342Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112–122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,IandII, 1858.↑343Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.↑344Ibid, p. 138.↑345See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.↑346Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888.↑347Ibid, p. 243.↑348Author’s personal information; see p.143.↑349Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.↑350Ibid., pp. 247, 248.↑351Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423–428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561–565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888.↑352Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888.↑353For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall,I, pp. 251–260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians,II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).↑354Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561–569, 1837.↑355Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561–565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123–125.↑356Author’s personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.↑357Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.↑358Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas “confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822” with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas,II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.↑359Thrall, op. cit.,p. 58.↑360Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.↑361Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.↑362Ibid., p. 143, 1840.↑363Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.↑364Ibid., pp. 144, 146.↑365Thrall, Texas, pp. 116–168, 1876.↑366Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146–150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118–120.↑367Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143.↑368Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.↑369Author’s personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.↑370W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author’s personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.↑371For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298–312.↑372Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.↑373See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324–328; Greeley, American Conflict,II, pp. 30–34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.↑374In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike.↑375Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888.↑376Ibid, p. 331.↑377Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.↑378Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351).↑379See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334–340.↑380Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.↑381See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137–140.↑382Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356–358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277–284; St. Louis, 1875.↑383Royce, op. cit., p. 367.↑384Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles “Cherokee Advocate” and “John B. Jones.” The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic—cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, “too much white man.”↑385Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.↑386Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.↑387Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.↑388Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890.↑389Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.↑390See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii–lxxiii, 421–422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.↑391Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79–80, 1892.↑392Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33–34, 1893.↑393Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895.↑394Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.↑395Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.↑396Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.↑397Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896.↑398Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896.↑399Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.↑400Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment.↑401Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.↑402Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.↑403Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75–79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.↑404Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission).↑405Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–144, 1897.↑406Author’s personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 “for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory,” etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.↑407Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898.↑408See page131.↑409Charley’s story as here given is from the author’s personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû′na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott’s official dispatches.↑410See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑411Royce, op. cit., p. 292.↑412Ibid., p. 314.↑413In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ′hĭ, “Bird place,” Ani′-Wâ′dihĭ, “Paint place,” Waʻyâ′hĭ, “Wolf place,” E′lawâ′di, “Red earth” (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlănûñ′yĭ, “Raven place.” There was also, for a time, a “Pretty-woman town” (Ani′-Gilâ′hĭ?).↑414The facts concerning Colonel Thomas’s career are derived chiefly from the author’s conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah—now unfortunately mislaid—show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.↑415The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author’s personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!↑416The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).—Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837.↑417The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position.↑418Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896.↑419The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author’s information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants.↑420Author’s information from Colonel Thomas.↑421Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.↑422Author’s information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850.↑423Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300–313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148.↑424Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94–95, 1849.↑425Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.↑426See act quoted in “The United States of Americav.William H, Thomaset al.”; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms “North Carolina Cherokee” and “Eastern Cherokee” are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.↑427See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313–314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856.↑428Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.↑429Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459–460, 1845.↑430Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.↑431Royce, op. cit., p. 314.↑432The history of the events leading to the organization of the “Thomas Legion” is chiefly from the author’s conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, “If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war.”↑433This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery’s sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899.↑434Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore’s (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops,IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑435Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).↑436Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑437Author’s information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable.↑438Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888.↑439Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872.↑440Royce, op. cit., p. 353.↑441Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18–20, 1892; author’s personal information.↑442See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomaset al.H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315–318, 1888.↑443See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.↑444Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892.↑445Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343–344, 1875; and Report of IndianCommissioner, pp. 118–119, 1876.↑446Author’s personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35–36, 1883.↑447Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151.↑448See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–145, 1892; author’s personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426–427, 1897.↑449Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36–42, 1883.↑450Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882.↑451Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.↑452Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also “Indian legislation,” ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883.↑453Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885.↑454Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.↑455Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.↑456See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680–681, 1891.↑457From author’s personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38–39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.↑458Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81–82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.↑459Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896.↑460Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.↑461Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218–219, 1898.↑462At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested.↑
342Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112–122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,IandII, 1858.↑343Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.↑344Ibid, p. 138.↑345See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.↑346Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888.↑347Ibid, p. 243.↑348Author’s personal information; see p.143.↑349Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.↑350Ibid., pp. 247, 248.↑351Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423–428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561–565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888.↑352Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888.↑353For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall,I, pp. 251–260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians,II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).↑354Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561–569, 1837.↑355Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561–565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123–125.↑356Author’s personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.↑357Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.↑358Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas “confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822” with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas,II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.↑359Thrall, op. cit.,p. 58.↑360Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.↑361Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.↑362Ibid., p. 143, 1840.↑363Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.↑364Ibid., pp. 144, 146.↑365Thrall, Texas, pp. 116–168, 1876.↑366Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146–150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118–120.↑367Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143.↑368Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.↑369Author’s personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.↑370W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author’s personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.↑371For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298–312.↑372Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.↑373See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324–328; Greeley, American Conflict,II, pp. 30–34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.↑374In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike.↑375Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888.↑376Ibid, p. 331.↑377Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.↑378Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351).↑379See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334–340.↑380Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.↑381See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137–140.↑382Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356–358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277–284; St. Louis, 1875.↑383Royce, op. cit., p. 367.↑384Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles “Cherokee Advocate” and “John B. Jones.” The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic—cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, “too much white man.”↑385Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.↑386Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.↑387Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.↑388Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890.↑389Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.↑390See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii–lxxiii, 421–422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.↑391Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79–80, 1892.↑392Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33–34, 1893.↑393Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895.↑394Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.↑395Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.↑396Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.↑397Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896.↑398Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896.↑399Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.↑400Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment.↑401Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.↑402Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.↑403Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75–79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.↑404Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission).↑405Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–144, 1897.↑406Author’s personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 “for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory,” etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.↑407Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898.↑408See page131.↑409Charley’s story as here given is from the author’s personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû′na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott’s official dispatches.↑410See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑411Royce, op. cit., p. 292.↑412Ibid., p. 314.↑413In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ′hĭ, “Bird place,” Ani′-Wâ′dihĭ, “Paint place,” Waʻyâ′hĭ, “Wolf place,” E′lawâ′di, “Red earth” (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlănûñ′yĭ, “Raven place.” There was also, for a time, a “Pretty-woman town” (Ani′-Gilâ′hĭ?).↑414The facts concerning Colonel Thomas’s career are derived chiefly from the author’s conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah—now unfortunately mislaid—show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.↑415The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author’s personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!↑416The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).—Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837.↑417The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position.↑418Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896.↑419The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author’s information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants.↑420Author’s information from Colonel Thomas.↑421Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.↑422Author’s information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850.↑423Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300–313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148.↑424Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94–95, 1849.↑425Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.↑426See act quoted in “The United States of Americav.William H, Thomaset al.”; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms “North Carolina Cherokee” and “Eastern Cherokee” are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.↑427See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313–314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856.↑428Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.↑429Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459–460, 1845.↑430Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.↑431Royce, op. cit., p. 314.↑432The history of the events leading to the organization of the “Thomas Legion” is chiefly from the author’s conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, “If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war.”↑433This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery’s sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899.↑434Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore’s (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops,IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑435Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).↑436Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑437Author’s information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable.↑438Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888.↑439Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872.↑440Royce, op. cit., p. 353.↑441Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18–20, 1892; author’s personal information.↑442See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomaset al.H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315–318, 1888.↑443See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.↑444Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892.↑445Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343–344, 1875; and Report of IndianCommissioner, pp. 118–119, 1876.↑446Author’s personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35–36, 1883.↑447Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151.↑448See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–145, 1892; author’s personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426–427, 1897.↑449Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36–42, 1883.↑450Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882.↑451Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.↑452Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also “Indian legislation,” ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883.↑453Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885.↑454Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.↑455Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.↑456See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680–681, 1891.↑457From author’s personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38–39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.↑458Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81–82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.↑459Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896.↑460Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.↑461Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218–219, 1898.↑462At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested.↑
342Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112–122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,IandII, 1858.↑343Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.↑344Ibid, p. 138.↑345See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.↑346Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888.↑347Ibid, p. 243.↑348Author’s personal information; see p.143.↑349Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.↑350Ibid., pp. 247, 248.↑351Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423–428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561–565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888.↑352Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888.↑353For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall,I, pp. 251–260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians,II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).↑354Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561–569, 1837.↑355Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561–565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123–125.↑356Author’s personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.↑357Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.↑358Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas “confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822” with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas,II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.↑359Thrall, op. cit.,p. 58.↑360Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.↑361Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.↑362Ibid., p. 143, 1840.↑363Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.↑364Ibid., pp. 144, 146.↑365Thrall, Texas, pp. 116–168, 1876.↑366Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146–150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118–120.↑367Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143.↑368Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.↑369Author’s personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.↑370W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author’s personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.↑371For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298–312.↑372Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.↑373See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324–328; Greeley, American Conflict,II, pp. 30–34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.↑374In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike.↑375Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888.↑376Ibid, p. 331.↑377Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.↑378Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351).↑379See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334–340.↑380Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.↑381See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137–140.↑382Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356–358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277–284; St. Louis, 1875.↑383Royce, op. cit., p. 367.↑384Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles “Cherokee Advocate” and “John B. Jones.” The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic—cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, “too much white man.”↑385Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.↑386Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.↑387Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.↑388Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890.↑389Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.↑390See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii–lxxiii, 421–422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.↑391Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79–80, 1892.↑392Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33–34, 1893.↑393Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895.↑394Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.↑395Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.↑396Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.↑397Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896.↑398Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896.↑399Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.↑400Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment.↑401Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.↑402Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.↑403Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75–79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.↑404Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission).↑405Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–144, 1897.↑406Author’s personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 “for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory,” etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.↑407Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898.↑408See page131.↑409Charley’s story as here given is from the author’s personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû′na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott’s official dispatches.↑410See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑411Royce, op. cit., p. 292.↑412Ibid., p. 314.↑413In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ′hĭ, “Bird place,” Ani′-Wâ′dihĭ, “Paint place,” Waʻyâ′hĭ, “Wolf place,” E′lawâ′di, “Red earth” (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlănûñ′yĭ, “Raven place.” There was also, for a time, a “Pretty-woman town” (Ani′-Gilâ′hĭ?).↑414The facts concerning Colonel Thomas’s career are derived chiefly from the author’s conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah—now unfortunately mislaid—show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.↑415The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author’s personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!↑416The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).—Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837.↑417The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position.↑418Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896.↑419The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author’s information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants.↑420Author’s information from Colonel Thomas.↑421Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.↑422Author’s information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850.↑423Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300–313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148.↑424Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94–95, 1849.↑425Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.↑426See act quoted in “The United States of Americav.William H, Thomaset al.”; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms “North Carolina Cherokee” and “Eastern Cherokee” are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.↑427See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313–314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856.↑428Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.↑429Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459–460, 1845.↑430Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.↑431Royce, op. cit., p. 314.↑432The history of the events leading to the organization of the “Thomas Legion” is chiefly from the author’s conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, “If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war.”↑433This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery’s sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899.↑434Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore’s (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops,IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑435Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).↑436Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑437Author’s information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable.↑438Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888.↑439Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872.↑440Royce, op. cit., p. 353.↑441Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18–20, 1892; author’s personal information.↑442See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomaset al.H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315–318, 1888.↑443See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.↑444Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892.↑445Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343–344, 1875; and Report of IndianCommissioner, pp. 118–119, 1876.↑446Author’s personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35–36, 1883.↑447Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151.↑448See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–145, 1892; author’s personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426–427, 1897.↑449Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36–42, 1883.↑450Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882.↑451Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.↑452Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also “Indian legislation,” ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883.↑453Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885.↑454Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.↑455Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.↑456See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680–681, 1891.↑457From author’s personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38–39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.↑458Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81–82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.↑459Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896.↑460Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.↑461Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218–219, 1898.↑462At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested.↑
342Royce, op. cit., pp. 242, 243; Washburn, op. cit., pp. 112–122 et passim; see also sketches of Tahchee and Tooantuh or Spring-frog, in McKenney and Hall, Indian Tribes,IandII, 1858.↑
343Washburn, Reminiscences, p. 178, 1869; see also ante p. 206.↑
344Ibid, p. 138.↑
345See Treaty of 1817, Indian Treaties, 1837.↑
346Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Report Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 243, 244, 1888.↑
347Ibid, p. 243.↑
348Author’s personal information; see p.143.↑
349Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 245.↑
350Ibid., pp. 247, 248.↑
351Treaty of Washington, May 6, 1828, Indian Treaties, pp. 423–428, 1837; treaty of Port Gibson, 1833, ibid., pp. 561–565; see also for synopsis, Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 229, 230, 1888.↑
352Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 248, 1888.↑
353For a sketch of Tahchee, with portraits, see McKenney and Hall,I, pp. 251–260, 1858; Catlin, North American Indians,II, pp. 121, 122, 1844. Wash burn also mentions the emigration to Texas consequent upon the treaty of 1828 (Reminiscences, p. 217, 1869).↑
354Treaties at Fort Gibson, February 14, 1833, with Creeks and Cherokee, in Indian Treaties, pp. 561–569, 1837.↑
355Treaty of 1833, Indian Treaties, pp. 561–565, 1837; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 249–253, 1888; see also Treaty of New Echota, 1835, ante, pp. 123–125.↑
356Author’s personal information. In 1891 the author opened two Uchee graves on the grounds of Cornelius Boudinot, at Tahlequah, finding with one body a number of French, Spanish, and American silver coins wrapped in cloth and deposited in two packages on each side of the head. They are now in the National Museum at Washington.↑
357Bonnell, Topographic Description of Texas, p. 141; Austin, 1840; Thrall, History of Texas, p. 58; New York, 1876.↑
358Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old Cherokee residents and from recent Cherokee delegates. Bancroft agrees with Bonnell and Thrall that no grant was formally issued, but states that the Cherokee chief established his people in Texas “confiding in promises made to him, and a conditional agreement in 1822” with the Spanish governor (History of the North Mexican States and Texas,II, p. 103, 1889). It is probable that the paper carried by Bowl was the later Houston treaty. See next page.↑
359Thrall, op. cit.,p. 58.↑
360Thrall, Texas, p. 46, 1879.↑
361Bonnell, Texas, pp. 142, 143, 1840.↑
362Ibid., p. 143, 1840.↑
363Bonnell, Texas, pp. 143, 144.↑
364Ibid., pp. 144, 146.↑
365Thrall, Texas, pp. 116–168, 1876.↑
366Bonnell, op. cit., pp. 146–150; Thrall, op. cit., pp. 118–120.↑
367Author’s personal information from J. D. Wafford and other old western Cherokee, and recent Cherokee delegates; by some this is said to have been a Mexican patent, but it is probably the one given by Texas. See ante, p. 143.↑
368Thrall, Texas, p. 120, 1876.↑
369Author’s personal information from Mexican and Cherokee sources.↑
370W. A. Phillips, Sequoyah, in Harper’s Magazine, September, 1870; Foster, Sequoyah, 1885; Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 302, 1888; letter of William P. Ross, former editor of Cherokee Advocate, March 11, 1889, in archives of Bureau of American Ethnology; Cherokee Advocate, October 19, 1844, November 2, 1844, and March 6, 1845; author’s personal information. San Fernando seems to have been a small village in Chihuahua, but is not shown on the maps.↑
371For full discussion see Royce, op. cit., pp. 298–312.↑
372Pilling, Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages (bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology), p. 174, 1888.↑
373See treaties with Cherokee, October 7, 1861, and with other tribes, in Confederate States Statutes at Large, 1864; Royce, op. cit., pp. 324–328; Greeley, American Conflict,II, pp. 30–34, 1866; Reports of Indian Commissioner for 1860 to 1862.↑
374In this battle the Confederates were assisted by from 4,000 to 5,000 Indians of the southern tribes, including the Cherokee, under command of General Albert Pike.↑
375Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 329, 330, 1888.↑
376Ibid, p. 331.↑
377Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 376.↑
378Ibid., p. 376. A census of 1807 gives them 13,566 (ibid., p. 351).↑
379See synopsis and full discussion in Royce, op. cit., pp. 334–340.↑
380Act of Citizenship, November 7, 1865, Laws of the Cherokee Nation, p. 119; St. Louis, 1868.↑
381See Resolutions of Honor, ibid., pp. 137–140.↑
382Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 356–358, 1888; Constitution and Laws of the Cherokee Nation, pp. 277–284; St. Louis, 1875.↑
383Royce, op. cit., p. 367.↑
384Foster, Sequoyah, pp. 147, 148, 1885; Pilling, Iroquoian Bibliography, 1888, articles “Cherokee Advocate” and “John B. Jones.” The schoolbook series seems to have ended with the arithmetic—cause, as the Cherokee national superintendent of schools explained to the author, “too much white man.”↑
385Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1881, and p. lxx, 1882; see also p. 175.↑
386Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxv, 1883.↑
387Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886, and p. lxxvii, 1887.↑
388Agent L. E. Bennett, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 93, 1890.↑
389Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 22, 1889.↑
390See proclamation by President Harrison and order from Indian Commissioner in Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxxii–lxxiii, 421–422, 1890. The lease figures are from personal information.↑
391Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 79–80, 1892.↑
392Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 33–34, 1893.↑
393Quotation from act, etc., Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, p. 27, 1895.↑
394Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 141.↑
395Ibid., and statistical table, p. 570.↑
396Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, ibid., p. 145.↑
397Agent D. M. Wisdom, in Report Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 155, 1896.↑
398Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 81, 1896.↑
399Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, pp. 159, 160, 1896.↑
400Letter of A. E. Ivy, Secretary of the Board of Education, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 161, 1896. The author can add personal testimony as to the completeness of the seminary establishment.↑
401Report of Agent Wisdom, ibid., p. 162.↑
402Letter of Bird Harris, May 31, 1895, in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 160, 1896.↑
403Synopsis of Curtis act, pp. 75–79, and Curtis act in full, p. 425 et seq., in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1898; noted also in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 84 et seq., 1899.↑
404Commissioner W. A. Jones, ibid., pp. i, 84 et seq. (Curtis act and Dawes commission).↑
405Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–144, 1897.↑
406Author’s personal information; see also House bill No. 1165 “for the relief of certain Indians in Indian Territory,” etc., Fifty-sixth Congress, first session, 1900.↑
407Report of Agent D. M. Wisdom, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 159, 1898.↑
408See page131.↑
409Charley’s story as here given is from the author’s personal information, derived chiefly from conversations with Colonel Thomas and with Wasitû′na and other old Indians. An ornate but somewhat inaccurate account is given also in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, written on the ground ten years after the events described. The leading facts are noted in General Scott’s official dispatches.↑
410See New Echota treaty, December 29, 1835, and supplementary articles, March 1, 1836, in Indian Treaties, pp. 633–648, 1837; also full discussion of same treaty in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, 1888.↑
411Royce, op. cit., p. 292.↑
412Ibid., p. 314.↑
413In the Cherokee language Tsiskwâ′hĭ, “Bird place,” Ani′-Wâ′dihĭ, “Paint place,” Waʻyâ′hĭ, “Wolf place,” E′lawâ′di, “Red earth” (now Cherokee post-office and agency), and Kâlănûñ′yĭ, “Raven place.” There was also, for a time, a “Pretty-woman town” (Ani′-Gilâ′hĭ?).↑
414The facts concerning Colonel Thomas’s career are derived chiefly from the author’s conversations with Thomas himself, supplemented by information from his former assistant, Capt. James W. Terrell, and others who knew him, together with an admirable sketch in the North Carolina University Magazine for May 1899, by Mrs. A. C. Avery, his daughter. He is also frequently noticed, in connection with East Cherokee matters, in the annual reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; in the North Carolina Confederate Roster; in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains; and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, etc. Some manuscript contributions to the library of the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah—now unfortunately mislaid—show his interest in Cherokee linguistics.↑
415The facts concerning Yonaguska are based on the author’s personal information obtained from Colonel Thomas, supplemented from conversations with old Indians. The date of his death and his approximate age are taken from the Terrell roll. He is also noticed at length in Lanman’s Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, 1848, and in Zeigler and Grosscup’s Heart of the Alleghanies, 1883. The trance which, according to Thomas and Lanman, lasted about one day, is stretched by the last-named authors to fifteen days, with the whole 1,200 Indians marching and countermarching around the sleeping body!↑
416The name in the treaties occurs as Yonahequah (1798), Yohanaqua (1805), and Yonah, (1819).—Indian Treaties, pp. 82, 123, 268; Washington, 1837.↑
417The name refers to something habitually falling from a leaning position.↑
418Act quoted in Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 636, 1896.↑
419The facts concerning Junaluska are from the author’s information obtained from Colonel Thomas, Captain James Terrell, and Cherokee informants.↑
420Author’s information from Colonel Thomas.↑
421Commissioner Crawford, November 25, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 333, 1839.↑
422Author’s information from Colonel Thomas, Captain Terrell, and Indian sources; Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; Commissioner Orlando Brown, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1849, p. 14, 1850.↑
423Synopsis of the treaty, etc., in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 300–313, 1888; see also ante, p. 148.↑
424Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, pp. 94–95, 1849.↑
425Lanman, Letters from the Alleghany Mountains, p. 111.↑
426See act quoted in “The United States of Americav.William H, Thomaset al.”; also Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 313, 1888. In the earlier notices the terms “North Carolina Cherokee” and “Eastern Cherokee” are used synonymously, as the original fugitives were all in North Carolina.↑
427See Royce, op. cit., pp. 313–314; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1884; Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 495, 1898; also references by Commissioner W. Medill, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 399, 1848; and Report of Indian Commissioner for 1855, p. 255, 1856.↑
428Royce, Cherokee Nation, op. cit., p. 313 and note.↑
429Report of the Indian Commissioner, pp. 459–460, 1845.↑
430Commissioner Crawford, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 3, 1842.↑
431Royce, op. cit., p. 314.↑
432The history of the events leading to the organization of the “Thomas Legion” is chiefly from the author’s conversations with Colonel Thomas himself, corroborated and supplemented from other sources. In the words of Thomas, “If it had not been for the Indians I would not have been in the war.”↑
433This is believed to be a correct statement of the strength and make-up of the Thomas Legion. Owing to the imperfection of the records and the absence of reliable memoranda among the surviving officers, no two accounts exactly coincide. The roll given in the North Carolina Confederate Roster, handed in by Captain Terrell, assistant quartermaster, was compiled early in the war and contains no notice of the engineer company or of the second infantry regiment; which included two other Indian companies. The information therein contained is supplemented from conversations and personal letters of Captain Terrell, and from letters and newspaper articles by Lieutenant-Colonel Stringfield of the Sixty-ninth. Another statement is given in Mrs Avery’s sketch of Colonel Thomas in the North Carolina University Magazine for May, 1899.↑
434Personal Information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Lieutenant-Colonel W. W. Stringfield, Captain James W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith (first sergeant Company B), and others, with other details from Moore’s (Confederate) Roster of North Carolina Troops,IV; Raleigh, 1882; also list of survivors in 1890, by Carrington, in Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑
435Thomas-Terrell manuscript East Cherokee roll, with accompanying letters, 1864 (Bur. Am. Eth. archives).↑
436Personal information from Colonel W. H. Thomas, Captain J. W. Terrell, Chief N. J. Smith, and others; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, p. 21, 1892.↑
437Author’s information from Colonel Thomas and others. Various informants have magnified the number of deaths to several hundred, but the estimate here given, obtained from Thomas, is probably more reliable.↑
438Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, p. 314, 1888.↑
439Commissioner F. A. Walker, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 26, 1872.↑
440Royce, op. cit., p. 353.↑
441Constitution, etc., quoted in Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, Extra Bulletin Eleventh Census, pp. 18–20, 1892; author’s personal information.↑
442See award of arbitrators, Rufus Barringer, John H. Dillard, and T. Ruffin, with full statement, in Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians against W. T. Thomaset al.H. R. Ex. Doc. 128, 53d Cong., 2d sess., 1894; summary in Royce, Cherokee Nation, Fifth Ann. Rep. Bureau of Ethnology, pp. 315–318, 1888.↑
443See Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. xxix, 1890. The final settlement, under the laws of North Carolina, was not completed until 1894.↑
444Royce, op. cit., pp. 315–318; Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees, with map of Temple survey, Extra Bulletin of Eleventh Census, 1892.↑
445Report of Agent W. C. McCarthy, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 343–344, 1875; and Report of IndianCommissioner, pp. 118–119, 1876.↑
446Author’s personal information; see also Carrington, Eastern Band of Cherokees; Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 35–36, 1883.↑
447Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxiv-lxv, 1881, and Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882; see also ante, p. 151.↑
448See Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 141–145, 1892; author’s personal information from B. C. Hobbs, Chief N. J. Smith, and others. For further notice of school growth see also Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 426–427, 1897.↑
449Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 36–42, 1883.↑
450Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix–lxx, 1882.↑
451Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. li-lii, 1884.↑
452Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxix-lxxi, 1882, also “Indian legislation,” ibid., p. 214; Commissioner H. Price, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. lxv-lxvi, 1883.↑
453Commissioner J. D. C. Atkins, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxx, 1885.↑
454Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. xlv, 1886; decision quoted by same commissioner, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. lxxvii, 1887.↑
455Same commissioner, Report of the Indian Commissioner, p. li, 1886; reiterated by him in Report for 1887, p. lxxvii.↑
456See act in full, Report of Indian Commissioner, vol. I, pp. 680–681, 1891.↑
457From author’s personal acquaintance; see also Zeigler and Grosscup, Heart of the Alleghanies, pp. 38–39, 1883; Agent J. L. Holmes, in Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 160, 1885; Commissioner T. J. Morgan, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 142, 1892; Moore, Roster of the North Carolina Troops, IV, 1882.↑
458Commissioner D. M. Browning, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1894, pp. 81–82, 1895; also Agent T. W. Potter, ibid., p. 398.↑
459Agent T. W. Potter, Report of Indian Commissioner for 1895, p. 387, 1896.↑
460Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, p. 208, 1897.↑
461Agent J. C. Hart, Report of Indian Commissioner, pp. 218–219, 1898.↑
462At the recent election in November, 1900, they were debarred by the local polling officers from either registering or voting, and the matter is now being contested.↑