. 386.
Heating.—What part of the engine is the most likely to get hot from the friction of the fit?II. 386.
Use of lead.—What is a lead used for in adjusting the fit of a brass to its journal?II. 386.
Fit of top brass.—When a liner is used between the two brasses, what does the fit of the top brass depend upon?II. 386.
Oiling.—In oiling the engine, what precaution would you take to prevent the journals from heating?II. 401.
Cold weather.—What is liable to happen to an engine that is used out of doors in cold weather?II. 386.
Leaky throttle valve.—What damage might a leaky throttle valve do, and how would you prevent it?II. 386.
Leaky check valve.—What damage may a leaky check valve do, and how would you prevent it?II. 387.
Freezing in the pump.—How would you prevent the water from freezing in the pump?II. 387.
Freezing oil.—How would you prevent the oil from freezing?II. 387.
Thawing oil.—How would you thaw frozen oil?II. 387.
Setting a portable engine.—How should a portable engine stand when it is at work, and why should it stand so?II. 387.
Natural supply of water.—What precaution would you take when feed water is drawn from a stream, or other natural source of supply?II. 387.
Pumps.—Into what classes may pumps be divided? What is a force pump? What is a piston pump? What is a single-acting pump? What is a double-acting pump?II. 387.
“Suction.”—What causes the flow of water up the suction pipe of a pump? How high can a pump lift water, or cause it to lift or rise?II. 388.
Regulating a pump.—How can the quantity of water a pump will deliver be regulated?II. 388.
Pump valves.—What is the check valve of a pump? What is the foot valve of a pump?II. 388.
Speed of pumping.—What is the highest speed at which a pump should run? What is the consequence if a pump runs too fast?II. 388.
Locating the air chamber.—When should the air chamber be placed on a pump, and what is its use?II. 388.
Belt pump.—What is the advantage possessed by a belt pump?II. 388.
Starting bar.—What is a starting bar, and what is it used for?II. 389.
Link sketch.—Make a rough sketch of a locomotive link motion.II. 392.
Link gear and eccentric.—Does a link motion when in full gear operate the valve much different to what a simple eccentric motion would do?II. 393.
Exchanging eccentric rods.—If the forward eccentric rod was to break, could the backward eccentric be utilized to run the engine forward? If so, how?II. 393.
Broken reach rod.—How would you hold the tumbling shaft if the reach rod broke?II. 393.
Eccentric and crank motions.—Does the acting eccentric lead or follow the crank when the link is in full gear?II. 393.
Setting a slide valve.—In what position would you place the link motion when the slide valve is to be set?II. 394.
Length of eccentric rod.—What determines the length of the eccentric rods when setting the slide valve?II. 394.
Setting an Allen valve.—What difference is there between setting a common slide valve and another (an Allen) valve?II. 395.
Injector.—What is an injector?II. 395.
Before firing.—What should be done before laying the fire?II. 400.
Kindling the fire.—How long should the wood burn before putting on coal?II. 400.
Oiling.—What points require examination when oiling the engine?II. 401.
After oiling.—What points would you move after having oiled the engine?II. 401.
Using tallow.—Where would you place tallow in oiling the engine, and for what purpose would you use it?II. 401.
Fire too hot.—What would you do if steam was rising too rapidly?II. 401.
Link position.—Where should the link be when starting the engine?II. 402.
Even steam pressure.—Why should the steam pressure be kept up, and what difference does it make in the consumption of the fuel?II. 402.
Quick steaming.—Can steam be made quickest with a large or with a small quantity of water in the boiler?II. 402.
Best boiler feed.—Which is better, a constant or an intermittent boiler feed?II. 402.
Best firing.—Which is better, heavy firing at long intervals or light and frequent firing, and why?II. 402.
Broken cylinder cover.—What would you do if the cylinder cover got knocked out while on the road?II. 402.
Hot piston rod.—What would you do if the piston rod got hot?II. 403.
Broken piston rod.—What if the piston rod broke?II. 403.
Broken crank-pin.—What if the crank-pin broke?II. 403.
Tire off.—What if a wheel tire came off?II. 403.
Driving wheel off.—What if a driving wheel came off?II. 403.
Broken lifting link.—What if a lifting link or saddle-pin broke?II. 403.
Slipping eccentric.—What if an eccentric slipped?II. 403.
Hot axle-box.—What if an axle-box got hot?II. 403.
Broken spring hanger.—What if a spring or spring hanger broke?II. 403.
Bursted tube.—What if a tube bursted?II. 403.
Fitting axle-box wedges.—In what position should the engine be placed when the axle-box wedges are to be adjusted for fit to the pedestals?II. 404.
Changing clearance.—What is it that, as the engine wears, tends to alter the amount of clearance?II. 404.
Crank-pin centres.—How would you get the distance from centre to centre of the crank-pins when adjusting the axle-boxes and the side rods, parallel rods, or coupling rods, as they are promiscuously termed?II. 404.
Adjusting Shoes.—In what position would you place the crank when adjusting the shoes or wedges of the axle-boxes? Why is this adjustment important?II. 404.
Force, pressure, and power.—What is the difference between force or pressure and power?II. 405.
Increase of power.—Can we increase a given amount of power by means of mechanical appliances?II. 405,406.
Speed vs. power.—Is a gain in speed a loss in power?II. 405.
Lever.—Explain the principle of the lever.II. 405.
Elements of power.—What are the three elements composing power?II. 407.
Horse-power.—What is a horse-power as applied to steam-engine calculations? How would you calculate the horse-power of a steam engine?II. 407.—Give a method of testing the effective horse-power of an engine.II. 408.
Safety-valve problem.—A safety valve is three inches in diameter; the lever is twenty-eight inches long from the point of suspension of the weight to the pivoted end of the lever; the valve pin is four inches from the pivot; the weight is twenty pounds. What is the greatest pressure of steam the valve will hold, leaving the weight of the valve and of the lever out of the question?II. 409.
Thermal unit.—What is the heat unit or thermal unit?II. 410.
Latent heat.—Is all the heat in steam or water shown by a thermometer? What is the latent heat of water? What is the latent heat of steam?II. 410.
Sensible heat.—What is the sensible heat of steam?II. 410.
Total heat.—What is the total heat of steam?II. 410.
Heaviest water.—At what temperature is water at its greatest density? What is the weight of a cubic foot of water when at its maximum density?II. 410.
Heat of boiling water.—What determines the temperature at which water will boil?II. 410.
Heat of steam.—Can steam be made hotter than the water while they are in contact? What is superheated steam?II. 410.
Absolute pressure.—What is meant by the absolute pressure of steam?II. 411,416.
Dry steam.—What is meant by dry steam?II. 411.
Weight of steam.—Is there any difference between the weight of water and that of the steam it will evaporate into?II. 411.
A perfect gas.—What is Marriotte’s law, or Boyle’s law? Is steam a perfect gas?II. 411.
Joule’s equivalent.—What is meant by the conversion of heat into work? What is Joule’s equivalent? What is the mechanical equivalent of heat?II. 411.
Indicator.—What is a steam-engine indicator?II. 413.—How are indicators attached to an engine?II. 416.
Indicator diagram.—What are the names of the lines of a diagram? Why is a theoretical diagram not correct?II. 414.—What difference is there between the lines of a diagram of a condensing and those of a non-condensing engine?II. 415.—How is the expansion curve of a diagram tested?II. 417.
Barometer.—What is a barometer, and for what purpose is it used in connection with engine diagrams?II. 415.
Horse-power by diagram.—How do you calculate the horse-power of a steam engine from an indicator diagram?II. 418.
Diagram vs. diagram.—What difference is there between the diagram taken from one end and that taken from the other?II. 419.
Consumption of steam by diagram.—How would you calculate the consumption of steam or water of an engine from an indicator diagram?II. 420.
Steam line.—What would a fall in the steam line of a diagram indicate?II. 421.
Expansion curve.—If the expansion curve is above the true expansion curve, what defect in the engine does that indicate? If the expansion curve falls too low, what does it indicate?II. 421.
Valve lead by diagram.—How would insufficient valve lead be shown on a diagram?II. 421.
Excessive lead.—How is excessive lead shown on a diagram?II. 421.
Automatic cut-off.—What is an automatic cut-off engine? What are the principal forms of automatic cut-off engines?II. 423.
Releasing valve governor.—What kinds of governors do engines with releasing valves have?II. 423.
Corliss engine valves.—How many valves does a Corliss engine have? Explain the action of a Corliss valve gear.II. 423.
Crab claw.—What duty does the latch-link or crab-claw of a Corliss valve gear perform?II. 423.
Valve trip.—What means are employed in a Corliss engine to trip the admission valve?II. 423,424.
Point of cut-off.—What determines the point of cut-off in a Corliss engine, and how does it do so?II. 424.
Valve closing.—What closes the valve in a Corliss engine?II. 424.
Dash-pot.—What is a dash-pot? What enables the dash-pot of a Corliss engine to work noiselessly?II. 424.—How is the amount of air cushion in the Corliss dash-pot regulated?II. 425.
Shape of Corliss valve.—What shape is a Corliss valve, and how far would its lap, as ordinarily constructed, carry the live steam period, leaving the cut-off mechanism out of the question?II. 426.
High-speed engines.—What is meant by the term high-speed engines?II. 427.
Adjusting for load.—What adjustments would you make if the engine had been running a very light load, and required to be adjusted for a heavy load?II. 427.
High-speed governor.—What class of governor is generally used upon high-speed engines?II. 427.
Varying the cut-off.—What is the usual method of varying the point of cut-off on high-speed engines?II. 427.
Wheel governor.—State, in a general way, what a wheel governor consists of.II. 427.
Even valve lead.—Can the valve lead be kept equal when the point of cut-off is varied by shifting the eccentric across the shaft or crank-axle?II. 427.
Marine engine.—What forms of engine are used for marine purposes?II. 434.
Inverted cylinder.—What is an inverted cylinder engine?II. 434.
Receiver.—What is a receiver?II. 434,453.
Triple expansion.—What is a triple-expansion engine?II. 436.
Condensing engine.—What is a condensing engine?II. 434.
Compound engine.—What is a compound engine?II. 434.
Arranging compound cylinders.—What are the two methods of arranging compound cylinders?II. 436.
Condenser.—What is a surface condenser?II. 440.
Hot well.—What is a hot well?II. 440.
Steam condensation.—Describe the means by which the steam is condensed after it is exhausted from the cylinder in a surface condensing engine, and state what becomes of the water of condensation and the injection, circulating, or condensing water.II. 440.
Condenser tubes.—How are condenser tubes made tight?II. 440.
Blow-through valve.—What is a blow-through valve?II. 440.
Air pumps.—What is a bucket air pump, and is it single or double acting? What is a piston air pump? What is a plunger air pump? What is a trunk air pump? When is a trunk air pump necessary?II. 441.
Air-pump valves.—Are a foot valve and a head valve always necessary to an air pump?II. 441.
Pet cock.—Why are bucket pumps provided with a valve or pet cock?II. 441.
Bilge injection.—What is a bilge injection? What fittings are necessary for a bilge injection?II. 441.
Hot-well temperature.—At what temperature is the water in the hot well usually kept?II. 441.
Use of air chamber.—What is an air vessel or air chamber used on a pump for?II. 441.
Feed escape.—What is a feed relief, or feed escape valve?II. 441.
Checked boiler feed.—What causes may act to stop the boiler feed?II. 441.
Admitting the exhaust.—When the exhaust steam is condensed for boiler-feeding purposes, how soon after the engine has started would you let the exhaust into the feed tank?II. 441.
Ship’s side discharge.—What is a ship’s side air pump discharge valve?II. 442.
Course of water.—What is the course of the main injection water of a jet condenser? What is the course of the main circulating water of a surface condenser?II. 442.
Surface condensing.—What are the advantages of surface condensing? How are surface condensers cleaned out?II. 442.
Engine-room cocks and valves.—What cocks and valves are there in the engine room of a condensing engine?II. 442.
Donkey engine.—What is a donkey engine? What pipes connect to a donkey engine, and what are their uses?II. 442.
Pipes to the sea.—What are the pipes that lead from or go to the sea?II. 442.
Parts classified.—What parts of a marine engine are generally made of wrought iron, of cast iron, of brass, and what of steel?II. 442.
Use of Babbitt.—What is Babbitt metal or white metal used for?II. 442.
Use of Muntz.—What is Muntz metal used for?II. 442.
Breaking strain.—About what is the breaking strain of wrought iron per square inch of section?II. 442.
Tempering.—How is steel tempered?II. 442,460-463.
Case-hardening.—What is case-hardening? What parts of an engine are usually case-hardened?II. 442.
Forging.—What are the forgeable metals used in engine construction?II. 442.
Welding.—What is welding?II. 442.
Metal expansion.—What metals used in engine construction expand by heat, and what allowances are made in the construction on this account?II. 442.
Composition of iron and steel.—What is the difference in the composition of cast iron and steel?II. 442.
Marine piston.—Describe a marine engine piston.II. 442.
Drain cocks.—What are cylinder drain cocks?II. 442.
Link motion.—What is a link motion? What is a link motion used for?II. 443.
Expansion valve.—What is a separate expansion valve?II. 443.
Top cylinders.—What are the small cylinders on top of the steam chests used for?II. 443.
The throw.—What is the throw of an eccentric?II. 443.
Double beat.—What is a double-beat valve?II. 443.
Expansion joint.—What is an expansion joint?II. 141,443.
Oil cup.—What is an oil cup?II. 443.
Siphon.—What is a siphon or worsted?II. 443.
Impermeator.—What is a steam lubricator or impermeator?II. 444.
Hand-worked valves.—What are the valves of a marine engine that are worked by hand?II. 444.
Vacuum gauge.—What is a vacuum gauge? What is a mercury vacuum gauge?II. 444.
Total condenser pressure.—How would you find the total pressure in a condenser?II. 444.
Racing.—What is meant by the racing of an engine?II. 444.
Uniform paddle-wheel revolution.—How may the speed of revolution of single crank paddle-wheels be made uniform?II. 444.
Paddle-wheel construction.—What is the construction of a common paddle wheel? What is a radial paddle wheel? What is a feathering paddle wheel?II. 445.
Disconnecting engine.—What is a disconnecting paddle engine?II. 445.
Propeller thread.—Where is the thread of a screw propeller measured?II. 445.
Propeller pitch.—What is the pitch of a propeller?II. 445.
L. H. propeller.—What is a left-hand propeller?II. 445.
Thrust bearing.—What is a thrust bearing?II. 445.
Propeller fastening.—How are screw propellers fastened to their shafts?II. 445.
Marine engine pipes.—What are the principal pipes of a marine engine and boiler?II. 445.
Mud box.—What is a mud box?II. 445.
Course of steam.—Describe the course of the steam from the boiler to the hot well.II. 445.
Exposure to cold.—What parts of an engine are exposed to danger in a cold climate?II. 446.
Preventing freezing.—What precautions are necessary to prevent the engine from freezing in cold climates?II. 446.
Failure to start.—Name all the reasons that may cause a marine engine to fail to start when it is expected to do so.II. 446.
Pressure pieces.—Name all the pieces of an engine through which the steam pressure is received and transmitted.II. 446.
Horse-power.—What is the unit or measure of horse-power? What is the meaning of nominal horse-power?II. 446.
Lost vacuum.—Name all the causes from which the vacuum may become defective or lost.II. 447.
Hot journals.—What are the principal causes of the heating of engine journals?II. 447.
Stays.—What is a boiler stay? What is a gusset stay? What is a tube stay or a stay tube?II. 452.
Stress per square inch.—How much stress is usually allowed per sectional square inch of boiler stay?II. 452.
Breaking of tubes.—What is the commonest cause of boiler tubes breaking?II. 452.
Split tube.—How is a split tube stopped up?II. 452.
Uptake.—What is the uptake of a marine boiler? What is a wet uptake?II. 453.
Superheater.—What is the superheater of a marine boiler?II. 453.
Fittings.—What fittings are essential to a marine boiler?II. 453.
Safety valves.—What is a dead-weight safety valve? What is a spring-loaded safety valve? What is a lock-up safety valve?II. 453.
Test cocks.—What do the three boiler test cocks show? How are boiler test cocks cleaned?II. 453.
Steam gauges.—What is a gauge glass or water-gauge glass? What is a Bourdon dial gauge? What pressure is shown by a boiler steam gauge?II. 453.
Scum cocks.—- How many scum cocks are used in a marine boiler?II. 454.
Sluice valves.—What are sluice valves in steamships?II. 454.
Removing scale.—How is scale removed in boilers?II. 454.
Salinometer.—What is a salinometer?II. 455.
Salt in sea water.—About how much salt does sea water contain?II. 454.
Division plates.—What are division plates in boilers?II. 455.
Intercepter.—What is the separator or intercepter of a marine boiler?II. 455.
Boiler draft.—What causes the draft in a boiler?II. 455.
Rapid wasting.—Where does the most rapid wasting occur in marine boilers?II. 455.
Coal consumption.—About how much coal is consumed per square foot of grate in marine boilers?II. 455.
Short of coal at sea.—If at sea and short of coal, what course would you pursue in order to save coal and get into port?II. 455.
Boiler relief in extreme danger.—How would you relieve a marine boiler in case of the safety valve being locked down from some accidental cause, the engine also being disabled?II. 455.
Pressure test.—At what pressure should a new boiler be tested?II. 456.
Boiler examination.—State what you would consider a proper examination, inside and out, of a marine boiler that had been in sufficient service to require examining.II. 458.