NOTES.
Lettersin the Russian names and titles in this volume have the following values:—
In this volume Russian names and titles without printed accents are accented on the penult. Names and titles accented on syllables other than the penult have the accents indicated in the following list:—
AdórAfrónAndrónovichBaba-YagáBulátDolmátFedótGoróhGosudárIvánIvánushkaKirbítKirbítyevnaSimeónSvaitozárVóronovichYélena
The few titles in the Russian tales are:—
In Chekh and Magyar the accent is always on the first syllable.
In the Magyar consonantal combinationscs=ch,gy=dy,s=sh. Examples are Csako, pronounced Chako,—one of the cows sold by the poor man to the King of the Crows. This is a name given in Hungary to a cow with horns grown outward. Kiss Miklos, pronounced Kish Miklosh, means in English Nicholas Little. Magyar is pronounced Modyor, the unaccentedain Magyar being the equivalent, or nearly so, of ouro.
The Russian myth-tales in this volume are all taken from Afanasyeff’s[9]collection. At the end of each title are given, in parentheses, the part and page of the tale in the original work.
[9]The Russian title of Afanasyeff’s work is, “Naródniya Rússkiya Skazki. A. N. Afanásieva, Moskvá.” There are eight parts, usually bound in three volumes, and dated 1860-61-63.
[9]The Russian title of Afanasyeff’s work is, “Naródniya Rússkiya Skazki. A. N. Afanásieva, Moskvá.” There are eight parts, usually bound in three volumes, and dated 1860-61-63.
The Three Kingdoms,—The Copper, the Silver, and the Golden.Page1. (Part vii. p. 97.)
The first name, that of the Tsar Bail Bailyanyin, is best translated as “White of White Land.” There is in Russian mythology a lady of unspeakable beauty, Nastasya or Anastasya of the sea, who causes the sun to blush twice each day; she is perhaps the Nastasya, Golden Tress, of this story. Bail Bailyanyin, “White of White Land,” may well be Bail Bog, the White God of pre-Christian Russians. And here a few words touching the persistence of myth-conceptions may not be out of place. In the tales of the Indians, and in fact of all men who have retained firm traces of primitive thought, the people of the myth-tellers are on the side of light and goodness, and their enemies on that of darkness and harm. This is parallel with the antithesis of day and night. The Russian phrasesbaili dyen,baili svait, “white day,” “white world,” are good examples of the old-time idea with which is connected, in all likelihood, the title Baili Tsar, “the White Tsar,” still existent in Russia.
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Ivan Tsarevich, The Fire-Bird, and the Gray Wolf.Page20. (Part vii. p. 121.)
The variants of this tale among the Russians and other Slavs, as well as in Germany, are many, and would fill a volume of good size if collected and published. In some Russian variants Ivan Tsarevich retains Yelena the Beautiful, not through the art and friendship of the Wolf, but by his own craft and daring. When he has received the golden-maned steed in exchange for Yelena, and is going, he asks to take leave of the maiden; the request is granted. He raises the beauty to the saddle-bow, puts spurs to the steed, rises in the air, shoots on above the standing forest, below the moving cloud, vanishes, holds on his way till he comes to the Tsar to whom he had promised to give the steed for the Fire-Bird. When the time comes for parting he asks to take a last ride on the steed, if only through the court-yard; the Tsar agrees. Ivan mounts with the cage in his hand; the steed rises as before, and he vanishes, comes to the place where he had left Yelena, and fares homeward with her till he meets his evil brothers.
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Ivan the Peasant’s Son and the Little Man Himself One-finger Tall, his Mustache Seven Versts in Length.Page37. (Part viii. p. 109.)
[Written down in the government of Saratoff, by Guskóff.]
In this tale we have Freezer and Great Eater, with powers exhibited on a smaller scale than those of the comrades of Kiss Miklos in the Magyar myth. The picture of the boat serving for the reality has its parallel quite frequently in Indian belief.
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The Feather of Bright Finist the Falcon.Page47. (Part viii. p. 1.)
Written down in the government of Vologda.
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The Pig with Gold Bristles, the Deer with Golden Horns, and the Golden-Maned Steed with Golden Tail.Page59. (Part ii. p. 268.)
Written down in the government of Voronej.
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Water of Youth, Water of Life, and Water of Death.Page72. (Part vii. p. 66.)
The sleeping maiden in this tale, with her slumbering host, reminds us at once of the Queen of Tubber Tintye in “The King of Erin and the Queen of Lonesome Island.” See “Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland.”
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The Footless and Blind Champions.Page82. (Part v. p. 164.)
This tale has many variants in Russian, and resembles the Brünhilde and Gunter story in the “Niebelungen Lied.”
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The Three Kingdoms.Page97. (Part viii. p. 91.)
This story is remarkable for the change or metamorphosis of Raven, the great power, into a common raven after his defeat by Ivan Tsarevich and the surrender of the feather staff.
Raven is a great personage in American mythology, especially in that of the Modocs. Whenever he appeared and uttered his spell with an ominous laugh, everything was turned to stone. There are many rock groups of Eastern Oregon described in the myths as ancient mighty personages turned into stone by Raven. As soon as the body became stone, however, the spirit escaped, and took physical form in some other place. Over the spirit, Raven had no power.
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Koshchéi Without-Death.Page106. (Part vii. p. 72.)
[Written down in the government of Archangel.]
This name has been translated, but incorrectly, Koshchéi, the “Deathless” or “Immortal.” Koshchéi was not deathless.His death was in the world, but in a place apart from him, which is simply another way of saying that the source of his life was at a distance. We may find in this fact one very important clew to the discovery of the nature of personages like Koshchéi. No matter how they are cut up or slaughtered, where they act, they are alive and as strong as ever next instant; it is as vain to try to kill them by attacking their bodies as it is to destroy winter by making bonfires in the open country, or destroy the summer by artificial cooling. There are two ways by which we may draw conclusions as to who these personages are,—one by discovering what or where their life or death is, the other by examining their acts. We do not know much at present about Koshchéi, from the fact that his death is in a duck’s egg; but if we could learn who the women are whom he carries away, that would throw light on his character. Let us take an American example. There is a personage, Winter, in a certain Indian myth whose heart is hidden away at a distance, and whose song brings frost and snow. The heart is found by the enemy of the Snow-maker; this enemy burns it, and the Snow-maker dies. In another Indian myth the hero’s enemy is pounded to pieces, but comes to life, is killed repeatedly without result. At last the hero learns that his enemy’s heart is in the sky, at the western side of the sun at midday; straightway he reaches up, gets the heart, crushes it, and his enemy dies. In this case the enemy is surely not a snow-maker.
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Vassilissa Golden Tress, Bareheaded Beauty.Page124. (Part viii. p. 367.)
[Written down by Bronnitski.]
The name of the Tsar Svaitozar means “light-shining,” “resplendent.”
The wise blacksmith of the Savage Serpent receives a reward from Ivan Tsarevich similar to that given by Cucúlin to the Strong Smith in “Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland;” he is made king.
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The Ring with Twelve Screws.Page137. (Part viii. p. 541.)
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The Footless and the Blind.Page149. (Part viii. p. 191.)
The struggle to the bitter end between Nikita and Yelena the Beautiful is well brought out in this tale.
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Koshchéi Without-Death.Page165. (Part viii. p. 69.)
For an interesting parallel to this tale, see “Phakir Chand” in “Folk-tales of Bengal,” by the Rev. Lal Behari Day.
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Go to the Verge of Destruction and Bring Back Shmat-Razum.Page179. (Part vii. p. 38.)
In the original text the last task given by the king is to go “I know not where and bring back I know not what.” Shmat-Razum is a variant.
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Marya Morevna.Page203. (Part viii. p. 98.)
Morevnameans “daughter of the sea.”
This is a very fine tale, in which the ancient characters are well preserved. Koshchéi Without-Death, however, has his death with him this time.
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Yelena the Wise.Page218. (Part vii. p. 304.)
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The Seven Simeons, Full Brothers.Page228. (Part i. p. 370.)
The Simeons remind us at once of the brothers in “Fin MacCumhail, the Seven Brothers, and the King of France.” See “Myths and Folk-lore of Ireland.”
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The Enchanted Princess.Page238. (Part viii. p. 138.)
This tale contains a good deal of myth material. Specially interesting is the withering of the trees when the soldier is put to sleep, and their budding forth when South Wind brings him back.
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Vassilissa the Cunning, and the Tsar of the Sea.Page249. (Part vi. p. 218.)
Vassilissa is written Vasilisa in Russian. I have doubled thesto assist the reader, but regret now that I did not preserve the Russian orthography and call attention to the pronunciation.
Tsar Unchristened Forehead is in the original text, and Tsar of the Sea is given as a variant. I have taken the variant, which is undoubtedly earlier than the name in the text. The battle between beasts and birds in the beginning of the tale is very curious. In Indian mythology struggles between beasts and birds are common; not, however, beasts and birds of the present kind, but the beings who lived before men appeared, and who fell from their former high places, becoming such beasts and birds as those that we see now. The eagle in this story corresponds in character to the mythologic birds before their fall.
It is noteworthy that the struggles for superiority in Indian myths are not carried on through fighting (the usual method in Aryan myths), but through trials of skill, strength, dexterity,—through playing ball, dice, foot-races, wrestling, and shooting. The opponents always bet their heads, and the head of the losing party is cut off without delay.
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The “Chekh Myths and Folk-Tales,” except “The Cuirassier and the Horned Princess,” are taken from a work in two parts called, “Folk-Tales,” by J. K. z. Radostova.[10]Prague, 1872.
[10]Národní Pohádky, od J. K. z. Radostova. V. Praze, 1872.
[10]Národní Pohádky, od J. K. z. Radostova. V. Praze, 1872.
Boyislav, Youngest of Twelve.(Part ii. p. 241.)
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The Table, the Pack, and the Bag.(Part i. p. 81.)
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The King of the Toads.(Part i. p. 133.)
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The Mouse-hole, and the Underground Kingdom.(In the original, “Mouse-Hole.” Part ii. p. 361.)
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The Treacherous Brothers.(Part ii. p. 321.)
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“The Cuirassier and the Horned Princess” (in the original, “Concerning a Cuirassier”) is taken from “Moravian Folk-Tales, Stories, Customs, and Beliefs,” collected and written down by Benesh Method Kulda.[11]Prague, 1874. This work is in two parts.
[11]Moravské Národní Pohádky, Pověstí, Obyčeje a Pověry sebral a napsal. Beneš Method Kulda. V. Praze, 1874.
[11]Moravské Národní Pohádky, Pověstí, Obyčeje a Pověry sebral a napsal. Beneš Method Kulda. V. Praze, 1874.
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The “Magyar Myths and Folk-Tales” are taken from the following sources,—
From “Original Folk-Tales of the Sayo Valley,” collected by László Merényi.[12](2 parts).
[12]Sajovölgyi Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1862.
[12]Sajovölgyi Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1862.
The Poor Man, and the King of the Crows.(Part ii. p. 113.)
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Kiss Miklos, and the Green Daughter of the Green King.(In the original, “The Lead Friend.” Part i. p. 1.)
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From “Original Folk-Tales,” collected by László Merényi.[13]Pest, 1861. (2 parts).
[13]Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1861.
[13]Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1861.
The Reed Maiden.(Part ii. p. 35.)
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From “Original Folk-Tales of the Danube Border,” collected by László Merényi.[14](2 parts).
[14]Dunamelléki Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1864.
[14]Dunamelléki Eredeti Népmesék Összegyüjtötte. Merényi László. Pest, 1864.
The Useless Wagoner.(Part ii. p. 143.)
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The Hedgehog, the Merchant, the King, and the Poor Man.(In the original, “The Hedgehog.” Part ii. p. 5.)
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From “Wild Roses. A Collection of the Mental Creations of the Sekler People,” by Yanosh Kriza.[15]Klausenburg, 1863. (Volume I., all, I believe, that was published, contains ballads songs, and tales.)
[15]Vadrószák, Székely Népköltési Gyüjtemény. Szerkeszti Kriza János. Kolozsvartt, 1863.
[15]Vadrószák, Székely Népköltési Gyüjtemény. Szerkeszti Kriza János. Kolozsvartt, 1863.
Mirko, the King’s Son.(Part i. p. 436.)
This beautiful tale was printed in the Keresturfiszek variety of Sekler Magyar, and has not been put into ordinary Magyar, so far as I know.
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Transcriber’s NoteArchaic and variant spelling is preserved as printed.Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.Hyphenation has been made consistent.Assuming typographic errors, the following amendments have been made:Page100—kingdom amended to Kingdom—... was the Tsaritsa of the Golden Kingdom, ...Page169—pursurers amended to pursuers—... went some versts, and met pursuers twice as many; ...Page212—Baga-Yaga amended to Baba-Yaga—... crossed the fiery river, and went to Baba-Yaga.Page221—pited amended to pitied—... pitied the poor prisoners, ...Page232—anwered amended to answered—... answered the seventh Simeon, ...Page244—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”Page245—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”Page263—Spendid amended to Splendid—“Splendid fellow!” said the Tsar; ...Ditto marks in the notes section at the end of the book have been replaced with the appropriate word(s) in each case.
Transcriber’s Note
Archaic and variant spelling is preserved as printed.
Minor punctuation errors have been repaired.
Hyphenation has been made consistent.
Assuming typographic errors, the following amendments have been made:
Page100—kingdom amended to Kingdom—... was the Tsaritsa of the Golden Kingdom, ...Page169—pursurers amended to pursuers—... went some versts, and met pursuers twice as many; ...Page212—Baga-Yaga amended to Baba-Yaga—... crossed the fiery river, and went to Baba-Yaga.Page221—pited amended to pitied—... pitied the poor prisoners, ...Page232—anwered amended to answered—... answered the seventh Simeon, ...Page244—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”Page245—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”Page263—Spendid amended to Splendid—“Splendid fellow!” said the Tsar; ...
Page100—kingdom amended to Kingdom—... was the Tsaritsa of the Golden Kingdom, ...
Page169—pursurers amended to pursuers—... went some versts, and met pursuers twice as many; ...
Page212—Baga-Yaga amended to Baba-Yaga—... crossed the fiery river, and went to Baba-Yaga.
Page221—pited amended to pitied—... pitied the poor prisoners, ...
Page232—anwered amended to answered—... answered the seventh Simeon, ...
Page244—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”
Page245—Greeting amended to Greetings—“Greetings to thee, grandmother!...”
Page263—Spendid amended to Splendid—“Splendid fellow!” said the Tsar; ...
Ditto marks in the notes section at the end of the book have been replaced with the appropriate word(s) in each case.