CHAPTER XVI.

Two Sakai beside a treeExtracting poison from the "Upas" tree.p.210.

Extracting poison from the "Upas" tree.p.210.

Extracting poison from the "Upas" tree.

p.210.

It is the Mai Bretak tribe to whom all the other Sakais have recourse, carrying with them a large tribute of the goods usual in exchange. This speciality mixed withipokis the Essence of Death in drops. The minutest particle that enters the blood means imminentextinction of life. The sentence is irrevocable for no remedy is known with which to avert it. The utter impossibility of saving a creature that has fallen a victim to this terrible poison has given rise to a superstition among the Sakais that an evil spirit hovers over, or goes into the mixture when it is being prepared and for this they do not set themselves to the work without taking numerous precautions.

Ipokis extracted and condensed (under the exorcism ofAlà) in the presence of, perhaps, all the village but no women or girls may assist at the preparation oflegoplest the invisible enemy should do them some injury. (The spirit is evidently a woman hater!).

The man who prepares it may not eat fish or meat on the day fixed for the important operation and once he has begun it he must remain fasting until he has finished. He is scrupulously attentive not to expose himself to the steam escaping from the bubbling liquid and often (here superstition comes to the aid of cleanliness and hygiene) has to wash his face and hands. But even all this caution is not sufficient and he is considered as a sick person for some days.

The earthenware pot or bamboo used for the purpose must be new, nothing must have been cooked in it before, and nothing after. Directly thelegophas been poured out it is thrown away because contaminated.

The perfect newness of these vessels serves to increase the power of the poison.

A couple of days before the Sakai wishes to prepare the deadly mixture he goes in search of the creeper, which having found he uncovers its roots and to assure himself that he has not made a mistake, he tries if it has the bitter taste natural to it. Secure upon thispoint he digs up a nice lot and then fills up his dosser with two sorts of bulbous plants which secrete a glutinous substance but whose name and quality I have never found out. This done he rambles about the forest until he is able to find two kinds of wasps or bees (whichever they are); one is very big and black the sting of which causes a high fever, and which generally has its nest on the ground; the other is little and red, stings like a nettle and has its nest under the leaves of a tree.

If he has in store some teeth of thesendoksnake, or of any other equally venomous, he now returns to the village, otherwise he looks for one, kills it and possesses himself of its fangs.

Having thus all the necessary ingredients, the Sakai begins to pound the roots into a paste. This mass he then puts into a tube stopped up by leaves which lets pass a liquid but not a substance. Keeping this primitive filter suspended over the receptacle to be used for boiling, he slowly empties some water into it which soaking through the paste becomes of a brown colour before it reaches the vessel beneath.

Terminated the filtering process he takes the two bulbous plants and squeezing them in his hand he sprinkles as much of their juice as he thinks fit, into the same vessel. The serpent's teeth and the bees are then pounded, they too, and cast in with all the rest which is at once placed on a slow fire. When the mixture begins to boil the Sakai skims off the impurities floating on the surface and adds a little morelegopif it seems to him necessary, taking great care, meanwhile, not to breath or to be enveloped by the fumes rising from the pot.

dried rootsRoot of the poisonous creeper "Legop".p.212.

Root of the poisonous creeper "Legop".p.212.

Root of the poisonous creeper "Legop".

p.212.

The poison is lifted off the fire as soon as it has got to the consistency of a syrup and is of a dark reddish colour, the darts are dipped into it and its virulence isput to the test without waste of time. If the proof is satisfactory the thick fluid is poured into bamboo receptacles, covered with leaves, and a piece of deer-skin fastened over them with a band ofscudiscioand finally the vases are collocated in the driest corner of the hut, from whence from time to time, they are carried near the fire to prevent that their contents should lose force through humidity.

Now the question is this: do the ingredients which the Bretak Sakai believes indispensable in this concoction augment the virulence of thelegop?

I am inclined to doubt it a great deal as I do not think those two plants containing the glutinous juice are poisonous, or at least very little so, but that they are added merely to give denseness to the mixture or else from a false supposition of the indigenes.

And less still can serpents' teeth or crushed wasps have any influence in increasing the power of this poison, which is in itself intense.

Evidently the Sakais, well aware of the lethal effect of a bite from a serpent, think that by introducing into the wound, by means of their dart, a tiny portion of the organ which determines this effect, an equal result will follow.

He neither knows nor imagines that the tooth exercises a simple mechanical action in consequence of which the little reservoir of poison, being compressed, lets a drop fall into the wound produced by the bite.

But there is nothing to be surprised at in this because in history we learn that the superstitions and sorceries practised by more advanced races than the Sakais offer the most curious documents in proof of such odd reasoning.

It is enough to remember that in the time of Augustus the jaw bone of a female dog, which had been kept fasting, and a quill plucked from a screech-owl were required for the enchantments of Canidia,ossa ab ore rapta jejunae canis, plumanque nocturna strigis. And yet it was just at that period Rome had inherited from Greece the Philosophy of the Epicureans and that of the Sceptics and was maturing the poem of Lucretius Carus!

And quite recently has it not been narrated by Parson Evans, of Wales, how he had been badly treated by a spirit because he had forgotten a fumigation during one of his enchantments?

If there has been so much imposture or hallucination amongst advanced peoples (or supposed to be such) we cannot reproach the poor Sakai for his ignorance if in all good faith he thinks that a pinch of pounded bees and serpents' teeth increases the virulence of thelegoppoison. Does he not also believe that the mysterious words muttered by theAlàgive greater force to his murderous preparations?

As to the effects of thelegopstrange and contradictory versions are given.

Some affirm that the smallest possible quantity brought into contact with the blood, causes instantaneous death; others declare that it is not sufficiently powerful to kill a man or a beast if the quantity inoculated is not in proportion to the size or if they are strong enough to resist it.

It is my opinion that both these assertions are exaggerated.

One day I asked a Sakai if he thought it possible to kill a man withlegop.

He replied that nearly every day animals of double the bulk and strength of a man were killed in the forest, and that the poison supplied by this creeper speedily fulfils its mission. As a proof of this he related that once he was standing near a Javanese who had been guilty of violating a woman. This man was hit by a poisoned dart and died almost immediately.

Without appearing in the least to doubt the fact I begged him to show me the exact spot where the dart entered the poor fellow, and where it came out, and from his indications I could convince myself that the dart having penetrated under the shoulder blade had passed through the heart from part to part and had been arrested in its course by the muscles of the thorax.

It was therefore clear to me that death was due to the passage of the dart through the victim's body and had nothing to do with the poison in which the missile had been previously steeped. To my knowledge no recognized studies have ever been made to ascertain the true force oflegop, so one is free to calculate it at its maximum or minimum, especially when its susceptibility to atmospheric changes is considered.

When the weather is dry it carries death on the wing of the arrow, but if it should be wet, or damp, the poison becomes moist and remains on the surface of the wound (where it can be easily rubbed off) instead of penetrating with the dart into the object aimed at.

And this was the disillusion of one who wanted to try its effects on a dog. The poor beast howled with the pain but did not present any symptom of poisoning.

Science alone can pronounce accurately upon the toxical qualities of thelegopand I am always ready to assist it with my modest experience.

Wishing to solve every doubt and also to find out an antidote to this poison I sacrificed many innocent creatures, but I will relate the pitiful end of only two.

I selected a fine fowl full of healthy vigour and taking one of these poisoned darts I made a wound of not more than a half an inch long upon the upper part of its leg.

For a minute after it moved about slowly without even noticing the wound, then it stopped as if overcome by a strange sense of stupor, but soon began to peck the ground.

Two minutes and a half later it opened and shut its beak and let its tail and wings fall limply on the ground. Another half a minute and with its legs bent under, as though sitting, it sought to raise and shake its drooping head. For an-instant it succeeded but the poor member wagged without energy (as happens to us when in travelling we get sleepy but have no place to repose ourselves) whilst its eyes now shut, and now wide open wore an expression of unconsciousness.

About the fourth minute the animal was seized with violent convulsions and at the fifth it was quite dead.

I made the same trial upon a middle-sized dog, wounding this also upon a leg in order not to touch a vital part.

At first it seemed quite insensible to what I had done but after three or four minutes had passed it got very inquiet and sniffed the ground and everything that was around as if to find out what was the matter, turning round its head from time to time towards its thigh which it evidently felt was the seat of its uneasiness. It gave a jump, a prolonged shudder and then lay down.

Once it feebly barked but when it made a second attempt it entirely failed. The cry was not one of pain but seemed to be a sound emitted under the impulse of profound bewilderment.

Leaves and berries of a plantBranch and fruit of the poisonous creeper "Legop".p.212.

Branch and fruit of the poisonous creeper "Legop".p.212.

Branch and fruit of the poisonous creeper "Legop".

p.212.

Its head rested for a moment upon its fore-legs but was soon lifted up as the animal rolled over on oneside of its body which had the appearance of being paralyzed. Its eyes became fixed, expressionless. The body shivered and gave little starts but the head remained motionless, lying heavily on the ground, and the eyes in their glassy stare revealed the absence of all perception of the senses rather than pain or mortal anguish.

At this point I turned my attention to its heart which was beating quickly and violently. It stopped an instant, then continued but very, very weakly whilst the whole body began to take a rigid form.

A quarter of an hour after the inoculation oflegop, the dog was dead.

If I do not mistake, the first and almost immediate effect of this poison is upon the nerve centres. For certain the blood remains unaltered, or at least no change is visible and the flesh of animals killed withlegopdoes not lose any of its flavour nor is there any danger in eating it.

But I dare not speak with any precision about the nature of certain venomous products because where the vast field for scientific research begins, the unpretending labour of the colonist, who collects, refers and describes, finishes, leaving to the chemical student and the physiologist the task of drawing from the information given, those results which may be for the good of humanity in general.

The poisonous flora of the forest is not limited to trees and climbing plants; it extends also to countless herbs, to an infinite variety of fungi, berries, flowers and tempting fruits.

The realm of poison is known but very little. It still reserves the greatest surprises for the scientist whowishes to explore it. And because provident Nature in every manifestation of its fecundity has the habit of putting different qualities in contrast I think that amongst such an abundant vegetation of dangerous plants there may be another, perhaps less plentiful but which would serve to oppose the deadly effects of the first.

The Sakai knows no antidote except those I have mentioned: thelemmah kapitingand the one empirically prepared with quicklime and urine. Neither of them, however, can be warranted as genuine articles, so in this field Science would have everything to discover.

The great Sorceress, the great and incomparable Malayan Forest, offers wonderful treasures to the world, some of which give charms to Life and others conceal the snares of Death.

It is for thehomo sapiensto distinguish this from that and to make himself the master of their secrets as he has done with Electricity, thereby making it the means of illumination, motive power, and the alleviation of many physical sufferings.

This forest, which would have answered to all the criminal exigencies of the Borgias as regards poisons, is still a waste land, notwithstanding its extraordinary riches.

Let Science tell us of the immense treasures there produced for the welfare of Mankind.

Sakai brewing poisonsPreparing "Legop" poisons.p.214.

Preparing "Legop" poisons.p.214.

Preparing "Legop" poisons.

p.214.

Footnotes:[19]Theiis almost aneand theain all these words are pronounced asha.Translator's Note.[20]The professors, A. Benedicenti and G. B. De Toni, of the Camerino University have published the result of their studies upon the roots and some juice extracted from thebroialwhich I sent them for the purpose in 1902. I think, however, that the conclusions of these two scientists would have been in favour of a greater and quicker effect of this poison if, in spite of all my care, the samples had not suffered from the change of climate and, very likely, been exposed to dampness.

Footnotes:

[19]Theiis almost aneand theain all these words are pronounced asha.Translator's Note.

[20]The professors, A. Benedicenti and G. B. De Toni, of the Camerino University have published the result of their studies upon the roots and some juice extracted from thebroialwhich I sent them for the purpose in 1902. I think, however, that the conclusions of these two scientists would have been in favour of a greater and quicker effect of this poison if, in spite of all my care, the samples had not suffered from the change of climate and, very likely, been exposed to dampness.

decorative panel

Past and future geography—Mountains and plateaus—An attempt at a census—Temperature—Maladies and remedies—ALÀ a quack.

Thirty years ago, even in our best geographies, very little mention was made of the Malay Peninsula.

Something was said about its coasts and a scanty product of tin, antimony and coal but there was not a single word about the wide stretch of land far from the shores, partly unexplored and partly inhabited by savages, beyond stating that a chain of mountains ran the whole length, beginning at Kedak and Kelantan and terminating at the extreme end of the peninsula, so dividing it almost in the middle.

But a geographer in our days would have to write a great deal more, for the interior of this country is no longer a deep inviolated mystery, and its aspect has proved very different from what studies, made at a prudent distance, had led us to imagine.

The high mountains (the Berumbun reaches 6530 feet in height) present to the gaze scenery which wouldsatisfy an artist. Some of the tops are covered with a rich, wild vegetation, some are rugged or have sharp peaks from which torrents of sparkling white foam dash down the narrow dark crevices with roaring fury.

From those superb masses extend a series of plateaus like so many terraces which the more they descend the more they unfold the fruitfulness of the soil, irrigated by smooth rivers and rills.

There, where mountainous fertility ceases, one to the east and the other to the west, lie the plains of Pahang and Perak whose industrious hands guided by civilized ideas are carrying on a work of redemption from abandonment and malaria by the extension of cultivation and sanitary principles.

The forest—the territory of the Sakais—covers the central part of the Peninsula. On the outskirts live those less savage because of their contact and dealings with the Malays, Siamese, Chinese and Indians, by whom they are surrounded. The others press always closer on towards the mountains at the same rate that civilization approaches them, fixing their abode at an elevation of not more than from 1500 to 2000 feet. I have found some, but a very rare case, at a height of 4000 feet.

It is true that up there, there are not so many dangers to be met with, for wild beasts (with the exception of an occasional bear) and serpents do not frequent the heights but the cold is too intense to be well supported by individuals who do not wear clothes and who do not build houses to protect themselves from the inclemency of the weather.

Two Sakai preparing arrowsPoisoning the arrows.p.214.

Poisoning the arrows.p.214.

Poisoning the arrows.

p.214.

The tract of land inhabited by the Sakais is, at a rough guess, comprised between 3° 50' and 5° 50' Northlatitude and 101° and 102° East longitude (Greenwich). But for such an extension they are very few in numbers because in the year 1903, passing from one village to another in 25 days, I could not count more than 6800 persons camping round the durians at the ingathering season.

Reckoning the women left behind because of a recent confinement, the old and infirm and the little children I do not think that altogether they can be many more than 10,000 souls. It is truly the case to say: "rari nantes in gurgite vasto!".

It would be impossible to take a real census of the Sakais owing to their distrust of everything they do not understand and the difficulty their nomadic life presents.

The climate where they live, although damp, is good, for the thick foliage of the forest and the breezes that often hail from the mountains mitigate the heat of the sun's rays.

There are no alternations of seasons as in temperate zones but only the distinction of dry and rainy ones, the former being determined by the monsoon blowing from the east, and the latter from that coming from the west.

It is not unusual for the heat at noon to surpass 40° (centigrade) but to the torrid temperature of the day follows a cold night and the hotter the day is, the colder the night. From 40° it easily falls under 20°. The Sakais who possess no garments, or rugs and whose huts are very open and airy, sleep all huddled together (to keep each other warm) round a large fire but they frequently suffer from these variations of temperature.

As I have before mentioned severe colds are very prevalent among the Sakais against which they have no efficacious remedy so that it often happens for asimple attack of influenza to turn into a serious bronchial or lung affection and finally result in consumption.

Neither thetenakorcintokis of any use then; the evil spirit never leaves hold of his prey.

Cases of fever are very rare and these few must be attributed to the wind which ascends from the plain bringing with it germs of infection. It is extremely seldom that a woman dies in child-birth, but a great many succumb to senile decay at about 60 years of age.

Both men and women are very subject to a cutaneous disease which covers the body with large blotches of a lighter colour than their skin, giving a repugnant appearance to the poor wretch so afflicted. But it is neither a serious nor a contagious illness, nor does it excite amongst the jungle-dwellers that loathing which it would with us because this discoloration does not prevent them from getting married and having children as healthy as other peoples'.

Sometimes one of them is struck down by an infectious disease for which they know no remedy or cure. The sick person is at once isolated from all the rest and is almost entirely abandoned in order to check any propagation of the malady.

I have never noticed any illness which might be considered as peculiar to the people themselves or the region they inhabit but I have been able to establish the fact (from a special study made by me as to the causes of death among the Sakais) that the victims of wild beasts and serpents are on a very low average.

It is quite an extraordinary thing for anybody to lose their life in this way if they have not by some imprudence brought death upon themselves.

I only remember, perhaps because it took place not long ago, that a young woman incautiously wandered away from her hut one evening, as it was getting dark, and was attacked by a panther which fastened its teethinto her lower jaw. Hearing her scream the husband rushed out just in time to kill the animal and save his poor wife's life, but she, of course, remained deformed.

The pharmacopoeia of these foresters, freed from all superstition, is of truly primitive simplicity and only contains vegetable remedies. A decoction of the roottenak celesis an excellent purgative. A poultice made of its leaves pounded with lime andsirihand applied to the forehead is intended to cure headache.

Thesla delok(a bitter leaf) serves in the place of our worm powders for children.

Another leaf (theslà poó) is used for curing dysentry.

They have also several other medicines (whose virtues are kept secret by theAlà) for complaints of the stomach or that may be used at will without any precise knowledge of the illness needing treatment.

The gum extracted from thesingretis employed for stopping decayed teeth and is also rubbed over the cheek during a fit of tooth-ache to preserve it from the air, without putting on bandages.

The Sakai makes great use of charcoal powder in his medicinal preparations, dressing sores, wounds and the bites of animals with it. This might make one suppose that he either knows or divines the disinfecting properties of charcoal. He also makes it a means of defence against the invasions of ants which change their direction when they find the black line across their way.

The water in which a piece of charcoal, made from bitter wood, has been for a long time infused, is according to them a first-rate remedy against debility of the organism and coughs.

TheAlàwisely acting for—his own good, reserves for himself the prerogative of mixing certain pharmaceuticalspecialities which make the patient recover if the indisposition is merely a passing one, but help to kill him if the conditions of his health are serious.

He always keeps prompt some plasters prepared from herbs, either of a soothing or irritating nature, in case of fractures, sprains, or dislocations caused by accidental falls.

But it is scarcely worth while to discuss the merits of these cataplasms, for the Sakai, who is the first person interested in the question, acknowledges and admits their healing virtues.

All the world is akin, and the much respectedAlàof the forest is nothing less than an uncivilized colleague of those charlatans, inventors of miracles, who by the sale of powders, lotions, medicinal waters and ointments make their fortune in the midst of civilized society, often deceiving science and common sense by means of well placed advertisements.

One is an educated and the other an uneducated quack.

My notes finish here. They are wanting in order and art but not in verity because above all I have dedicated this writing to the truth, prompted by feelings of gratitude and good will towards my kind friends the savages. I have wished to illustrate the customs and character of a people very much calumniated, amongst whom I have found strong and devoted friendship free from every taint of jealousy or self-interest.

Sixteen years of a tranquil, laborious life have I passed among the Sakais and still to-day I feel a pang of home-sickness thinking of that wonderfully fertile land and its good and simple inhabitants.

If my words have been clear to you, dear reader, you must have remarked that in those savages are to be found real treasures of uprightness, honesty and common sense. And the first seeds of these virtues were sown by nobody for they bud and blossom in their souls as spontaneously as from the bosom of great Mother Nature the marvellous multitude of flora rises up towards the sun, seeking light and heat.

It is not so amongst us. Civilization teaches virtue: sermons preach it; moralists condense it into precepts and aphorisms; historians honour it in the ancients inorder to inspire it in the moderns; laws, and the menaces of Hell, want to impose it. And yet, notwithstanding all this, it cannot flower well for too often it is fettered by the frenzy of "getting ahead" and by the spasms of passions which in the superb majesty of the forest, and under its sublime influence, are neither known nor understood. Here one works serenely, undisturbed by the fear that others will rob you of your profit.

I mention the fact but leave others to draw the conclusion because if I arrived at that which would seem most logical after the premise, I should be called a worse savage than those I have held up to public admiration and if I arrived at any other I should be accused (and with reason) of contradiction.

I will instead declare that, in spite of certain discouraging proofs, I firmly keep my faith in human progress, believing that Science will one day succeed in lessening the grand anguish accruing from the incessant and cruel "struggle for life".

My chief reason for illustrating the virtues and defects of the little-known Sakais is to present them more closely to the attention of England, that, by delivering them from the contempt and able trickery of other races, might easily lead them to civilization and at the same time form important and lucrative centres of agricultural product in the interior of the Peninsula.

It is without the slightest idea of boasting that I state I have always remained among the Sakais alone and unarmed, in my work as a colonist. In this way it was possible for me to overcome hostility and mistrust, winning confidence and affection from one of the most uncivilized of peoples. And the fact gives me the greatest satisfaction for it demonstrates in a modest, but not for that less eloquent manner, that armed expeditions however fine and imposing in appearance (according to taste) have not the practical or lastingvalue of peaceful, friendly overtures. Civilization which pretends to impose itself by violence, slaughter and sackage only sows hatred. The pretended saviours become oppressors, and having begun by force they are compelled to resort to force if they wish to keep the dominion which a ferment of hatred, little by little, is undermining.

Therefore no arms, no missions (tending to substitute one terror for another) but only patience and calmness are necessary for the conquest of those simple souls and to subsequently teach them, through example, to devote themselves to work. They must be made to feel that civilization is useful, the inspirer of good and not an insidious injurer.

What can savages think when they are subjected to depredation and bloodshed by those who, with these measures, have come to them to proclaim the principles of respect for other people's property and the inviolability of human life?

It is indeed a great pleasure to me finding that to-day the Sakais no longer distrust civilization and some of them, especially the younger ones, do not refuse or shrink from work as they once did and neither do they oppose such an obstinate resistance to those innovations which I too had a part in introducing among them.

I leave it to my readers to judge if I am guilty of vanity in thus expressing my contentment.

And now I have finished.

Transcriber's Note: This errata prepared by the author/translator is included for historical and archival interest only. All the changes specified by this errata have already been implemented in the etext.

ERRATA

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTESEvery effort has been made to preserve the original text, including non-standard spelling and grammar as well as inconsistencies in the transliteration of non-English words (both in spelling and use of diacritics.) Non-standard spelling has been preserved if the word is understandable in context. Changes to the text have only been made in the case of obvious typographical errors and where not making a correction would leave the text confusing or difficult to read. All changes are documented in the notes below. The original text also included an errata page by the author/translator. The changes specified in this errata have been implemented and are also documented in the notes below.Treatment of quotation marks. In the original text, the author/translator used a variant of a European convention in which quoted text began with double quotation marks and ended with double low-9 quotation marks (present in unicode as U+201E). For the convenience of users who may not be able to display unicode, the double low-9 quotation marks have been replaced by regular double quotation marks.In the author/translator's original style of punctuation, full-stops were always placed outside of the closing quotation marks. Where quoted text ended with an exclamation or question mark, these would be placed inside the closing quotation mark and then a terminating full-stop would be added outside the quotation mark as in this example: "Sacramento!". This style of punctuation has been preserved.Some blocks of quoted text were enclosed in double angle quotation marks (or guillemets). This style of punctuation has been preserved.Inconsistencies in the hyphenation of words have been preserved. (blowpipe/s, blow-pipe/s; earrings, ear-rings; earthenware, earthen-ware; goodbye, good-bye; hairpins, hair-pins; midnight, mid-night; recalled, re-called; recommenced, re-commenced; reproduced, re-produced; woodcutter's, wood-cutter's)Pg. 12, "meetins" changed to "meeting". (but once a meeting has)Pg. 12, "sould" changed to "should". (why should we consider the fierceness)Pg. 14, "qualilies" changed to "qualities". From author's original errata. (qualities of courage and energy)Pg. 20, "philosphy" changed to "philosophy". (But my philosophy soon took the)Pg. 20, "come" changed to "some". (a Pullman's car or some other vehicle)Pg. 21, closing quote inserted to end at end of paragraph. (a continual increase of danger".)Pg. 25, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (in conseguence, the presence of)Pg. 28, "stiffiness" changed to "stiffness". (Besides the stiffness of my joints)Pg. 29, "as" changed to "us". (you insult us and call)Pg. 35, "dutieu" changed to "duties". (all the various duties of)Pg. 35, "kiching" changed to "kicking". (kicking and batting)Pg. 35, "belongig" changed to "belonging". (of some land belonging to two)Pg. 36, "te" changed to "to". (my desire to become better acquainted)Pg. 36, "contry" changed to "country". (but in him his country lost)Pg. 36, "recipt" changed to "receipt". (tight hold of the receipt)Pg. 38, "indefaticable" changed to "indefatigable". (his indefatigable energy brings forth)Pg. 39, duplicated "a" removed. (we threw a well-pounded leaf)Pg. 39, "wishcd" changed to "wished". From author's original errata. (if I wished for fortune)Pg. 47, "af" changed to "of". (in spite of its glass eyes)Pg. 47, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (The consequence was quite)Pg. 50, "creditors" changed to "debtors". From author's original errata. (as his debtors could not pay)Pg. 51, "equal" changed to "equal". (is quite equal to the task)Pg. 59, Chapter VI summary, "Everlasting twlight" changed to "Everlasting twilight". From author's original errata.Pg. 55, "sirene" changed to "sirens". (and its steam sirens?)Pg. 55, "Telok Ansom". Author's original text retained, although he probably intended to refer to the town more commonly called "Telok Anson".Pg. 55, "Sakay" occurs here and in a few other instances in the text. Elsewhere it is spelled "Sakai". The original spelling has been preserved in all instances.Pg. 60, "incease" changed to "increase". (swarms of insects increase its agony by making)Pg. 60, "miriads" changed to "myriads". (these myriads of plants)Pg. 61, "centures" changed to "centuries". From author's original errata. (destined to brave centuries)Footnote 5, "i" changed to "I". (I ate it with relish)Pg. 71, "Proctectorate" changed to "Protectorate". (remote Eastern Protectorate)Pg. 71, "Pymalion". Author's original text retained, although more commonly spelled "Pygmalion".Pg. 76, "varities" changed to "varieties". (varieties of serpents, big and small)Pg. 77, "smakes" changed to "snakes". (danger from snakes)Pg. 80, "inefficatious" changed to "inefficacious". From author's original errata. (inefficacious when a manPg. 84, "safe-quard" changed to "safeguard". From author's original errata. (behaviour being his safeguard)Pg. 85, Chapter VIII summary. "incoronation" changed to "coronation". From author's original errata. (coronation of King Edward VII)Pg. 85, "gratisfy" changed to "gratify". (such as to gratify a little ambition)Pg. 87, "responsable" changed to "responsible". (to establish the responsibility)Pg. 93, quotation marks fixed. '"By thus living separate, "he said" each family....' changed to '"By this living separate," he said "each family....'.Pg. 96, "aud" changed to "and". (produces and causes)Pg. 96, "previons" changed to "previous". From author's original errata. (to my previous position)Pg. 97, "angiush" changed to "anguish". (that awful anguish I had)Pg. 107, "two" changed to "too". From author's original errata. (I, too, have often made)Pg. 110, duplicated word "of" removed. (I speak only of the Sakais)Pg. 110, "investicating" changed to "investigating". (feel of investigating our neighbour's past)Pg. 111, "two" changed to "too". From author's original errata. (are too long in proportion)Pg. 111, "scarch" changed to "search". From author's original errata. (the like in search)Footnote 8, "eujoy" changed to "enjoy". (If to-day is ours to enjoy.)Pg. 112, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (in consequence of their long exposure) )Pg. 117, extraneous comma in "etc., Rice" removed as it appears a new sentence is being started. (etc. Rice is an imported luxury)Pg. 118, "elever" changed to "clever". (are very clever)Pg. 120, "off" changed to "of" (or of ill-treating them in any way)Pg. 121, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (agree in consequence of the difference)Pg. 122, "risult" changed to "result". (but the result of the circumstances)Pg. 124, "altained" changed to "attained". From author's original errata. (attained or the future)Pg. 126, caption of illustration following this page, "Bois practising shooting" changed to "Boys practising shooting".Pg. 128, "egual" changed to "equal". From author's original errata. (all are equal)Pg. 131, "economic" changed to "financial". From author's original errata. (financial conditions to permit the formation)Pg. 133, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". From author's original errata. (The immediate consequence of)Pg. 134, "withont" changed to "without". From author's original errata. (and without any hope of reward)Pg. 139, "same" changed to "same time". From author's original errata. (has, at the same time, to)Pg. 139, "civilizied" changed to "civilized". (with what civilized)Pg. 141, "obbliged" changed to "obliged". From author's original errata. (I have been obliged)Pg. 141, "boudaries" changed to "boundaries". (the boundaries of village)Pg. 141, "settlments" changed to "settlements". (these settlements that I have)Pg. 143, "to-morow" changed to "to-morrow". (to-morrow a common danger)Pg. 143, "betwen" changed to "between" (which exists between)Pg. 146, "appetising" changed to "appetizing". From author's original errata. (into appetizing capons)Pg. 150, "inventary" changed to "inventory". (the inventory of their kitchen)Pg. 153, "Notwithslanding" changed to "Notwithstanding". (Notwithstanding this sharpening)Pg. 158, glossary entry under "Evil", "sonnd" changed to "sound". (alphabetical sound ofe)Pg. 161, "scems" changed to "seems". (that seems to be composed)Pg. 162, "attemps" changed to "attempts". (renounces all attempts)Pg. 171, "indipendence" changed to "independence". (their "spirit of independence")Footnote 15, "chineloy" changed to "chinneloy". From author's original errata. (Pronouncedchinneloy)Pg. 180, "contorsion" changed to "contortion". (every jump and contortion)Pg. 184, "de" changed to "do". (Sakais do not refuse)Pg. 184, "reasou" changed to "reason". (reason the terrible beast)Pg. 184, "Spirt" changed to "Spirit". (Evil Spirit who is continually)Pg. 184, "wcked" changed to "wicked". (play his wicked tricks)Pg. 184, "serinity" changed to "serenity". (the serenity of their simple minds)Pg. 184, "frequenty" changed to "frequently". (hurricanes that frequently)Pg. 185, "thay" changed to "they". (evil spirits that they believe)Pg. 186, "esixtence" changed to "existence". (the existence of a Good Spirit)Pg. 186, "os" changed to "as". (so much so as never)Pg. 186, "II" changed to "It". (It must also be considered)Pg. 187, "falshood" changed to "falsehood". From author's original errata. (tell you a falsehood)Pg. 188, "siezed" changed to "seized". (seized with great terror)Pg. 189, "imdetuous" presumed to be "impetuous". This text has several instances of inverted letters, as though the type-setter placed the type upside down. (The impetuous currents of air)Pg. 189, "twoo" changed to "two". (two-fold office)Pg. 189, "breaded" presumed to be "dreaded", which makes more sense in context (see the dreaded Being)Pg. 189, "scceeds" changed to "succeeds". (and succeeds in over-ruling)Pg. 189, "tò" changed to "to". (in order to ascertain)Pg. 189, "notwithstending" changed to "notwithstanding". (notwithstanding the cabalistic)Pg. 189, "sesisting" changed to "resisting". (resisting and defeating him)Pg. 189, "kflled" changed to "killed". has overcome and killed him)Pg. 189, "upringht" changed to "upright". (in an upright position)Pg. 190, "dayu" changed to "days". (For seven days continual)Pg. 190, "provider" changed to "provided". (it is provided with)Pg. 190, "fother's" changed to "father's". (his father's dignity)Pg. 190, "keed" changed to "keep". (alone to keep watch)Pg. 190, "ir" changed to "in". (incense-pan in which he burns)Pg. 190, "spyng" changed to "spying". (of spying his actions)Pg. 190, "ningt's" changed to "night's". (the night's proceedings)Pg. 190, "alght" changed to "alight". (continues to keep alight)Pg. 190, "slinghtest" changed to "slightest". (the slightest movement of fear)Pg. 190, "sciene" changed to "science". (the occult science of his)Pg. 191, "the had watchad". Either a word is missing after "the", or "the" was meant to be "he". Changed to "he had watched". (proof that he had watched that night)Pg. 191, "suol" changed to "soul". (soul of the dead man)Pg. 191, "pzwer" changed to "power". (power would be lost)Pg. 191, "moltals" changed to "mortals". (poor mortals around)Pg. 191, "efficatious" changed to "efficacious". (venomous virtue more efficacious)Pg. 192, "throug" changed to "through". (opening left through the)Pg. 192, "patien's budy" changed to "patient's body". (from the patient's body)Pg. 192, "thereforo be heriocally" changed to "therefore be heroically". (must therefore be heroically fought)Pg. 192, "villagn" changed to "village". (The village in which the)Pg. 192, "forbibben" changed to "forbidden". (light is absolutely forbidden)Pg. 193, "But is" changed to "But it is". From author's original errata. (But it is intended)Pg. 193, "succomb" changed to "succumb". (if he does not succumb)Pg. 193, "corpe" changed to "corpse". (leave the corpse)Pg. 194, "aud" changed to "and". (performed and they regularly)Pg. 199, "aed" changed to "and". (and makes abundant ablutions)Pg. 199, "Sakia" changed to "Sakai". Sakai is presumed to be the word most likely intended. (death of a Sakai)Pg. 199, "aven" changed to "even". (not require even the intervention)Pg. 200, "bi" changed to "by". (by distraction of thought)Pg. 200, "partticular" changed to "particular". (have no particular)Pg. 200, single quote mark changed to comma. (cooking their food, preparing their poisons)Pg. 200, "nigt" changed to "night". (warming them during the night)Pg. 200, "mathes" changed to "matches". (I gave them matches)Pg. 200, "Thek" changed to "They". (They may be briefly summed)Pg. 200, "stil" changed to "still". (are still under the thick)Pg. 200, "dobt" changed to "doubt". (bright light of a first doubt)Pg. 200 "far" changed to "for", appears more appropriate in context. (creatures for whom the discouraging counsel)Footnote 18, "studyng" changed to "studying". (without studying it)Pg. 201, "pratice" changed to "practice". (the practice of morality)Pg. 201, added full-stop at end of sentence (they do not understand or cannot.)Pg. 202, Chapter XV summary. An entire line "Thelabar,lampat,masèandloo" appears to be missing as can be seen from the equivalent summary paragraph in the Table of Contents.Pg. 202, Chapter XV summary. "Nai Bretaks" is given as "Mai Bretaks" in the table of contents. Original text preserved in both cases.Pg. 207, "triomphantly" changed to "triumphantly". (victors carry it triumphantly)Pg. 207, "sch" changed to "such". (There is such a rich)Pg. 207, "areparation" changed to "preparation". (preparation of poisons)Pg. 207, "famigliar" changed to "familiar" (most familiar are)Pg. 207, "Jnst" changed to "Just". (Just as a gun)Pg. 207, "Sakais doen" changed to "Sakai does". Includes author's original errata. (the Sakai does not waste)Pg. 208, "frepuently" changed to "frequently". (the other is frequently)Pg. 208, "properrties" changed to "properties". (contain miraculous properties)Pg. 208, "soffee" changed to "coffee". (coffee, sugar, rice)Pg. 209, "intollerably" changed to "intolerably". (that itch intolerably)Pg. 211, "ealled" changed to "called". (climber calledlemmak kapiting)Pg. 214, "ander" changed to "under". (its nest under the leaves of)Pg. 215, "of scudiscio" changed to "ofscudiscio". Author's style was to italicise non-English words but there did not seem to be a reason to italicise the word "of" and this is possibly a typographical error. (with a band ofscudiscioand)Pg. 216, "Lucretuis" changed to "Lucretius". (the poem of Lucretius Carus!)Pg. 221, "Kedak" probably refers to the place now more commonly spelled "Kedah", however the original text has been preserved. (Kedak and Kelantan)Pg. 224, "propogation" changed to "propagation". (propagation of the malady)Pg. 225, "seream" changed to "scream". (Hearing her scream the husband)Pg. 228, "nowithstanding" changed to "notwithstanding". (notwithstanding all this)Pg. "229" "to day" changed to "to-day" (that to-day the Sakais no longer)

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES

Every effort has been made to preserve the original text, including non-standard spelling and grammar as well as inconsistencies in the transliteration of non-English words (both in spelling and use of diacritics.) Non-standard spelling has been preserved if the word is understandable in context. Changes to the text have only been made in the case of obvious typographical errors and where not making a correction would leave the text confusing or difficult to read. All changes are documented in the notes below. The original text also included an errata page by the author/translator. The changes specified in this errata have been implemented and are also documented in the notes below.

Treatment of quotation marks. In the original text, the author/translator used a variant of a European convention in which quoted text began with double quotation marks and ended with double low-9 quotation marks (present in unicode as U+201E). For the convenience of users who may not be able to display unicode, the double low-9 quotation marks have been replaced by regular double quotation marks.

In the author/translator's original style of punctuation, full-stops were always placed outside of the closing quotation marks. Where quoted text ended with an exclamation or question mark, these would be placed inside the closing quotation mark and then a terminating full-stop would be added outside the quotation mark as in this example: "Sacramento!". This style of punctuation has been preserved.

Some blocks of quoted text were enclosed in double angle quotation marks (or guillemets). This style of punctuation has been preserved.

Inconsistencies in the hyphenation of words have been preserved. (blowpipe/s, blow-pipe/s; earrings, ear-rings; earthenware, earthen-ware; goodbye, good-bye; hairpins, hair-pins; midnight, mid-night; recalled, re-called; recommenced, re-commenced; reproduced, re-produced; woodcutter's, wood-cutter's)

Pg. 12, "meetins" changed to "meeting". (but once a meeting has)

Pg. 12, "sould" changed to "should". (why should we consider the fierceness)

Pg. 14, "qualilies" changed to "qualities". From author's original errata. (qualities of courage and energy)

Pg. 20, "philosphy" changed to "philosophy". (But my philosophy soon took the)

Pg. 20, "come" changed to "some". (a Pullman's car or some other vehicle)

Pg. 21, closing quote inserted to end at end of paragraph. (a continual increase of danger".)

Pg. 25, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (in conseguence, the presence of)

Pg. 28, "stiffiness" changed to "stiffness". (Besides the stiffness of my joints)

Pg. 29, "as" changed to "us". (you insult us and call)

Pg. 35, "dutieu" changed to "duties". (all the various duties of)

Pg. 35, "kiching" changed to "kicking". (kicking and batting)

Pg. 35, "belongig" changed to "belonging". (of some land belonging to two)

Pg. 36, "te" changed to "to". (my desire to become better acquainted)

Pg. 36, "contry" changed to "country". (but in him his country lost)

Pg. 36, "recipt" changed to "receipt". (tight hold of the receipt)

Pg. 38, "indefaticable" changed to "indefatigable". (his indefatigable energy brings forth)

Pg. 39, duplicated "a" removed. (we threw a well-pounded leaf)

Pg. 39, "wishcd" changed to "wished". From author's original errata. (if I wished for fortune)

Pg. 47, "af" changed to "of". (in spite of its glass eyes)

Pg. 47, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (The consequence was quite)

Pg. 50, "creditors" changed to "debtors". From author's original errata. (as his debtors could not pay)

Pg. 51, "equal" changed to "equal". (is quite equal to the task)

Pg. 59, Chapter VI summary, "Everlasting twlight" changed to "Everlasting twilight". From author's original errata.

Pg. 55, "sirene" changed to "sirens". (and its steam sirens?)

Pg. 55, "Telok Ansom". Author's original text retained, although he probably intended to refer to the town more commonly called "Telok Anson".

Pg. 55, "Sakay" occurs here and in a few other instances in the text. Elsewhere it is spelled "Sakai". The original spelling has been preserved in all instances.

Pg. 60, "incease" changed to "increase". (swarms of insects increase its agony by making)

Pg. 60, "miriads" changed to "myriads". (these myriads of plants)

Pg. 61, "centures" changed to "centuries". From author's original errata. (destined to brave centuries)

Footnote 5, "i" changed to "I". (I ate it with relish)

Pg. 71, "Proctectorate" changed to "Protectorate". (remote Eastern Protectorate)

Pg. 71, "Pymalion". Author's original text retained, although more commonly spelled "Pygmalion".

Pg. 76, "varities" changed to "varieties". (varieties of serpents, big and small)

Pg. 77, "smakes" changed to "snakes". (danger from snakes)

Pg. 80, "inefficatious" changed to "inefficacious". From author's original errata. (inefficacious when a man

Pg. 84, "safe-quard" changed to "safeguard". From author's original errata. (behaviour being his safeguard)

Pg. 85, Chapter VIII summary. "incoronation" changed to "coronation". From author's original errata. (coronation of King Edward VII)

Pg. 85, "gratisfy" changed to "gratify". (such as to gratify a little ambition)

Pg. 87, "responsable" changed to "responsible". (to establish the responsibility)

Pg. 93, quotation marks fixed. '"By thus living separate, "he said" each family....' changed to '"By this living separate," he said "each family....'.

Pg. 96, "aud" changed to "and". (produces and causes)

Pg. 96, "previons" changed to "previous". From author's original errata. (to my previous position)

Pg. 97, "angiush" changed to "anguish". (that awful anguish I had)

Pg. 107, "two" changed to "too". From author's original errata. (I, too, have often made)

Pg. 110, duplicated word "of" removed. (I speak only of the Sakais)

Pg. 110, "investicating" changed to "investigating". (feel of investigating our neighbour's past)

Pg. 111, "two" changed to "too". From author's original errata. (are too long in proportion)

Pg. 111, "scarch" changed to "search". From author's original errata. (the like in search)

Footnote 8, "eujoy" changed to "enjoy". (If to-day is ours to enjoy.)

Pg. 112, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (in consequence of their long exposure) )

Pg. 117, extraneous comma in "etc., Rice" removed as it appears a new sentence is being started. (etc. Rice is an imported luxury)

Pg. 118, "elever" changed to "clever". (are very clever)

Pg. 120, "off" changed to "of" (or of ill-treating them in any way)

Pg. 121, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". (agree in consequence of the difference)

Pg. 122, "risult" changed to "result". (but the result of the circumstances)

Pg. 124, "altained" changed to "attained". From author's original errata. (attained or the future)

Pg. 126, caption of illustration following this page, "Bois practising shooting" changed to "Boys practising shooting".

Pg. 128, "egual" changed to "equal". From author's original errata. (all are equal)

Pg. 131, "economic" changed to "financial". From author's original errata. (financial conditions to permit the formation)

Pg. 133, "conseguence" changed to "consequence". From author's original errata. (The immediate consequence of)

Pg. 134, "withont" changed to "without". From author's original errata. (and without any hope of reward)

Pg. 139, "same" changed to "same time". From author's original errata. (has, at the same time, to)

Pg. 139, "civilizied" changed to "civilized". (with what civilized)

Pg. 141, "obbliged" changed to "obliged". From author's original errata. (I have been obliged)

Pg. 141, "boudaries" changed to "boundaries". (the boundaries of village)

Pg. 141, "settlments" changed to "settlements". (these settlements that I have)

Pg. 143, "to-morow" changed to "to-morrow". (to-morrow a common danger)

Pg. 143, "betwen" changed to "between" (which exists between)

Pg. 146, "appetising" changed to "appetizing". From author's original errata. (into appetizing capons)

Pg. 150, "inventary" changed to "inventory". (the inventory of their kitchen)

Pg. 153, "Notwithslanding" changed to "Notwithstanding". (Notwithstanding this sharpening)

Pg. 158, glossary entry under "Evil", "sonnd" changed to "sound". (alphabetical sound ofe)

Pg. 161, "scems" changed to "seems". (that seems to be composed)

Pg. 162, "attemps" changed to "attempts". (renounces all attempts)

Pg. 171, "indipendence" changed to "independence". (their "spirit of independence")

Footnote 15, "chineloy" changed to "chinneloy". From author's original errata. (Pronouncedchinneloy)

Pg. 180, "contorsion" changed to "contortion". (every jump and contortion)

Pg. 184, "de" changed to "do". (Sakais do not refuse)

Pg. 184, "reasou" changed to "reason". (reason the terrible beast)

Pg. 184, "Spirt" changed to "Spirit". (Evil Spirit who is continually)

Pg. 184, "wcked" changed to "wicked". (play his wicked tricks)

Pg. 184, "serinity" changed to "serenity". (the serenity of their simple minds)

Pg. 184, "frequenty" changed to "frequently". (hurricanes that frequently)

Pg. 185, "thay" changed to "they". (evil spirits that they believe)

Pg. 186, "esixtence" changed to "existence". (the existence of a Good Spirit)

Pg. 186, "os" changed to "as". (so much so as never)

Pg. 186, "II" changed to "It". (It must also be considered)

Pg. 187, "falshood" changed to "falsehood". From author's original errata. (tell you a falsehood)

Pg. 188, "siezed" changed to "seized". (seized with great terror)

Pg. 189, "imdetuous" presumed to be "impetuous". This text has several instances of inverted letters, as though the type-setter placed the type upside down. (The impetuous currents of air)

Pg. 189, "twoo" changed to "two". (two-fold office)

Pg. 189, "breaded" presumed to be "dreaded", which makes more sense in context (see the dreaded Being)

Pg. 189, "scceeds" changed to "succeeds". (and succeeds in over-ruling)

Pg. 189, "tò" changed to "to". (in order to ascertain)

Pg. 189, "notwithstending" changed to "notwithstanding". (notwithstanding the cabalistic)

Pg. 189, "sesisting" changed to "resisting". (resisting and defeating him)

Pg. 189, "kflled" changed to "killed". has overcome and killed him)

Pg. 189, "upringht" changed to "upright". (in an upright position)

Pg. 190, "dayu" changed to "days". (For seven days continual)

Pg. 190, "provider" changed to "provided". (it is provided with)

Pg. 190, "fother's" changed to "father's". (his father's dignity)

Pg. 190, "keed" changed to "keep". (alone to keep watch)

Pg. 190, "ir" changed to "in". (incense-pan in which he burns)

Pg. 190, "spyng" changed to "spying". (of spying his actions)

Pg. 190, "ningt's" changed to "night's". (the night's proceedings)

Pg. 190, "alght" changed to "alight". (continues to keep alight)

Pg. 190, "slinghtest" changed to "slightest". (the slightest movement of fear)

Pg. 190, "sciene" changed to "science". (the occult science of his)

Pg. 191, "the had watchad". Either a word is missing after "the", or "the" was meant to be "he". Changed to "he had watched". (proof that he had watched that night)

Pg. 191, "suol" changed to "soul". (soul of the dead man)

Pg. 191, "pzwer" changed to "power". (power would be lost)

Pg. 191, "moltals" changed to "mortals". (poor mortals around)

Pg. 191, "efficatious" changed to "efficacious". (venomous virtue more efficacious)

Pg. 192, "throug" changed to "through". (opening left through the)

Pg. 192, "patien's budy" changed to "patient's body". (from the patient's body)

Pg. 192, "thereforo be heriocally" changed to "therefore be heroically". (must therefore be heroically fought)

Pg. 192, "villagn" changed to "village". (The village in which the)

Pg. 192, "forbibben" changed to "forbidden". (light is absolutely forbidden)

Pg. 193, "But is" changed to "But it is". From author's original errata. (But it is intended)

Pg. 193, "succomb" changed to "succumb". (if he does not succumb)

Pg. 193, "corpe" changed to "corpse". (leave the corpse)

Pg. 194, "aud" changed to "and". (performed and they regularly)

Pg. 199, "aed" changed to "and". (and makes abundant ablutions)

Pg. 199, "Sakia" changed to "Sakai". Sakai is presumed to be the word most likely intended. (death of a Sakai)

Pg. 199, "aven" changed to "even". (not require even the intervention)

Pg. 200, "bi" changed to "by". (by distraction of thought)

Pg. 200, "partticular" changed to "particular". (have no particular)

Pg. 200, single quote mark changed to comma. (cooking their food, preparing their poisons)

Pg. 200, "nigt" changed to "night". (warming them during the night)

Pg. 200, "mathes" changed to "matches". (I gave them matches)

Pg. 200, "Thek" changed to "They". (They may be briefly summed)

Pg. 200, "stil" changed to "still". (are still under the thick)

Pg. 200, "dobt" changed to "doubt". (bright light of a first doubt)

Pg. 200 "far" changed to "for", appears more appropriate in context. (creatures for whom the discouraging counsel)

Footnote 18, "studyng" changed to "studying". (without studying it)

Pg. 201, "pratice" changed to "practice". (the practice of morality)

Pg. 201, added full-stop at end of sentence (they do not understand or cannot.)

Pg. 202, Chapter XV summary. An entire line "Thelabar,lampat,masèandloo" appears to be missing as can be seen from the equivalent summary paragraph in the Table of Contents.

Pg. 202, Chapter XV summary. "Nai Bretaks" is given as "Mai Bretaks" in the table of contents. Original text preserved in both cases.

Pg. 207, "triomphantly" changed to "triumphantly". (victors carry it triumphantly)

Pg. 207, "sch" changed to "such". (There is such a rich)

Pg. 207, "areparation" changed to "preparation". (preparation of poisons)

Pg. 207, "famigliar" changed to "familiar" (most familiar are)

Pg. 207, "Jnst" changed to "Just". (Just as a gun)

Pg. 207, "Sakais doen" changed to "Sakai does". Includes author's original errata. (the Sakai does not waste)

Pg. 208, "frepuently" changed to "frequently". (the other is frequently)

Pg. 208, "properrties" changed to "properties". (contain miraculous properties)

Pg. 208, "soffee" changed to "coffee". (coffee, sugar, rice)

Pg. 209, "intollerably" changed to "intolerably". (that itch intolerably)

Pg. 211, "ealled" changed to "called". (climber calledlemmak kapiting)

Pg. 214, "ander" changed to "under". (its nest under the leaves of)

Pg. 215, "of scudiscio" changed to "ofscudiscio". Author's style was to italicise non-English words but there did not seem to be a reason to italicise the word "of" and this is possibly a typographical error. (with a band ofscudiscioand)

Pg. 216, "Lucretuis" changed to "Lucretius". (the poem of Lucretius Carus!)

Pg. 221, "Kedak" probably refers to the place now more commonly spelled "Kedah", however the original text has been preserved. (Kedak and Kelantan)

Pg. 224, "propogation" changed to "propagation". (propagation of the malady)

Pg. 225, "seream" changed to "scream". (Hearing her scream the husband)

Pg. 228, "nowithstanding" changed to "notwithstanding". (notwithstanding all this)

Pg. "229" "to day" changed to "to-day" (that to-day the Sakais no longer)

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