Chapter 11

*Mohr, J. C.

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Moore, G. A., andRigney, C. C.

1942.  Notes on the herpetology of Payne County, Oklahoma. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 22:77-80.

Müller, F.

1878.  Katalog der im museum und universitätskabinet zu Basel aufgestellten amphibien und reptilien nebst anmerkungen. Verh. der Natur. Ges. Basel, 6:557-709, 3 pls.

Muller, J. F.

1921.  Notes on the habits of the soft-shell turtle,Amyda mutica. Amer. Midl. Nat., 7(6):180-83, November.

Mullerried, F. K. G.

1943.  Fosiles raros de Mexico III.—Una tortuga fosil del estado de Chiapas. An. Inst. Biol. Mexico, 14(2):623-24.

Myers, G. S.

1927.  Notes on Indiana amphibians and reptiles. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1926, 36:337-40.

Necker, W. L.

1939.  Records of amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago region, 1935-1938. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 6(1):1-10.

Neill, W. T.

1951.  Taxonomy of North American soft-shelled turtles, genusAmyda. Publ. Res. Div. Ross Allen's Rept. Inst., 1(2):7-24, 1 fig., January 31.

1951a. Notes on the role of crawfishes in the ecology of reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. Ecology, 32(4):764-66, October.

1958.  The occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in saltwater areas, and a bibliography. Bull. Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean, 8(1):97 pp., March.

Netting, M. G.

1944.  The spineless soft-shelled turtle,Amyda mutica(Le Sueur), in Pennsylvania. Ann. Carnegie Mus., 30:85-88.

Newman, H. H.

1906.  The habits of certain tortoises. Jour. Comp. Neurol. Psychol., 16(2):126-52.

Nielsen, A.

1951.  Is dorsoventral flattening of the body an adaptation to torrential life? Proc. Internat'l. Assoc. Limnology, 11:264-67.

Nixon, C. W., andSmith, H. M.

1949.  The occurrence of kyphosis in turtles. Turtox News, 27(1):28-29, 3 figs., January.

Noland, W. E.

1951.  The hydrography, fish, and turtle population of Lake Wingra. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, 40(2):5-58, 1 map, April 27.

Nopcsa, F. B.

1926.  Heredity and evolution. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1926, pp. 633-65, 9 figs.

Okada, Y.

* 1930. Notes on the herpetology of the Chichijima, one of the Bonin Islands. Bull. Biogeog. Soc. Japan, 1(3):187-91 (Japanese), pp. 193-94 (English summary) (from Biol. Absts.).

1938.  A catalogue of vertebrates of Japan. Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, iv + 412 pp.

*Oken, L.

1816.  Lehrbuch Zoologie (Naturgeschichte III, 2). Leipzig, xvi + 1270 pp. (from Conant and Goin, 1948:18).

Oliver, J. A.

1955.  The natural history of North American amphibians and reptiles. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, ix + 359 pp., 74 figs., 15 tables, 12 pls.

Oliver, J. A., andShaw, C. E.

1953.  The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. Zoologica, 38(5):65-95, 19 figs.

Olson, R. E.

1959.  Notes on some Texas herptiles. Herpetologica, 15(Pt. 1):48, February 25.

Ortenburger, A. I.

1927.  A report on the amphibians and reptiles of Oklahoma. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 1926, 6(Pt. 1):89-100.

Ortenburger, A. I., andFreeman, B.

1930.  Notes on some reptiles and amphibians from western Oklahoma. Publ. Univ. Oklahoma Biol. Surv., 2(4):175-88, 2 maps.

Over, W. H.

1943.  Amphibians and reptiles of South Dakota. Nat. Hist. Stud., Univ. So. Dakota, 6:1-31, 20 figs., July.

Parker, M. V.

1937.  Some amphibians and reptiles from Reelfoot Lake. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 12(1):60-86, 18 figs., January.

1939.  The amphibians and reptiles of Reelfoot Lake and vicinity, with a key for the separation of species and subspecies. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 14(1):72-101, 14 figs., January.

1948.  A contribution to the herpetology of western Tennessee. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 23(1):20-30, January.

Parsons, T. S.

1958.  The choanal papillae of the Cheloniidae. Breviora, 85:1-5, 2 pls., January 31.

1960.  The structure of the choanae of the Emydinae (Testudines, Testudinidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 123(4):113-127, 4 figs., September.

Penn, G. H.

1950.  Utilization of crawfishes by cold-blooded vertebrates in the eastern United States. Amer. Midl. Nat., 44(3):643-58, 3 figs., 4 tables, November.

Pennant, T.

1772.  An account of two new tortoises: in a letter to Matthew Maty, M. D. Sci. R. S. Philos. Trans. London, 1771, 61:266-73, 1 pl.

Peters, J. A.

1942.  Reptiles and amphibians of Cumberland County, Illinois. Copeia, 1942(3):182-83, October 8.

Pickens, A. L.

1927.  Reptiles of upper South Carolina. Copeia, 1927(165):110-13, December 23.

Pimentel, R. A.

1959.  On the analysis of biological data. Turtox News, 37(4):98-101, 1 fig., April.

Pope, C. H.

1935.  The reptiles of China. Natural history of central Asia. Vol. X. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., lii + 604 pp., 78 figs., 64 tables, 27 pls.

1949.  Turtles of the United States and Canada. A. A. Knopf, New York, 3rd printing, xviii + 343 + v pp., 99 figs., September.

Pope, T. E. B.

1930.  Wisconsin herpetological notes. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, 25:273-84.

Pope, T. E. B., andDickinson, W. E.

1928.  The amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Bull. Public Mus. City Milwaukee, 8(1):1-138, 28 figs., 21 pls., April 3.

Proctor, V. W.

1958.  The growth of Basicladia on turtles. Ecology, 39(4):634-45, 3 figs., October.

Rafinesque, C. S.

1832.  Description of two new genera of softshell turtles of North America. Atlantic Jour. and Friend of Knowledge, Philadelphia, 1(2):64-65, Summer.

Risley, P. L.

1933.  Observations on the natural history of the common musk turtle,Sternotherus odoratus(Latreille). Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts Letters, 1932, 17:685-711, 2 figs., 1 table.

Rivers, J. J.

1889.  Description of a new turtle from the Sacramento River, belonging to the family of Trionychidae. Proc. California Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., 2:233-36, December 20.

Rhoades, S. N.

1895.  Contributions to the zoology of Tennessee. No. 1. Reptiles and batrachians. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 47:376-407.

Romer, A. S.

1945.  Vertebrate paleontology. Univ. Chicago Press, 2nd Ed. (5th printing, 1953), x + 687 pp., 377 figs., 4 tables.

1956.  Osteology of the reptiles. Univ. Chicago Press, xxi + 772 pp., 248 figs.

Russell, L. S.

1929.  Paleocene vertebrates from Alberta. Amer. Jour. Sci., 17(98):162-178, 5 figs., February.

1930.  A new species ofAspideretesfrom the Paskapoo Formation of Alberta. Amer. Jour. Sci., 20(115):27-32, 3 figs., July.

1934. Fossil turtles from Saskatchewan and Alberta. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 28:101-11, 6 pls., 1 table, May.

Ruthven, A. G.,Thompson, C., andThompson, H.

1912.  The herpetology of Michigan. Michigan Geol. Biol. Serv., Publ. 10, Biol. Ser. 3, 161 pp., 55 figs., 16 pls.

Schmidt, K. P.

1924.  Emory's soft-shelled turtle in Arizona. Copeia, 1924(131):64, June 30.

1945.  A new turtle from the Paleocene of Colorado. Fieldiana Geol., 10(1):1-4, 1 fig., September 19.

1946.  On the zoogeography of the Holarctic Region. Copeia, 1946 (3):144-152, 1 map, October 20.

1953.  A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Sixth edition. Amer. Soc. Ichth. Herp., Univ. Chicago Press, viii + 280 pp.

Schmidt, K. P., andInger, R. F.

1957.  Living reptiles of the world. Hanover House, Garden City, New York, 287 pp., 266 illus.

Schmidt, K. P., andNecker, W. L.

1935.  Amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago region. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 5(4):57-77.

Schmidt, K. P., andOwens, D. W.

1944.  Amphibians and reptiles of northern Coahuila, Mexico. Zool. Ser. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., 29(6):97-115, February 23.

*Schneider, J. G.

1783.  Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten, nebst einem system. Verzeichnisse der einzelnen arten. Leipzig, "2 Kpftaf. (wovon 1 illum.) gr. 8" (from Engelmann, W., 1846, Bibliotheca Historico-naturalis. 1700-1846, p. 422).

Schoepff, I. D.

1795.  The Historia Testudinum iconibus illustrata. Fasc. 5. Erlangen, Plag. L-O (32 pp.), 6 pls.

Schwartz, A.

1956.  The relationships and nomenclature of the soft-shelled turtles (genusTrionyx) of the southeastern United States. Charleston Mus. Leaflet, 26:1-21, 1 fig., 2 maps, 3 pls., May.

*Schweigger, A. F.

1812.  Monographiae cheloniorum. Königsberger Arch. Naturwiss. Math., 1:271-368, 406-458 (from Loveridge and Williams, 1957:533).

Shields, L. M., andLindeborg, R. G.

1956.  Records of the spineless soft-shelled turtle and the snapping turtle from New Mexico. Copeia, 1956(2):120-21, May 29.

Shockley, C. H.

1949.  Fish and invertebrate populations of an Indiana bass stream. Invest. Indiana Lakes Streams, 3(5):247-70, 4 figs., 4 tables.

Shoup, C. S.,Peyton, J. H., andGentry, G.

1941.  A limited biological survey of the Obey River and adjacent streams in Tennessee. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci., 16(1):48-76, 9 tables, January.

Siebenrock, F.

1902.  Zur systematik der schildkrötenfamilie Trionychidae Bell, nebst der beschreibung einer neuenCyclanorbis-art. Sitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 91(1):807-46, 18 figs., October.

1909.  Synopsis der rezenten schildkröten, mit berücksichtigung der in historischer zeit ausgestorbenen arten. Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. 10, Pt. 3, pp. 427-618.

1924.  Die nearktischen Trionychidae. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 1923, 73:180-94.

Simkins, C. S.

1925.  Origin of the germ cells inTrionyx. Amer. Jour. Anat., 36(2): 185-213, 4 pls., November 15.

Simpson, G. G.

1943.  Turtles and the origin of the fauna of Latin America. Amer. Jour. Sci., 241(7):413-29, July.

Smith, C. E.

1958.  Natural History of Thomas County, Nebraska. Privately published, 99 pp.

Smith, H. M.

1947.  Kyphosis and other variations in soft-shelled turtles. Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1(6):117-24, 1 table, July 7.

1956.  Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., 2nd ed., No. 9:1-356, 253 figs., April 20.

Smith, H. M., andJames, L. F.

1958.  Taxonomic significance of cloacal bursae in turtles. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 61(1):86-98.

Smith, H. M.,Nixon, C. M., andMinton, S. A., Jr.

1949.  Observations on constancy of color and pattern in soft-shelled turtles. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 56(1):92-98, 3 figs.

Smith, H. M., andTaylor, E. H.

1950.  An annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of Mexico exclusive of the snakes. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 199:v + 253.

Smith, M. A.

1930.  The Reptilia and Amphibia of the Malay peninsula. A supplement to G. A. Boulenger's Reptilia and Batrachia, 1912. Bull. Raffles Mus., 3:xviii + 149 pp., 13 figs., April.

1931.  The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I.—Loricata, Testudines. Taylor and Francis, London, xxviii + 185 pp., 2 pls., 42 figs., 1 map (frontispiece), March.

Smith, P. W.

1947.  The reptiles and amphibians of eastern central Illinois. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8(2):21-40.

Smith, P. W., andList, J. C.

1955.  Notes on Mississippi amphibians and reptiles. Amer. Midl. Nat., 53(1):115-25, January.

Smith, P. W., andMinton, S. A., Jr.

1957.  A distributional summary of the herpetofauna of Indiana and Illinois. Amer. Midl. Nat., 58(2):341-51, 13 figs.

Snedecor, G. W.

1956.  Statistical methods. Iowa St. College Press, Ames, Iowa, 5th ed., xiii + 534 pp.

Stebbins, R. C.

1954.  Amphibians and reptiles of western North America. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, vii + 528 pp., 104 pls., 52 figs.

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1954.  Additional records of amphibians and reptiles in southern Illinois. Amer. Midl. Nat., 51(1):311-12.

Stejneger, L.

1907.  Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 58:xx + 577 pp., 409 figs., 35 pls.

1944.  Notes on the American soft-shell turtles, with special reference toAmyda agassizii. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 94(1):1-75 pp., 30 pls., 10 tables, May.

Stejneger, L., andBarbour, T.

1917.  A check list of North American amphibians and reptiles. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1st ed., iv + 125 pp.

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1948.  New records for amphibians and reptiles in the Chicago area, 1939-1947. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., 8(7):195-202.

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1878.  On some peculiarities in the anatomy of soft-shelled turtles. The Zoologist, 3rd Ser., 2(23):401-07, November.

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1906.  Notes on reptiles and batrachians of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Amer. Nat., 40(471):159-70, March.

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1909.  Notes on the herpetology of Burnet County, Texas. Bull. Baylor Univ., 12(1):1-9, January.

1915.  Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Bull. Baylor Univ., 18(4):1-82, August.

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1926.  A list of reptiles and amphibians collected by Louis Garni in the vicinity of Boerne, Texas. Contr. Baylor Univ. Mus., No. 6:1-9.

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1926.  The herpetology of Caddo and De Soto Parishes, Louisiana. Contr. Baylor Univ. Mus., 5:3-10, May 15.

Strecker, J. K., andWilliams, W. J.

1927.  Herpetological records from the vicinity of San Marcos, Texas, with distributional data on the amphibians and reptiles of the Edwards Plateau region and central Texas. Contr. Baylor Univ. Mus., 12:1-16, December.

Stunkard, H. W.

1930.  Morphology and relationships of the trematodeOpisthoporus aspidonectes(MacCallum, 1917) Fukui, 1929. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., 49(3):210-19, 1 pl., July.

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1908.  First report on the economic features of turtles of Pennsylvania. Zool. Bull. Div. Zool. Pennsylvania St. Dep't. Agric., 6(4-5):105-96.

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1939.  Herpetological notes from Indiana. Amer. Midl. Nat., 22(3):684-95, November.

1952.  The reptiles of Venango County, Pennsylvania. Amer. Midl. Nat., 47(1):161-82, 1 fig., January.

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1920.  Philippine turtles. Philippine Jour. Sci., 16(2):111-44, 7 pls.

1933.  Observations on the courtship of turtles. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 21(9):269-71, March 15.

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1952.  A herpetological survey in the vicinity of Lake Shipp, Polk County, Florida. Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci., 15(3):175-85.

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1939.  Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals of the Meade County State Park. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 42:499-512, 5 figs., 3 pls.

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1958.  The systematics and ecology of theSternothaerus carinatuscomplex (Testudinata, Chelydridae). Tulane Stud. Zool., 6(1):1-56, 57 figs., March 31.

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1937.  Ecological observations on amphibians and reptiles collected in southeastern Oklahoma during the summer of 1934. Amer. Midl. Nat., 18(2):285-303, 1 fig., March.

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1893.  Useful aquatic reptiles and batrachians of the United States.InThe fisheries and fishery industries of the United States by G. B. Goode, Sect. I, Part II, pp. 137-162.

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1955.  Epizoophytic algae from mollusks, turtles, and fish in Oklahoma. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 1953, 34:63-65, January.

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1936.  A preliminary list of the reptiles and amphibians of Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma, near Shawnee. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Sci., 1935, 16:20-22.

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1923.  Notes on reptiles and batrachians of central Illinois. Copeia, 1923(116):47-50, March 15.

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1939.  Amphibians and reptiles of northeastern Kentucky. Copeia, 1939 (3):128-30, September 9.

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1957.  Yolk retraction as a possible cause of kyphosis in turtles. Herpetologica, 13(Pt. 3):236, October 31.

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1959.  New Ohio county records in the herpetology collection of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Jour. Ohio Herp. Soc., 2(2):8, September.

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1939.  The homology of the shell elements in turtles. Jour. Morph., 65(3):383-407, 9 figs., 2 pls., November.

Transmitted June 8, 1961.

PLATE 31Trionyx ferox, juveniles.Top—UMMZ 76755 (× 1) dorsal and ventral views; Lake Griffin, Lake County, Florida.Bottom—TU 13960 (×3/4), dorsal and ventral views; Hillsborough River,ca.20 mi. NE Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida.

PLATE 31

Trionyx ferox, juveniles.Top—UMMZ 76755 (× 1) dorsal and ventral views; Lake Griffin, Lake County, Florida.Bottom—TU 13960 (×3/4), dorsal and ventral views; Hillsborough River,ca.20 mi. NE Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida.

PLATE 32

Top—Trionyx ferox, female, UMMZ 90010 (×2/9); east edge Okefinokee Swamp, Charlton County, Georgia.Bottom—Left,Trionyx ferox, adult male, UMMZ 102276 (×1/5), 14 mi. SE Punta Gorda, Lee County, Florida; right,Trionyx sinensis, female, KU 39417 (×3/10), 5 mi. ESE Seoul, Korea. All dorsal views; note resemblance of two species in having longitudinal ridging and marginal ridge of carapace.

Top—Trionyx ferox, female, UMMZ 90010 (×2/9); east edge Okefinokee Swamp, Charlton County, Georgia.Bottom—Left,Trionyx ferox, adult male, UMMZ 102276 (×1/5), 14 mi. SE Punta Gorda, Lee County, Florida; right,Trionyx sinensis, female, KU 39417 (×3/10), 5 mi. ESE Seoul, Korea. All dorsal views; note resemblance of two species in having longitudinal ridging and marginal ridge of carapace.

PLATE 33Trionyx spinifer spinifer, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—UMMZ 74518 (× 12/5); Portage Lake, Washtenaw County, Michigan.Bottom—TU 16132 (× 11/5); Sevierville, Sevier County, Tennessee.

PLATE 33

Trionyx spinifer spinifer, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—UMMZ 74518 (× 12/5); Portage Lake, Washtenaw County, Michigan.Bottom—TU 16132 (× 11/5); Sevierville, Sevier County, Tennessee.

PLATE 34Trionyx spinifer spinifer, dorsal views.Top—Adult male, UMMZ 54401 (×3/7), Portage Lake, Livingston County, Michigan.Bottom—Female, UMMZ 81699 (×2/7), Ottawa County, Michigan.

PLATE 34

Trionyx spinifer spinifer, dorsal views.Top—Adult male, UMMZ 54401 (×3/7), Portage Lake, Livingston County, Michigan.Bottom—Female, UMMZ 81699 (×2/7), Ottawa County, Michigan.

PLATE 35Trionyx spinifer hartwegi, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, KU 40210 (×9/10), 121/2mi. S, 11/4mi. W Meade, Meade County, Kansas; right, KU 16531 (× 1), Smoky Hill River, 3 mi. SW Elkader, Logan County, Kansas.Bottom—Adult Males; left, KU 18385 (×2/5), Arrington, Comanche County, Kansas; right, KU 3758 (×3/10), Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, Kansas.

PLATE 35

Trionyx spinifer hartwegi, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, KU 40210 (×9/10), 121/2mi. S, 11/4mi. W Meade, Meade County, Kansas; right, KU 16531 (× 1), Smoky Hill River, 3 mi. SW Elkader, Logan County, Kansas.Bottom—Adult Males; left, KU 18385 (×2/5), Arrington, Comanche County, Kansas; right, KU 3758 (×3/10), Little Salt Marsh, Stafford County, Kansas.

PLATE 36Trionyx spinifer hartwegi.Top—Juveniles; left, TU 13885, dorsal view (×3/4), Little Vian Creek, 1 mi. E Vian, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma; right, KU 3732, ventral view (×5/7), Independence, Montgomery County, Kansas.Bottom—Adult female, TTC 719, dorsal view (×2/7), 10 mi. S, 2 mi. W Gruver, Hansford County, Texas.

PLATE 36

Trionyx spinifer hartwegi.Top—Juveniles; left, TU 13885, dorsal view (×3/4), Little Vian Creek, 1 mi. E Vian, Sequoyah County, Oklahoma; right, KU 3732, ventral view (×5/7), Independence, Montgomery County, Kansas.Bottom—Adult female, TTC 719, dorsal view (×2/7), 10 mi. S, 2 mi. W Gruver, Hansford County, Texas.

PLATE 37Trionyx spinifer asper, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—Left, male, KU 50839 (×9/10), Flint River, 11/2mi. S Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia; right, female, TU 15661 (×9/10), Blackwater River, 4.3 mi. NW Baker, Okaloosa County, Florida.Bottom—Left, male, TU 13623 (×7/9), Yellow River, 3.1 mi. W Hammond, Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana; right, female, TU 14362 (×4/5), Hobolochito Creek, 1 mi. N Picayune, Pearl River County, Mississippi.

PLATE 37

Trionyx spinifer asper, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—Left, male, KU 50839 (×9/10), Flint River, 11/2mi. S Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia; right, female, TU 15661 (×9/10), Blackwater River, 4.3 mi. NW Baker, Okaloosa County, Florida.Bottom—Left, male, TU 13623 (×7/9), Yellow River, 3.1 mi. W Hammond, Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana; right, female, TU 14362 (×4/5), Hobolochito Creek, 1 mi. N Picayune, Pearl River County, Mississippi.

PLATE 38Trionyx spinifer asper, dorsal views.Top—Left, adult male, TU 15869 (×1/2), Escambia River, 1.2 mi. E Century, Escambia County, Florida; right, female, TU 14673.3 (×1/2), Black Warrior River, 171/2mi. SSW Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama.Bottom—Left, adult male, TU 17117 (×1/4), Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Parish, Louisiana; right, female, TU 16584 (×1/5), locality same as TU 15869.

PLATE 38

Trionyx spinifer asper, dorsal views.Top—Left, adult male, TU 15869 (×1/2), Escambia River, 1.2 mi. E Century, Escambia County, Florida; right, female, TU 14673.3 (×1/2), Black Warrior River, 171/2mi. SSW Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa County, Alabama.Bottom—Left, adult male, TU 17117 (×1/4), Pearl River, Varnado, Washington Parish, Louisiana; right, female, TU 16584 (×1/5), locality same as TU 15869.

PLATE 39Trionyx spinifer pallidus, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, TU 481 (×2/3), Caddo Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana; right, KU 50832 (×9/10), mouth of Caney Creek, 4 mi. SW Kingston, Marshall County, Oklahoma.Bottom—Adult males; left, holotype, TU 484 (×1/3), locality same as TU 481; right, TU 1122 (×2/9), Lacassine Refuge, Cameron Parish, Louisiana.

PLATE 39

Trionyx spinifer pallidus, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, TU 481 (×2/3), Caddo Lake, Caddo Parish, Louisiana; right, KU 50832 (×9/10), mouth of Caney Creek, 4 mi. SW Kingston, Marshall County, Oklahoma.Bottom—Adult males; left, holotype, TU 484 (×1/3), locality same as TU 481; right, TU 1122 (×2/9), Lacassine Refuge, Cameron Parish, Louisiana.

PLATE 40Trionyx spinifer pallidus, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Females; left, TU 13213 (×1/4), Sabine River, 8 mi. SW Negreet, Sabine Parish, Louisiana; right, TU 13266 (×2/9), Sabine River, 8 mi. SW Merryville, Beauregard Parish, Louisiana.Bottom—Left, adult male, SM 2889 (×1/4), Groveton, Trinity County, Texas; right, female, TU 14402 (×1/5), Trinity River, near junction with Big Creek, Liberty County, Texas.

PLATE 40

Trionyx spinifer pallidus, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Females; left, TU 13213 (×1/4), Sabine River, 8 mi. SW Negreet, Sabine Parish, Louisiana; right, TU 13266 (×2/9), Sabine River, 8 mi. SW Merryville, Beauregard Parish, Louisiana.Bottom—Left, adult male, SM 2889 (×1/4), Groveton, Trinity County, Texas; right, female, TU 14402 (×1/5), Trinity River, near junction with Big Creek, Liberty County, Texas.

PLATE 41Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, ANSP 16717 (× 1), no data; right, KU 50834 (× 11/10), Hondo Creek, 4 mi. W Bandera, Bandera County, Texas.Bottom—Adult males; left, holotype UMMZ 89926 (×1/3), 15 mi. NE Tilden, McMullen County, Texas; right, SM 659 (×3/10), Colorado River, near Austin, Travis County, Texas.

PLATE 41

Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, ANSP 16717 (× 1), no data; right, KU 50834 (× 11/10), Hondo Creek, 4 mi. W Bandera, Bandera County, Texas.Bottom—Adult males; left, holotype UMMZ 89926 (×1/3), 15 mi. NE Tilden, McMullen County, Texas; right, SM 659 (×3/10), Colorado River, near Austin, Travis County, Texas.

PLATE 42Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Adult females; left, TU 16036.1 (×1/5), Llano River, 2 mi. W Llano, Llano County, Texas; right, TU 10160 (×1/5), Guadalupe River, 9 mi. SE Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas.Bottom—Left, female, CM 3118 (×3/4), Black Bayou, Victoria County, Texas; right, male, TU 14419.6 (×5/9), San Saba River, 11 mi. NNW San Saba, San Saba County, Texas.

PLATE 42

Trionyx spinifer guadalupensis, new subspecies, dorsal views.Top—Adult females; left, TU 16036.1 (×1/5), Llano River, 2 mi. W Llano, Llano County, Texas; right, TU 10160 (×1/5), Guadalupe River, 9 mi. SE Kerrville, Kerr County, Texas.Bottom—Left, female, CM 3118 (×3/4), Black Bayou, Victoria County, Texas; right, male, TU 14419.6 (×5/9), San Saba River, 11 mi. NNW San Saba, San Saba County, Texas.

PLATE 43Trionyx spinifer emoryi, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, UMMZ 69411 (×3/4), Río Conchos, 9 mi. N Linares, Nuevo León, México; right, UMMZ 69412 (×5/6), Río Purificación, north Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.Bottom—Adult males; left, topotype, TU 11561 (×1/3), Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas; right, KU 48217 (×1/3), Black River Village, Eddy County, New Mexico.

PLATE 43

Trionyx spinifer emoryi, dorsal views.Top—Juveniles; left, UMMZ 69411 (×3/4), Río Conchos, 9 mi. N Linares, Nuevo León, México; right, UMMZ 69412 (×5/6), Río Purificación, north Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México.Bottom—Adult males; left, topotype, TU 11561 (×1/3), Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas; right, KU 48217 (×1/3), Black River Village, Eddy County, New Mexico.

PLATE 44Trionyx spinifer emoryi, dorsal views.Top—Left, adult male, KU 51194 (×2/7), Río Conchos, near Meoquí, Chihuahua, México; right, female, KU 3119 (×4/9), Salt River, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona.Bottom—Females; left, KU 3118 (×1/5), locality same as KU 3119; right, TU 14453 (×3/10), Pecos River, near junction with Independence Creek, Terrell County, Texas.

PLATE 44

Trionyx spinifer emoryi, dorsal views.Top—Left, adult male, KU 51194 (×2/7), Río Conchos, near Meoquí, Chihuahua, México; right, female, KU 3119 (×4/9), Salt River, Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona.Bottom—Females; left, KU 3118 (×1/5), locality same as KU 3119; right, TU 14453 (×3/10), Pecos River, near junction with Independence Creek, Terrell County, Texas.

PLATE 45Trionyx muticus muticus, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—Topotypes (× 1), Wabash River, 2 mi. S New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana; left, INHS 7278; right, INHS 7279.Bottom—Left, TU 14375 (×3/4), Trinity River near junction with Big Creek, Liberty County, Texas; right, KU 50845 (× 12/5), 4 mi. N Atwood, Hughes County, Oklahoma.

PLATE 45

Trionyx muticus muticus, juveniles, dorsal views.Top—Topotypes (× 1), Wabash River, 2 mi. S New Harmony, Posey County, Indiana; left, INHS 7278; right, INHS 7279.Bottom—Left, TU 14375 (×3/4), Trinity River near junction with Big Creek, Liberty County, Texas; right, KU 50845 (× 12/5), 4 mi. N Atwood, Hughes County, Oklahoma.


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