FOOTNOTES:

All places where he could have his three courses and his three bottles were alike to Prince George of Denmark, the husband of Queen Anne.[191]

Of Harley, Earl of Oxford, who was successively Speaker of the House of Commons, Secretary of State, Chancellor of the Exchequer, and Lord High Treasurer, and who will always be remembered as the collector of the Harleian Manuscripts, the same author, Macaulay, writes, that he was in the habit of ‘flustering himself daily with claret, which was hardly considered as a fault by his contemporaries.’[192]

Among the reasons given by the queen to the cabinet for dismissing her Lord Treasurer, she alleges that he neglected all business, was seldom to be understood; that when he did explain himself, she could not depend upon the truth of what he said; that he never came to her at the time she appointed: that he often came drunk.[193]

Notorious as a drunkard in high places was Lord Mohun, who was twice tried for committing murder whilst in a state of intoxication. The duel between this lord and the Duke of Hamilton—the wives of whom were sisters at variance—is spoken of as probably the last of the kind where the seconds were expected to engageas well as the principals, and fight to the death.

There is a wide discrepancy between the writings and the reputed actions of Joseph Addison. He was fond of wine, and indulged in it. His contemporary, Swift, acknowledges the weakness. Dr. Johnson does not conceal it. Macaulay laments the fact, Thackeray glories in it.[194]His biographer, Miss Aikin, is almost singular in trying to defend him from the imputation. She refers to the tone and temper, the correctness of taste and judgment, of his writings in proof of his sobriety, and doubts whether a man stained with the vice of intoxication would have dared to write the essay on drunkenness in theSpectator[No. 569]. But the facts leave no room for doubt. He was from his youth a great man for toasts. Verses are extant, in honour of King William, from which we learn that it was his custom to toast that king in bumpers of wine. In a letter written at the age of 31 (1703), ‘to Mr. Wyche, his Majesty’s Resident at Hambourg,’ he says:—

My hand, at present, begins to grow steady enough for a letter, so the properest use I can put it to is to thank ye honest gentleman that set it a-shaking.... As your company made our stay at Hambourg agreeable, your wine has given us all ye satisfaction that we have found in our journey through Westphalia. If drinking your health will do you any good, we may expect to be as long-lived as Methusaleh—or, to use a more familiar instance, as ye hoc in ye cellar.

So much from himself. Dr. Johnson remarks of him:—

He studied all morning; then dined at a tavern; and went afterwards to Button’s.Button had been a servant in the Countess of Warwick’s family, who, under the patronage of Addison, kept a coffee-house on the south side of Russell Street, about two doors from Covent Garden. Here it was that the wits of that time used to assemble. It is said when Addison had suffered any vexation from the countess, he withdrew the company from Button’s house. From the coffee-house he went again to a tavern, where he often sat late, and drank too much wine. In the bottle discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for courage, and bashfulness for confidence. It is not unlikely that Addison was first seduced to excess by the manumission which he obtained from the servile timidity of his sober hours. He that feels oppression from the presence of those to whom he knows himself superior, will desire to set loose his powers of conversation; and who that ever asked succours from Bacchus was able to preserve himself from being enslaved by his auxiliary?

He studied all morning; then dined at a tavern; and went afterwards to Button’s.

Button had been a servant in the Countess of Warwick’s family, who, under the patronage of Addison, kept a coffee-house on the south side of Russell Street, about two doors from Covent Garden. Here it was that the wits of that time used to assemble. It is said when Addison had suffered any vexation from the countess, he withdrew the company from Button’s house. From the coffee-house he went again to a tavern, where he often sat late, and drank too much wine. In the bottle discontent seeks for comfort, cowardice for courage, and bashfulness for confidence. It is not unlikely that Addison was first seduced to excess by the manumission which he obtained from the servile timidity of his sober hours. He that feels oppression from the presence of those to whom he knows himself superior, will desire to set loose his powers of conversation; and who that ever asked succours from Bacchus was able to preserve himself from being enslaved by his auxiliary?

And yet this was the man who could declare that ‘temperance and abstinence, faith and devotion, are in themselves, perhaps, as laudable as any other virtues.’[195]His essay on Drunkenness, in theSpectator, might well have proceeded from the pen of Hall or Taylor, Decker or Wither. He exclaims:—

A drunken man is a greater monster than any that is to be found among all the creatures which God has made: as indeed there is no character which appears more despicable and deformed, in the eyes of all reasonable persons, than that of a drunkard.... This vice has very fatal effects on the mind, the body, and fortune of the person who is devoted to it. In regard to the mind, it first of all discovers every flaw in it. The sober man, by the strength of reason, may keep under and subdue every vice or folly to which he is most inclined; but wine makes every latent seed sprout up in the soul, and shew itself; it gives fury to the passions, and force to those objects which are apt to produce them. Wine heightens indifference into love, love into jealousy, and jealousy into madness. It often turns the good-natured man into an idiot, and the cholericinto an assassin. It gives bitterness to resentment, it makes vanity insupportable, and displays every little spot of the soul in its utmost deformity.

And more to the same effect. But a passage of his, to be found elsewhere, is far more terribly telling:—

Death, the King of Terrors, was determined to choose a Prime Minister; and his pale courtiers, the ghastly train of diseases, were all summoned to attend, when each preferred his claim to the honour of this illustrious office. Fever urged the numbers he had destroyed; Cold Palsy set forth his pretensions by shaking all his limbs; Gout hobbled up and alleged his great power of racking every joint; and Asthma’s inability to speak was a strong though silent argument in favor of his claim; Stone and Colic pleaded their violence; Plague his rapid progress in destruction; and Consumption, though slow, insisted that he was sure. In the midst of this contention the court was disturbed with the noise of music, dancing, feasting, and revelry: when immediately entered a lady, with a bold lascivious air and flushed countenance. She was attended, on the one hand, by a troop of bacchanals, and on the other by a train of wanton youths and damsels who danced half naked to the softest musical instruments. Her name was Intemperance. She waved her hand, and thus addressed the crowd of diseases:—‘Give way, ye sickly band of pretenders, nor dare to vie with my superior merits in the service of this monarch; am I not your Queen? Do ye not receive your power of shortening human life almost wholly from me? Who then so fit as myself for this important office?’ The grisly monarch grinned a smile of approbation, placed her on his right hand, and she immediately became his principal favourite and Prime Minister.

Addison did another good service in exposing, in the Tatler,—

Adulteration.

He says (No. 131):—

There is in this city a certain fraternity of chemical operators, who work underground in holes, caverns, and dark retirements, to conceal their mysteries from the eyes and observation of mankind. These subterraneous philosophers are daily employed in the transmutation of liquors, and, by the power of magical drugs and incantations, raising under the streets of London the choicest products of the hills and valleys of France. They can squeeze Bordeaux out of the sloe, and draw Champagne from an apple. Virgil, in that remarkable prophecy,Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva.Virg., Ecl. iv. 29.(The ripening grape shall hang on every thorn),seems to have hinted at this art, which can turn a plantation of northern hedges into a vineyard. These adepts are known among one another by the name ofwine-brewers; and, I am afraid, do great injury, not only to her Majesty’s customs, but to the bodies of many of her good subjects.

Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva.Virg., Ecl. iv. 29.(The ripening grape shall hang on every thorn),

seems to have hinted at this art, which can turn a plantation of northern hedges into a vineyard. These adepts are known among one another by the name ofwine-brewers; and, I am afraid, do great injury, not only to her Majesty’s customs, but to the bodies of many of her good subjects.

But adulteration was no new expedient. In the reign of Edward III., a law was enacted, imposing penalties on adulterations, and directing that an essay of all the wines imported should be made, at least twice a year in every town.

In 1426, Sir John Rainewell, mayor, received information that the Lombard merchants were guilty of malpractices in the adulteration of wines; upon inquiry, he ascertained that the charge was well founded, and ordered that the noxious compound, to the quantity of 150 butts, should be thrown into the kennel.

In the sixteenth century, a similar enactment was passed in the fifth year of Mary. Much dread is expressed of adulteration of good wine, either with inferior wines or water, the penalty on discovery being the loss of their whole stock.

And besyde the samin sic wynes as are sould in commoun tavernis ar commounlie mixt with auld corrupt wines and with watter, to the greit appeir and danger and seikness of the byaris and greit perrell of the saulis of the sellaris.

In the seventeenth century Sir William Hawkins writes:—

Since the Spanish sacks have been common in our taverns, which for conservation are mingled with the lime in the making, our nation complains of calentures, stone, dropsy, and infinite other distempers not heard of before this wine came into common use.

Henderson observes that according to the Custom House Books of Oporto, for the year 1812, 135 pipes and 20 hogsheads of wine were shipped for Guernsey. In the same year, there were landed at the London Docks alone 2,545 pipes and 162 hogsheads from that island, reported to be port wine.

The subject of adulteration is much too large to attempt to do any justice thereto; it must suffice to draw attention to one or two specimens. The authorities shall be disinterested.

The following receipt forPortis from a wine guide:—

Take of good cider 4 gallons; of the juice of red beet, 2 quarts; logwood, 4 oz.; rhatany root brewed, ½ a pound; first infuse the logwood and rhatany root in brandy and a gallon of cider for a week; then strain off the liquor, and mix the other ingredients; keep in a cask for a month, when it will be fit to bottle.

In theMechanics’ Magazineis given the chemical analysis of a bottle of cheapPort:—

Spirits of wine, 3 oz.; cider, 14 oz.; sugar, 1½ oz.; alum, 2 scruples; tartaric acid, 1 scruple; strong decoction of logwood, 4 oz.

Mr. Cyrus Redding, in his work onModern Wines, lets us into the secrets of cheapSherry:—It ‘is mingled with Cape wine and cheap brandy, the washings of brandy casks, sugar candy, bitter almonds, &c. The colour, if too great, is taken out by the addition of a small quantity of lamb’s blood; it is then passed off for best sherry.’

Professor Mulder, in hisChemistry of Wine, tells that during the process of wine-clearing such aids as albumen, blood, cream, gypsum, marble, nutgalls, lime, salt, gum-arabic, sulphuric acid, &c., are furnished.

The scientific writer Dunovan, in hisDomestic Economy, makes us acquainted with a few of the drugs with which beer isdoctored.

It is absolutely frightful to contemplate the list of poisons and drugs with which malt liquors have been (as it is technically and descriptively called)doctored. Opium, henbane, cocculus indicus, and Bohemian rosemary, which is said to produce a quick and raving intoxication, supplied the place of alcohol; aloes, quassia, gentian, sweet-scented flag, wormwood, horehound, and bitter oranges, fulfilled the duties of hops; liquorice, treacle, and mucilage of flax seed, stood for attenuated malt sugar. Capsicum, ginger, and cinnamon, or rather cassia-buds, afforded to the exhausted drink the pungency of carbonic acid. Burnt flour, sugar, or treacle, communicated a peculiar taste, which porter-drinkers generally fancy. Preparations of fish, assisted, in cases of obstinacy, with oil of vitriol, procured transparency. Besides these, the brewer had to supply himself with lime, potash, salt, and a variety of other substances, which are of no other use, than in serving the office of more valuable materials, and defrauding the customer.

But the subject is, like the frauds practised, without a limit; references can only be subjoined.[196]

The principal writer in theTatler, thatcensor morum, Richard Steele, was a prominent figure in the convivial circle. Wine and extravagance were his bane. He loved drink and was fond of acknowledging it. The author of theChristian Herowrote his devotional treatise in drink and in debt. The arrival of a hamper of wine could interrupt his moments of tenderest grief. The emotions were forgotten as he sent for his friends,who join him in drinking ‘two bottles apiece, with great benefit to themselves, and not separating till two o’clock in the morning.’

A story told of him by Dr. Hoadley is characteristic of the man:—

My father, when Bishop of Bangor, was, by invitation, present at one of the Whig meetings, held at the Trumpet in Shoe Lane, when Sir Richard, in his zeal, rather exposed himself, having the double duty of the day upon him, as well to celebrate the immortal memory of King William, it being the 4th November, as to drink his friend Addison up to conversation pitch, whose phlegmatic constitution was hardly warmed for society by that time. Steele was not fit for it. Two remarkable circumstances happened. John Sly, the hatter of facetious memory, was in the house; and John, pretty mellow, took it into his head to come into the company on his knees, with a tankard of ale in his hand to drink off to theimmortal memory, and to return in the same manner. Steele, sitting next my father, whispered him—Do laugh. It is humanity to laugh.Sir Richard, in the evening, being too much in the same condition, was put into a chair, and sent home. Nothing would serve him but being carried to the Bishop of Bangor’s, late as it was. However, the chairmen carried him home, and got him upstairs, when his great complaisance would wait on them downstairs, which he did, and then was got quietly to bed.

One of his own letters to Mrs. Scurlock reveals the man:—

I have been in very good company, where your health, under the character of the woman I loved best, has been often drunk; so that I may say that I am dead drunk for your sake, which is more thanI die for you.

Matthew Prior, the poet, demands a notice. Whether he was the son of a vintner or a joiner is a moot point. He was certainly nephew to Samuel Prior, landlord of the Rummer Tavern at Charing Cross, at which house, in 1685, was held the annual feast of the nobility and gentry living in the parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. By this uncle he was brought up and sent to Westminster School, after which he was employed, it is said, at his uncle’s as server. Taken up by Lord Dorset, his career was remarkable, as author, as secretary to successive embassies, as member of Parliament, as favourite of the king. Dr. Johnson remarks that a survey of Prior’s life and writings may exemplify a sentence which he doubtless understood well when he read Horace at his uncle’s:—

The vessel long retains the scent which it first receives.

Mrs. Barbauld informs us, that having spent the evening with Oxford, Bolingbroke, Pope, and Swift, he would go to Long Acre and there drink a bottle of ale with a common soldier and his wife. Thus does the dog return to his vomit. Swift has left us a lively picture of manners in his descriptive breakfast with my Lady Smart at 11a.m.Lord Smart, who was absent at the levee, returns to dinner at 3p.m.to receive the guests. Seven of them dined, and were joined by a country baronet, who had no appetite, having already eaten a beefsteak and drunk two mugs of ale, besides a tankard of March beer when he got up in the morning. They drank claret, which the host said should always be drunk after fish, and my Lord Smart particularly recommended some cider to my Lord Sparkish. When the host called for wine, he nodded to one or other of his guests, and said, ‘Tom Neverout, my service to you.’ After the first course came pudding. Wine and small beer were drunk during this second course.... After the puddings came the third course.... Beer and wine were freelyimbibed during this course, the gentlemen always pledging somebody with every glass which they drank.... After the goose, some of the gentlemen took a dram of brandy. Dinner ended, Lord Smart bade the butler bring up the great tankard full of October to Sir John. The great tankard was passed from hand to hand and mouth to mouth; but when pressed by the noble host upon the gallant Tom Neverout, he said, ‘No faith, my lord, I like your wine, and won’t put a churl upon a gentleman. Your honour’s claret is good enough for me.’ The cloth removed, a bottle of Burgundy was set down, of which the ladies were invited to partake before they went to tea. When they left, fresh bottles were brought, the ‘dead men’—meaning the empty bottles—removed, and ‘D’you hear, John? bring clean glasses,’ my Lord Smart said. On which the Colonel said, ‘I’ll keep my glass; for wine is the best liquor to wash glasses in.’

It was at this time that the works were published of one who was at once the creature and exponent of the times, Edward (better known as Ned) Ward. Campbell observes that ‘his works give a complete picture of the mind of a vulgar but acute cockney. His sentiment is the pleasure of eating and drinking.’[197]Ward possessed two qualifications for his depiction of manners; he was a tavern-keeper, and a poet. At any rate his doggerel secured him notice in theDunciad. HisSecret History of Clubsis the authority for that kind of life at the beginning of the eighteenth century. HisLondon Spydescribes the coffee-houses of the day:—‘In we went (says he), where a parcel of muddling muckworms were as busy as so many rats in an old cheese-loft; some going; some coming; some scribbling, some talking,some drinking, some smoking, others jangling; and the whole room stinking of tobacco, like a Dutch scoot or a boatswain’s cabin.’

Some of the famous taverns are also described in this work, such as the ‘Angel’ in Fenchurch Street, ‘where the vintner, like a double-dealing citizen, condescended as well to draw carman’s comfort, as the consolatory juice of the vine.’ The ‘Rose,’ in the Poultry, has gained a reputation:—‘There in a snug room, warmed with brash and faggot, over a quart of good claret, we laughed over our night’s adventure.’

Convivial life at the Universities may find its illustration in the person of Bentley.

The following is told about Lord Cartaret and Bentley, in Monk’sLife of Bentley, vol. ii. p. 324 (2nd edit. 1833).

Lord Cartaret was a great scholar, and, being an old Westminster boy, especially fond of Terence, which Dr. Bentley had edited. Kippis relates this anecdote, in theBiographia Britannica, vol. ii. p. 280:—

Dr. Bentley, when he came to town, was accustomed, in his visits to Lord Cartaret, sometimes to spend the evenings with his lordship. One day old Lady Granville reproached her son with keeping the country clergyman, who was with him the night before, till he was intoxicated. Lord Cartaret denied the charge; upon which the lady replied that the clergyman could not have sung in so ridiculous a manner unless he had been in liquor. The truth of the case was, that the singing thus mistaken by her ladyship was Dr. Bentley’s endeavour to instruct and entertain his noble friend by reciting Terence according to the truecantilenaof the ancients.

Kippis, however, ought not to have called Lord Cartaret’s mother Lady Granville, as her son was the first Lord Granville, to which title he was not yet appointed. She was the Dowager Lady Cartaret.

Bentley himself ‘is stated to have been an admirer of good port wine, while he thought contemptuously of claret, which, he said, “would be port if it could.”’[198]

We infer also that Bentley did not despise ale. At any rate a great quantity was drunk at the lodge of the Master.

In 1710, when the Fellows appealed against Bentley to the Visitor of Trinity, the Bishop of Ely, this was one of the counts:—

Why have you for many years last past wasted the College Bread, Ale, Beer, Coals, Wood, Turfe, Sedge, Charcoal, Linnen, Pewter, Corn, Flower (sic), Brawn, and Bran, &c.?[199]

In a single year—1708—the expense of ale and small beer was no less at Trinity Lodge than 107l.16s.[200]

The Fellows greatly protested against all this. And Dr. King, an old opponent of Bentley’s, made great stock of the immense consumption of bread, beer, and fuel in Bentley’s lodge:—

He wrote a piece of humour, entitled ‘Horace in Trinity College.’ The fiction supposes Horace, in fulfilment of his well-known prophecy,Visam Britannos hospitibus feros, to visit Britain and take up his abode in the Master’s lodge of Trinity College, where he gets immensely fat (Epicuri de grege porcus) by the good cheer maintained at the expense of the society.... Perhaps the most laughable matter in the piece is the representation of a medal, bearing on one side a figure of Horace, with a cup of audit ale in one hand, some college rolls in the other, and an immeasurable rotundity of person; and on the reverseE Promptuar. Col. Trin. Cant.

What the excellent bishop describes as ‘an immeasurable rotundity of person’ seems to have been far from uncommon in the Universities in these high days. Weread in a note in Monk’s book, vol. ii. p. 394:—

The portly appearance of the three esquire-beadles at that day [about 1739] did much credit to university cheer. They are described by Christopher Smart, in a copy of Latin verses, by the following periphrasis:—‘Pinguia tergeminorum abdomina Bedellorum.’

‘Pinguia tergeminorum abdomina Bedellorum.’

We have certainly in Pope’sDunciadalso an allusion to Bentley’s love of port (book iv.) in the following lines:—

As many quit the streams[201]that murmuring fall,To lull the sons of Margaret and Clare-hall,Where Bentley late tempestuous wont to sportIn troubled waters, but now sleeps in port.[202]

Pope always seemed to have disliked Bentley. But these lines, and, still more, Pope’s note, rather imply that Bentley liked his port.

But everybody was not abon-vivant. Many were in the world, but not of it. What a contrast to the authors quoted was John Philips, the author ofCyder, a Poem.[203]And it is a poem worth reading. Johnson calls it a Georgic after the manner of Virgil, nor does it suffer from the comparison. The advice contained in it is excellent. It praises use, it condemns abuse. It well serves temperance. Thus in book ii., after praising Nature for her annual gifts, which tend to the exhilaration of languid minds, he continues:—

WithinThe goldenMeanconfined: beyond, there’s naughtOf health, or pleasure. Therefore, when thy HeartDilates with fervent joys, and eager soulPrompts to persue the sparkling glass, be sure‘Tis time to shun it; if thou wilt prolongDire compotation, forthwith Reason quitsHer Empire to Confusion, and Misrule,And vain Debates; then twenty Tongues at onceConspire in senseless Jargon, naught is heardBut din, and various clamour, and mad Rant:Distrust, and Jealousie to these succeed,And anger-kindling Taunt, the certain BaneOf well-knit Fellowship. Now horrid FraysCommence, the brimming glasses now are hurledWith dire intent; Bottles with Bottles clashIn rude Encounter.* * * *Nor need we tell what anxious cares attendThe turbulent Mirth of Wine; nor all the kindsOf Maladies, that lead to Death’s grim cave,Wrought by Intemperance: joint-racking Gout,Intestine stone, and pining Atrophy,Chill, even when the sun with July HeatsFrys the scorch’d soil; and Dropsy all afloat,Yet craving Liquids.

When a poet could thus write, there is no wonder that divines should have used still stronger language. John Disney, in a powerful treatise,[204]agitates for the execution of the laws against immorality. His remarks on the Sunday closing of public-houses are especially applicable now:—

If they must have refreshment, why cannot they have it at their own houses? In truth refreshment is but a pretence for excess and drunkenness. If company meets together in a public-house on Sunday evening, when there is no danger of other business that shall call them away, who shall tell them the critical minute when they are sufficiently refreshed? Except the constable beat up their quarters, they sit very contentedly hour after hour, and call for pint after pint, and make themselves judges of their refreshment till they’re able to judge of nothing at all. If you still ask what harm there is in going to a public-house for only an hour or two, and to stay no longer, I might tell you that ‘tis enough that the Laws have forbidden it, and that her Majesty has reinforced those laws.

Bishop Beveridge, who died in Anne’s reign, wrote an important sermon on ‘The Duty of Temperance and Sobriety.’[205]He says:—

There is no sin but some have committed it in their drink; and if there be any that a drunken man doth not commit, it is not because he would not, but because he could not. He had not an opportunity.... For a man in such a condition hath no sense of the difference between good and evil; for ‘wind,’ as the prophet speaks (Hos. iv. 11), ‘hath taken away his heart.’ His reason, his understanding, his conscience, is gone; and therefore, all sins are alike to him. Hence it is that their sin never goes alone, but hath a great train of other sins always following it; insomuch that it cannot so properly be called one single sin, as all sin is one.

The legislation of the reign was not important. The 1st Anne permitted tradesmen whose principal dealings were in other goods to sell spirits by retail, without a licence, provided they did not allow tippling in their shops or houses.

Another law enacted in this reign allowed French wines and other liquors to be imported in neutral bottoms. Without this expedient it was believed that the revenue would have been insufficient to maintain the government.

FOOTNOTES:[112]‘Discovery of a London monster, called the Black Dog of Newgate.’[113]J. R. Sheen,Wines. Cyrus Redding,Modern Wines.[114]Beaumont and Fletcher,The Chances. V.[115]History of Signboards.[116]History of the English People.[117]Strickland:Lives of Queens.[118]Burton observes (Anatomy of Melancholy, i. 2): ‘Drunken women most part bring forth children like unto themselves.’[119]The author of theHistory of Signboardsis wrong in saying (p. 52) that James married a daughter of Christian IV. James married a daughter of Frederic II. and a sister of Christian IV. Frederick was dead before the marriage of James.[120]Sir John Harrington,Nugæ Antiquæ, i. 348. It is cited, more or less, in Lingard,Hist. Eng.; Nichols’Progresses; Aubrey,Hist. Eng.; Samuelson,Hist. Drink; Sandys’Chrismastide, &c.[121]Charles Lamb’s Works,On the Poetical Works of George Wither.[122]Hazlitt,Lectures on the English Poets.[123]Cited in Sir H. Ellis’s Brand,Pop. Antiq., and in Nares’Glossary.[124]George Herbert:Country Parson.[125]Virgidemiarum, ii. 3.[126]Nabal and Abigail.[127]Blackstone:Comm. on the Laws of England, iv. 4.[128]Court of Hastings Book for Lyme.[129]Philocothonista, or the Drunkard opened, 1635.[130]For a picture of social degradation in this direction, see Middleton’sA Chast Mayd in Cheape-side, 1630 (or T. Middleton’sWorks, iv. 44, &c.).[131]Heywood and Rowley,Fortune by Sea and Land.[132]Gervase Markham,English Housewife, 1683.[133]Pasquil,Palinodia, 1619.[134]Familiar Letters, II.60.[135]Heywood,Rape of Lucrece.[136]Healthes; Sicknesse, 1628.[137]Gent’s Mag.for 1791.[138]Lives of the English Poets.[139]The Royalist, 1646.[140]English Villanies, 1632.[141]Howell,State Trials, vol. iii.[142]Sermon on Christian Prudence.[143]Funeral Sermon for the Countess of Carbery.[144]James Usher,Body of Divinity, 1677.[145]Harleian Miscellany, vol. x. Bridgett, who cites the passage, says the letter was sketched by a French Protestant. The internal evidence of the last sentence renders it certain that John Evelyn was not the author; to whom, according to Sir H. Ellis, it has been attributed.[146]Antiq. Repertory, ii.[147]The Drunkard’s Prospective(1656).[148]Cited by Timbs,Club Life, and Doran,Table Traits.[149]Rape of the Lock.[150]7th Edition, p. 502.[151]Ib.p. 259.[152]A picture of it is given in Knight,Old England, and Brand,Hist. of Newcastle.[153]Works Collected, 1654.[154]‘Even from my heart much health, I wish,No health I’ll wash with drink,Healths wish’d not wash’d, in words, not wine,To be the best I think.’—Witt’sRecreations, 1669.[155]‘I have discovered a treasure of pale wine.... I assure you ‘tis the same the King drinks of.’—Otway,Friendship in Fashion, 1678.[156]French Wines and Vineyards, 1860.[157]Butler,Hudibras, iii. 3.[158]Sir George Etheridge,Man of the Mode, 1676.[159]Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia, 1710.[160]Roberts:Social Hist. Southern Counties.[161]Hume.[162]Works of Sir W. Temple (On the Cure of the Gout), vol. iii.[163]I. Disraeli:Curiosities of Literature.[164]Blackstone:Comment. on the Laws of Eng.1791.[165]Cyrus Redding:French Wines.[166]London Pageants.Cf. also Sandford’sHistory of the Coronation of James II. and his Queen at Westminster.[167]Letters of the Herbert Family.[168]A Book about the Table, 1875.[169]A view of the house is given in Pegge’sCurialia Miscellanea, London, 1818. Cf. alsoGent. Mag., Suppl. to vol. lxxx. part ii.[170]Smollett,Hist. of Eng.[171]Poor Man’s Plea, 1698.[172]Second Discourse on the Affairs of Scotland, 1698.[173]Giles Jacob:Poetical Register, 1723.[174]Dr. Henry Aldrich (Dean of Christ Church), 1700.[175]A Discourse against Drunkenness, Lond. 1692.[176]Epistolæ Medicinales, Lond. 1691.[177]Lecky:England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i.[178]Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. William Whiston, Lond. 1749.[179]Farewell to Wine, 1693.[180]Mémoires d’Angleterre, 1698. A translation by Ozell was published, London, 1719.[181]Hist. of Eng., chap. xxi.[182]Hist. of Eng., chap. xxi.[183]The expressionsUncle,Aunt, refer to the relationship between the exiled king and queen, and William III.[184]Table Traits, 1854.[185]Cited in Timbs,History of Clubs.[186]See Vizetelly,History of Champagne.[187]Worn-out Characters of the Last Age.[188]Marchamont Nedham:Short History of the English Rebellion, 1691.[189]Time’s Alteration, cited in Sandy’sChristmas-Tide.[190]Cf. Molineux,Burton-on-Trent.[191]Hist. of Eng., chap. xviii.[192]Ibid.chap. xx.[193]See the letter of Erasmus Lewis to Swift, dated Whitehall, July 27, 1714.[194]English Humourists, 1858.[195]Spectator, No. 243.[196]Cf.Wine and Spirit Adulterations Unmasked. The chapter on ‘Sophistication of Wines’ in Redding’sModern Wines.The Vintner’s and Licensed Victualler’s Guide, by a Practical Man.Art of Brewing(Library of Useful Knowledge). Alex. Morrice,Practical Treatise on Brewing. Samuel Child,Every Man his own Brewer. Edward Lonsdale Bennet,Practical Notes on Wine. Professor G. Mulder,Chemistry of Wine. Others may be found by reference to the chapter, ‘Bibliography.’[197]Essay on English Poetry.[198]Monk’sLife, vol. ii. p. 401.[199]Jebb’sBentley, p. 105.[200]Monk,Life of Bentley, i. 264.[201]The river Cam.[202]Viz. ‘now retired into harbour, after the tempests that had long agitated his society.’ SoScriblerus. But the learnedScipio Maffeiunderstands it of a certain wine calledPortfromOporto, a city of Portugal, of which this professor invited him to drink abundantly. Scip. Maff.de compotationibus Academicis.[203]London, 1708.[204]View of Ancient Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness.1729.[205]CXXXV.

[112]‘Discovery of a London monster, called the Black Dog of Newgate.’

[113]J. R. Sheen,Wines. Cyrus Redding,Modern Wines.

[114]Beaumont and Fletcher,The Chances. V.

[115]History of Signboards.

[116]History of the English People.

[117]Strickland:Lives of Queens.

[118]Burton observes (Anatomy of Melancholy, i. 2): ‘Drunken women most part bring forth children like unto themselves.’

[119]The author of theHistory of Signboardsis wrong in saying (p. 52) that James married a daughter of Christian IV. James married a daughter of Frederic II. and a sister of Christian IV. Frederick was dead before the marriage of James.

[120]Sir John Harrington,Nugæ Antiquæ, i. 348. It is cited, more or less, in Lingard,Hist. Eng.; Nichols’Progresses; Aubrey,Hist. Eng.; Samuelson,Hist. Drink; Sandys’Chrismastide, &c.

[121]Charles Lamb’s Works,On the Poetical Works of George Wither.

[122]Hazlitt,Lectures on the English Poets.

[123]Cited in Sir H. Ellis’s Brand,Pop. Antiq., and in Nares’Glossary.

[124]George Herbert:Country Parson.

[125]Virgidemiarum, ii. 3.

[126]Nabal and Abigail.

[127]Blackstone:Comm. on the Laws of England, iv. 4.

[128]Court of Hastings Book for Lyme.

[129]Philocothonista, or the Drunkard opened, 1635.

[130]For a picture of social degradation in this direction, see Middleton’sA Chast Mayd in Cheape-side, 1630 (or T. Middleton’sWorks, iv. 44, &c.).

[131]Heywood and Rowley,Fortune by Sea and Land.

[132]Gervase Markham,English Housewife, 1683.

[133]Pasquil,Palinodia, 1619.

[134]Familiar Letters, II.60.

[135]Heywood,Rape of Lucrece.

[136]Healthes; Sicknesse, 1628.

[137]Gent’s Mag.for 1791.

[138]Lives of the English Poets.

[139]The Royalist, 1646.

[140]English Villanies, 1632.

[141]Howell,State Trials, vol. iii.

[142]Sermon on Christian Prudence.

[143]Funeral Sermon for the Countess of Carbery.

[144]James Usher,Body of Divinity, 1677.

[145]Harleian Miscellany, vol. x. Bridgett, who cites the passage, says the letter was sketched by a French Protestant. The internal evidence of the last sentence renders it certain that John Evelyn was not the author; to whom, according to Sir H. Ellis, it has been attributed.

[146]Antiq. Repertory, ii.

[147]The Drunkard’s Prospective(1656).

[148]Cited by Timbs,Club Life, and Doran,Table Traits.

[149]Rape of the Lock.

[150]7th Edition, p. 502.

[151]Ib.p. 259.

[152]A picture of it is given in Knight,Old England, and Brand,Hist. of Newcastle.

[153]Works Collected, 1654.

[154]‘Even from my heart much health, I wish,No health I’ll wash with drink,Healths wish’d not wash’d, in words, not wine,To be the best I think.’—Witt’sRecreations, 1669.

[154]

‘Even from my heart much health, I wish,No health I’ll wash with drink,Healths wish’d not wash’d, in words, not wine,To be the best I think.’—Witt’sRecreations, 1669.

[155]‘I have discovered a treasure of pale wine.... I assure you ‘tis the same the King drinks of.’—Otway,Friendship in Fashion, 1678.

[156]French Wines and Vineyards, 1860.

[157]Butler,Hudibras, iii. 3.

[158]Sir George Etheridge,Man of the Mode, 1676.

[159]Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia, 1710.

[160]Roberts:Social Hist. Southern Counties.

[161]Hume.

[162]Works of Sir W. Temple (On the Cure of the Gout), vol. iii.

[163]I. Disraeli:Curiosities of Literature.

[164]Blackstone:Comment. on the Laws of Eng.1791.

[165]Cyrus Redding:French Wines.

[166]London Pageants.Cf. also Sandford’sHistory of the Coronation of James II. and his Queen at Westminster.

[167]Letters of the Herbert Family.

[168]A Book about the Table, 1875.

[169]A view of the house is given in Pegge’sCurialia Miscellanea, London, 1818. Cf. alsoGent. Mag., Suppl. to vol. lxxx. part ii.

[170]Smollett,Hist. of Eng.

[171]Poor Man’s Plea, 1698.

[172]Second Discourse on the Affairs of Scotland, 1698.

[173]Giles Jacob:Poetical Register, 1723.

[174]Dr. Henry Aldrich (Dean of Christ Church), 1700.

[175]A Discourse against Drunkenness, Lond. 1692.

[176]Epistolæ Medicinales, Lond. 1691.

[177]Lecky:England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. i.

[178]Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Mr. William Whiston, Lond. 1749.

[179]Farewell to Wine, 1693.

[180]Mémoires d’Angleterre, 1698. A translation by Ozell was published, London, 1719.

[181]Hist. of Eng., chap. xxi.

[182]Hist. of Eng., chap. xxi.

[183]The expressionsUncle,Aunt, refer to the relationship between the exiled king and queen, and William III.

[184]Table Traits, 1854.

[185]Cited in Timbs,History of Clubs.

[186]See Vizetelly,History of Champagne.

[187]Worn-out Characters of the Last Age.

[188]Marchamont Nedham:Short History of the English Rebellion, 1691.

[189]Time’s Alteration, cited in Sandy’sChristmas-Tide.

[190]Cf. Molineux,Burton-on-Trent.

[191]Hist. of Eng., chap. xviii.

[192]Ibid.chap. xx.

[193]See the letter of Erasmus Lewis to Swift, dated Whitehall, July 27, 1714.

[194]English Humourists, 1858.

[195]Spectator, No. 243.

[196]Cf.Wine and Spirit Adulterations Unmasked. The chapter on ‘Sophistication of Wines’ in Redding’sModern Wines.The Vintner’s and Licensed Victualler’s Guide, by a Practical Man.Art of Brewing(Library of Useful Knowledge). Alex. Morrice,Practical Treatise on Brewing. Samuel Child,Every Man his own Brewer. Edward Lonsdale Bennet,Practical Notes on Wine. Professor G. Mulder,Chemistry of Wine. Others may be found by reference to the chapter, ‘Bibliography.’

[197]Essay on English Poetry.

[198]Monk’sLife, vol. ii. p. 401.

[199]Jebb’sBentley, p. 105.

[200]Monk,Life of Bentley, i. 264.

[201]The river Cam.

[202]Viz. ‘now retired into harbour, after the tempests that had long agitated his society.’ SoScriblerus. But the learnedScipio Maffeiunderstands it of a certain wine calledPortfromOporto, a city of Portugal, of which this professor invited him to drink abundantly. Scip. Maff.de compotationibus Academicis.

[203]London, 1708.

[204]View of Ancient Laws against Immorality and Prophaneness.1729.

[205]CXXXV.

HANOVERIAN PERIOD.

A change of dynasty brought with it no amelioration of manners. The fatal permission to set up distilleries, which was granted after the Revolution of 1688, and which was not withdrawn by William, was encouraged by the Legislature in the reign of the first George. The consequence was natural: distilleries multiplied, and drink was sold so cheap that unrestrained indulgence prevailed. The condition of things has been ably recorded by Mr. Lecky.[206]It was not till about 1724 that the passion for gin-drinking infected the masses of the population, and spread with the violence of an epidemic.

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