FOOTNOTES:

4300. Because it is deprived of its due proportion of oxygen, and laden with carbonic acid.4301. How is the air of a room affected thus by a crowd?4302. The elements of the air (inhaled by the breath) are separated in the lungs;—the oxygen is converted in the blood into carbonic acid; and the carbonic acid (together with the nitrogen) is then thrown off by the breath into the room.4303. Why is country air more pure than the air in cities?4304. 1. Because there are fewer inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. There are more trees to restore the equilibrium of the vitiated air: and 3. The free circulation of air keeps it pure and wholesome; in the same way as running streams are pure and wholesome, while stagnant waters are the contrary.4305. Why does the scantiness of a country population render the country air more pure?4306. Because the fewer the inhabitants the less carbonic acid will be exhaled; and thus country people inhale pure oxygen, instead of air impregnated with the narcotic poison, called carbonic acid gas.4307. Why do trees and flowers help to make country air wholesome?4308. 1. Because trees and flowers absorb the carbonic acid generated by the lungs of animals, putrid substances, and other noxious exhalations: and 2. Trees and flowers restore to the air the oxygen which has been inhaled by man and other animals.4309. Why is the air of cities less wholesome than the country air?4310. 1. Because there are more inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. The sewers, drains, bins, and filth of a city, very greatly vitiate the air: 3. The streets and alleys prevent a free circulation: and 4. Besides all this, there are fewer trees to absorb the excess of carbonic acid gas, and restore the equilibrium.4311. Why are persons who live in close rooms and crowded cities generally sickly?4312. Because the air they breathe is not pure, but is (in the first place) defective in oxygen: and (in the second) impregnated with carbonic acid gas.4313. Where does the carbonic acid of close rooms and cities come from?4314. From the lungs of the inhabitants, the sewers, drains, and other like places, in which organic substances are undergoing decomposition.4315. What becomes of the carbonic acid of crowded cities?4316. Some of it is absorbed by vegetables; and the rest is blown away by the wind, and diffused through the whole volume of the air.4317. Does not this constant diffusion of carbonic acid affect the purity of the whole air?4318. No; because it is wafted by the wind from place to place, and absorbed in its passage by the vegetable world.4319. What is choke damp?4320. Carbonic acid gas accumulated at the bottom of wells and pits, which renders them noxious, and often fatal to life.4321.Offensive Cesspools.—Sulphate of zinc can be purchased of any druggist, in the form of a salt, and a pound of it dissolved in two pails of warm water and thrown into an offensive cesspool, will soon deodorize it.4322.Directions for Pruning Vines.—In pruning always cut upward, and in a sloping direction.4323. Always leave an inch of blank wood beyond a terminal bud, and let the cut be on the opposite side of the bud.4324. Prune so as to leave as few wounds as possible, and let the surface of every cut be perfectly smooth.4325. In cutting out an old branch, prune it even with the parent limb, that the wound may heal quickly.4326. Prune so as to obtain the quantity of fruit desired on the smallest number of shoots possible.4327. Never prune in frosty weather, nor when a frost is expected.4328. Never prune in the months of March, April, or May; pruning in either of these months causes bleeding, and occasions thereby a wasteful and injurious expenditure of sap.4329. Let the general autumnal pruning take place as soon after the 1st of October as the gathering of the fruit will permit. Lastly. Use a prying-knife of the best description; and let it be, if possible, as sharp as a razor.4330.Curious Properties of some Figures.—To multiply by 2 is the same as to multiply by 10 and divide by 5.4331. Any number of figures you may wish to multiply by5, will give the same result if divided by 2—a much quicker operation than the former; but you must remember to annex a cipher to the answer where there is no remainder, and where there is a remainder annex a 5 to the answer.4332. Thus, multiply 464 by 5, the answer will be 2320; divide the same number by 2, and you have 232, and as there is no remainder you add a cipher. Now, take 357, and multiply by 5—the answer is 1785. On dividing 357 by 2, there is 178, and a remainder; you therefore place 5 at the right of the line, and the result is again 1785.4333. There is something more curious in the properties of the number 9. Any number multiplied by 9 produces a sum of figures which, added together, continually makes 9. For example, all the first multiples of 9, as 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, sum up 9 each. Each of them multiplied by any number whatever produces a similar result; as 8 times 81 are 648, these added together make 18, 1 and 8 are 9. Multiply 648 by itself, the product is 419,904—the sum of these digits is 27, 2 and 7 are 9. The rule is invariable.4334. Take any number whatever and multiply it by 9; or any multiple of 9, and the sum will consist of figures which, added together, continually number 9. As 17 × 19 = 306, 6 and 3 are 9; 117 × 27 = 3159, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9; 4591 × 72 = 330,552, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9. Again, 87,363 × 54 = 4,717,422; added together, the product is 27, or 2 and 7 are 9, and so always.4335.Technical terms relative to Books, Engravings, etc:4336. Books are distinguished according to the number of pages in a sheet of the paper on which they are printed; as,twoleaves, four pages,folio;fourleaves, eight pages,quarto, or4to.;eightleaves, sixteen pages,octavo, or8vo.;twelveleaves, twenty-four pages,twelves,duodecimo, or12mo.;sixteenleaves, thirty-two pages,sixteens, or16mo.;eighteenleaves, thirty-six pages,octodecimo,eighteens, or18mo.4337. Thesizeof a book is determined by the size ordesignation of a sheet of the paper on which it is printed; asfoolscap 4to., or8vo.;post 8vo.;demy 8vo;royal 8vo.&c.4338. The letters A, B, C, D, &c., and the letters and figures, A 2, A 3, A 4, &c., at the bottoms of the first, third, fifth, seventh, &c., pages of printed sheets, are marks for directing the printer, bookseller, and bookbinder in collecting, collating, folding and placing the sheets in proper order. These marks are usually termedsignatures.4339. When the page of a book is divided into two or more parts by a line or lines, or blank spaces, running from the top to the bottom, each division is called acolumn. This work is printed incolumns.4340.Vignetteis a French term, designating the ornamental engraving, without a border, which is sometimes placed in the title-page of a book, at the head or termination of a chapter, &c.4341.Xylographyis the art of engraving upon wood;etching,mezzotinto,aquatinta, are varieties of the art of engraving upon copper. Until within these few years, copper and wood were the substances employed by engravers for book illustrations. For certain purposes, wood (box-wood) continues in the highest repute: but copper has been in a great measure superseded by steel, where a large number of impressions is required.4342.Electrographyis a newly-discovered electrical process, by which one copper plate may be expeditiously produced, infac similefrom another.4343.Glyphographyis a somewhat similar process, by which, through the action of thevoltaic battery, plates may be obtained from drawings, affording impressionsad libitum.4344.Lithographyis the art of taking impressions from drawings or writings made on prepared and highly-polished calcareous stone.4345.Zincographyis an adaptation of the same principleto plates of zinc. All these processes are now extensively employed in the illustrations of books for various purposes.LAWS—IMPORTANCE OF LAWS.4346. Every citizen should earnestly and constantly bear in mind the important fact, that his only safety for person, property, liberty and life, is in the absolute supremacy of the constitution and the laws.4347.Betting on Elections.—This is an extensive and pernicious evil, alike injurious to the citizen and to the purity of elections. All are interested in its suppression; let all then unite in getting up and presenting petitions to the several State legislatures for the passage of a law similar to that introduced into the Legislature of Missouri against betters and stakeholders, and fining both to the amount of money or property bet. Also punishing by fine any person who may publish a bet, or assist in any way in making it.4348. A decision in Ohio makes proprietors of stages responsible for passengers' baggage, notwithstanding their caution of "All baggage at the risk of the owners."4349.A Non-resident.—A person having a place of business in a city or town, and boarding and lodging in another, is a non-resident in his place of business.4350. Titles of land derived under sales for taxes are declared good by Supreme Court of Illinois.4351. A salesman receiving a per centage is not thereby constituted a partner.4352. Breach of trust is where valuables are received in the course of employment, for or in the name of the employer, and embezzled; but if the valuables have come to the possession of the employer, the offense is larceny.4353. A husband is liable for goods furnished his wife, if,from ill-treatment or other sufficient cause, she does not live with him; but if she leave him from unjustifiable causes, he is not liable even for necessaries, whether the tradesman knows of such separation or not.4354. Erasing or altering an endorsement on a note is forgery.4355. A town is liable for damages occasioned by any obstruction placed on the road by human agency, and is bound to make roads safe and convenient for travelers.4356.Common Carriers.—The owners of a steamboat are responsible to shippers of goods as common carriers. Common carriers, if they make a wrong delivery, are responsible for any loss.4357. The owners of goods must have them properly marked, and entered in carriers' books; and if he neglects to do it, he must bear the loss.4358. An account current rendered, and accepted without objection being made in a reasonable time, precludes objection afterward, and makes it a stated account.4359. A will dictated and taken down in pencil only, and signed by two witnesses, is valid, if deceased was in sound mind when he gave the instructions.4360.Wills.—A will is an instrument in writing, executed in form of law, by which a person makes a disposition of his property, to take effect after his death.4361. A codicil is a supplement or addition to a will, and by which the will is altered, explained or added to, but in no case wholly revoked.4362. A bequest to a subscribing of a will is void.4363. Let every man about to make a will endeavor to make it as concise as possible; and if he employs a lawyer, agree to pay him, not by the length, but by the transaction.Let him keep in his mind that every trust or use he creates, also creates the danger of a lawsuit.Every will should be dated on the day it is executed.4364. It is also of the first importance that it should beprepared without blot or alteration, or erasure, for it is an instrument that may not come into operation for many years—of a surety not until the party best capable of explaining it, the testator himself, is removed from the scene of evidence, and possibly not until both the writer of it, and the witnesses, have either ceased to exist, or whose locality is not to be traced.4365.Homestead Exemption.—It has been truly, as well as eloquently said, that "Women are the Corinthian pillars that adorn and support society; the institutions that protect women throw a shield also around children; and where women and children are provided for, man must be secure in his rights."4366. From this radical law of society, which makes the best interests of humanity dependent on the integrity and comfort of the Homes of the People, arises the necessity that legislation should protect the sacredness, and insure the safety of the places where women and children dwell. We hope that every State in our broad land will take heed of this paramount duty.The following extracts exhibit the various qualifications of the Homestead Exemption Laws now in force in the several States named:—4367.Maine.—A lot of land, a dwelling-house, and out-buildings thereon, or so much thereof as shall not exceed $5000 in value.4368.Vermont.—The homestead of every housekeeper, or head of a family, to the value of $500, and the yearly products thereof.4369.Massachusetts.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.4370.New York.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.4371.Maryland.—All real estate acquired by marriage during the life of a wife, from execution for debt of husband.4372.Georgia.—Twenty acres of land, including dwelling and improvements, not to exceed $200; and the additional amount of five acres for each child under fifteen years of age.4373.Florida.—Forty acres of land, when not in any town or city, and provided such does not exceed in value $400.4374.Alabama.—Forty acres of land to every farmer; and to every housekeeper, residing in a town or city, a house and lot not to exceed $3000 in value.4375.Texas.—Two hundred acres of land (when not in any town lots), not to exceed $2000 in value.4376.Ohio.—Every family a homestead not to exceed $500 in value.4377.Michigan.—Forty acres, with dwelling-house and appurtenance, when not in town or city; if in town or city, a lot or dwelling-house not to exceed in value $1500.4378.Illinois.—Lot of ground and building occupied as a residence, not exceeding in value $1000.4379.Iowa.—Forty acres of land, not in town or city, or a town or city lot not exceeding in amount one-fourth of an acre.4380.California.—The homestead, consisting of a quantity of land, together with the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not exceeding in value the sum of $5000.4381.New Jersey.—A homestead to each head of a family, being the family residence, to the value of $500; not to be assets in the hands of an administrator, but to remain for the benefit of the widow, and until the maturity of the minor child.4382.South Carolina.—A homestead of fifty acres of land, including the dwelling-house and appurtenances, not to exceed $500 in value, and to extend to any property situated within the limits of any city or town corporate.4383.Arkansashas an homestead exemption.4384.Pennsylvania.—The amount of $300, in real or personal property.4385. Other States may have exemption laws, but I have not found any record.4386.Naturalization Laws.—Congress alone has power to make or regulate the laws of naturalization.4387. An alien must renounce, in court, allegiance, &c., to any foreign power, and declare his intention of becoming a citizen at least two years before admission. Must swear to support the Constitution, renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility, and must have resided five years in the country, and satisfy the court that he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same.4388. Children of naturalized citizens, if under twenty-one years of age at the time of their parents' naturalization, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens. An alien, having declared his intention, and dying before he was naturalized, his widow and children, on taking the oaths prescribed, shall be entitled to all the rights of citizenship.4389.Receipts.—A receipt is not conclusive evidence of payment, but it throws the burden of proof upon him who attempts to impeach it.4390. Receipts may be either in full of all demands, for a special account, in part payment of an account, or for a special purpose.4391. The arrangement of the wording of a receipt is not important, if the object and time be distinctly stated in it.4392. A general receipt "in full of all demands" is a discharge of all debts except special debts under seal.4393. The legality of signatures in pencil has ever been questioned.4394. Account books, notes or receipts, written in pencil, would not be respected in any law court.4395. In those States in which exemption laws are enforced, the drawer of a promissory note may expressly waive all right of benefit from those laws. Conditions which the subscriber may add to a "note of promise," if accepted by the receiver, holds good in every State, unless they directly contravene local laws.PHRENOLOGY.4396. The word is derived from two Greek words, signifyingmindanddoctrineordiscourse.4397.Phrenologydesignates that system of mental philosophy which treats of the special manifestation of minds.4398.Phrenologyteaches that the faculties of the mind have, each one, its special organ or place in the brain; and that these organs, in their aggregate, constitute the brain. Therefore the brain is the organ of the mind.4399.Powers of Mind.—These are manifested by the size and developments of the brain—when temperament, health, and opportunities are equal.4400. The size of each organ measures the power of the faculty which is exercised by means of it.4401. Each organ desires its own active gratification inproportion to its development, the larger controlling the smaller.4402. This is a brief outline of the science or study. The general principles are, more or less, interwoven into our literature, and influence our systems of education; therefore the following may be found interesting and curious, if not useful.4403.Heads:—The 35 regions of the brain4404.Faculties of the Mind.4405.Of the Feelings or Affective Faculties, usually styledpropensities.4406.Alimentativeness—Gives appetite for food. It has been a question whether this organ was in the brain or the stomach, therefore it is not numbered on the head.4407.    1.Amativeness—Produces sexual love, desire, physical love.4408.    2.Philoprogenitiveness—Love of children and young beings.4409.    3.Concentrativeness—Continues the mind on emotion or ideas.4410.    4.Adhesiveness—Friendship, sociability, attachment generally.4411.    5.Combativeness—Courage, opposition, intrepidity, quarrelsomeness.4412.    6.Destructiveness—Desire to destroy, torment; harshness, cruelty.4413.    7.Secretiveness—Concealment, prudence, cunning, hypocrisy.4414.    8.Acquisitiveness—Desire to acquire property; avarice, selfishness.4415.    9.Constructiveness—Mechanical genius, desire to build.SENTIMENTS—INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR.4416.    10.Self-Esteem—Self-respect, personal dignity, pride, haughtiness.4417.    11.Approbativeness—Thirst for praise, fame, or glory; ambition, vanity.4418.    12.Cautiousness—Circumspection, timidity, fear, despondency.4419.    13.Benevolence—Universal charity, mildness of disposition.4420.    14.Veneration—Reverence, superstitious adoration, bigotry.4421.    15.Firmness—Determination, perseverance, obstinacy, resolution.4422.    16.Conscientiousness—Love of truth, sense of justice, duty.4423.    17.Hope—Expects future good; cherishes faith, love of scheming.4424.    18.Wonder—Desire of novelty, belief in the supernatural.4425.    19.Ideality—Love of the beautiful, or excellent, poetic feeling.4426.    20.Mirthfulness—Wit, humor, glee, love of the ludicrous.4427.    21.Imitation—Expression in arts, or action; mimicry.INTELLECT, OR KNOWING AND REFLECTING FACULTIES.4428.    22.Individuality—Observes existences, simple facts.4429.    23.Form—Observes configuration and the shape of bodies generally.4430.    24.Size—Gives the idea of space, distance, dimension.4431.    25.Weight—Perceives momentum, resistance, equilibrium.4432.    26.Coloring—Gives perception of colors, and their harmonies.4433.    27.Locality—Gives the idea of relative position, place.4434.    28.Number—Talent for calculation, quickness in figures.4435.    29.Order—Communicates the love of physical arrangement.4436.    30.Eventuality—Observes and remembers occurrences and events.4437.    31.Time—Perceives duration in nature, time in music.4438.    32.Tune—Sense of musical harmony, melody.4439.    33.Language—Verbal memory, fluency in speech or writing.4440.    34.Comparison—Discovers analogies and differences.4441.    35.Causality—Traces the relation of cause and effect.4442.Memoryis merely a degree of activity of the knowing and reflecting organs, each organ enabling the mind to recall the impressions which it served at first to receive.4443.Judgmentis the decision of 34 and 35 upon feelings and ideas furnished by the other faculties.4444. The faculties, in themselves, are instructive; the moral sentiments and intellect being higher than the animal propensities.4445.Temperaments.—These are four in number, viz:—TheNervous, theBilious, theSanguine, and theLymphatic.4446. TheNervoustemperament is known by the person having fine, thin hair, usually brown; thin, pale or fair skin; gray or dark blue eyes; small muscles. Very active.4447. TheBilioustemperament has black hair and eyes, dark or swarthy skin, firm muscles, strong features, and great energy of will.4448. TheSanguinetemperament is fair and florid; happy, healthy countenance; handsome in youth, and hopeful in spirit always.4449. TheLymphatictemperament has soft fat muscles; pale or bloodless complexion; slow and languid in action, and usually dull or very easy in mind.SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN HISTORY.4450. Showing the year in which each State was settled, by what people, the number of square miles, and the capital of each State, etc.4451.Maine.—Settled 1630, by English; 36,000 square miles; capital, Augusta; admitted into the Union 1820.4452.New Hampshire.—Settled 1623, by English; 9,500 square miles; capital, Concord; one of the "Old Thirteen."4453.Massachusetts.—Settled 1620, by English; 7,500 square miles; capital, Boston; one of the "Old Thirteen."4454.Vermont.—Settled 1749, by English; square miles, 10,200; capital, Montpelier; admitted into the Union 1791.4455.Rhode Island.—Settled 1636, by English; 1350 square miles; capital, Providence and Newport; one of the "Old Thirteen."4456.Connecticut.—Settled 1633, by English; 4,760 square miles; capital, Hartford and New Haven; one of the "Old Thirteen."4457.New York.—Settled 1614, by Dutch; square miles, 46,000; capital, Albany; one of the "Old Thirteen."4458.New Jersey.—Settled 1624, by Dutch and Danes; square miles, 8,300; capital, Trenton; one of the "Old Thirteen."4459.Pennsylvania.—Settled 1682, by English; square miles, 44,000; capital, Harrisburg; one of the "Old Thirteen."4460.Delaware.—Settled 1627, by Swedes and Finns; square miles, 2100; capital, Dover; one of the "Old Thirteen."4461.Maryland.—Settled 1634, by English; square miles, 14,000; capital, Annapolis; one of the "Old Thirteen."4462.Virginia.—Settled 1607, by English; square miles, 64,000; capital, Richmond; one of the "Old Thirteen."4463.North Carolina.—Settled 1650, by English; square miles, 48,000; capital, Raleigh; one of the "Old Thirteen."4464.South Carolina.—Settled 1689, by English; square miles, 24,000; capital, Columbus; one of the "Old Thirteen."4465.Georgia.—Settled 1733, by English; square miles, 60,000; capital, Milledgeville; one of the "Old Thirteen."4466.Florida.—For near two hundred years under Spain, was ceded to the United States in 1819, and the East and West formed one territory in 1822; St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States; Tallahasse is the capital; Pensacola, U. S. naval station. Admitted into the Union 1845.4467.Ohio.—Settled 1788, by English; square miles, 39,000; capital, Columbus; admitted into the Union 1802.4468.Indiana.—Settled 1730, by French; square miles, 36,000; capital, Indianapolis; admitted into the Union 1816.4469.Illinois.—Settled 1749, by French; square miles, 52,000; capital, Springfield; admitted into the Union 1818.4470.Missouri.—Settled 1763, by French; square miles, 60,000; capital, Jefferson city; admitted into the Union 1821.4471.Michigan.—Settled 1670, by French; square miles, 65,000; capital, Lansing; admitted into the Union 1836.4472.Iowa.—Settled by emigrants from other of the UnitedStates and Germans; square miles, 150,000; capital, Iowa city; admitted into the Union 1846.4473.Wisconsin.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from New England and Europe; square miles, 80,000; capital, Madison; admitted into the Union 1848.4474.Alabama.—Settled 1713, by French; square miles, 44,000; capital, Montgomery; admitted into the Union 1819.4475.Mississippi.—Settled 1716, by French; square miles, 45,000; capital, Jackson; admitted into the Union 1817.4476.Louisiana.—Settled 1699, by French; square miles, 48,000; capital, Baton Rouge; admitted into the Union 1811.4478.Texas.—Settled 1692, by Spanish; square miles, 240,000; settled by Americans 1821; capital, Austin; admitted into the Union 1845.4479.Arkansas.—Settled by French from Louisiana, and formed part of Missouri in 1819; square miles, 57,000; capital, Little Rock; admitted into the Union 1836.4480.Tennessee.—Settled 1765, by English; square miles, 40,000; capital, Nashville; admitted into the Union 1796.4481.Kentucky.—Settled by Virginians; square miles, 42,000; capital, Frankfort; admitted into the Union 1792.4482.California.—Settled 1769, by Spaniards; ceded to the United States by Mexico, 1848; square miles, 188,000; capital, Sacramento; admitted into the Union 1850.4483.Territories of the United States.4484.Oregon Territory.—Beyond the Rocky Mountains; settled by emigrants from the States; will soon be admittedinto the Union; capital, Oregon city; square miles over 300,000.4485.Minnesota Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, St. Paul; will soon be admitted into the Union.4486.Utah Territory.—Settled by Mormons; capital, Salt Lake city; not to be admitted into the Union with its present institutions.4487.New Mexico Territory.—Settled by Spaniards; ceded to the United States 1849; capital, Santa Fe; will probably soon be admitted into the Union.4488.Washington Territory.—Settled by English; square miles, 257,000; capital, Puget's Sound; very few American settlers.4489.Kansas Territory.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from Missouri and the New England States; capital, Lecompton; will soon be admitted into the Union.4490.Nebraska Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, Omaha city.WORDS OF WASHINGTON.4491. The following rules were found among the early papers of this great hero, patriot and statesman. He wrote them when, probably, about fourteen or fifteen years of age.4492. As these rules were a guide to him, evidently shown in his life and character, so may they influence the conduct of Young America.4493. Rules of civility and decent behavior in company and conversation, written byGeorge Washington.4494. Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.4495. Be no flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be played with.4496. Read no letters, books, or papers in company; but when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. Come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them, unless desired, nor give your opinion of them unasked; also look not nigh when another is writing a letter.4497. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat grave.4498. Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were your enemy.4499. When you meet with one of greater quality than yourself, stop and retire, especially if it be at a door or any strait place, to give way for him to pass.4500. They that are in dignity, or in office, have in all places precedency; but whilst they are young they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth, or other qualities, though they have no public charge.4501. It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom in no sort we ought to begin.4502. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive.4503. In visiting the sick, do not presently play the physician, if you be not knowing therein.4504. In writing, or speaking, give to every person his due title, according to his degree and the custom of the place.4505. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty.4506. Undertake not to teach your equal in the art he himself professes; it savors of arrogance.4507. When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it.4508. Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private; presently or at some other time; in what terms to do it; and in reproving show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness.4509. Take all admonitions thankfully, in what time or place soever given; but afterward, not being culpable, take a time or place convenient to let him know it that gave them.4510. Mock not, nor jest at any thing of importance; break no jests that are sharp-biting; and if you deliver any thing witty and pleasant, abstain from laughing thereat yourself.4511. Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself; for example is more prevalent than precepts.4512. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.4513. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any.4514. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than to procure admiration; keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly with respect to times and places.4515. Associate yourselves with men of good quality, if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.4516. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret.4517. Utter not base or frivolous things amongst grave and learned men; nor very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant; nor things hard to be believed.4518. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak not of melancholy things, as death, and wounds; and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your intimate friend.4519. Break not a jest where none takes pleasure in mirth; laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. Deride no man's misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.4520. Speak not injurious words neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none, although they give occasion.4521. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the first to salute, hear, and answer; and be not pensive when it is a time to converse.4522. Detract not from others, neither be excessive in commending.4523. If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your own opinion; in things indifferent, be of the major side.4524. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.4525. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended.4526. Make no comparisons; and if any of the company be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the same.4527. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, name not your author always. A secret discover not.4528. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise.4529. In disputes be not so desirous to overcome as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, and submit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute.4530. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.4531. Be not angry at table, whatever happens; and if you have reason to be so, show it not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish of meat a feast.4532. When you speak of God, or his attributes, let it be seriously in reverence. Honor and obey your natural parents, although they be poor.4533. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.4534. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.USEFUL FAMILY TABLES.WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.4535. A—Measure of Length.12Inches=1 Foot,3Feet"1 Yard,5½Yards"1 Rod, or Pole,40Poles"1 Furlong,8Furlongs"1 Mile,691/51Miles"1 Degree of Great Circle of Earth.4536. An inch is the smallest lineal measure to which a name is given, but subdivisions are used for many purposes. Among mechanics the inch is commonly divided intoeighths. By the officers of the revenue, and by scientific persons, it is divided intotenths,hundredths, &c. Formerly it was made to consist of twelve parts called lines.4537. B.—Particular Measures of Length.A Nail=2¼inches}}Used for measuring Cloth}of all kinds.}Quarter"4NailsYard"4QuartersEll"5QuartersHand"4Inches,used for the height of Horses.Fathom"6Feet,used in measuring depths.Link"7In. 92 hdths.}Used in Land Measure to}facilitate computation of} being equal to an acre.Chain"100Links4538. C.—Measure of Surface.144Square Inches=1 Square Foot9Square Feet"1 Square Yard30¼Square Yards"1 Perch, or Rod40Perches"1 Rood4Roods"1 Acre640Acres"1 Square Mile.4539. D.—Measures of Solidity and Capacity.DIVISION I.—SOLIDITY.1728Cubic Inches=1 Cubic Foot27Cubic Feet"1 Cubic YardDIVISION II.—CAPACITY.4 Gills=1 Pint=34⅔cubic inches nearly.2 Pints"1 Quart"69½"4 Quarts"1 Gallon"277¼"2 Gallons"1 Peck"554½"8 Gallons"1 Bushel"2218¼"8 Bushels"1 Quarter"10¼cubic feet nearly.5 Quarters"1 Load"51½"4540. The four last denominations are used for dry goods only. For liquids several denominations have been heretofore adopted, viz.:—for Beer, the Firkin of 9 gallons, the Kilderkin, of 18, the Barrel, of 36, the Hogshead, of 54, and the Butt, of 108 gallons. These will probably continue to be used in practice. For Wine and Spirits, there are the Anker, Runlet, Tierce, Hogshead, Puncheon, Pipe, Butt, and Tun; but these may be considered rather as the names of the casksin which such commodities are imported, than as expressing any definite number of gallons. It is the practice to gauge all such vessels, and to charge them according to their actual content.4541. Flour is sold nominally by measure, but actually by weight, reckoned at 7 lbs. Avoirdupois to a gallon.4542. E.—Measure of Avoirdupois Weight.2711/32Grains=1 Dram=2711/32grains16Drams"1 Ounce"437½"16Ounces"1 Pound (lb.)"7000"28Pounds"1 Quarter (qr.)4Quarters"1 Hundred-weight (cwt.)20Cwt."1 Ton.This weight is used in almost all commercial transactions, and in the common dealings of life.A Firkin of Butter56 lb.A Barrel of Soap256 lb.------------- Soap64 "-----------   Raisins112 "A Barrel of Anchovies30 "A Fother of Lead19½ cwt.4543. F.—Measures of Pounds.The following table of the number of pounds of various articles to a bushel, may be of interest to some of our farming friends.Wheat60 lbs.is 1 bus.Clover Seed60 lbs.is 1 bus.Shelled Corn46"     "Timothy seed45"     "Corn in cob70"     "Flax Seed56"     "Oats35"     "Hemp Seed44"     "Barley48"     "Buckwheat42"     "Potatoes60"     "Blue grass seed14"     "Beans60"     "Castor Beans46"     "Bran20"     "4544. G.—Measures for Housekeepers.[D]Wheat Flour,1 lb.is1 quartIndian Meal,1 "2 oz."1    "Butter, when soft,1 ""1    "Loaf Sugar, broken1 ""1    "White Sugar, powdered1 "1 oz."1    "Best Brown Sugar,1 "2 oz."1    "Eggs,10eggsare1 lb.Flour,8quarts"1 peck.Flour,4pecks"1 bus.4545.[E]LIQUIDS.16large table-spoonsfularehalf a pint8large table-spoonsfulareone gill4large table-spoonsfularehalf a gill2gillsarehalf a pint2pintsareone quart4quartsareone gallonAcommon-sized tumbler holdshalf a pintAcommon-sized wine-glass holdshalf a gill25drops are equal toone teaspoonfulFOOTNOTES:[A]"A Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Women."[B]The rural population of America is now over twenty millions.[C]See "Mrs. Hale's New Cook Book."[D]By the above method, persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the articles wanted to form any receipt, without the trouble of weighing. Allowance to be made for an extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured.[E]The Nurse will find this manner of measuring liquids very convenient; to the housekeeper it will be of importance. A similar "Table of Weights and Measures" is prefixed to the "New Cook Book;" and to that work of mine the patrons of this "Receipt Book" are referred for information on all matters of "household good," not found, or not fully explained in this treatise. The two volumes are intended as family companions, and will, I trust, be usually found together.S. J. H.

4300. Because it is deprived of its due proportion of oxygen, and laden with carbonic acid.4301. How is the air of a room affected thus by a crowd?4302. The elements of the air (inhaled by the breath) are separated in the lungs;—the oxygen is converted in the blood into carbonic acid; and the carbonic acid (together with the nitrogen) is then thrown off by the breath into the room.4303. Why is country air more pure than the air in cities?4304. 1. Because there are fewer inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. There are more trees to restore the equilibrium of the vitiated air: and 3. The free circulation of air keeps it pure and wholesome; in the same way as running streams are pure and wholesome, while stagnant waters are the contrary.4305. Why does the scantiness of a country population render the country air more pure?4306. Because the fewer the inhabitants the less carbonic acid will be exhaled; and thus country people inhale pure oxygen, instead of air impregnated with the narcotic poison, called carbonic acid gas.4307. Why do trees and flowers help to make country air wholesome?4308. 1. Because trees and flowers absorb the carbonic acid generated by the lungs of animals, putrid substances, and other noxious exhalations: and 2. Trees and flowers restore to the air the oxygen which has been inhaled by man and other animals.4309. Why is the air of cities less wholesome than the country air?4310. 1. Because there are more inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. The sewers, drains, bins, and filth of a city, very greatly vitiate the air: 3. The streets and alleys prevent a free circulation: and 4. Besides all this, there are fewer trees to absorb the excess of carbonic acid gas, and restore the equilibrium.4311. Why are persons who live in close rooms and crowded cities generally sickly?4312. Because the air they breathe is not pure, but is (in the first place) defective in oxygen: and (in the second) impregnated with carbonic acid gas.4313. Where does the carbonic acid of close rooms and cities come from?4314. From the lungs of the inhabitants, the sewers, drains, and other like places, in which organic substances are undergoing decomposition.4315. What becomes of the carbonic acid of crowded cities?4316. Some of it is absorbed by vegetables; and the rest is blown away by the wind, and diffused through the whole volume of the air.4317. Does not this constant diffusion of carbonic acid affect the purity of the whole air?4318. No; because it is wafted by the wind from place to place, and absorbed in its passage by the vegetable world.4319. What is choke damp?4320. Carbonic acid gas accumulated at the bottom of wells and pits, which renders them noxious, and often fatal to life.4321.Offensive Cesspools.—Sulphate of zinc can be purchased of any druggist, in the form of a salt, and a pound of it dissolved in two pails of warm water and thrown into an offensive cesspool, will soon deodorize it.4322.Directions for Pruning Vines.—In pruning always cut upward, and in a sloping direction.4323. Always leave an inch of blank wood beyond a terminal bud, and let the cut be on the opposite side of the bud.4324. Prune so as to leave as few wounds as possible, and let the surface of every cut be perfectly smooth.4325. In cutting out an old branch, prune it even with the parent limb, that the wound may heal quickly.4326. Prune so as to obtain the quantity of fruit desired on the smallest number of shoots possible.4327. Never prune in frosty weather, nor when a frost is expected.4328. Never prune in the months of March, April, or May; pruning in either of these months causes bleeding, and occasions thereby a wasteful and injurious expenditure of sap.4329. Let the general autumnal pruning take place as soon after the 1st of October as the gathering of the fruit will permit. Lastly. Use a prying-knife of the best description; and let it be, if possible, as sharp as a razor.4330.Curious Properties of some Figures.—To multiply by 2 is the same as to multiply by 10 and divide by 5.4331. Any number of figures you may wish to multiply by5, will give the same result if divided by 2—a much quicker operation than the former; but you must remember to annex a cipher to the answer where there is no remainder, and where there is a remainder annex a 5 to the answer.4332. Thus, multiply 464 by 5, the answer will be 2320; divide the same number by 2, and you have 232, and as there is no remainder you add a cipher. Now, take 357, and multiply by 5—the answer is 1785. On dividing 357 by 2, there is 178, and a remainder; you therefore place 5 at the right of the line, and the result is again 1785.4333. There is something more curious in the properties of the number 9. Any number multiplied by 9 produces a sum of figures which, added together, continually makes 9. For example, all the first multiples of 9, as 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, sum up 9 each. Each of them multiplied by any number whatever produces a similar result; as 8 times 81 are 648, these added together make 18, 1 and 8 are 9. Multiply 648 by itself, the product is 419,904—the sum of these digits is 27, 2 and 7 are 9. The rule is invariable.4334. Take any number whatever and multiply it by 9; or any multiple of 9, and the sum will consist of figures which, added together, continually number 9. As 17 × 19 = 306, 6 and 3 are 9; 117 × 27 = 3159, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9; 4591 × 72 = 330,552, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9. Again, 87,363 × 54 = 4,717,422; added together, the product is 27, or 2 and 7 are 9, and so always.4335.Technical terms relative to Books, Engravings, etc:4336. Books are distinguished according to the number of pages in a sheet of the paper on which they are printed; as,twoleaves, four pages,folio;fourleaves, eight pages,quarto, or4to.;eightleaves, sixteen pages,octavo, or8vo.;twelveleaves, twenty-four pages,twelves,duodecimo, or12mo.;sixteenleaves, thirty-two pages,sixteens, or16mo.;eighteenleaves, thirty-six pages,octodecimo,eighteens, or18mo.4337. Thesizeof a book is determined by the size ordesignation of a sheet of the paper on which it is printed; asfoolscap 4to., or8vo.;post 8vo.;demy 8vo;royal 8vo.&c.4338. The letters A, B, C, D, &c., and the letters and figures, A 2, A 3, A 4, &c., at the bottoms of the first, third, fifth, seventh, &c., pages of printed sheets, are marks for directing the printer, bookseller, and bookbinder in collecting, collating, folding and placing the sheets in proper order. These marks are usually termedsignatures.4339. When the page of a book is divided into two or more parts by a line or lines, or blank spaces, running from the top to the bottom, each division is called acolumn. This work is printed incolumns.4340.Vignetteis a French term, designating the ornamental engraving, without a border, which is sometimes placed in the title-page of a book, at the head or termination of a chapter, &c.4341.Xylographyis the art of engraving upon wood;etching,mezzotinto,aquatinta, are varieties of the art of engraving upon copper. Until within these few years, copper and wood were the substances employed by engravers for book illustrations. For certain purposes, wood (box-wood) continues in the highest repute: but copper has been in a great measure superseded by steel, where a large number of impressions is required.4342.Electrographyis a newly-discovered electrical process, by which one copper plate may be expeditiously produced, infac similefrom another.4343.Glyphographyis a somewhat similar process, by which, through the action of thevoltaic battery, plates may be obtained from drawings, affording impressionsad libitum.4344.Lithographyis the art of taking impressions from drawings or writings made on prepared and highly-polished calcareous stone.4345.Zincographyis an adaptation of the same principleto plates of zinc. All these processes are now extensively employed in the illustrations of books for various purposes.LAWS—IMPORTANCE OF LAWS.4346. Every citizen should earnestly and constantly bear in mind the important fact, that his only safety for person, property, liberty and life, is in the absolute supremacy of the constitution and the laws.4347.Betting on Elections.—This is an extensive and pernicious evil, alike injurious to the citizen and to the purity of elections. All are interested in its suppression; let all then unite in getting up and presenting petitions to the several State legislatures for the passage of a law similar to that introduced into the Legislature of Missouri against betters and stakeholders, and fining both to the amount of money or property bet. Also punishing by fine any person who may publish a bet, or assist in any way in making it.4348. A decision in Ohio makes proprietors of stages responsible for passengers' baggage, notwithstanding their caution of "All baggage at the risk of the owners."4349.A Non-resident.—A person having a place of business in a city or town, and boarding and lodging in another, is a non-resident in his place of business.4350. Titles of land derived under sales for taxes are declared good by Supreme Court of Illinois.4351. A salesman receiving a per centage is not thereby constituted a partner.4352. Breach of trust is where valuables are received in the course of employment, for or in the name of the employer, and embezzled; but if the valuables have come to the possession of the employer, the offense is larceny.4353. A husband is liable for goods furnished his wife, if,from ill-treatment or other sufficient cause, she does not live with him; but if she leave him from unjustifiable causes, he is not liable even for necessaries, whether the tradesman knows of such separation or not.4354. Erasing or altering an endorsement on a note is forgery.4355. A town is liable for damages occasioned by any obstruction placed on the road by human agency, and is bound to make roads safe and convenient for travelers.4356.Common Carriers.—The owners of a steamboat are responsible to shippers of goods as common carriers. Common carriers, if they make a wrong delivery, are responsible for any loss.4357. The owners of goods must have them properly marked, and entered in carriers' books; and if he neglects to do it, he must bear the loss.4358. An account current rendered, and accepted without objection being made in a reasonable time, precludes objection afterward, and makes it a stated account.4359. A will dictated and taken down in pencil only, and signed by two witnesses, is valid, if deceased was in sound mind when he gave the instructions.4360.Wills.—A will is an instrument in writing, executed in form of law, by which a person makes a disposition of his property, to take effect after his death.4361. A codicil is a supplement or addition to a will, and by which the will is altered, explained or added to, but in no case wholly revoked.4362. A bequest to a subscribing of a will is void.4363. Let every man about to make a will endeavor to make it as concise as possible; and if he employs a lawyer, agree to pay him, not by the length, but by the transaction.Let him keep in his mind that every trust or use he creates, also creates the danger of a lawsuit.Every will should be dated on the day it is executed.4364. It is also of the first importance that it should beprepared without blot or alteration, or erasure, for it is an instrument that may not come into operation for many years—of a surety not until the party best capable of explaining it, the testator himself, is removed from the scene of evidence, and possibly not until both the writer of it, and the witnesses, have either ceased to exist, or whose locality is not to be traced.4365.Homestead Exemption.—It has been truly, as well as eloquently said, that "Women are the Corinthian pillars that adorn and support society; the institutions that protect women throw a shield also around children; and where women and children are provided for, man must be secure in his rights."4366. From this radical law of society, which makes the best interests of humanity dependent on the integrity and comfort of the Homes of the People, arises the necessity that legislation should protect the sacredness, and insure the safety of the places where women and children dwell. We hope that every State in our broad land will take heed of this paramount duty.The following extracts exhibit the various qualifications of the Homestead Exemption Laws now in force in the several States named:—4367.Maine.—A lot of land, a dwelling-house, and out-buildings thereon, or so much thereof as shall not exceed $5000 in value.4368.Vermont.—The homestead of every housekeeper, or head of a family, to the value of $500, and the yearly products thereof.4369.Massachusetts.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.4370.New York.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.4371.Maryland.—All real estate acquired by marriage during the life of a wife, from execution for debt of husband.4372.Georgia.—Twenty acres of land, including dwelling and improvements, not to exceed $200; and the additional amount of five acres for each child under fifteen years of age.4373.Florida.—Forty acres of land, when not in any town or city, and provided such does not exceed in value $400.4374.Alabama.—Forty acres of land to every farmer; and to every housekeeper, residing in a town or city, a house and lot not to exceed $3000 in value.4375.Texas.—Two hundred acres of land (when not in any town lots), not to exceed $2000 in value.4376.Ohio.—Every family a homestead not to exceed $500 in value.4377.Michigan.—Forty acres, with dwelling-house and appurtenance, when not in town or city; if in town or city, a lot or dwelling-house not to exceed in value $1500.4378.Illinois.—Lot of ground and building occupied as a residence, not exceeding in value $1000.4379.Iowa.—Forty acres of land, not in town or city, or a town or city lot not exceeding in amount one-fourth of an acre.4380.California.—The homestead, consisting of a quantity of land, together with the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not exceeding in value the sum of $5000.4381.New Jersey.—A homestead to each head of a family, being the family residence, to the value of $500; not to be assets in the hands of an administrator, but to remain for the benefit of the widow, and until the maturity of the minor child.4382.South Carolina.—A homestead of fifty acres of land, including the dwelling-house and appurtenances, not to exceed $500 in value, and to extend to any property situated within the limits of any city or town corporate.4383.Arkansashas an homestead exemption.4384.Pennsylvania.—The amount of $300, in real or personal property.4385. Other States may have exemption laws, but I have not found any record.4386.Naturalization Laws.—Congress alone has power to make or regulate the laws of naturalization.4387. An alien must renounce, in court, allegiance, &c., to any foreign power, and declare his intention of becoming a citizen at least two years before admission. Must swear to support the Constitution, renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility, and must have resided five years in the country, and satisfy the court that he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same.4388. Children of naturalized citizens, if under twenty-one years of age at the time of their parents' naturalization, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens. An alien, having declared his intention, and dying before he was naturalized, his widow and children, on taking the oaths prescribed, shall be entitled to all the rights of citizenship.4389.Receipts.—A receipt is not conclusive evidence of payment, but it throws the burden of proof upon him who attempts to impeach it.4390. Receipts may be either in full of all demands, for a special account, in part payment of an account, or for a special purpose.4391. The arrangement of the wording of a receipt is not important, if the object and time be distinctly stated in it.4392. A general receipt "in full of all demands" is a discharge of all debts except special debts under seal.4393. The legality of signatures in pencil has ever been questioned.4394. Account books, notes or receipts, written in pencil, would not be respected in any law court.4395. In those States in which exemption laws are enforced, the drawer of a promissory note may expressly waive all right of benefit from those laws. Conditions which the subscriber may add to a "note of promise," if accepted by the receiver, holds good in every State, unless they directly contravene local laws.PHRENOLOGY.4396. The word is derived from two Greek words, signifyingmindanddoctrineordiscourse.4397.Phrenologydesignates that system of mental philosophy which treats of the special manifestation of minds.4398.Phrenologyteaches that the faculties of the mind have, each one, its special organ or place in the brain; and that these organs, in their aggregate, constitute the brain. Therefore the brain is the organ of the mind.4399.Powers of Mind.—These are manifested by the size and developments of the brain—when temperament, health, and opportunities are equal.

4300. Because it is deprived of its due proportion of oxygen, and laden with carbonic acid.

4301. How is the air of a room affected thus by a crowd?

4302. The elements of the air (inhaled by the breath) are separated in the lungs;—the oxygen is converted in the blood into carbonic acid; and the carbonic acid (together with the nitrogen) is then thrown off by the breath into the room.

4303. Why is country air more pure than the air in cities?

4304. 1. Because there are fewer inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. There are more trees to restore the equilibrium of the vitiated air: and 3. The free circulation of air keeps it pure and wholesome; in the same way as running streams are pure and wholesome, while stagnant waters are the contrary.

4305. Why does the scantiness of a country population render the country air more pure?

4306. Because the fewer the inhabitants the less carbonic acid will be exhaled; and thus country people inhale pure oxygen, instead of air impregnated with the narcotic poison, called carbonic acid gas.

4307. Why do trees and flowers help to make country air wholesome?

4308. 1. Because trees and flowers absorb the carbonic acid generated by the lungs of animals, putrid substances, and other noxious exhalations: and 2. Trees and flowers restore to the air the oxygen which has been inhaled by man and other animals.

4309. Why is the air of cities less wholesome than the country air?

4310. 1. Because there are more inhabitants to vitiate the air: 2. The sewers, drains, bins, and filth of a city, very greatly vitiate the air: 3. The streets and alleys prevent a free circulation: and 4. Besides all this, there are fewer trees to absorb the excess of carbonic acid gas, and restore the equilibrium.

4311. Why are persons who live in close rooms and crowded cities generally sickly?

4312. Because the air they breathe is not pure, but is (in the first place) defective in oxygen: and (in the second) impregnated with carbonic acid gas.

4313. Where does the carbonic acid of close rooms and cities come from?

4314. From the lungs of the inhabitants, the sewers, drains, and other like places, in which organic substances are undergoing decomposition.

4315. What becomes of the carbonic acid of crowded cities?

4316. Some of it is absorbed by vegetables; and the rest is blown away by the wind, and diffused through the whole volume of the air.

4317. Does not this constant diffusion of carbonic acid affect the purity of the whole air?

4318. No; because it is wafted by the wind from place to place, and absorbed in its passage by the vegetable world.

4319. What is choke damp?

4320. Carbonic acid gas accumulated at the bottom of wells and pits, which renders them noxious, and often fatal to life.

4321.Offensive Cesspools.—Sulphate of zinc can be purchased of any druggist, in the form of a salt, and a pound of it dissolved in two pails of warm water and thrown into an offensive cesspool, will soon deodorize it.

4322.Directions for Pruning Vines.—In pruning always cut upward, and in a sloping direction.

4323. Always leave an inch of blank wood beyond a terminal bud, and let the cut be on the opposite side of the bud.

4324. Prune so as to leave as few wounds as possible, and let the surface of every cut be perfectly smooth.

4325. In cutting out an old branch, prune it even with the parent limb, that the wound may heal quickly.

4326. Prune so as to obtain the quantity of fruit desired on the smallest number of shoots possible.

4327. Never prune in frosty weather, nor when a frost is expected.

4328. Never prune in the months of March, April, or May; pruning in either of these months causes bleeding, and occasions thereby a wasteful and injurious expenditure of sap.

4329. Let the general autumnal pruning take place as soon after the 1st of October as the gathering of the fruit will permit. Lastly. Use a prying-knife of the best description; and let it be, if possible, as sharp as a razor.

4330.Curious Properties of some Figures.—To multiply by 2 is the same as to multiply by 10 and divide by 5.

4331. Any number of figures you may wish to multiply by5, will give the same result if divided by 2—a much quicker operation than the former; but you must remember to annex a cipher to the answer where there is no remainder, and where there is a remainder annex a 5 to the answer.

4332. Thus, multiply 464 by 5, the answer will be 2320; divide the same number by 2, and you have 232, and as there is no remainder you add a cipher. Now, take 357, and multiply by 5—the answer is 1785. On dividing 357 by 2, there is 178, and a remainder; you therefore place 5 at the right of the line, and the result is again 1785.

4333. There is something more curious in the properties of the number 9. Any number multiplied by 9 produces a sum of figures which, added together, continually makes 9. For example, all the first multiples of 9, as 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, sum up 9 each. Each of them multiplied by any number whatever produces a similar result; as 8 times 81 are 648, these added together make 18, 1 and 8 are 9. Multiply 648 by itself, the product is 419,904—the sum of these digits is 27, 2 and 7 are 9. The rule is invariable.

4334. Take any number whatever and multiply it by 9; or any multiple of 9, and the sum will consist of figures which, added together, continually number 9. As 17 × 19 = 306, 6 and 3 are 9; 117 × 27 = 3159, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9; 4591 × 72 = 330,552, the figures sum up 18, 8 and 1 are 9. Again, 87,363 × 54 = 4,717,422; added together, the product is 27, or 2 and 7 are 9, and so always.

4335.Technical terms relative to Books, Engravings, etc:

4336. Books are distinguished according to the number of pages in a sheet of the paper on which they are printed; as,twoleaves, four pages,folio;fourleaves, eight pages,quarto, or4to.;eightleaves, sixteen pages,octavo, or8vo.;twelveleaves, twenty-four pages,twelves,duodecimo, or12mo.;sixteenleaves, thirty-two pages,sixteens, or16mo.;eighteenleaves, thirty-six pages,octodecimo,eighteens, or18mo.

4337. Thesizeof a book is determined by the size ordesignation of a sheet of the paper on which it is printed; asfoolscap 4to., or8vo.;post 8vo.;demy 8vo;royal 8vo.&c.

4338. The letters A, B, C, D, &c., and the letters and figures, A 2, A 3, A 4, &c., at the bottoms of the first, third, fifth, seventh, &c., pages of printed sheets, are marks for directing the printer, bookseller, and bookbinder in collecting, collating, folding and placing the sheets in proper order. These marks are usually termedsignatures.

4339. When the page of a book is divided into two or more parts by a line or lines, or blank spaces, running from the top to the bottom, each division is called acolumn. This work is printed incolumns.

4340.Vignetteis a French term, designating the ornamental engraving, without a border, which is sometimes placed in the title-page of a book, at the head or termination of a chapter, &c.

4341.Xylographyis the art of engraving upon wood;etching,mezzotinto,aquatinta, are varieties of the art of engraving upon copper. Until within these few years, copper and wood were the substances employed by engravers for book illustrations. For certain purposes, wood (box-wood) continues in the highest repute: but copper has been in a great measure superseded by steel, where a large number of impressions is required.

4342.Electrographyis a newly-discovered electrical process, by which one copper plate may be expeditiously produced, infac similefrom another.

4343.Glyphographyis a somewhat similar process, by which, through the action of thevoltaic battery, plates may be obtained from drawings, affording impressionsad libitum.

4344.Lithographyis the art of taking impressions from drawings or writings made on prepared and highly-polished calcareous stone.

4345.Zincographyis an adaptation of the same principleto plates of zinc. All these processes are now extensively employed in the illustrations of books for various purposes.

4346. Every citizen should earnestly and constantly bear in mind the important fact, that his only safety for person, property, liberty and life, is in the absolute supremacy of the constitution and the laws.

4347.Betting on Elections.—This is an extensive and pernicious evil, alike injurious to the citizen and to the purity of elections. All are interested in its suppression; let all then unite in getting up and presenting petitions to the several State legislatures for the passage of a law similar to that introduced into the Legislature of Missouri against betters and stakeholders, and fining both to the amount of money or property bet. Also punishing by fine any person who may publish a bet, or assist in any way in making it.

4348. A decision in Ohio makes proprietors of stages responsible for passengers' baggage, notwithstanding their caution of "All baggage at the risk of the owners."

4349.A Non-resident.—A person having a place of business in a city or town, and boarding and lodging in another, is a non-resident in his place of business.

4350. Titles of land derived under sales for taxes are declared good by Supreme Court of Illinois.

4351. A salesman receiving a per centage is not thereby constituted a partner.

4352. Breach of trust is where valuables are received in the course of employment, for or in the name of the employer, and embezzled; but if the valuables have come to the possession of the employer, the offense is larceny.

4353. A husband is liable for goods furnished his wife, if,from ill-treatment or other sufficient cause, she does not live with him; but if she leave him from unjustifiable causes, he is not liable even for necessaries, whether the tradesman knows of such separation or not.

4354. Erasing or altering an endorsement on a note is forgery.

4355. A town is liable for damages occasioned by any obstruction placed on the road by human agency, and is bound to make roads safe and convenient for travelers.

4356.Common Carriers.—The owners of a steamboat are responsible to shippers of goods as common carriers. Common carriers, if they make a wrong delivery, are responsible for any loss.

4357. The owners of goods must have them properly marked, and entered in carriers' books; and if he neglects to do it, he must bear the loss.

4358. An account current rendered, and accepted without objection being made in a reasonable time, precludes objection afterward, and makes it a stated account.

4359. A will dictated and taken down in pencil only, and signed by two witnesses, is valid, if deceased was in sound mind when he gave the instructions.

4360.Wills.—A will is an instrument in writing, executed in form of law, by which a person makes a disposition of his property, to take effect after his death.

4361. A codicil is a supplement or addition to a will, and by which the will is altered, explained or added to, but in no case wholly revoked.

4362. A bequest to a subscribing of a will is void.

4363. Let every man about to make a will endeavor to make it as concise as possible; and if he employs a lawyer, agree to pay him, not by the length, but by the transaction.Let him keep in his mind that every trust or use he creates, also creates the danger of a lawsuit.Every will should be dated on the day it is executed.

4364. It is also of the first importance that it should beprepared without blot or alteration, or erasure, for it is an instrument that may not come into operation for many years—of a surety not until the party best capable of explaining it, the testator himself, is removed from the scene of evidence, and possibly not until both the writer of it, and the witnesses, have either ceased to exist, or whose locality is not to be traced.

4365.Homestead Exemption.—It has been truly, as well as eloquently said, that "Women are the Corinthian pillars that adorn and support society; the institutions that protect women throw a shield also around children; and where women and children are provided for, man must be secure in his rights."

4366. From this radical law of society, which makes the best interests of humanity dependent on the integrity and comfort of the Homes of the People, arises the necessity that legislation should protect the sacredness, and insure the safety of the places where women and children dwell. We hope that every State in our broad land will take heed of this paramount duty.

The following extracts exhibit the various qualifications of the Homestead Exemption Laws now in force in the several States named:—

4367.Maine.—A lot of land, a dwelling-house, and out-buildings thereon, or so much thereof as shall not exceed $5000 in value.

4368.Vermont.—The homestead of every housekeeper, or head of a family, to the value of $500, and the yearly products thereof.

4369.Massachusetts.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.

4370.New York.—The lot and buildings thereon occupied as a residence, to the value of $5000.

4371.Maryland.—All real estate acquired by marriage during the life of a wife, from execution for debt of husband.

4372.Georgia.—Twenty acres of land, including dwelling and improvements, not to exceed $200; and the additional amount of five acres for each child under fifteen years of age.

4373.Florida.—Forty acres of land, when not in any town or city, and provided such does not exceed in value $400.

4374.Alabama.—Forty acres of land to every farmer; and to every housekeeper, residing in a town or city, a house and lot not to exceed $3000 in value.

4375.Texas.—Two hundred acres of land (when not in any town lots), not to exceed $2000 in value.

4376.Ohio.—Every family a homestead not to exceed $500 in value.

4377.Michigan.—Forty acres, with dwelling-house and appurtenance, when not in town or city; if in town or city, a lot or dwelling-house not to exceed in value $1500.

4378.Illinois.—Lot of ground and building occupied as a residence, not exceeding in value $1000.

4379.Iowa.—Forty acres of land, not in town or city, or a town or city lot not exceeding in amount one-fourth of an acre.

4380.California.—The homestead, consisting of a quantity of land, together with the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances, and not exceeding in value the sum of $5000.

4381.New Jersey.—A homestead to each head of a family, being the family residence, to the value of $500; not to be assets in the hands of an administrator, but to remain for the benefit of the widow, and until the maturity of the minor child.

4382.South Carolina.—A homestead of fifty acres of land, including the dwelling-house and appurtenances, not to exceed $500 in value, and to extend to any property situated within the limits of any city or town corporate.

4383.Arkansashas an homestead exemption.

4384.Pennsylvania.—The amount of $300, in real or personal property.

4385. Other States may have exemption laws, but I have not found any record.

4386.Naturalization Laws.—Congress alone has power to make or regulate the laws of naturalization.

4387. An alien must renounce, in court, allegiance, &c., to any foreign power, and declare his intention of becoming a citizen at least two years before admission. Must swear to support the Constitution, renounce any hereditary title or order of nobility, and must have resided five years in the country, and satisfy the court that he has behaved as a man of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution of the United States, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the same.

4388. Children of naturalized citizens, if under twenty-one years of age at the time of their parents' naturalization, shall, if dwelling in the United States, be considered as citizens. An alien, having declared his intention, and dying before he was naturalized, his widow and children, on taking the oaths prescribed, shall be entitled to all the rights of citizenship.

4389.Receipts.—A receipt is not conclusive evidence of payment, but it throws the burden of proof upon him who attempts to impeach it.

4390. Receipts may be either in full of all demands, for a special account, in part payment of an account, or for a special purpose.

4391. The arrangement of the wording of a receipt is not important, if the object and time be distinctly stated in it.

4392. A general receipt "in full of all demands" is a discharge of all debts except special debts under seal.

4393. The legality of signatures in pencil has ever been questioned.

4394. Account books, notes or receipts, written in pencil, would not be respected in any law court.

4395. In those States in which exemption laws are enforced, the drawer of a promissory note may expressly waive all right of benefit from those laws. Conditions which the subscriber may add to a "note of promise," if accepted by the receiver, holds good in every State, unless they directly contravene local laws.

4396. The word is derived from two Greek words, signifyingmindanddoctrineordiscourse.

4397.Phrenologydesignates that system of mental philosophy which treats of the special manifestation of minds.

4398.Phrenologyteaches that the faculties of the mind have, each one, its special organ or place in the brain; and that these organs, in their aggregate, constitute the brain. Therefore the brain is the organ of the mind.

4399.Powers of Mind.—These are manifested by the size and developments of the brain—when temperament, health, and opportunities are equal.

4400. The size of each organ measures the power of the faculty which is exercised by means of it.4401. Each organ desires its own active gratification inproportion to its development, the larger controlling the smaller.4402. This is a brief outline of the science or study. The general principles are, more or less, interwoven into our literature, and influence our systems of education; therefore the following may be found interesting and curious, if not useful.4403.Heads:—The 35 regions of the brain4404.Faculties of the Mind.4405.Of the Feelings or Affective Faculties, usually styledpropensities.4406.Alimentativeness—Gives appetite for food. It has been a question whether this organ was in the brain or the stomach, therefore it is not numbered on the head.4407.    1.Amativeness—Produces sexual love, desire, physical love.4408.    2.Philoprogenitiveness—Love of children and young beings.4409.    3.Concentrativeness—Continues the mind on emotion or ideas.4410.    4.Adhesiveness—Friendship, sociability, attachment generally.4411.    5.Combativeness—Courage, opposition, intrepidity, quarrelsomeness.4412.    6.Destructiveness—Desire to destroy, torment; harshness, cruelty.4413.    7.Secretiveness—Concealment, prudence, cunning, hypocrisy.4414.    8.Acquisitiveness—Desire to acquire property; avarice, selfishness.4415.    9.Constructiveness—Mechanical genius, desire to build.SENTIMENTS—INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR.4416.    10.Self-Esteem—Self-respect, personal dignity, pride, haughtiness.4417.    11.Approbativeness—Thirst for praise, fame, or glory; ambition, vanity.4418.    12.Cautiousness—Circumspection, timidity, fear, despondency.4419.    13.Benevolence—Universal charity, mildness of disposition.4420.    14.Veneration—Reverence, superstitious adoration, bigotry.4421.    15.Firmness—Determination, perseverance, obstinacy, resolution.4422.    16.Conscientiousness—Love of truth, sense of justice, duty.4423.    17.Hope—Expects future good; cherishes faith, love of scheming.4424.    18.Wonder—Desire of novelty, belief in the supernatural.4425.    19.Ideality—Love of the beautiful, or excellent, poetic feeling.4426.    20.Mirthfulness—Wit, humor, glee, love of the ludicrous.4427.    21.Imitation—Expression in arts, or action; mimicry.INTELLECT, OR KNOWING AND REFLECTING FACULTIES.4428.    22.Individuality—Observes existences, simple facts.4429.    23.Form—Observes configuration and the shape of bodies generally.4430.    24.Size—Gives the idea of space, distance, dimension.4431.    25.Weight—Perceives momentum, resistance, equilibrium.4432.    26.Coloring—Gives perception of colors, and their harmonies.4433.    27.Locality—Gives the idea of relative position, place.4434.    28.Number—Talent for calculation, quickness in figures.4435.    29.Order—Communicates the love of physical arrangement.4436.    30.Eventuality—Observes and remembers occurrences and events.4437.    31.Time—Perceives duration in nature, time in music.4438.    32.Tune—Sense of musical harmony, melody.4439.    33.Language—Verbal memory, fluency in speech or writing.4440.    34.Comparison—Discovers analogies and differences.4441.    35.Causality—Traces the relation of cause and effect.4442.Memoryis merely a degree of activity of the knowing and reflecting organs, each organ enabling the mind to recall the impressions which it served at first to receive.4443.Judgmentis the decision of 34 and 35 upon feelings and ideas furnished by the other faculties.4444. The faculties, in themselves, are instructive; the moral sentiments and intellect being higher than the animal propensities.4445.Temperaments.—These are four in number, viz:—TheNervous, theBilious, theSanguine, and theLymphatic.4446. TheNervoustemperament is known by the person having fine, thin hair, usually brown; thin, pale or fair skin; gray or dark blue eyes; small muscles. Very active.4447. TheBilioustemperament has black hair and eyes, dark or swarthy skin, firm muscles, strong features, and great energy of will.4448. TheSanguinetemperament is fair and florid; happy, healthy countenance; handsome in youth, and hopeful in spirit always.4449. TheLymphatictemperament has soft fat muscles; pale or bloodless complexion; slow and languid in action, and usually dull or very easy in mind.SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN HISTORY.4450. Showing the year in which each State was settled, by what people, the number of square miles, and the capital of each State, etc.4451.Maine.—Settled 1630, by English; 36,000 square miles; capital, Augusta; admitted into the Union 1820.4452.New Hampshire.—Settled 1623, by English; 9,500 square miles; capital, Concord; one of the "Old Thirteen."4453.Massachusetts.—Settled 1620, by English; 7,500 square miles; capital, Boston; one of the "Old Thirteen."4454.Vermont.—Settled 1749, by English; square miles, 10,200; capital, Montpelier; admitted into the Union 1791.4455.Rhode Island.—Settled 1636, by English; 1350 square miles; capital, Providence and Newport; one of the "Old Thirteen."4456.Connecticut.—Settled 1633, by English; 4,760 square miles; capital, Hartford and New Haven; one of the "Old Thirteen."4457.New York.—Settled 1614, by Dutch; square miles, 46,000; capital, Albany; one of the "Old Thirteen."4458.New Jersey.—Settled 1624, by Dutch and Danes; square miles, 8,300; capital, Trenton; one of the "Old Thirteen."4459.Pennsylvania.—Settled 1682, by English; square miles, 44,000; capital, Harrisburg; one of the "Old Thirteen."4460.Delaware.—Settled 1627, by Swedes and Finns; square miles, 2100; capital, Dover; one of the "Old Thirteen."4461.Maryland.—Settled 1634, by English; square miles, 14,000; capital, Annapolis; one of the "Old Thirteen."4462.Virginia.—Settled 1607, by English; square miles, 64,000; capital, Richmond; one of the "Old Thirteen."4463.North Carolina.—Settled 1650, by English; square miles, 48,000; capital, Raleigh; one of the "Old Thirteen."4464.South Carolina.—Settled 1689, by English; square miles, 24,000; capital, Columbus; one of the "Old Thirteen."4465.Georgia.—Settled 1733, by English; square miles, 60,000; capital, Milledgeville; one of the "Old Thirteen."4466.Florida.—For near two hundred years under Spain, was ceded to the United States in 1819, and the East and West formed one territory in 1822; St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States; Tallahasse is the capital; Pensacola, U. S. naval station. Admitted into the Union 1845.4467.Ohio.—Settled 1788, by English; square miles, 39,000; capital, Columbus; admitted into the Union 1802.4468.Indiana.—Settled 1730, by French; square miles, 36,000; capital, Indianapolis; admitted into the Union 1816.4469.Illinois.—Settled 1749, by French; square miles, 52,000; capital, Springfield; admitted into the Union 1818.4470.Missouri.—Settled 1763, by French; square miles, 60,000; capital, Jefferson city; admitted into the Union 1821.4471.Michigan.—Settled 1670, by French; square miles, 65,000; capital, Lansing; admitted into the Union 1836.4472.Iowa.—Settled by emigrants from other of the UnitedStates and Germans; square miles, 150,000; capital, Iowa city; admitted into the Union 1846.4473.Wisconsin.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from New England and Europe; square miles, 80,000; capital, Madison; admitted into the Union 1848.4474.Alabama.—Settled 1713, by French; square miles, 44,000; capital, Montgomery; admitted into the Union 1819.4475.Mississippi.—Settled 1716, by French; square miles, 45,000; capital, Jackson; admitted into the Union 1817.4476.Louisiana.—Settled 1699, by French; square miles, 48,000; capital, Baton Rouge; admitted into the Union 1811.4478.Texas.—Settled 1692, by Spanish; square miles, 240,000; settled by Americans 1821; capital, Austin; admitted into the Union 1845.4479.Arkansas.—Settled by French from Louisiana, and formed part of Missouri in 1819; square miles, 57,000; capital, Little Rock; admitted into the Union 1836.4480.Tennessee.—Settled 1765, by English; square miles, 40,000; capital, Nashville; admitted into the Union 1796.4481.Kentucky.—Settled by Virginians; square miles, 42,000; capital, Frankfort; admitted into the Union 1792.4482.California.—Settled 1769, by Spaniards; ceded to the United States by Mexico, 1848; square miles, 188,000; capital, Sacramento; admitted into the Union 1850.4483.Territories of the United States.4484.Oregon Territory.—Beyond the Rocky Mountains; settled by emigrants from the States; will soon be admittedinto the Union; capital, Oregon city; square miles over 300,000.4485.Minnesota Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, St. Paul; will soon be admitted into the Union.4486.Utah Territory.—Settled by Mormons; capital, Salt Lake city; not to be admitted into the Union with its present institutions.4487.New Mexico Territory.—Settled by Spaniards; ceded to the United States 1849; capital, Santa Fe; will probably soon be admitted into the Union.4488.Washington Territory.—Settled by English; square miles, 257,000; capital, Puget's Sound; very few American settlers.4489.Kansas Territory.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from Missouri and the New England States; capital, Lecompton; will soon be admitted into the Union.4490.Nebraska Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, Omaha city.WORDS OF WASHINGTON.4491. The following rules were found among the early papers of this great hero, patriot and statesman. He wrote them when, probably, about fourteen or fifteen years of age.4492. As these rules were a guide to him, evidently shown in his life and character, so may they influence the conduct of Young America.4493. Rules of civility and decent behavior in company and conversation, written byGeorge Washington.4494. Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.4495. Be no flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be played with.4496. Read no letters, books, or papers in company; but when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. Come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them, unless desired, nor give your opinion of them unasked; also look not nigh when another is writing a letter.4497. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat grave.4498. Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were your enemy.4499. When you meet with one of greater quality than yourself, stop and retire, especially if it be at a door or any strait place, to give way for him to pass.

4400. The size of each organ measures the power of the faculty which is exercised by means of it.

4401. Each organ desires its own active gratification inproportion to its development, the larger controlling the smaller.

4402. This is a brief outline of the science or study. The general principles are, more or less, interwoven into our literature, and influence our systems of education; therefore the following may be found interesting and curious, if not useful.

4403.Heads:—

The 35 regions of the brain

4404.Faculties of the Mind.

4405.Of the Feelings or Affective Faculties, usually styledpropensities.

4406.Alimentativeness—Gives appetite for food. It has been a question whether this organ was in the brain or the stomach, therefore it is not numbered on the head.

4407.    1.Amativeness—Produces sexual love, desire, physical love.

4408.    2.Philoprogenitiveness—Love of children and young beings.

4409.    3.Concentrativeness—Continues the mind on emotion or ideas.

4410.    4.Adhesiveness—Friendship, sociability, attachment generally.

4411.    5.Combativeness—Courage, opposition, intrepidity, quarrelsomeness.

4412.    6.Destructiveness—Desire to destroy, torment; harshness, cruelty.

4413.    7.Secretiveness—Concealment, prudence, cunning, hypocrisy.

4414.    8.Acquisitiveness—Desire to acquire property; avarice, selfishness.

4415.    9.Constructiveness—Mechanical genius, desire to build.

SENTIMENTS—INFERIOR AND SUPERIOR.

4416.    10.Self-Esteem—Self-respect, personal dignity, pride, haughtiness.

4417.    11.Approbativeness—Thirst for praise, fame, or glory; ambition, vanity.

4418.    12.Cautiousness—Circumspection, timidity, fear, despondency.

4419.    13.Benevolence—Universal charity, mildness of disposition.

4420.    14.Veneration—Reverence, superstitious adoration, bigotry.

4421.    15.Firmness—Determination, perseverance, obstinacy, resolution.

4422.    16.Conscientiousness—Love of truth, sense of justice, duty.

4423.    17.Hope—Expects future good; cherishes faith, love of scheming.

4424.    18.Wonder—Desire of novelty, belief in the supernatural.

4425.    19.Ideality—Love of the beautiful, or excellent, poetic feeling.

4426.    20.Mirthfulness—Wit, humor, glee, love of the ludicrous.

4427.    21.Imitation—Expression in arts, or action; mimicry.

INTELLECT, OR KNOWING AND REFLECTING FACULTIES.

4428.    22.Individuality—Observes existences, simple facts.

4429.    23.Form—Observes configuration and the shape of bodies generally.

4430.    24.Size—Gives the idea of space, distance, dimension.

4431.    25.Weight—Perceives momentum, resistance, equilibrium.

4432.    26.Coloring—Gives perception of colors, and their harmonies.

4433.    27.Locality—Gives the idea of relative position, place.

4434.    28.Number—Talent for calculation, quickness in figures.

4435.    29.Order—Communicates the love of physical arrangement.

4436.    30.Eventuality—Observes and remembers occurrences and events.

4437.    31.Time—Perceives duration in nature, time in music.

4438.    32.Tune—Sense of musical harmony, melody.

4439.    33.Language—Verbal memory, fluency in speech or writing.

4440.    34.Comparison—Discovers analogies and differences.

4441.    35.Causality—Traces the relation of cause and effect.

4442.Memoryis merely a degree of activity of the knowing and reflecting organs, each organ enabling the mind to recall the impressions which it served at first to receive.

4443.Judgmentis the decision of 34 and 35 upon feelings and ideas furnished by the other faculties.

4444. The faculties, in themselves, are instructive; the moral sentiments and intellect being higher than the animal propensities.

4445.Temperaments.—These are four in number, viz:—TheNervous, theBilious, theSanguine, and theLymphatic.

4446. TheNervoustemperament is known by the person having fine, thin hair, usually brown; thin, pale or fair skin; gray or dark blue eyes; small muscles. Very active.

4447. TheBilioustemperament has black hair and eyes, dark or swarthy skin, firm muscles, strong features, and great energy of will.

4448. TheSanguinetemperament is fair and florid; happy, healthy countenance; handsome in youth, and hopeful in spirit always.

4449. TheLymphatictemperament has soft fat muscles; pale or bloodless complexion; slow and languid in action, and usually dull or very easy in mind.

4450. Showing the year in which each State was settled, by what people, the number of square miles, and the capital of each State, etc.

4451.Maine.—Settled 1630, by English; 36,000 square miles; capital, Augusta; admitted into the Union 1820.

4452.New Hampshire.—Settled 1623, by English; 9,500 square miles; capital, Concord; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4453.Massachusetts.—Settled 1620, by English; 7,500 square miles; capital, Boston; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4454.Vermont.—Settled 1749, by English; square miles, 10,200; capital, Montpelier; admitted into the Union 1791.

4455.Rhode Island.—Settled 1636, by English; 1350 square miles; capital, Providence and Newport; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4456.Connecticut.—Settled 1633, by English; 4,760 square miles; capital, Hartford and New Haven; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4457.New York.—Settled 1614, by Dutch; square miles, 46,000; capital, Albany; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4458.New Jersey.—Settled 1624, by Dutch and Danes; square miles, 8,300; capital, Trenton; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4459.Pennsylvania.—Settled 1682, by English; square miles, 44,000; capital, Harrisburg; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4460.Delaware.—Settled 1627, by Swedes and Finns; square miles, 2100; capital, Dover; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4461.Maryland.—Settled 1634, by English; square miles, 14,000; capital, Annapolis; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4462.Virginia.—Settled 1607, by English; square miles, 64,000; capital, Richmond; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4463.North Carolina.—Settled 1650, by English; square miles, 48,000; capital, Raleigh; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4464.South Carolina.—Settled 1689, by English; square miles, 24,000; capital, Columbus; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4465.Georgia.—Settled 1733, by English; square miles, 60,000; capital, Milledgeville; one of the "Old Thirteen."

4466.Florida.—For near two hundred years under Spain, was ceded to the United States in 1819, and the East and West formed one territory in 1822; St. Augustine is the oldest town in the United States; Tallahasse is the capital; Pensacola, U. S. naval station. Admitted into the Union 1845.

4467.Ohio.—Settled 1788, by English; square miles, 39,000; capital, Columbus; admitted into the Union 1802.

4468.Indiana.—Settled 1730, by French; square miles, 36,000; capital, Indianapolis; admitted into the Union 1816.

4469.Illinois.—Settled 1749, by French; square miles, 52,000; capital, Springfield; admitted into the Union 1818.

4470.Missouri.—Settled 1763, by French; square miles, 60,000; capital, Jefferson city; admitted into the Union 1821.

4471.Michigan.—Settled 1670, by French; square miles, 65,000; capital, Lansing; admitted into the Union 1836.

4472.Iowa.—Settled by emigrants from other of the UnitedStates and Germans; square miles, 150,000; capital, Iowa city; admitted into the Union 1846.

4473.Wisconsin.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from New England and Europe; square miles, 80,000; capital, Madison; admitted into the Union 1848.

4474.Alabama.—Settled 1713, by French; square miles, 44,000; capital, Montgomery; admitted into the Union 1819.

4475.Mississippi.—Settled 1716, by French; square miles, 45,000; capital, Jackson; admitted into the Union 1817.

4476.Louisiana.—Settled 1699, by French; square miles, 48,000; capital, Baton Rouge; admitted into the Union 1811.

4478.Texas.—Settled 1692, by Spanish; square miles, 240,000; settled by Americans 1821; capital, Austin; admitted into the Union 1845.

4479.Arkansas.—Settled by French from Louisiana, and formed part of Missouri in 1819; square miles, 57,000; capital, Little Rock; admitted into the Union 1836.

4480.Tennessee.—Settled 1765, by English; square miles, 40,000; capital, Nashville; admitted into the Union 1796.

4481.Kentucky.—Settled by Virginians; square miles, 42,000; capital, Frankfort; admitted into the Union 1792.

4482.California.—Settled 1769, by Spaniards; ceded to the United States by Mexico, 1848; square miles, 188,000; capital, Sacramento; admitted into the Union 1850.

4483.Territories of the United States.

4484.Oregon Territory.—Beyond the Rocky Mountains; settled by emigrants from the States; will soon be admittedinto the Union; capital, Oregon city; square miles over 300,000.

4485.Minnesota Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, St. Paul; will soon be admitted into the Union.

4486.Utah Territory.—Settled by Mormons; capital, Salt Lake city; not to be admitted into the Union with its present institutions.

4487.New Mexico Territory.—Settled by Spaniards; ceded to the United States 1849; capital, Santa Fe; will probably soon be admitted into the Union.

4488.Washington Territory.—Settled by English; square miles, 257,000; capital, Puget's Sound; very few American settlers.

4489.Kansas Territory.—Settled by emigrants chiefly from Missouri and the New England States; capital, Lecompton; will soon be admitted into the Union.

4490.Nebraska Territory.—Settled by emigrants from the older States; capital, Omaha city.

4491. The following rules were found among the early papers of this great hero, patriot and statesman. He wrote them when, probably, about fourteen or fifteen years of age.

4492. As these rules were a guide to him, evidently shown in his life and character, so may they influence the conduct of Young America.

4493. Rules of civility and decent behavior in company and conversation, written byGeorge Washington.

4494. Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.

4495. Be no flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be played with.

4496. Read no letters, books, or papers in company; but when there is a necessity for doing it, you must ask leave. Come not near the books or writings of any one so as to read them, unless desired, nor give your opinion of them unasked; also look not nigh when another is writing a letter.

4497. Let your countenance be pleasant, but in serious matters somewhat grave.

4498. Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were your enemy.

4499. When you meet with one of greater quality than yourself, stop and retire, especially if it be at a door or any strait place, to give way for him to pass.

4500. They that are in dignity, or in office, have in all places precedency; but whilst they are young they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth, or other qualities, though they have no public charge.4501. It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom in no sort we ought to begin.4502. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive.4503. In visiting the sick, do not presently play the physician, if you be not knowing therein.4504. In writing, or speaking, give to every person his due title, according to his degree and the custom of the place.4505. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty.4506. Undertake not to teach your equal in the art he himself professes; it savors of arrogance.4507. When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it.4508. Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private; presently or at some other time; in what terms to do it; and in reproving show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness.4509. Take all admonitions thankfully, in what time or place soever given; but afterward, not being culpable, take a time or place convenient to let him know it that gave them.4510. Mock not, nor jest at any thing of importance; break no jests that are sharp-biting; and if you deliver any thing witty and pleasant, abstain from laughing thereat yourself.4511. Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself; for example is more prevalent than precepts.4512. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.4513. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any.4514. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than to procure admiration; keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly with respect to times and places.4515. Associate yourselves with men of good quality, if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.4516. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret.4517. Utter not base or frivolous things amongst grave and learned men; nor very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant; nor things hard to be believed.4518. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak not of melancholy things, as death, and wounds; and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your intimate friend.4519. Break not a jest where none takes pleasure in mirth; laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. Deride no man's misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.4520. Speak not injurious words neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none, although they give occasion.4521. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the first to salute, hear, and answer; and be not pensive when it is a time to converse.4522. Detract not from others, neither be excessive in commending.4523. If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your own opinion; in things indifferent, be of the major side.4524. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.4525. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended.4526. Make no comparisons; and if any of the company be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the same.4527. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, name not your author always. A secret discover not.4528. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise.4529. In disputes be not so desirous to overcome as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, and submit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute.4530. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.4531. Be not angry at table, whatever happens; and if you have reason to be so, show it not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish of meat a feast.4532. When you speak of God, or his attributes, let it be seriously in reverence. Honor and obey your natural parents, although they be poor.4533. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.4534. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.

4500. They that are in dignity, or in office, have in all places precedency; but whilst they are young they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth, or other qualities, though they have no public charge.

4501. It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they be above us, with whom in no sort we ought to begin.

4502. Let your discourse with men of business be short and comprehensive.

4503. In visiting the sick, do not presently play the physician, if you be not knowing therein.

4504. In writing, or speaking, give to every person his due title, according to his degree and the custom of the place.

4505. Strive not with your superiors in argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty.

4506. Undertake not to teach your equal in the art he himself professes; it savors of arrogance.

4507. When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it.

4508. Being to advise or reprehend any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private; presently or at some other time; in what terms to do it; and in reproving show no signs of choler, but do it with sweetness and mildness.

4509. Take all admonitions thankfully, in what time or place soever given; but afterward, not being culpable, take a time or place convenient to let him know it that gave them.

4510. Mock not, nor jest at any thing of importance; break no jests that are sharp-biting; and if you deliver any thing witty and pleasant, abstain from laughing thereat yourself.

4511. Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself; for example is more prevalent than precepts.

4512. Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.

4513. Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the disparagement of any.

4514. In your apparel be modest, and endeavor to accommodate nature rather than to procure admiration; keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly with respect to times and places.

4515. Associate yourselves with men of good quality, if you esteem your own reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.

4516. Be not immodest in urging your friend to discover a secret.

4517. Utter not base or frivolous things amongst grave and learned men; nor very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant; nor things hard to be believed.

4518. Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak not of melancholy things, as death, and wounds; and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your intimate friend.

4519. Break not a jest where none takes pleasure in mirth; laugh not aloud, nor at all without occasion. Deride no man's misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.

4520. Speak not injurious words neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none, although they give occasion.

4521. Be not forward, but friendly and courteous; the first to salute, hear, and answer; and be not pensive when it is a time to converse.

4522. Detract not from others, neither be excessive in commending.

4523. If two contend together, take not the part of either unconstrained, and be not obstinate in your own opinion; in things indifferent, be of the major side.

4524. Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.

4525. When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him till his speech be ended.

4526. Make no comparisons; and if any of the company be commended for any brave act of virtue, commend not another for the same.

4527. Be not apt to relate news, if you know not the truth thereof. In discoursing of things you have heard, name not your author always. A secret discover not.

4528. Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise.

4529. In disputes be not so desirous to overcome as not to give liberty to each one to deliver his opinion, and submit to the judgment of the major part, especially if they are judges of the dispute.

4530. Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.

4531. Be not angry at table, whatever happens; and if you have reason to be so, show it not; put on a cheerful countenance, especially if there be strangers, for good humor makes one dish of meat a feast.

4532. When you speak of God, or his attributes, let it be seriously in reverence. Honor and obey your natural parents, although they be poor.

4533. Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.

4534. Labor to keep alive in your breast that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.

USEFUL FAMILY TABLES.WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.4535. A—Measure of Length.12Inches=1 Foot,3Feet"1 Yard,5½Yards"1 Rod, or Pole,40Poles"1 Furlong,8Furlongs"1 Mile,691/51Miles"1 Degree of Great Circle of Earth.4536. An inch is the smallest lineal measure to which a name is given, but subdivisions are used for many purposes. Among mechanics the inch is commonly divided intoeighths. By the officers of the revenue, and by scientific persons, it is divided intotenths,hundredths, &c. Formerly it was made to consist of twelve parts called lines.4537. B.—Particular Measures of Length.A Nail=2¼inches}}Used for measuring Cloth}of all kinds.}Quarter"4NailsYard"4QuartersEll"5QuartersHand"4Inches,used for the height of Horses.Fathom"6Feet,used in measuring depths.Link"7In. 92 hdths.}Used in Land Measure to}facilitate computation of} being equal to an acre.Chain"100Links4538. C.—Measure of Surface.144Square Inches=1 Square Foot9Square Feet"1 Square Yard30¼Square Yards"1 Perch, or Rod40Perches"1 Rood4Roods"1 Acre640Acres"1 Square Mile.4539. D.—Measures of Solidity and Capacity.DIVISION I.—SOLIDITY.1728Cubic Inches=1 Cubic Foot27Cubic Feet"1 Cubic YardDIVISION II.—CAPACITY.4 Gills=1 Pint=34⅔cubic inches nearly.2 Pints"1 Quart"69½"4 Quarts"1 Gallon"277¼"2 Gallons"1 Peck"554½"8 Gallons"1 Bushel"2218¼"8 Bushels"1 Quarter"10¼cubic feet nearly.5 Quarters"1 Load"51½"4540. The four last denominations are used for dry goods only. For liquids several denominations have been heretofore adopted, viz.:—for Beer, the Firkin of 9 gallons, the Kilderkin, of 18, the Barrel, of 36, the Hogshead, of 54, and the Butt, of 108 gallons. These will probably continue to be used in practice. For Wine and Spirits, there are the Anker, Runlet, Tierce, Hogshead, Puncheon, Pipe, Butt, and Tun; but these may be considered rather as the names of the casksin which such commodities are imported, than as expressing any definite number of gallons. It is the practice to gauge all such vessels, and to charge them according to their actual content.4541. Flour is sold nominally by measure, but actually by weight, reckoned at 7 lbs. Avoirdupois to a gallon.4542. E.—Measure of Avoirdupois Weight.2711/32Grains=1 Dram=2711/32grains16Drams"1 Ounce"437½"16Ounces"1 Pound (lb.)"7000"28Pounds"1 Quarter (qr.)4Quarters"1 Hundred-weight (cwt.)20Cwt."1 Ton.This weight is used in almost all commercial transactions, and in the common dealings of life.A Firkin of Butter56 lb.A Barrel of Soap256 lb.------------- Soap64 "-----------   Raisins112 "A Barrel of Anchovies30 "A Fother of Lead19½ cwt.4543. F.—Measures of Pounds.The following table of the number of pounds of various articles to a bushel, may be of interest to some of our farming friends.Wheat60 lbs.is 1 bus.Clover Seed60 lbs.is 1 bus.Shelled Corn46"     "Timothy seed45"     "Corn in cob70"     "Flax Seed56"     "Oats35"     "Hemp Seed44"     "Barley48"     "Buckwheat42"     "Potatoes60"     "Blue grass seed14"     "Beans60"     "Castor Beans46"     "Bran20"     "4544. G.—Measures for Housekeepers.[D]Wheat Flour,1 lb.is1 quartIndian Meal,1 "2 oz."1    "Butter, when soft,1 ""1    "Loaf Sugar, broken1 ""1    "White Sugar, powdered1 "1 oz."1    "Best Brown Sugar,1 "2 oz."1    "Eggs,10eggsare1 lb.Flour,8quarts"1 peck.Flour,4pecks"1 bus.4545.[E]LIQUIDS.16large table-spoonsfularehalf a pint8large table-spoonsfulareone gill4large table-spoonsfularehalf a gill2gillsarehalf a pint2pintsareone quart4quartsareone gallonAcommon-sized tumbler holdshalf a pintAcommon-sized wine-glass holdshalf a gill25drops are equal toone teaspoonfulFOOTNOTES:[A]"A Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Women."[B]The rural population of America is now over twenty millions.[C]See "Mrs. Hale's New Cook Book."[D]By the above method, persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the articles wanted to form any receipt, without the trouble of weighing. Allowance to be made for an extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured.[E]The Nurse will find this manner of measuring liquids very convenient; to the housekeeper it will be of importance. A similar "Table of Weights and Measures" is prefixed to the "New Cook Book;" and to that work of mine the patrons of this "Receipt Book" are referred for information on all matters of "household good," not found, or not fully explained in this treatise. The two volumes are intended as family companions, and will, I trust, be usually found together.S. J. H.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

4535. A—Measure of Length.

12Inches=1 Foot,3Feet"1 Yard,5½Yards"1 Rod, or Pole,40Poles"1 Furlong,8Furlongs"1 Mile,691/51Miles"1 Degree of Great Circle of Earth.

4536. An inch is the smallest lineal measure to which a name is given, but subdivisions are used for many purposes. Among mechanics the inch is commonly divided intoeighths. By the officers of the revenue, and by scientific persons, it is divided intotenths,hundredths, &c. Formerly it was made to consist of twelve parts called lines.

4537. B.—Particular Measures of Length.

A Nail=2¼inches}}Used for measuring Cloth}of all kinds.}Quarter"4NailsYard"4QuartersEll"5QuartersHand"4Inches,used for the height of Horses.Fathom"6Feet,used in measuring depths.Link"7In. 92 hdths.}Used in Land Measure to}facilitate computation of} being equal to an acre.Chain"100Links

4538. C.—Measure of Surface.

144Square Inches=1 Square Foot9Square Feet"1 Square Yard30¼Square Yards"1 Perch, or Rod40Perches"1 Rood4Roods"1 Acre640Acres"1 Square Mile.

4539. D.—Measures of Solidity and Capacity.

DIVISION I.—SOLIDITY.

1728Cubic Inches=1 Cubic Foot27Cubic Feet"1 Cubic Yard

DIVISION II.—CAPACITY.

4 Gills=1 Pint=34⅔cubic inches nearly.2 Pints"1 Quart"69½"4 Quarts"1 Gallon"277¼"2 Gallons"1 Peck"554½"8 Gallons"1 Bushel"2218¼"8 Bushels"1 Quarter"10¼cubic feet nearly.5 Quarters"1 Load"51½"

4540. The four last denominations are used for dry goods only. For liquids several denominations have been heretofore adopted, viz.:—for Beer, the Firkin of 9 gallons, the Kilderkin, of 18, the Barrel, of 36, the Hogshead, of 54, and the Butt, of 108 gallons. These will probably continue to be used in practice. For Wine and Spirits, there are the Anker, Runlet, Tierce, Hogshead, Puncheon, Pipe, Butt, and Tun; but these may be considered rather as the names of the casksin which such commodities are imported, than as expressing any definite number of gallons. It is the practice to gauge all such vessels, and to charge them according to their actual content.

4541. Flour is sold nominally by measure, but actually by weight, reckoned at 7 lbs. Avoirdupois to a gallon.

4542. E.—Measure of Avoirdupois Weight.

2711/32Grains=1 Dram=2711/32grains16Drams"1 Ounce"437½"16Ounces"1 Pound (lb.)"7000"28Pounds"1 Quarter (qr.)4Quarters"1 Hundred-weight (cwt.)20Cwt."1 Ton.

This weight is used in almost all commercial transactions, and in the common dealings of life.

A Firkin of Butter56 lb.A Barrel of Soap256 lb.------------- Soap64 "-----------   Raisins112 "A Barrel of Anchovies30 "A Fother of Lead19½ cwt.

4543. F.—Measures of Pounds.

The following table of the number of pounds of various articles to a bushel, may be of interest to some of our farming friends.

Wheat60 lbs.is 1 bus.Clover Seed60 lbs.is 1 bus.Shelled Corn46"     "Timothy seed45"     "Corn in cob70"     "Flax Seed56"     "Oats35"     "Hemp Seed44"     "Barley48"     "Buckwheat42"     "Potatoes60"     "Blue grass seed14"     "Beans60"     "Castor Beans46"     "Bran20"     "

4544. G.—Measures for Housekeepers.[D]

Wheat Flour,1 lb.is1 quartIndian Meal,1 "2 oz."1    "Butter, when soft,1 ""1    "Loaf Sugar, broken1 ""1    "White Sugar, powdered1 "1 oz."1    "Best Brown Sugar,1 "2 oz."1    "Eggs,10eggsare1 lb.Flour,8quarts"1 peck.Flour,4pecks"1 bus.

4545.[E]

LIQUIDS.

16large table-spoonsfularehalf a pint8large table-spoonsfulareone gill4large table-spoonsfularehalf a gill2gillsarehalf a pint2pintsareone quart4quartsareone gallonAcommon-sized tumbler holdshalf a pintAcommon-sized wine-glass holdshalf a gill25drops are equal toone teaspoonful

FOOTNOTES:[A]"A Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Women."[B]The rural population of America is now over twenty millions.[C]See "Mrs. Hale's New Cook Book."[D]By the above method, persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the articles wanted to form any receipt, without the trouble of weighing. Allowance to be made for an extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured.[E]The Nurse will find this manner of measuring liquids very convenient; to the housekeeper it will be of importance. A similar "Table of Weights and Measures" is prefixed to the "New Cook Book;" and to that work of mine the patrons of this "Receipt Book" are referred for information on all matters of "household good," not found, or not fully explained in this treatise. The two volumes are intended as family companions, and will, I trust, be usually found together.S. J. H.

[A]"A Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Women."

[A]"A Biographical Dictionary of Distinguished Women."

[B]The rural population of America is now over twenty millions.

[B]The rural population of America is now over twenty millions.

[C]See "Mrs. Hale's New Cook Book."

[C]See "Mrs. Hale's New Cook Book."

[D]By the above method, persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the articles wanted to form any receipt, without the trouble of weighing. Allowance to be made for an extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured.

[D]By the above method, persons not having scales and weights at hand, may readily measure the articles wanted to form any receipt, without the trouble of weighing. Allowance to be made for an extraordinary dryness or moisture of the article weighed or measured.

[E]The Nurse will find this manner of measuring liquids very convenient; to the housekeeper it will be of importance. A similar "Table of Weights and Measures" is prefixed to the "New Cook Book;" and to that work of mine the patrons of this "Receipt Book" are referred for information on all matters of "household good," not found, or not fully explained in this treatise. The two volumes are intended as family companions, and will, I trust, be usually found together.S. J. H.

[E]The Nurse will find this manner of measuring liquids very convenient; to the housekeeper it will be of importance. A similar "Table of Weights and Measures" is prefixed to the "New Cook Book;" and to that work of mine the patrons of this "Receipt Book" are referred for information on all matters of "household good," not found, or not fully explained in this treatise. The two volumes are intended as family companions, and will, I trust, be usually found together.

S. J. H.

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