Table I (f)STREET CLEANING IN AMERICAN CITIES (Continued)CityNumber of Appliances UsedWhich Are Giving SatisfactionTotal Square Yards CleanedTimes Cleaned per WeekArea Cleaned by White Wings During 8 HoursWork in Gangs or SinglyWhere and in What are Cleanings Stored by White WingsEquipment of White WingsHow are Assignments of White Wings Determined?Standard Day’s Work for Cleaning Each Class of Pavement[14]WinterSummerBuffalo37 horse sweepers, 10 horse sprinklers.All.8,000 Sq. Yds.Singly.Barrels or tubs.Broom, shovel, scraper cart.Heavy traffic 5,000 Sq. Yds., Light traffic 12,000 Sq. Yds., rough pavement 6,000 Sq. Yds., good pavement 12,000 Sq. Yds.BeaconBinghamton1 horse drawn flusher, 4 horse drawn rotary brooms.69,275 Sq. Yds.Singly.Bags.Cart, broom, scraper, shovel, 3 bags.Cincinnati6 horse scrapers, 40 horse flushers.8,661 Sq. Yds.Singly.Cans.Cart, long and short handled broom, scraper.Traffic, condition and kind of street.Flushing, 35,550 Sq. Yds. gutters after flushing 6,000 to 8,000 lineal ft., brooming 5,330 to 7,100 Sq. Yds.Cambridge8 horse sweepers, 1 horse squeegee, 4 horse sprinklers, 2 horse oilers.Singly.Gutters.Can, shovel, cart and broom.As needed.None.Chicago1 horse sweeper, 2 horse squeegees, 75 horse flushers, 3 power flushers, 35 horse oilers.All satisfactory.17,000 Sq. Yds.Singly.Metal boxes 4 Cu. Ft.Broom, shovel, scraper cart.Asphalt 21,500 Sq. Yds., Brick 13,400 Sq. Yds., Granite 13,400 Sq. Yds., Macadam 21,500 Sq. Yds.CamdenColumbus8 flushers, 16 sprinklers, 11 horse sweepers, railway flusher.ClevelandStreet car flusher in addition to other equipment.Cortland2 horse sprinklers, 1 horse oiler.Singly.Gutter.Scraper and broom.By traffic.Each man has definite area to clean.DunkirkMotor and horse sweepers.6Denver12 horse sweepers, 3 horse sprinklers, 8 horse flushers, 8 pick-up sweepers.Singly.Alley boxes.Cart, shovel, broom scraper.Teams travel 3 miles an hour, routes cover 22 to 23 miles, allowing for filling and oiling.None.Elmira1 horse sprinkler, 1 horse flusher, 3 horse sweepers held in reserve.Sheet asphalt 104,649, rough block 28,101, brick 295,159, wood block 1,530.1–6Both.Cans.Broom, shovel and hand cart.By traffic.None.Fall River4 horse sweepers, 1 horse sprinkler, 4 horse road oilers.Singly.Cans.Broom and cart.By street superintendent.None.Grand Rapids2 horse flushers, 31 horse sprinklers.HudsonBrick once, macadam, 4 times a year.Jamestown2 power sweepers, 1 horse flusher.All except horse flusher.Singly.Bags in alleys.Kansas City4 machine sweepers, 31 horse flushers.Sheet asphalt, 4,913,158, rough block 145,204, brick 859,982, wood block 161,545, concrete 1,246,367, bitulithic 14,639, macadam 1,074,579, Imperial 11,288.10 to 15 blocks.Gangs.Gutters.Cart, broom, shovel.By district superintendent.None.Kingston1 horse flusher, 2 horse oilers.Brick 730,666.Singly.Cans.Can carrier and push broom.Los Angeles31 horse and 5 power flushers, 40 to 100 horse sprinklers.Singly.Gutters and side streets.Brooms and scrapers.Area, amount in nature of traffic and street.Controlled by local conditions.Louisville16 flushers, 2 squeegees.No White Wings.Gangs.Lowell2 horse sweepers, 6 horse sprinklers, 2 power sprinklers, one power road oiler.6,000 Sq. Yds.Singly.Gutters.Push and hand brooms and hand pan.Lynn2 horse sweepers, 2 horse sprinklers, 1 pick-up sweeper, 1 power road oiler.Singly.Gutters.Broom, cart, shovel.By foremen.Lackawanna1 horse sweeper, 3 horse sprinklers, 1 horse flusher, one horse oiler.Brick 5.5 mi. Macadam 14 mi.2Gang.Gutter.Push brooms.Yes.Little FallsSingly.Cans at Corners.Broom, cart with dust-pan.By condition of pavement and traffic.Each man has definite area to clean.Milwaukee8 horse sweepers, 10 horse squeegees, 2 power squeegees, 120 horse sprinklers, 16 horse flushers, 10 horse oilers, 2 pick-up sweepers.All satisfactory.Asphalt 1,600,170, brick 674,008, macadam 4,742,044, granite 236,555, creosote 73,953, cedar 27,522, Mulleni mix 418,756, limestone 34,517, sandstone 168,321.5,000 to 25,000Singly.Receptacles.Pan scraper and broom.According to traffic.Middletown2 horse sprinklers, one horse flusher, 1 road oiler, 1 pick-up sweeper.Flushers.Brick 88,235.Gangs.Broom, shovel.MechanicvilleSingly.Vacant lots.Cart, broom and shovel.Each man has definite area to cover.New York City148 horse sweepers, 28 horse squeegees, 121 horse sprinklers, 4 horse flushers.28,420,78519199,000 Sq. Yds.Both.Cans.Can carrier, 5 cans, scraper, broom, shovel.Population, traffic, character of buildings and pavements.New Orleans18 horse sprinklers, 32 horse flushers.Flushers.Flushers cover 42,000 Sq. Yds. daily or all paved streets of smooth surface.Gangs.Gutters.Shovel and hand brooms.By foremen.None.New Bedford4 horse sweepers, 1 pick-up sweeper.All except pick-up sweeper.Sheet asphalt and bitulithic 141,098.22, rough block 98,843.03.Singly.Gutters.Cart and broom.None.Newark27 horse sweepers, 8 horse flushers.Gangs.Gutters.Broom, hoe and scoop.None.Norwich1 horse sweeper, 4 horse sprinklers.Sweeper not satisfactory.Brick 50,000, bitulithic 15,000, bituminous 35,000.1–2New Rochelle1 horse sprinkler, 2 horse oilers.1,290,6326Singly.Cans.Can, cart, broom and scraper.None.Niagara Falls4 horse sweepers, 1 horse sprinkler, 2 horse flushers.900,0008,000 Sq. Yds.Singly.Cans.Scraper, cart, broom.Each man has definite area to clean.Newburgh1 horse sweeper rarely used, 1 power flusher, 1 horse oiler.Singly.Gutters.Wheelbarrow, broom, shovel.Age of sweeper and traffic.None.Oakland2 rotary power sweepers, 2 horse flushers, 1 power suction sweeper.Suction sweeper doing excellent work but too expensive.Sheet asphalt 344,116, brick 4,200, wood block 12,000, asphaltic concrete 4,800, macadam 3,733,000, smooth block 4,500, bituminous 3,600,000.Same as summer.Sheet asphalt, 2–6, brick 3, wood block 6, asphaltic concrete 2–6, smooth block 3–6, macadam and bituminous 1 to 4 times a year.Singly.Cans at curb.Hand scoop and broom with scraper.Area and traffic.8,000 Sq. Yds. upward according to horse traffic.Oswego1 horse flusher, 1 pick-up sweeper.Sheet asphalt 53,059, rough block 6,578, brick 111,638, wood block 3,555.Sheet asphalt 2–4, rough block and brick the same, wood block 6.Gangs.Cans and gutters.Scraper and broom.Each man has definite area to cover.Ogdensburg1 horse sweeper, one horse flusher, 1 horse sprinkler.3,000 Sq. Yds.Singly.Barrels in alleys.Cart, shovel and broom.Each man has definite area to clean.Philadelphia77 horse sweepers, 28 horse squeegees, 51 horse sprinklers all year and 28 extra in summer. 7 power flushers.All satisfactory.Sheet asphalt 7,722,806, rough block 62,380, brick 2,615,102, wood block 218,057 concrete, 750,139, macadam, bitulithic and asphaltic concrete 2,850,404, smooth block, 6,534,737, cobble 57,752, asphalt block 69,950, bituminous 984,813, slag block 54,242.Sheet asphalt, rough block, brick, smooth and asphalt block 2–6, wood and slag block and cobble 3–6, concrete 1–6, macadam and bituminous 1.4,000 in business, 18,000 in outlying.Gangs on macadam, singly on others.Cans and bags.Bag carrier, bags, broom, watering pan, scraper, plug wrench.Number of cleanings, traffic and population density.Machine broom 90,000 Sq. Yds., auto flusher 90,000, squeegee 80,000.Providence3 horse sweepers, one horse sprinkler, 2 horse oilers, 1 power oiler.Sheet asphalt 168,604.6, brick 6,734.8, wood block 72,576.5, bitulithic 172,901.9, macadam 3,243,386, granite block 691,342.9, cobble 47,669.2, bituminous 101,764.3,500 to 16,000 Sq. Yds. 9 hrs.Singly.Gutters and cans at curb.Pan, broom, shovel, cart.Fitness for condition of area.Yes.Rochester9 horse sweepers, 40 horse sprinklers, 4 horse flushers.Both.Barrel.Cart, broom, scraper, barrel.Rensselaer2 horse sweepers, 1 horse sprinkler.ReadingRichmond6 rotary machine sweepers, 1 power rotary machine sweeper, 3 horse sprinklers, 3 horse flushers, 1 pick-up sweeper.In alleys.Push cart and broom.St. Louis11 horse sweepers, 4 horse squeegee machines, 10 horse sprinklers, 4 horse road oilers, 2 power road oilers.Rough block 1,615,428, brick 4,390,336, wood block 383,590, bitulithic 1,170,528, asphalt block 1,867,340.2,400–4,800Singly.Push cart or roller scraper, hoe, broom, shovel.San Francisco9 horse sweepers, 3 horse squeegees, 3 horse sprinklers, 15 combination sprinklers and flushers, 1 auto flusher, 3 20th century sweepers.9,000 Sq. Yds.Blockmen singly.Cans at curb have holes in top for depositing papers.Broom with sweeper, pick-up can, cleaners with pan attached.By superintendent.Salt Lake City15 horse flushers.1½ blocks.Cans.Push cart and broom.By foreman.Springfield6 horse sweepers, 2 horse squeegees, 14 horse sprinklers, 2 power oilers, 1 horse and 1 hand pick-up sweeper.Singly.Cans.Broom, scraper, cart, cans.By foreman.SeattleAll except squeegee.Singly.Cans.Broom, scraper and two wheeled cart.Traffic conditions.ScrantonStreet car flusher owned by company, city furnishes 2 men to operate it—auto flusher.Troy6 horse sweepers, 2 horse sprinklers, 2 power flushers.Sheet asphalt 119,347, rough block 399,143, brick 327,969, bitulithic 12,389, macadam 53,543, smooth block 58,641.Asphalt 6, rough block, brick and macadam 2, bitulithic and smooth block 6.Utica9 horse sweepers, 3 horse sprinklers, 2 power sprinklers, 1 horse flusher, 2 power flushers.½ Sq. Mi.Singly.Cans.Scraper, push and hand broom, can and shovel.Washington9 horse sweepers, 13 horse squeegees, 12 horse sprinklers, 3 horse flushers, 5 horse oilers, 7 alley sweepers, 3 alley sprinklers.Singly and in pairs.Sacks in alley.Bag carrier, shovel, pan scraper, combination broom.By foreman and office planning.No.
Table I (g)STREET CLEANING IN AMERICAN CITIES (Continued)CityHow is Efficiency of Employees Checked Up?System and Method of Street CleaningOrganization of Street Cleaning ForceInnovations that Have Reduced Cost of CleaningHow Are Machines Routed?Gallons Water Used per 1,000 Sq. Yds CleanedCity Own Horses and Wagons?Street SprinklingFlushing MachineSqueegeeSprinkle Streets for Laying Dust Only?Sq. Yds. Sprinkled During YearDriver’s Daily Wage[14]BuffaloSupervisor.Residential, hand and machine sweeping; business, flushing and White Wings.By districts.Yes.Yes.18,000,000BeaconBinghamtonSwept at night.Will clean between 11 P.M. and 7 A.M. when traffic is light and few autos are parked.Usually in batteries of three.500.No horses.By private contract.CincinnatiForeman’s field reports.Residential, flushing followed by guttermen; business, flushing followed by White Wings. Flushing at night except in winter. Streets not flushed are broomed by gangs.Foremen, drivers, helpers, broom-men and White Wings.3 men to each route.844.Yes. Private contract.CambridgeNone.Residential, swept twice year; business, once a week.No.Yes.Yes.ChicagoSupervision by ward superintendent and section foreman.Residential, block system; each man has section to clean. Business the same.400.65.No.No.CamdenColumbusClevelandCortlandComplaints of residents.Yes.86,133.4.00.DunkirkDenverSupervision.Residential, sweepers; business, White Wings and flushers.Sweep streets before flushing.According to nature of dirt.No.Yes.2.25.ElmiraResidential, day flushing and gang picking; business, night flushing and day patrol.400. No.Fall RiverNone.Daily patrol in business section; scrap gutters in residential twice a year.Some.2.65.Grand RapidsYes.236 miles.HudsonYes.358,0002.10JamestownTwo routes, north and south side of city.Yes.Kansas CityMonthly, grades by commissioner to civil.Residence, winter, hand sweeping; summer, flushing. Business, service. flush at night.In gangs under foreman and district superintendent.No.Districts.5,000,000 daily for all flushing except squeegeeing.Yes, some hired.By contract No.KingstonYes.Los AngelesThorough supervision.Patrol system.Five foremen in 5 districts.Routed all men or assigned to each route to increase from business center out.4,900.Wagons.Yes.447 miles, 40′ width.LouisvilleYes.LowellResidential, patrol; business, patrol and machine sweeping.Foreman, 8 men, two teams in residential. Foreman, 8 men, 2 teams, machine sweeper and sprinkler.Yes.Yes.2.50.LynnBy foreman.No.Yes.Yes.3.04.LackawannaForeman.Sweeper, sprinkler, push brooms.One gang for each ward.No.Yes.313,550.Little Falls7 sweepers with one street superintendent.MilwaukeeMiddletownA section assigned to sweeper; flushed after hand sweeping.Yes.Yes.MechanicvilleNone.Hand sweeping.One man on given beat.Wagons.Yes.New York CityOfficers.Hand and machine sweeping, hose and machine flushing, squeegeeing, litter picking.District superintendent, section foreman, assistant section foreman, sweepers, drivers.Motorized a section known as model district; systematized machine sweeping, squeegeeing and hose flushing covered parts.Area and traffic conditions.Yes.Contractor.New OrleansSmooth surfaces flushed daily. Hand broom men follow flushers. Business section cleaned at night by flushers and hand cleaning.2.00New BedfordYes.Yes.2.50.NewarkTen districts. Number of men assigned to each according to size of district.Men held responsible for these districts.No.NorwichNone.Sweep to gutters, shovel into piles and then into wagons.Sweeper team, wagon team.Wagons.Yes.1.60.New RochelleSupervision of Commissioner and time keeper.By hand broom.Yes.Yes.2.25.Niagara FallsBy 2 deputy superintendents.Residential, sweeping; business, flushing.Wagons.Some.NewburghYes.OaklandPatrolmen visited once or twice daily by foreman; contract work inspected daily.Small gangs on macadam, occasional flushing after wet-weather. Machine sweeping and patrol.Gangs of 6 to 8 men under sub-foreman. Directed by district superintendent of streets on macadam. Patrol and machine sweeping.Readjusted patrol routes; substituted hand patrol for suction sweeper.Swept 2,3,4 and 6 times weekly. 2 and 3 times schedules adjacent to 4 and 6 times schedules.Yes.Macadam streets.$2.25 to $3.00OswegoPick-up sweeper, flushing and hand sweeping.By yardage.No.No.OgdensburgBy foremen.Residential sprinkled and machine swept; business patrolled and flushed.Flushing.No.Some.1.75.PhiladelphiaInspectors supervised by district engineers.Blockmen assigned to sections by chief of bureau; patrol duty. Inlets cleaned, county roads cleaned.Machines followed by gangs and carts and wagons, number depending on length of haul to dump, season of the year and traffic.Street cleaning parade annually.Batteries of 2 or 3.300.250.No.Yes.ProvidenceForeman’s daily report of neglect of duty.Residential, gangs; business, patrol.Residential, foreman, 17 men and 10 single teams; business, patrol in charge of foreman.Divide into 6 sections.Yes.No.RochesterResidential, gang and patrol; business, patrol.No.Yes.RensselaerNo.Yes.ReadingRichmondElgin machine sweeping in residential section.No.Yes.St. LouisBy scrubbing business districts streets nightly cost reduced 40¢. per great square.Yes, flushers hired.Yes, by contract.14,000,000San FranciscoTime cards, trip cards, efficiency cards as to attendance, sobriety and obedience.Residential, gangs of foremen, 3 laborers and 2 teams each. Business, blockmen, night-gangs of 2 foremen, 9 laborers and 8 double teams.No.Yes.382,344,303Salt Lake CityWhite Wings and flushing.Wagons and some horses.Yes.150 miles.SpringfieldForeman calls on each man several times daily.Residential, crosswalk sweepers, machine cleaning, gutter scraping. Business, squeegeeing, flushing, patrol.Individuals and gangs.Some.30¢. hour.SeattleReports from foremen and district foremen.Residential, flushing, sweeping and patrol; business, flushing and patrol.Residential, under sub-foreman; business, under district foreman.Flushing is most economical.Yes.No.ScrantonBusiness, hand and machine sweeping and flushing. Residential hand and machine sweeping.TroySmooth streets flushed, rough streets and brick, machine swept. Patrol.UticaBy districts.No.No.WashingtonUnit cost, conditions, observation.Residential, machine and hand cleaning, squeegeeing, flushing, oiling and sprinkling. Business, patrol, squeegeed or flushed.Assistant superintendent, chief inspector, foremen, working force.By foremen, subject to superintendent’s approval.1,500.162.Yes.Some macadam unpaved and streets.2.25. 1.75.