Zapus hudsonius acadicus(Dawson)
Meriones acadicusDawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856.
Meriones labradorius, Dawson, Edinburgh New Philos. Jour., new ser., 3:2, 1856.
Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Rept. Expl. and Surv…., 8 (pt. 1):433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York).
Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. surv. of the territories, 2nd ser., No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Nova Scotia, Vermont, and New York); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and northeastern New York).
Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Keene Valley in Essex County of New York, and Orivell in Vermont); Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part—the part from the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula in Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York).
Zapus hudsonius hardyi, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899, type from Mt. Desert Island, Hancock County, Maine; Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1947 (part—but excluding Pennsylvania and Ohio).
Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:38, July 14, 1942.
Type.—No type specimen designated. Subspecies characterized from specimens obtained in Nova Scotia.Range.—Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, northern Connecticut and northeastern New York. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.Description.—Size medium; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Yellow-Ocher with heavy admixture of black-tipped hair, the dorsal band distinct against color of sides; sides lighter than back and from near Cinnamon-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line usually[433]faintly marked but sometimes distinct and clear Warm-Buff; underparts white, sometimes suffused with color of sides; tail distinctly bicolored, brownish-black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long and broad; auditory bullae relatively narrow, usually with depression on anterior surface; mastoid region relatively narrow; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow.Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius canadensis,Z. h. acadicusdiffers in: Size averaging larger; upper parts usually less brownish and more ochraceous, sides and flanks being more ochraceous and less yellowish; zygomata relatively longer; pterygoid fossae relatively narrower; auditory bullae relatively narrower and usually with depression on anterior surface.FromZapus hudsonius americanus,Z. h. acadicusdiffers as follows: Size larger; color darker on upper parts, flanks duller (less ochraceous); underparts white, much less frequently suffused with color of sides; ears dark, usually without flecks of ochraceous; general appearance of pelage not so brightly colored; zygomata longer; condylobasal length greater; mastoid region relatively broader; bullae larger, more inflated and usually with depression on anterior surface; maxillary tooth-row relatively longer.For comparison withZapus hudsonius ladassee account of that subspecies.
Type.—No type specimen designated. Subspecies characterized from specimens obtained in Nova Scotia.
Range.—Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, northern Connecticut and northeastern New York. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.
Description.—Size medium; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Yellow-Ocher with heavy admixture of black-tipped hair, the dorsal band distinct against color of sides; sides lighter than back and from near Cinnamon-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff lined with black-tipped hair; lateral line usually[433]faintly marked but sometimes distinct and clear Warm-Buff; underparts white, sometimes suffused with color of sides; tail distinctly bicolored, brownish-black above and yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears dark, edged with color of sides; feet grayish-white above; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; zygomata relatively long and broad; auditory bullae relatively narrow, usually with depression on anterior surface; mastoid region relatively narrow; inferior arm of zygomatic process of maxillary relatively narrow.
Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius canadensis,Z. h. acadicusdiffers in: Size averaging larger; upper parts usually less brownish and more ochraceous, sides and flanks being more ochraceous and less yellowish; zygomata relatively longer; pterygoid fossae relatively narrower; auditory bullae relatively narrower and usually with depression on anterior surface.
FromZapus hudsonius americanus,Z. h. acadicusdiffers as follows: Size larger; color darker on upper parts, flanks duller (less ochraceous); underparts white, much less frequently suffused with color of sides; ears dark, usually without flecks of ochraceous; general appearance of pelage not so brightly colored; zygomata longer; condylobasal length greater; mastoid region relatively broader; bullae larger, more inflated and usually with depression on anterior surface; maxillary tooth-row relatively longer.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius ladassee account of that subspecies.
Remarks.—Specimens from various localities in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick are essentially similar. Anderson (1942:38) revived the nameZ. h. acadicusfor jumping mice from these areas, correctly considering them to be distinct fromZ. h. canadensis, the geographic race immediately to the west.
In the size and shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygomata, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and general color of the pelage the populations from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are essentially indistinguishable from material ofZapus hudsonius hardyifrom Maine. Thus,Z. h. hardyimust fall as a synonym of the earlier proposed nameZ. h. acadicus.
Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) applied the nameZ. h. hardyi(=acadicus) to the mice inhabiting a large area from coastal Maine and central New Hampshire through southern New England, New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio. I agree with Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) that the population ofZapus hudsoniusfrom Maine, New Hampshire, west-central and northern New England are different from neighboring subspecies and are referable toZ. h. acadicus, but find that material from extreme southern Massachusetts, Connecticut, southern New York, northwestern Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio is best referred toZapus hudsonius americanus(see account of that subspecies).
Intergradation betweenZ. h. americanusandZ. h. acadicusis indicated by specimens from Berlin, Rensselaer County, New York.In color of ears, length of zygomata, and size and shape of the incisive foramina these specimens are more nearly likeZ. h. americanusbut in size and shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the mastoid region, and general appearance of the pelage they are more nearly likeZ. h. acadicusand are here referred toacadicus. Specimens from Glenville, Schenectady County, New York, are intermediate in cranial characters betweenZ. h. americanusandZ. h. acadicusbut in color are best referred to the latter. Specimens from 1 mi. S Ayer, Worchester County, Massachusetts, are likeZ. h. americanusin their short zygomata, narrow mastoid region and suffusion of the underparts; nevertheless, in the shape of the auditory bullae, breadth of the pterygoid fossae, and greater condylobasal length the specimens are more nearly likeZ. h. acadicuswhich they are here considered to be. Animals from Essex and Wilmington, Essex County, Massachusetts, are likeZ. h. americanusin external size and in the size and shape of the auditory bullae; but they are more nearly likeZ. h. acadicusin most cranial characters and in the general color of the pelage and are here assigned toZ. h. acadicus.
Specimens from Keene Valley, Essex County, New York, considered by Batchelder (1899:4) to beZ. h. canadensis, are in color, length of the zygomata, and size and shape of the auditory bullae more nearly likeZ. h. acadicusto which subspecies they are here assigned. A specimen from Orwell, Addison County, Vermont, that Batchelder (op. cit.:5) referred toZ. h. canadensisis more nearly likeZ. h. acadicusin the shape of the auditory bullae, length of the zygomata, and color of the pelage, and is here referred toZ. h. acadicus. Specimens from western New Brunswick, referred toZ. h. canadensisby Anderson (1942:37), are more nearly likeZ. h. acadicus. Specimens from Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, are intermediate betweenZ. h. canadensisandZ. h. acadicusin color and size and also in the shape of the auditory bullae but are best referred toZ. h. acadicus.
Zapus hudsonius acadicusas here understood is a relatively wide-ranging subspecies. Populations at the southern periphery of its range are difficult to separate from populations at the northern periphery of the range ofZ. h. americanus. These two geographic races represent opposite extremes of a clinal gradient and, as would be expected, geographic intermediates are morphologically similar.
Specimens examined.—Total, 156, distributed as follows:Maine:Aroostock County:Madawaska, 6 (MCZ).Hancock County:Mount Desert Island, 9 (6 MCZ, 3 UM).Piscataquis County:Mount Katahdin, 1 (USNM); Sebec Lake, 4 (USBS);Katahdin Lake, 1 (USBS).Sagadahoc Co.: Small Point Beach, 1 (Clev. MNH).Somerset County: east[435]branch Penobscot River, 2 (USBS).Washington County: Columbia Falls, 1 (USBS).Massachusetts:Essex County:Essex, 4 (Clev. MNH); Wilmington, 4 (3 USBS, 1 USNM).Worchester County:Lunenberg, 2 (USBS);1 mi. S Ayer, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. N Gilbertville, 1.New Brunswick:Charlotte County:6 mi. N St. Andrews, 2 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Andrews, 4 (NMC).Carleton County:Debec, 1 (MVZ).Gloucester County: Dalhousie, 2 (MVZ);Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst, 4 (NMC);Youghall, 3 (NMC).Madawaska County: Baker Lake, 2 (NMC);9 mi. NE Edmundston, 4 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Leonard, 5 (NMC).Victoria Co.:Tobique Point, 1 (AMNH).York County:Queensbury, 1 (USBS).New Hampshire:Carroll County:Intervale, 1 (UM);Ossipee, 4 (3 USBS);2 mi. S Ossipee, 12 (2 USNM).Coos County:Nathan Pond, 1 (UM); Fabyans-Bretton Woods, Dartmouth Brook, 2 (UM);Fabyans, 1 (USNM);3 mi. W Base Station, 1;Mt. Washington, 1 (MVZ);Pinkham Notch, 1900 ft., 1 (USNM).Grafton County:Franconia Notch, Profile Lake, 1 (UM); Lebanon, 3 (UM).Strafford Co.:1 mi. E Durham, 1 (UM).New York:Essex Co.: Keene Valley, 5 (MCZ);Keene Heights, 5 (MCZ);Minerva, 1700 ft., 1 (AMNH).Herkimer County: Northwood, 7 (AMNH).Rensselaer Co.: Berlin, 8 (AMNH).Schenectady County:Glenville, 1 (USBS).Warren County:Lake George, 5 (USBS).Washington County:Patterns Mills, 1 (USBS).Nova Scotia:Annapolis Co.: Bear River, 7 (NMC);Lake Kedgemakooge, 5 (UM); 2 mi. S Milford, 1 (AMNH).Kings Co.: Black River Dist., 1 (NMC);no exact locality, 1 (NMC).Shelburne County: Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage, 1 (NMC);Barrington Passage, 4 (NMC).Prince Edward Island: no exact locality, 1 (USBS).Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts, 1 (AMNH).Vermont:Addison County: Orwell, 1 (MCZ);Lamville County: Mt. Mansfield, 2 (USBS).Windham County:Whitingham, 2 (AMNH).Marginal records.—Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts. New Brunswick: Dalhousie. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia: Black River District; Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage. Maine: Columbia Falls; Small Point Beach. Massachusetts: Wilmington; 2 mi. N Gilbertville. New York: Berlin; North Wood; Keene Valley. Maine: E branch Penobscot River. New Brunswick: Baker Lake.
Specimens examined.—Total, 156, distributed as follows:
Maine:Aroostock County:Madawaska, 6 (MCZ).Hancock County:Mount Desert Island, 9 (6 MCZ, 3 UM).Piscataquis County:Mount Katahdin, 1 (USNM); Sebec Lake, 4 (USBS);Katahdin Lake, 1 (USBS).Sagadahoc Co.: Small Point Beach, 1 (Clev. MNH).Somerset County: east[435]branch Penobscot River, 2 (USBS).Washington County: Columbia Falls, 1 (USBS).
Massachusetts:Essex County:Essex, 4 (Clev. MNH); Wilmington, 4 (3 USBS, 1 USNM).Worchester County:Lunenberg, 2 (USBS);1 mi. S Ayer, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. N Gilbertville, 1.
New Brunswick:Charlotte County:6 mi. N St. Andrews, 2 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Andrews, 4 (NMC).Carleton County:Debec, 1 (MVZ).Gloucester County: Dalhousie, 2 (MVZ);Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst, 4 (NMC);Youghall, 3 (NMC).Madawaska County: Baker Lake, 2 (NMC);9 mi. NE Edmundston, 4 (NMC); 5 mi. N St. Leonard, 5 (NMC).Victoria Co.:Tobique Point, 1 (AMNH).York County:Queensbury, 1 (USBS).
New Hampshire:Carroll County:Intervale, 1 (UM);Ossipee, 4 (3 USBS);2 mi. S Ossipee, 12 (2 USNM).Coos County:Nathan Pond, 1 (UM); Fabyans-Bretton Woods, Dartmouth Brook, 2 (UM);Fabyans, 1 (USNM);3 mi. W Base Station, 1;Mt. Washington, 1 (MVZ);Pinkham Notch, 1900 ft., 1 (USNM).Grafton County:Franconia Notch, Profile Lake, 1 (UM); Lebanon, 3 (UM).Strafford Co.:1 mi. E Durham, 1 (UM).
New York:Essex Co.: Keene Valley, 5 (MCZ);Keene Heights, 5 (MCZ);Minerva, 1700 ft., 1 (AMNH).Herkimer County: Northwood, 7 (AMNH).Rensselaer Co.: Berlin, 8 (AMNH).Schenectady County:Glenville, 1 (USBS).Warren County:Lake George, 5 (USBS).Washington County:Patterns Mills, 1 (USBS).
Nova Scotia:Annapolis Co.: Bear River, 7 (NMC);Lake Kedgemakooge, 5 (UM); 2 mi. S Milford, 1 (AMNH).Kings Co.: Black River Dist., 1 (NMC);no exact locality, 1 (NMC).Shelburne County: Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage, 1 (NMC);Barrington Passage, 4 (NMC).
Prince Edward Island: no exact locality, 1 (USBS).
Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts, 1 (AMNH).
Vermont:Addison County: Orwell, 1 (MCZ);Lamville County: Mt. Mansfield, 2 (USBS).Windham County:Whitingham, 2 (AMNH).
Marginal records.—Quebec: Ste. Anne des Monts. New Brunswick: Dalhousie. Prince Edward Island. Nova Scotia: Black River District; Doctors Cove, N Barrington Passage. Maine: Columbia Falls; Small Point Beach. Massachusetts: Wilmington; 2 mi. N Gilbertville. New York: Berlin; North Wood; Keene Valley. Maine: E branch Penobscot River. New Brunswick: Baker Lake.
Zapus hudsonius alascensisMerriam
Zapus hudsonius alascensisMerriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 2:223, July 15, 1897.
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 24:37, November 23, 1904.
Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 73584, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Yakutat Bay, Alaska; obtained on July 5, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4660.Range.—Alaska Peninsula, coastal section of mainland of southern and southeastern Alaska including Revillagigedo Island; also southwestern Yukon. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Dresden Brown, sometimes darkened with black tipped hair usually with darker mid-dorsal area forming a band; sides lighter than back and from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Clay Color; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, frequently with a slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on the inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white[436]above; auditory bullae broad and moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; incisive foramina relatively long, zygomata relatively long and broadly bowed; mastoid region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great; occipitonasal length relatively great.Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius tenellus,Z. h. alascensisdiffers as follows: Size larger; upper parts darker, less ochraceous; sides duller, less ochraceous more tawny; incisive foramina averaging longer; mastoid region broader; occipitonasal length greater; zygomata wider-spreading and longer; condylobasal length averaging greater; auditory bullae less broadly rounded; and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging greater.For comparison withZapus hudsonius hudsoniussee account of that subspecies.
Type.—Male, adult, skin and skull, No. 73584, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Yakutat Bay, Alaska; obtained on July 5, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, original No. 4660.
Range.—Alaska Peninsula, coastal section of mainland of southern and southeastern Alaska including Revillagigedo Island; also southwestern Yukon. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.
Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Dresden Brown, sometimes darkened with black tipped hair usually with darker mid-dorsal area forming a band; sides lighter than back and from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Clay Color; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, frequently with a slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged and flecked on the inner surface with color of sides; feet grayish-white[436]above; auditory bullae broad and moderately inflated; pterygoid fossae relatively broad; incisive foramina relatively long, zygomata relatively long and broadly bowed; mastoid region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively great; occipitonasal length relatively great.
Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius tenellus,Z. h. alascensisdiffers as follows: Size larger; upper parts darker, less ochraceous; sides duller, less ochraceous more tawny; incisive foramina averaging longer; mastoid region broader; occipitonasal length greater; zygomata wider-spreading and longer; condylobasal length averaging greater; auditory bullae less broadly rounded; and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging greater.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius hudsoniussee account of that subspecies.
Remarks.—Zapus hudsonius alascensisis a fairly well marked subspecies retaining most of its characters throughout its range. Variation is noted in specimens from the southwest end of Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., Yukon Territory, and seems to be the result of intergradation betweenZapus hudsonius hudsoniusandZ. h. alascensis. These animals are likeZ. h. hudsoniusin the shape of the auditory bullae but are otherwise more nearly likeZ. h. alascensisto which they are here assigned. Alaskan specimens from 7 mi. SSE Haines, and from a point 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines average slightly larger thanZ. h. alascensisin most measurements taken; however, in coloration they more nearly agree withZ. h. alascensisthan withZ. h. hudsoniusorZ. h. tenellusthe geographic ranges of which adjoin that ofZ. h. alascensis.
Specimens examined.—Total, 56, distributed as follows:Alaska: Cook Inlet, Tyonek, 1 (USBS); head Chalitna River, 2 (USBS); Lake Clark, 4 (USBS); east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 8; Yakutat, 3 (USBS); Lake Iliamma, 1 (USBS); Lake Aleknagik, 1 (USBS);Kokwok, 1 (USBS);Nushagak River, 3 (USBS);Chilkat Peninsula, 10 ft., 7 mi. SSE Haines, 18; Nushagak, 3 (USBS); Chignik Bay, 1 (USBS); Portage Cove, Revillagigedo, 1 (MVZ);Izembek Bay, 1 (USBS); Frosty Peak, 1 (USBS).British Columbia:west end Kelsall Lake, 2900 ft., 1; Stonehouse Creek, 51/2mi. W junction Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, 4.Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., 2.Marginal records.—Alaska: Lake Aleknagik; head Chalitna River. Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft. Alaska: E side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines; Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island; Yakutat; Cook Inlet, Tyonek; Chignik Bay; Frosty Peak.
Specimens examined.—Total, 56, distributed as follows:
Alaska: Cook Inlet, Tyonek, 1 (USBS); head Chalitna River, 2 (USBS); Lake Clark, 4 (USBS); east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 8; Yakutat, 3 (USBS); Lake Iliamma, 1 (USBS); Lake Aleknagik, 1 (USBS);Kokwok, 1 (USBS);Nushagak River, 3 (USBS);Chilkat Peninsula, 10 ft., 7 mi. SSE Haines, 18; Nushagak, 3 (USBS); Chignik Bay, 1 (USBS); Portage Cove, Revillagigedo, 1 (MVZ);Izembek Bay, 1 (USBS); Frosty Peak, 1 (USBS).
British Columbia:west end Kelsall Lake, 2900 ft., 1; Stonehouse Creek, 51/2mi. W junction Stonehouse Creek and Kelsall River, 4.
Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft., 2.
Marginal records.—Alaska: Lake Aleknagik; head Chalitna River. Yukon: SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2400 ft. Alaska: E side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines; Portage Cove, Revillagigedo Island; Yakutat; Cook Inlet, Tyonek; Chignik Bay; Frosty Peak.
Zapus hudsonius americanus(Barton)
Dipus americanusBarton, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 4:115, 1799.
Jaculus americanusWagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, 23, 1830.
Meriones microcephalusHarlan, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1, 1839, based on two specimens from "the farm of Mr. Beck, in Philadelphia County, a few miles northeast of the city [= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]."
Jaculus hudsonius, Baird, Repts. Expl. and Surv. 111, 8 (pt. 1): 433, July 14, 1858 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania).
Zapus hudsonius, Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of the territories, 2nd ser. No. 5:260, 1877 (part—the part from Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and Pennsylvania); Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Peterboro and Waterville, New York, southeastern Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and Ohio).
Zapus hudsonius americanus, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:6, February 8, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:19, August 8, 1899.
Zapus hudsonius hardyi, Bole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:165, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania).
Zapus hudsonius brevipesBole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:168, September 11, 1942, type from Bettsville, Seneca County, Ohio.
Zapus hudsonius rafinesqueiBole and Moulthrop, Sci. Publ. Cleveland Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:169, September 11, 1942 (part—the part from southeastern Ohio), type from Cat Run, extreme southeastern Belmont County, Ohio.
Type.—No type specimen designated.Dipus americanuswas characterized from jumping mice obtained by Barton near the Schuylkill River, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Range.—Southeastern United States and lower peninsula of Michigan; east of central Indiana; from central New York and Massachusetts southward to northern Georgia. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Austroriparian (Lower Austral), Carolinian (Upper Austral), Alleghanian (Transition), and Canadian.Description.—Size small; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black-tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides bright, lighter than back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line usually distinct and of color of sides; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears narrowly edged and heavily flecked with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; skull short; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively broad; skull relatively narrow across zygomata; interorbital region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short; auditory bullae relatively small.Comparisons.—Compared withZapus hudsonius canadensis,Z. h. americanusdiffers as follows: Smaller; paler (in a sense brighter because more ochraceous and less tawny); skull smaller; auditory bullae narrower, less inflated; incisive foramina relatively more bowed; condylobasal length averaging less.FromZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. americanusdiffers as follows: Smaller; color brighter, more ochraceous, less yellow; braincase relatively narrower; auditory bullae usually smaller; incisive foramina broader; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; interorbital region averaging broader.For comparison withZapus hudsonius acadicussee account of that subspecies.
Type.—No type specimen designated.Dipus americanuswas characterized from jumping mice obtained by Barton near the Schuylkill River, a few miles from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Range.—Southeastern United States and lower peninsula of Michigan; east of central Indiana; from central New York and Massachusetts southward to northern Georgia. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Austroriparian (Lower Austral), Carolinian (Upper Austral), Alleghanian (Transition), and Canadian.
Description.—Size small; back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black-tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides bright, lighter than back from near Light Ochraceous-Buff to near Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line usually distinct and of color of sides; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of color of sides; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, yellowish-white to grayish-white below; ears narrowly edged and heavily flecked with color of sides; feet white to grayish-white above; skull short; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively broad; skull relatively narrow across zygomata; interorbital region relatively broad; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch relatively short; auditory bullae relatively small.
Comparisons.—Compared withZapus hudsonius canadensis,Z. h. americanusdiffers as follows: Smaller; paler (in a sense brighter because more ochraceous and less tawny); skull smaller; auditory bullae narrower, less inflated; incisive foramina relatively more bowed; condylobasal length averaging less.
FromZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. americanusdiffers as follows: Smaller; color brighter, more ochraceous, less yellow; braincase relatively narrower; auditory bullae usually smaller; incisive foramina broader; inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary usually with median projection; interorbital region averaging broader.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius acadicussee account of that subspecies.
Remarks.—Intergradation withZapus hudsonius acadicusoccurs in southeastern New York as indicated by a series of 25 specimens from Peterboro. They resembleZ. h. acadicusin width of the mastoidregion and relatively longer tooth-row, but in the size and shape of the auditory bullae, width of the pterygoid fossae, and lighter, brighter, color of the sides they are more nearly likeZ. h. americanusto which they are here referred.
Intergradation betweenZ. h. americanusandZ. h. acadicusis indicated also by specimens from Lawyersville and Schoharie, New York. In animals from both localities the length of the zygomata and the breadth of the mastoid region are more nearly as inZ. h. acadicus, but in size and shape of the auditory bullae, over-all length of the skull, color of the ears, and general color of the pelage they are more nearly likeZ. h. americanusto which they are here referred.
Specimens from western Pennsylvania, judged to beZ. h. hudsoniusby Preble (1899:17), and those from northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio, allocated toZ. h. hardyi(=acadicus) by Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165), are more nearly likeZ. h. americanusin size and shape of the auditory bullae, short zygomata, relatively narrow mastoid region, and color of pelage.
Specimens from the lower peninsula of Michigan, northeastern Indiana, and northwestern Ohio, described by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:168) as belonging to a new subspecies (Zapus hudsonius brevipes), are to me indistinguishable from most specimens ofZ. h. americanus. The characters which Bole and Moulthrop (loc. cit.) ascribe toZ. h. brevipes—color bright Ochraceous-Buff, tail and hind feet short, and skull narrow—are also those ofZ. h. americanus.
Specimens from various localities in southeastern Ohio, all within the range ascribed by Bole and Moulthrop (op. cit.:169) toZapus hudsonius rafinesquei, are indistinguishable from specimens ofZ. h. americanusfrom eastern Tennessee, West Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland.Zapus hudsonius rafinesquei(at least that part from southeastern Ohio) is indistinguishable fromZ. h. americanusand therefore is synonymized underZ. h. americanus.
Specimens from Lagrange County, Indiana, show intergradation betweenZapus hudsonius intermediusandZ. h. americanusin the color of the pelage but are more nearly likeZ. h. americanusto which they are here referred. One from Porter County, Indiana, is more nearly likeZ. h. intermediusin size and shape of the bullae and in breadth of the pterygoid fossae but in color and degree of lateral bowing of the zygomata is better placed withZ. h. americanus.
Z. h. americanusis a wide ranging subspecies. Animals at the northern periphery of the range (lower peninsula of Michigan to the west and southeastern Massachusetts to the east) are largest and darkest; to the southward there is a progressive reduction in size and a change to a lighter, brighter color. Animals from Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina are more nearly average representatives of the subspecies than are those from the region of the type locality.
A jumping mouse allegedly of this subspecies has been recorded by Coleman (1941:91) from Caesars Head, 300 ft., South Carolina. This specimen and one from Athens, Georgia, provide the southeasternmost record-stations of occurrence for the speciesZ. hudsonius.
Specimens examined.—Total, 318, distributed as follows:Connecticut:Hartford County:Windsor, 1 (USBS);East Hartford, 2 (MCZ).Litchfield County: Sharon, 3 (AMNH);Macedonia Park, 2 (AMNH).Middlesex County:Clinton, 1 (AMNH).Windham County: South Woodstock, 10 (AMNH);Pomfret, near Hampton line, 1.Georgia:Clarke Co.: Athens, 1 (USBS).Indiana:Lagrange Co.: no exact locality, 2 (UM).Porter Co.: Mineral Springs, 1 (FM);no exact locality, 1 (FM).Maryland:Anne Arundel County:Patuxent Research Refuge, 1 (USBS).Charles County:no exact locality, 1 (USBS).Garrett Co.: Finzel, 6 mi. N Frostburg, 1 (USBS).Montgomery County:Sandy Springs, 2 (USBS);Kensington, 1 (USNM);Cabin John Bridge, 2 (1 USBS; 1 USNM).Prince Georges County:Laurel, 8 (USNM);Branchville, 1 (USBS);College Park, 1.Worchester County: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City, 1 (USBS).Massachusetts:Barnstable County:West Falmouth, 1 (USBS).Bristol County:Raynham, 1 (Clev. MNH).Dukes County:Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (USBS);West Chop, Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (Clev. MNH).Nantucket County:Nantucket Island, 1 (USNM).Plymouth County: Middleboro, 1 (USNM);Plymouth, 1 (UM);Marshfield, 6 (USBS);Wareham, 3 (1 Clev. MNH; 2 UM).Michigan:Alcona Co.:2 mi. S Harrisville, 2 (UM).Allegan Co.:near junction Swan Creek and Kalamazoo River, 3 (UM).Berrien Co.:Warren Woods, 2 (UM);Three Oaks, 1 (UM).Charlevoix Co.:Thumb Lake, 1 (UM);Section 1 Norwood Township, 1 (UM);Boyne Falls, 12 (UM);2 mi. S Boyne Falls, 2 (UM).Cheboygan Co.: Douglas Lake, 2 (UM).Clinton Co.:2 mi. SE DeWitt, 1 (UM).Emmet Co.:Maple River, near Douglas Lake, 1 (UM).Huron Co.:Rush Lake, 1 (UM).Kalamazoo Co.:no exact locality, 1 (UM).Lake Co.:1 mi. NW Chase, 1 (UM).Livingston Co.:George Reserve, Pinckney, 2 (UM);Upper Whitewood Lake, 1 (UM);Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM);Portage Lake, 3 (UM).Mason Co.: 9 mi. N Ludington, 1 (UM).Midland Co.: Sanford, 1 (UM).Montmorency Co.:T. 32N, R. 1E, Sec. 30, 1 (UM).Muskegon Co.:4 mi. NW North Muskegon, 2 (UM).Oakland Co.: Bloomfield, 1 (UM);no exact locality, 1 (UM).Otsego Co.:Pigeon River, 1 (UM);T. 32N, R. 1W, Sec. 25, 1 (UM);Waters, 1.Roscommon Co.:T. 24N, R. 2W, Sec. 2, 1 (UM).Shiawassee Co.:1/2mi. NE Byron, 5 (UM);1/4mi. S Byron, 2 (UM);2 mi. SE Byron, 1 (UM);3 mi. SW Byron, 1 (UM).Van Buren Co.:Van Auken Lake, 1 (UM).Washtenaw County:Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM);2 mi. W Cherry Hill, 1 (UM);Ann Arbor, 7 (UM);2 mi. E Ann Arbor, 2 (UM);Willow Run Village, 1 (UM).[440]New Jersey:Bergen County: Harrington Park, 1 (AMNH);Englewood, 1 (USNM).Cape May County:Mays Landing, 3 (Clev. MNH).Morris County:Mendham, 1 (AMNH).Ocean County: Tuckerton, 3 (USBS).New York:Broome Co.:5 mi. N Binghamton, 2 (USNM).Cayuga County: E Aurora, 1 (USBS).Greene County: Catskills, 4 (USNM);Kaaterskill Junction, 1 (USNM).Madison County: Peterboro, 25 (2 MCZ; 19 USNM; 4 Clev. MNH).Nassau County: Locust Grove, 3 (USNM).Orange Co.:Cranberry Pond, 840 ft., Highland, 2 (USNM).Otsego County:Lake Charlotte, 1 (AMNH).Queens County:Woodside, Long Island, 1 (USNM);near Forest Hills, Long Island, 1 (AMNH);Ray Nu Beach, Long Island, 1 (USNM).Rockland County:Tappan, 1 (AMNH).Schoharie County:Lawyersville, 1 (AMNH);Schoharie, 1 (AMNH).Suffolk County:Montauk Point, Long Island, 8 (USBS).Tioga County:Owego, 1 (USBS).Westchester Co.:Bedford, 1 (AMNH).North Carolina:Buncombe County:Weaverville, 1 (AMNH).Cherokee Co.: Martin Creek, 2 (UM).Mitchell County: Roan Mountain, 2 (USBS).Wake County: Raleigh, 5 (3 USNM; 1 UM; 1 NCS).Ohio:Carroll Co.: Carrollton, 2 (UM).Cuyahoga County:Big Creek, Brookside Park, 1 (Clev. MNH);Dover, 1 (Clev. MNH);Rocky River Metr. Park, 3 (Clev. MNH);North Olmstead, 1 (Clev. MNH).Erie Co.:Milan, 1 (Clev. MNH);Mill Hollow, Vermilion River, 1 (Clev. MNH).Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, 3 (Clev. MNH).Meigs Co.: Portland Station, 1 (Clev. MNH).Seneca Co.:Bettsville, 4 (Clev. MNH); Old Fort Seneca, 4 (Clev. MNH);Corners, 1 (Clev. MNH).Wayne Co.:Wooster, 1 (UM);Craighton, 1 (UM).Pennsylvania:Beaver Co.:1 mi. NE Darlington, 1 (CM);2 mi. E Industry, 1 (CM);4 mi. E Frankfort, 2 (CM).Bedford Co.:1 mi. NE Osterburg, 1 (CM).Berks Co.:2 mi. W Strausstown, 1 (USNM).Bradford Co.:21/2mi. NNW Wyalusing, 2 (CM).Bucks Co.: 2 mi. N New Britain, 1 (CM).Butler Co.:Thorn Creek, 4 mi. S Butler, 4 (CM);2 mi. E Middle Lancaster, 1 (CM);Orphans Home, 2 mi. E Mars, 2 (CM).Cambria Co.:21/2mi. S Patton, 1750 ft., 1 (CM);51/2mi. NE Ebensburg, 1 (CM).Centre Co.: 2, mi. E Snowshoe, 2 (CM).Chester Co.:2 mi. S West Chester, 1 (CM).Clinton Co.:Tamarack, 9 mi. NNW Renovo, 1 (CM).Crawford Co.:Pymatuning Lake, 3 (Clev. MNH).Erie Co.:41/2mi. SW[town of]North East; 2 (CM);East Springfield, 1 (CM).Fulton Co.:11/2mi. NE Warfordsburg, 580 ft., 1 (CM).Huntington Co.:61/2mi. S Shade Gap, 2 (CM).Indiana Co.:1/2mi. E Indiana, 1320 ft., 2 (CM).Lebanon Co.:11/2mi. SE Cornwall, 800 ft., 1 (CM).Mercer Co.:21/2mi. W Mercer, 2 (CM);5 mi. S Mercer, 1 (CM).Monroe Co.:Pocene Lake, 1(CM).Pike Co.:Bruce Lake, 1 (CM).Potter Co.:Woodcock Run, 71/2mi. WSW Ulysses, 2 (CM).Sommerset County:4 mi. SW Somerset, 2100 ft., 2 (CM);New Lexington, 1 (USBS).Susquehanna Co.: 10 mi. NNW Montrose, 1 (CM).Union Co.:Glen Iron, 2 (CM).Warren Co.: Bensons Swamp, 5 mi. E Columbus, 1 (USNM);Miles Run, 5 mi. NW Pittsfield, 1 (CM);11/2mi. N Pittsfield, 1 (CM);21/2mi. N Kinzua, 2 (CM);2 mi. N Kinzua, 1 (CM).Tennessee:Carter Co.: 3 mi. SSW Roan Mountain (town), 2900 ft., 1 (UM).Virginia:Amelia Co.: Amelia, 1 (UM).Elizabeth City County: Near Hampton, 2 (UM).Fairfax County: Fall Church, 4 (2 USNM; 2 USBS);opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, 1 (USNM).Highland Co.: Laurel Park, 9 mi. NNW Monterey, 3100 ft., 4 (UM).Nelson Co.:no exact locality, 5 (USNM).Norfolk County:Deep Creek, 1 (USBS).Page Co.:no exact locality, 1 (USNM).Smyth Co.:Sugar Grove, 1 (UM);1/2mi. E Konnarock, 2800 ft., 1 (UM).Washington Co.: Konnarock, 2900 ft., 1 (UM).Washington D. C.:Chevy Chase, 1 (USBS);no exact locality, 4 (3 USNM; 1 USBS).West Virginia:Monongalia Co.: Morgantown, 6.Marginal records.—Michigan: Douglas Lake; Bloomfield. New York: E Aurora; Peterboro; Catskills. Connecticut: Sharon; South Woodstock. Massachusetts:[441]Middleboro. New Jersey: Tuckerton. Maryland: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City. North Carolina: Raleigh. Georgia: Athens. Indiana: Mineral Springs. Michigan: 9 mi. N Ludington.
Specimens examined.—Total, 318, distributed as follows:
Connecticut:Hartford County:Windsor, 1 (USBS);East Hartford, 2 (MCZ).Litchfield County: Sharon, 3 (AMNH);Macedonia Park, 2 (AMNH).Middlesex County:Clinton, 1 (AMNH).Windham County: South Woodstock, 10 (AMNH);Pomfret, near Hampton line, 1.
Georgia:Clarke Co.: Athens, 1 (USBS).
Indiana:Lagrange Co.: no exact locality, 2 (UM).Porter Co.: Mineral Springs, 1 (FM);no exact locality, 1 (FM).
Maryland:Anne Arundel County:Patuxent Research Refuge, 1 (USBS).Charles County:no exact locality, 1 (USBS).Garrett Co.: Finzel, 6 mi. N Frostburg, 1 (USBS).Montgomery County:Sandy Springs, 2 (USBS);Kensington, 1 (USNM);Cabin John Bridge, 2 (1 USBS; 1 USNM).Prince Georges County:Laurel, 8 (USNM);Branchville, 1 (USBS);College Park, 1.Worchester County: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City, 1 (USBS).
Massachusetts:Barnstable County:West Falmouth, 1 (USBS).Bristol County:Raynham, 1 (Clev. MNH).Dukes County:Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (USBS);West Chop, Martha’s Vineyard, 1 (Clev. MNH).Nantucket County:Nantucket Island, 1 (USNM).Plymouth County: Middleboro, 1 (USNM);Plymouth, 1 (UM);Marshfield, 6 (USBS);Wareham, 3 (1 Clev. MNH; 2 UM).
Michigan:Alcona Co.:2 mi. S Harrisville, 2 (UM).Allegan Co.:near junction Swan Creek and Kalamazoo River, 3 (UM).Berrien Co.:Warren Woods, 2 (UM);Three Oaks, 1 (UM).Charlevoix Co.:Thumb Lake, 1 (UM);Section 1 Norwood Township, 1 (UM);Boyne Falls, 12 (UM);2 mi. S Boyne Falls, 2 (UM).Cheboygan Co.: Douglas Lake, 2 (UM).Clinton Co.:2 mi. SE DeWitt, 1 (UM).Emmet Co.:Maple River, near Douglas Lake, 1 (UM).Huron Co.:Rush Lake, 1 (UM).Kalamazoo Co.:no exact locality, 1 (UM).Lake Co.:1 mi. NW Chase, 1 (UM).Livingston Co.:George Reserve, Pinckney, 2 (UM);Upper Whitewood Lake, 1 (UM);Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM);Portage Lake, 3 (UM).Mason Co.: 9 mi. N Ludington, 1 (UM).Midland Co.: Sanford, 1 (UM).Montmorency Co.:T. 32N, R. 1E, Sec. 30, 1 (UM).Muskegon Co.:4 mi. NW North Muskegon, 2 (UM).Oakland Co.: Bloomfield, 1 (UM);no exact locality, 1 (UM).Otsego Co.:Pigeon River, 1 (UM);T. 32N, R. 1W, Sec. 25, 1 (UM);Waters, 1.Roscommon Co.:T. 24N, R. 2W, Sec. 2, 1 (UM).Shiawassee Co.:1/2mi. NE Byron, 5 (UM);1/4mi. S Byron, 2 (UM);2 mi. SE Byron, 1 (UM);3 mi. SW Byron, 1 (UM).Van Buren Co.:Van Auken Lake, 1 (UM).Washtenaw County:Whitmore Lake, 1 (UM);2 mi. W Cherry Hill, 1 (UM);Ann Arbor, 7 (UM);2 mi. E Ann Arbor, 2 (UM);Willow Run Village, 1 (UM).
[440]
New Jersey:Bergen County: Harrington Park, 1 (AMNH);Englewood, 1 (USNM).Cape May County:Mays Landing, 3 (Clev. MNH).Morris County:Mendham, 1 (AMNH).Ocean County: Tuckerton, 3 (USBS).
New York:Broome Co.:5 mi. N Binghamton, 2 (USNM).Cayuga County: E Aurora, 1 (USBS).Greene County: Catskills, 4 (USNM);Kaaterskill Junction, 1 (USNM).Madison County: Peterboro, 25 (2 MCZ; 19 USNM; 4 Clev. MNH).Nassau County: Locust Grove, 3 (USNM).Orange Co.:Cranberry Pond, 840 ft., Highland, 2 (USNM).Otsego County:Lake Charlotte, 1 (AMNH).Queens County:Woodside, Long Island, 1 (USNM);near Forest Hills, Long Island, 1 (AMNH);Ray Nu Beach, Long Island, 1 (USNM).Rockland County:Tappan, 1 (AMNH).Schoharie County:Lawyersville, 1 (AMNH);Schoharie, 1 (AMNH).Suffolk County:Montauk Point, Long Island, 8 (USBS).Tioga County:Owego, 1 (USBS).Westchester Co.:Bedford, 1 (AMNH).
North Carolina:Buncombe County:Weaverville, 1 (AMNH).Cherokee Co.: Martin Creek, 2 (UM).Mitchell County: Roan Mountain, 2 (USBS).Wake County: Raleigh, 5 (3 USNM; 1 UM; 1 NCS).
Ohio:Carroll Co.: Carrollton, 2 (UM).Cuyahoga County:Big Creek, Brookside Park, 1 (Clev. MNH);Dover, 1 (Clev. MNH);Rocky River Metr. Park, 3 (Clev. MNH);North Olmstead, 1 (Clev. MNH).Erie Co.:Milan, 1 (Clev. MNH);Mill Hollow, Vermilion River, 1 (Clev. MNH).Lake Co.: Holden Arboretum, 3 (Clev. MNH).Meigs Co.: Portland Station, 1 (Clev. MNH).Seneca Co.:Bettsville, 4 (Clev. MNH); Old Fort Seneca, 4 (Clev. MNH);Corners, 1 (Clev. MNH).Wayne Co.:Wooster, 1 (UM);Craighton, 1 (UM).
Pennsylvania:Beaver Co.:1 mi. NE Darlington, 1 (CM);2 mi. E Industry, 1 (CM);4 mi. E Frankfort, 2 (CM).Bedford Co.:1 mi. NE Osterburg, 1 (CM).Berks Co.:2 mi. W Strausstown, 1 (USNM).Bradford Co.:21/2mi. NNW Wyalusing, 2 (CM).Bucks Co.: 2 mi. N New Britain, 1 (CM).Butler Co.:Thorn Creek, 4 mi. S Butler, 4 (CM);2 mi. E Middle Lancaster, 1 (CM);Orphans Home, 2 mi. E Mars, 2 (CM).Cambria Co.:21/2mi. S Patton, 1750 ft., 1 (CM);51/2mi. NE Ebensburg, 1 (CM).Centre Co.: 2, mi. E Snowshoe, 2 (CM).Chester Co.:2 mi. S West Chester, 1 (CM).Clinton Co.:Tamarack, 9 mi. NNW Renovo, 1 (CM).Crawford Co.:Pymatuning Lake, 3 (Clev. MNH).Erie Co.:41/2mi. SW[town of]North East; 2 (CM);East Springfield, 1 (CM).Fulton Co.:11/2mi. NE Warfordsburg, 580 ft., 1 (CM).Huntington Co.:61/2mi. S Shade Gap, 2 (CM).Indiana Co.:1/2mi. E Indiana, 1320 ft., 2 (CM).Lebanon Co.:11/2mi. SE Cornwall, 800 ft., 1 (CM).Mercer Co.:21/2mi. W Mercer, 2 (CM);5 mi. S Mercer, 1 (CM).Monroe Co.:Pocene Lake, 1(CM).Pike Co.:Bruce Lake, 1 (CM).Potter Co.:Woodcock Run, 71/2mi. WSW Ulysses, 2 (CM).Sommerset County:4 mi. SW Somerset, 2100 ft., 2 (CM);New Lexington, 1 (USBS).Susquehanna Co.: 10 mi. NNW Montrose, 1 (CM).Union Co.:Glen Iron, 2 (CM).Warren Co.: Bensons Swamp, 5 mi. E Columbus, 1 (USNM);Miles Run, 5 mi. NW Pittsfield, 1 (CM);11/2mi. N Pittsfield, 1 (CM);21/2mi. N Kinzua, 2 (CM);2 mi. N Kinzua, 1 (CM).
Tennessee:Carter Co.: 3 mi. SSW Roan Mountain (town), 2900 ft., 1 (UM).
Virginia:Amelia Co.: Amelia, 1 (UM).Elizabeth City County: Near Hampton, 2 (UM).Fairfax County: Fall Church, 4 (2 USNM; 2 USBS);opposite Plummers Island, Maryland, 1 (USNM).Highland Co.: Laurel Park, 9 mi. NNW Monterey, 3100 ft., 4 (UM).Nelson Co.:no exact locality, 5 (USNM).Norfolk County:Deep Creek, 1 (USBS).Page Co.:no exact locality, 1 (USNM).Smyth Co.:Sugar Grove, 1 (UM);1/2mi. E Konnarock, 2800 ft., 1 (UM).Washington Co.: Konnarock, 2900 ft., 1 (UM).
Washington D. C.:Chevy Chase, 1 (USBS);no exact locality, 4 (3 USNM; 1 USBS).
West Virginia:Monongalia Co.: Morgantown, 6.
Marginal records.—Michigan: Douglas Lake; Bloomfield. New York: E Aurora; Peterboro; Catskills. Connecticut: Sharon; South Woodstock. Massachusetts:[441]Middleboro. New Jersey: Tuckerton. Maryland: Assateague, 5 mi. S Ocean City. North Carolina: Raleigh. Georgia: Athens. Indiana: Mineral Springs. Michigan: 9 mi. N Ludington.
Zapus hudsonius campestrisPreble
Zapus hudsonius campestrisPreble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:20, August 8, 1899.
Type.—Male, adult, No. 65872 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Bear Lodge Mt’s [Crook County], Wyoming; obtained on June 21, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher, original No. 600.Range.—Southeastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad.Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius pallidus,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive foramina larger; interparietal bone broader.Compared withZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygomata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly.FromZapus hudsonius hudsonius,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length averaging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated.For comparison withZapus hudsonius prebleisee account of that subspecies.
Type.—Male, adult, No. 65872 U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Surv. Coll.; Bear Lodge Mt’s [Crook County], Wyoming; obtained on June 21, 1894, by B. H. Dutcher, original No. 600.
Range.—Southeastern Montana, southwestern South Dakota, and northeastern Wyoming. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition.
Description.—Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad.
Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius pallidus,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive foramina larger; interparietal bone broader.
Compared withZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygomata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly.
FromZapus hudsonius hudsonius,Z. h. campestrisdiffers as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length averaging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius prebleisee account of that subspecies.
Remarks.—Animals from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming are thought of as most characteristic of this geographic race. Intergradation is noted withZapus hudsonius pallidusand is discussed in the account of that subspecies.
Specimens examined.—Total, 66, distributed as follows:Montana:Big Horn County: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS);Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line, 1 (USBS).South Dakota:Custer County:Custer, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH);Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat’l Park[442]Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 2 (UM);Pennington County:Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft., 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM);Palmer Gulch, 4 mi. SE Hill City, 3 (UM);Palmer Gulch, 9 (FM);no definite locality, 4 (UM).Wyoming:Crook County: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS);15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat’l Forest, 5500 ft., 2;3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 17;Sundance, 2 (USBS).Weston Co.: 11/2mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5.Marginal records.—Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat’l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 11/2mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft.
Specimens examined.—Total, 66, distributed as follows:
Montana:Big Horn County: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS);Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line, 1 (USBS).
South Dakota:Custer County:Custer, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH);Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat’l Park[442]Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat’l Park, 2 (UM);Pennington County:Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft., 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM);Palmer Gulch, 4 mi. SE Hill City, 3 (UM);Palmer Gulch, 9 (FM);no definite locality, 4 (UM).
Wyoming:Crook County: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS);15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat’l Forest, 5500 ft., 2;3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 17;Sundance, 2 (USBS).Weston Co.: 11/2mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5.
Marginal records.—Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat’l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 11/2mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft.
Zapus hudsonius canadensis(Davies)
Dipus canadensisDavies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 4:157, 1798.
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Ontario).
Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part—the part from Quebec); Anderson, Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part—the part from Quebec excepting the Gaspé Peninsula).
Zapus hudsonius ontarioensisAnderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:59, September 7, 1943, type from Pancake Bay (Batchawana Bay) southeast end of Lake Superior, Algoma District, about 40 miles northeast of Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario.
Type.—No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec.Range.—Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.Description.—Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina relatively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed outward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals relatively narrow, short, and parallel sided.Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius hudsonius,Z. h. canadensisdiffers as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more inflated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer.For comparison withZapus hudsonius acadicus,Zapus hudsonius ladas, andZapus hudsonius americanussee accounts of those subspecies.
Type.—No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec.
Range.—Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.
Description.—Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina relatively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed outward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals relatively narrow, short, and parallel sided.
Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius hudsonius,Z. h. canadensisdiffers as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more inflated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius acadicus,Zapus hudsonius ladas, andZapus hudsonius americanussee accounts of those subspecies.
Remarks.—Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) refer 2 specimens from Elba, New York, toZ. h. hardyi(=acadicus); they are more nearly likeZ. h. canadensisin size and shape of the auditory bullaeand general color of the pelage. A specimen from Spectacle Pond, New York, has the narrow pterygoid fossae and relatively narrow auditory bullae ofZ. h. acadicusand the relatively short, narrow incisive foramina, inflated frontal region, and color ofZ. h. canadensisto which the specimen is here referred. Intergradation is noted also in animals from Schreiber, Ontario. They resembleZapus hudsonius hudsoniusin their darker coloration and shape of auditory bullae but in the remainder of the characters studied resembleZ. h. canadensisto which they are referred. Specimens from Notre Dame de la Dore and1/2mi. N Mistassini Post, Quebec, in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in width of the pterygoid fossae, closely approachZ. h. ladasbut in color, distinct dorsal band, and in narrower zygomata are all nearestZ. h. canadensisto which subspecies they are here referred.
Zapus hudsonius ontarioensisAnderson (1942:59) from eastern Ontario was based chiefly, in comparison withZ. h. canadensis, upon, “dorsal stripe less distinct and sides somewhat duller yellowish with more admixture of blackish hairs.” Examination of 68 of the 69 specimens from the type locality shows that 58 are subadult and in subadult pelage. Individuals which are adult are indistinguishable in color of pelage and in cranial features from comparable material from southern Quebec.Z. h. ontarioensisis, therefore, considered to be a synonym ofZ. h. canadensis.
Specimens examined.—Total, 123, distributed as follows:New York:Franklin Co.: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH).Genesee Co.: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH).Ontario: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ);Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1 (NMC);Dows Swamp, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC);Athens, 1 (NMC);Aurora, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1;Lorne Park, Toronto, 1 (NMC);Credit, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ);Preston, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC).Quebec:Notre Dame de la Dore, 3 (NMC);1/2mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC);Ste. Veronique, 2 (NMC);Val Jalbert, 2 (NMC);St. Methode, 1 (NMC).Marginal records.—Quebec:1/2mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pancake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake.
Specimens examined.—Total, 123, distributed as follows:
New York:Franklin Co.: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH).Genesee Co.: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH).
Ontario: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ);Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1 (NMC);Dows Swamp, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC);Athens, 1 (NMC);Aurora, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1;Lorne Park, Toronto, 1 (NMC);Credit, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ);Preston, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC).
Quebec:Notre Dame de la Dore, 3 (NMC);1/2mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC);Ste. Veronique, 2 (NMC);Val Jalbert, 2 (NMC);St. Methode, 1 (NMC).
Marginal records.—Quebec:1/2mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pancake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake.
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius(Zimmerman)
Dipus hudsoniusZimmerman, Geog. Geschichte d Menschen u. vierfussigen Thiere, 2:358, 1780.
Dipus labradoriusKerr, Animal Kingdom:276 (based on the Labrador Jerboid Rat of Pennant, 1781—but Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:11, August 8, 1899, states that the specimen came from Hudson Bay), 1792.
Gerbillus canadensis, Desmarest, Mammalogie, 2:321, 1822.
Gerbillus labradorius, Harlan, Fauna Amer., p. 157, 1825.
Meriones labradorius, Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 1:144, 1829.
Jaculus labradoriusWagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saugthiere, 3:294, 1843.
Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:15, August 8, 1899 (part—the part from Northwest Territory, Ontario, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota).
Zapus hudsonius alascensis, Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 19:38, October 6, 1900.
Type.—Type specimen not known to be in existence; from Hudson Bay, locality now considered to be Fort Severn, Ontario (see Anderson, 1942:37).Range.—Central Alaska southeastward to central Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and upper peninsula of Michigan. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Hudsonian, Canadian, and into Transition.Description.—Size medium; back dark, from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon with heavy admixture of black hair forming dorsal band; sides lighter than back and from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon, sometimes with admixture of black hair giving sides streaked appearance; lateral line usually distinct, clear Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, usually edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broadly rounded; zygomata relatively short; braincase relatively broad; auditory bullae flat, long, and relatively broad; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; nasals relatively broad and short.Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius alascensis,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers as follows: upper parts generally darker, more black tipped hair; sides darker with greater suffusion of dark hair; lateral line brighter, more distinct; size averaging smaller; zygomatic arches less bowed outward; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch shorter; zygomata shorter; occipitonasal length less; mastoid region narrower.FromZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers in: color darker, more tawny dorsally; sides averaging darker, more black-tipped hairs; size averaging larger; braincase averaging broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly shorter; zygomata averaging longer; mastoid region averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging shorter.FromZapus hudsonius tenellus,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers as follows: upper parts averaging darker; tail averaging shorter; condylobasal length averaging more; braincase averaging broader; auditory bullae broader and less inflated; interparietal averaging broader; incisive foramina more broadly rounded and averaging longer.For comparison withZapus hudsonius canadensisandZapus hudsonius campestrissee accounts of those subspecies.
Type.—Type specimen not known to be in existence; from Hudson Bay, locality now considered to be Fort Severn, Ontario (see Anderson, 1942:37).
Range.—Central Alaska southeastward to central Ontario, northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, and upper peninsula of Michigan. Seefig. 47. Zonal range: Hudsonian, Canadian, and into Transition.
Description.—Size medium; back dark, from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon with heavy admixture of black hair forming dorsal band; sides lighter than back and from near Tawny-Olive to near Cinnamon, sometimes with admixture of black hair giving sides streaked appearance; lateral line usually distinct, clear Ochraceous-Buff; underparts white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brown to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, usually edged with ochraceous; feet grayish-white above; incisive foramina relatively short and broadly rounded; zygomata relatively short; braincase relatively broad; auditory bullae flat, long, and relatively broad; pterygoid fossae relatively narrow; nasals relatively broad and short.
Comparisons.—FromZapus hudsonius alascensis,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers as follows: upper parts generally darker, more black tipped hair; sides darker with greater suffusion of dark hair; lateral line brighter, more distinct; size averaging smaller; zygomatic arches less bowed outward; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch shorter; zygomata shorter; occipitonasal length less; mastoid region narrower.
FromZapus hudsonius intermedius,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers in: color darker, more tawny dorsally; sides averaging darker, more black-tipped hairs; size averaging larger; braincase averaging broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly shorter; zygomata averaging longer; mastoid region averaging broader; incisive foramina averaging shorter.
FromZapus hudsonius tenellus,Z. h. hudsoniusdiffers as follows: upper parts averaging darker; tail averaging shorter; condylobasal length averaging more; braincase averaging broader; auditory bullae broader and less inflated; interparietal averaging broader; incisive foramina more broadly rounded and averaging longer.
For comparison withZapus hudsonius canadensisandZapus hudsonius campestrissee accounts of those subspecies.
Remarks.—Preble (1899:16) had available for study five specimens ofZapus hudsonius hudsoniusfrom Hudson Bay. Four were preserved in alcohol and one as an incomplete skin (prepared from an alcoholic specimen). All were unreliable for comparative purposes owing to the effects of the preservative. Preble, therefore, (loc. cit.) selected as a fairly typical sample a series of specimens from Tower, St. Louis County, Minnesota; these formed the basis ofcomparison betweenZ. h. hudsoniusand other subspecies ofZapus hudsonius. Now that additional material (well prepared skins and skulls) is available from the Hudson Bay region and from other localities in northern and western Canada it is evident that the specimens from Tower, although here considered to beZ. h. hudsonius, are not typicalZ. h. hudsoniusbut are intergrades betweenhudsoniusand specimens ofZapus hudsonius intermedius. Comparisons made in the present account are based on specimens from the vicinity of Hudson Bay (Fort Severen, Ontario, York Factory, Shamatawa River, and Robinson Portage, Manitoba). These individuals are considered typical of this subspecies. With these new data available the range ofZ. h. hudsoniusis now understood to include all of the region from eastern Alaska to the northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Intergradation betweenZapus hudsonius canadensisandZ. h. hudsoniusis noted in specimens from 30 mi. NE Port Arthur and also in those from Silver Islet, Thunder Cape, Ontario. These individuals resembleZ. h. canadensisin size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the shape of the nasals, but in their darker coloration, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and relatively narrow pterygoid fossae they are more nearly likeZ. h. hudsoniusto which they are here referred.
Specimens from Minaki, Ontario, are tending towardZapus hudsonius intermediusin lighter coloration but in the size and shape of the auditory bulla, size and shape of the incisive foramina, and in the width of the pterygoid fossae they are more nearly likeZ. h. hudsoniusto which they are here referred. Specimens from various localities in Menominee County, Michigan, are likeZ. h. intermediusin shape of the incisive foramina and shape of the postpalatal notch, but in color of pelage, size and shape of the auditory bullae, and breadth of the pterygoid fossae they closely resembleZ. h. hudsonius.
In Wisconsin, intergradation occurs in color and in cranial characters in specimens from Mercer, Solon Spring, and in a single individual from Basswood Lake. All these specimens, however, are best referable toZ. h. hudsonius.
Specimens from one mile southwest of Fairbanks and from Fairbanks, Alaska, show intergradation withZapus hudsonius alascensisin coloration (more brown, less black), but in small size, short, broadly rounded incisive foramina, and in size and shape of the auditory bullae are nearest toZ. h. hudsoniusto which they are here assigned.
Intergradation withZapus hudsonius alascensisis noted also in specimens from McIntyre Creek, Yukon. They are likeZ. h. alascensisin the size and shape of the auditory bullae and in the more elongate incisive foramina, but in the coloration, size of the pterygoid fossae, and breadth of the braincase are more nearly likeZ. h. hudsoniusand are here referred to this geographic race.
In British Columbia, in specimens from 1 mi. NW junction of Irons Creek and Laird River as well as in those from Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW junction of Trout River and Laird River, and in those from1/4mi. S of the junction of the same rivers, three way intergradation occurs. These animals are likeZapus hudsonius alascensisin color and in length of tail. They agree withZapus hudsonius tenellusin shape of nasals. In degree of inflation of auditory bullae, in length and width of incisive foramina, and in shape of pterygoid fossae they are as inZ. h. hudsoniusto which they are here assigned.