The Project Gutenberg eBook ofNew Word-Analysis

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofNew Word-AnalysisThis ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.Title: New Word-AnalysisAuthor: William SwintonRelease date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS ***

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online atwww.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: New Word-AnalysisAuthor: William SwintonRelease date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346]Language: EnglishCredits: Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

Title: New Word-Analysis

Author: William Swinton

Release date: September 22, 2006 [eBook #19346]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Keith Edkins and the Online DistributedProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW WORD-ANALYSIS ***

OR,

GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'SHISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.

The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton'sWord-Analysis, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils.

This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the oldmethods; secondly, to add an adequate amount of newmatter.

Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply amethod of study.1There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced.

To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of thepresent infinitive,—the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies.

In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.

W.S.

NEW YORK, 1879.

INTRODUCTION.I.ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARYII.ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDSIII.PREFIXES AND SUFFIXESIV.RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS

INTRODUCTION.

I.ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARYII.ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDSIII.PREFIXES AND SUFFIXESIV.RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS

I.ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

II.ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

III.PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

IV.RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS

THE LATIN ELEMENT.I.LATIN PREFIXESII.LATIN SUFFIXESIII.DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVESLATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVESDIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDYDIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES

THE LATIN ELEMENT.

I.LATIN PREFIXES

II.LATIN SUFFIXES

III.DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY

DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES

THE GREEK ELEMENT.I.GREEK PREFIXESII.GREEK ALPHABETGREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVESDIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTSDIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

THE GREEK ELEMENT.

I.GREEK PREFIXESII.GREEK ALPHABETGREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVESDIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTSDIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

I.GREEK PREFIXES

II.GREEK ALPHABET

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS

DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.I.ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXESII.ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXESANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVESSPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXONSPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISHANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH

THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

I.ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES

II.ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON

SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH

ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH

MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.I.WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS1.NOUNS2.ADJECTIVESII.WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACESIII.ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES1.TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY2.TERMS IN GRAMMAR3.TERMS IN ARITHMETIC

MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

I.WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS

1.NOUNS

2.ADJECTIVES

II.WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES

III.ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES

1.TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY

2.TERMS IN GRAMMAR

3.TERMS IN ARITHMETIC

1. Etymology2is the study which treats of the derivation of words,—that is, of their structure and history.

2. English etymology, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words.

3. Thevocabulary3of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language.

I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,—the study of thegrammarof the language, and the study of itsvocabulary. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary.

II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation ofloves, loving, lovedto the verbloveis a matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation oflover, lovely, orlovelinesstoloveis a matter of historical etymology.

III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words.

4. Theprincipal elementsof the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin orFrench-Latinorigin.

5. Anglo-Saxonis the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.

I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German4division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following table:—

II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the namesAnglesandSaxons, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.

6.TheLatinelement in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.

The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:—

1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.

2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.

3. By modern writers.

7. TheFrench-Latinelement in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words.

II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus—

Latin.inimi'cuspop'ulusse'nior

Latin.

inimi'cus

pop'ulus

se'nior

French.ennemipeuplesire

French.

ennemi

peuple

sire

English.enemypeoplesir

English.

enemy

people

sir

8. Other Elements.—In addition to its primary constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources.

The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:—

Hebrew: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.

Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan.

Turkish: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.

Persian: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

Hindustani: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

Malay: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.

Chinese: nankeen, tea.

Polynesian: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.

American Indian: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.

Celtic: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.

Scandinavian: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough.

Dutch, or Hollandish: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht.

Italian: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.

Spanish: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.

Portuguese: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver.

9. Proportions.—On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.

By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, seep. 136.

10. Classes by Origin.—With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative words.

11. Aprimitiveword, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as,man, good, run.

12. Aderivativeword is one made up of a root and one or moreformative elements: as, manly, goodness, runner.

The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)

13. By Composition.—With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.

14. Asimpleword consists of a single significant term: as,school, master, rain, bow.

15. Acompoundword is one made up of two or more simple words united: as,school-master, rainbow.

In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen asschool-master;in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not asimple) word, asrainbow.

16.A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe =notsafe; remove = moveback; circumnavigate = sailaround.

17.A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safely= in a safemanner; movable= that may be moved; navigation=actof sailing.

The wordaffixsignifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verbto affixmeans to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word.

Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:—

1 grace2 sign3 design4 midshipman5 wash6 sea7 workman8 love9 lovely10 white11 childhood12 kingdom13 rub14 music15 musician16 music-teacher17 footstep18 glad19 redness20 school21 fire22 watch-key23 give24 forget25 iron26 hardihood27 young28 right29 ploughman30 day-star31 large32 truthful33 manliness34 milkmaid35 gentleman36 sailor37 steamboat38 wooden39 rich40 hilly41 coachman42 warm43 sign-post44 greenish45 friend46 friendly47 reform48 whalebone49 quiet50 quietude51 gardener52 form53 formal54 classmate55 trust56 trustworthy57 penknife58 brightness59 grammarian60 unfetter

1 grace

2 sign

3 design

4 midshipman

5 wash

6 sea

7 workman

8 love

9 lovely

10 white

11 childhood

12 kingdom

13 rub

14 music

15 musician

16 music-teacher

17 footstep

18 glad

19 redness

20 school

21 fire

22 watch-key

23 give

24 forget

25 iron

26 hardihood

27 young

28 right

29 ploughman

30 day-star

31 large

32 truthful

33 manliness

34 milkmaid

35 gentleman

36 sailor

37 steamboat

38 wooden

39 rich

40 hilly

41 coachman

42 warm

43 sign-post

44 greenish

45 friend

46 friendly

47 reform

48 whalebone

49 quiet

50 quietude

51 gardener

52 form

53 formal

54 classmate

55 trust

56 trustworthy

57 penknife

58 brightness

59 grammarian

60 unfetter

Finaleof a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.

Exception 1.—Words ending ingeorceusually retain theebefore a suffix beginning withaoro, for the reason thatcandgwould have the hard sound if theewere dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.

Exception 2.—Words ending inoeretain theeto preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. Theeis retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing).

Finaleof a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.

Exception 1.—When the finaleis preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.

Exception 2.—A few words ending inedrop theebefore a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.

Finalyof a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed intoion the addition of a suffix.

Exception 1.—Beforeingorish, the finalyis retained to prevent the doubling of thei: as, pity + ing = pitying.

Exception 2.—Words ending inieand dropping thee, by Rule I. change theiintoyto prevent the doubling of thei: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.

Exception 3.—Finalyis sometimes changed intoe: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.

Finalyof a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into anibefore a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.

Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel afterqu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.

Exceptions.—Xfinal, being equivalent toks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.

A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.

Prefix.

Signification.

Example.

Definition.

a-ab-abs-

ab-

abs-

=from

a-vertab-solveabs-tain

a-vert

ab-solve

abs-tain

to turnfrom.to releasefrom.to holdfrom.

to turnfrom.

to releasefrom.

to holdfrom.

ad-a-ac-af-ag-al-an-ap-ar-as-

ad-

ac-

af-

ag-

al-

an-

ap-

ar-

as-

=to

ad-herea-greeac-cedeaf-fixag-grieveal-lyan-nexap-pendar-riveas-sent

ad-here

a-gree

ac-cede

af-fix

ag-grieve

al-ly

an-nex

ap-pend

ar-rive

as-sent

to stickto.to be pleasingto.to yieldto.to fixto.to give painto.to bindto.to tieto.to hangto.to reachto.to yieldto.

to stickto.

to be pleasingto.

to yieldto.

to fixto.

to give painto.

to bindto.

to tieto.

to hangto.

to reachto.

to yieldto.

NOTE.—The formsac-,af-, etc., are euphonic variations ofad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

am-amb-

am-

amb-

=around

am-putateamb-ient

am-putate

amb-ient

to cutaround.goingaround.

to cutaround.

goingaround.

ante-anti-

ante-

anti-

=before

ante-cedentanti-cipate

ante-cedent

anti-cipate

goingbefore.to takebefore.

goingbefore.

to takebefore.

bi-bis-

bi-

bis-

=twoortwice

=twoor

twice

bi-pedbis-cuit

bi-ped

bis-cuit

atwo-footed animal.twicecooked.

atwo-footed animal.

twicecooked.

circum-circu-

circum-

circu-

=around

circum-navigatecircu-it

circum-navigate

circu-it

to sailaround.journeyaround.

to sailaround.

journeyaround.

con-co-co-col-com-cor-

con-

co-

col-

com-

cor-

=withortogether

=withor

together

con-veneco-equalco-gnatecol-loquycom-posecor-relative

con-vene

co-equal

co-gnate

col-loquy

com-pose

cor-relative

to cometogether.equalwith.borntogether.a speakingwithanother.to puttogether.relativewith.

to cometogether.

equalwith.

borntogether.

a speakingwithanother.

to puttogether.

relativewith.

NOTE.—The formsco-, col-, com-, andcor-, are euphonic variations ofcon-.

contra-contro-counter-

contra-

contro-

counter-

=against

contra-dictcontro-vertcounter-mand

contra-dict

contro-vert

counter-mand

to speakagainstto turnagainstto orderagainst

to speakagainst

to turnagainst

to orderagainst

de-

=downoroff

=downor

off

de-pose;de-fend

de-pose;

de-fend

to putdown;fendoff.

to putdown;

fendoff.

dis-di-dif-

dis-

di-

dif-

asunder=apartopposite of

asunder

=apart

opposite of

dis-peldi-vertdif-fer

dis-pel

di-vert

dif-fer

to driveasunder.to turnapart.to bearapart; disagree.

to driveasunder.

to turnapart.

to bearapart; disagree.

NOTE.—The formsdi-anddif-are euphonic forms ofdis-;dif-is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

ex-e-ec-ef-

ex-

ec-

ef-

=outorfrom

ex-cludee-jectec-centricef-flux

ex-clude

e-ject

ec-centric

ef-flux

to shutout.to castout.fromthe center.a flowingout.

to shutout.

to castout.

fromthe center.

a flowingout.

NOTE.—e-,ec-, andef-are euphonic variations ofex-. When prefixed to the name of an office,ex-denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as,ex-mayor, the former mayor.

extra-

=beyond

extra-ordinary

beyondordinary.

in-il-im-ir-en-, em-

in-

il-

im-

ir-

en-, em-

(in nouns andverbs)=in, into, on

(in nouns and

verbs)

=in, into, on

in-cludeil-luminateim-portir-rigateen-force

in-clude

il-luminate

im-port

ir-rigate

en-force

to shutin.to throw lighton.to carryin.to pour wateron.to forceon.

to shutin.

to throw lighton.

to carryin.

to pour wateron.

to forceon.

NOTE.—The formsil-,im-, andir-are euphonic variations ofin-. The formsen-andem-are of French origin.

in-i(n)il-im-ir-

in-

i(n)

il-

im-

ir-

(in adjectivesand nouns.)=not

(in adjectives

and nouns.)

=not

in-sanei-gnobleil-legalim-matureir-regular

in-sane

i-gnoble

il-legal

im-mature

ir-regular

notsane.notnoble.notlegal.notmature.notregular.

notsane.

notnoble.

notlegal.

notmature.

notregular.

inter-intel-

inter-

intel-

=betweenoramong

=betweenor

among

inter-cedeintel-ligent

inter-cede

intel-ligent

to gobetween.choosingbetween.

to gobetween.

choosingbetween.

intra-

=inside of

intra-mural

inside ofthe walls.

intro-

=within, into

intro-duce

to leadinto

juxta-

=near

juxta-position

a placingnear

non-

=not

non-combatant

notfighting.

NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed betweennon-and the root.

ob-o-oc-of-op-

ob-

oc-

of-

op-

in the way,=against,orout

in the way,

=against,

orout

ob-jecto-mitoc-curof-fendop-pose

ob-ject

o-mit

oc-cur

of-fend

op-pose

to throwagainst.to leaveout.to runagainst;hence, to happen.to strikeagainst.to put one's selfagainst.

to throwagainst.

to leaveout.

to runagainst;

hence, to happen.

to strikeagainst.

to put one's selfagainst.

per-pel-

per-

pel-

=through,thoroughly

=through,

thoroughly

per-vade;per-fectpel-lucid

per-vade;

per-fect

pel-lucid

to passthrough;thoroughlymade.thoroughlyclear.

to passthrough;

thoroughlymade.

thoroughlyclear.

NOTE.—Standing alone,per-signifiesby: as,per annum,bythe year.

post-

=after,behind

=after,

behind

post-script

writtenafter.

pre-

=before

pre-cede

to gobefore.

preter-

=beyond

preter-natural

beyondnature.

pro

for,=forth, orforward

for,

=forth, or

forward

pro-nounpro-pose

pro-noun

pro-pose

fora noun.to putforth.

fora noun.

to putforth.

NOTE.—In a few instancespro-is changed intopur-, aspurpose; intopor-, asportray; and intopol-, aspollute.

re-red-

re-

red-

=backoranew

=backor

anew

re-pelred-eem

re-pel

red-eem

to driveback.to buyback.

to driveback.

to buyback.

retro-

=backwards

retro-grade

goingbackwards.

se-

=aside,apart

=aside,

apart

se-cede

to goapart.

sine-

=without

sine-cure

withoutcare.

sub-suc-suf-sug-sum-sup-sus-

sub-

suc-

suf-

sug-

sum-

sup-

sus-

=underorafter

=underor

after

sub-scribesuc-ceedsuf-fersug-gestsum-monsup-portsus-tain

sub-scribe

suc-ceed

suf-fer

sug-gest

sum-mon

sup-port

sus-tain

to writeunder.to followafter.toundergo.to bring to mind fromunder.to hint fromunder.to bear by beingunder.tounder-hold.

to writeunder.

to followafter.

toundergo.

to bring to mind fromunder.

to hint fromunder.

to bear by beingunder.

tounder-hold.

NOTE.—The euphonic variationssuc-,suf-,sug-,sum-,sup-, result from assimilating thebofsub-to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain"sus-is a contraction ofsubs-forsub-.

subter-

=underorbeneath

=underor

beneath

subter-fuge

a flyingunder.

super-

=aboveorover

=aboveor

over

super-naturalsuper-vise

super-natural

super-vise

abovenature.toover-see.

abovenature.

toover-see.

NOTE.—In derivatives through the French,super-takes the formsur-, assur-vey, to look over.

trans-tra-

trans-

tra-

through,=over,orbeyond

through,

=over,

orbeyond

trans-gresstra-verse

trans-gress

tra-verse

to stepbeyond.to passover.

to stepbeyond.

to passover.

ultra-

=beyond, orextremely

=beyond, or

extremely

ultra-montaneultra-conservative

ultra-montane

ultra-conservative

beyondthe mountain(the Alps).extremelyconservative.

beyondthe mountain

(the Alps).

extremelyconservative.

Back to Index Next