In 1934, 16 years ago, we became interested in chestnuts as a possible commercial crop. We purchased a quantity from J. Russell Smith, interplanting them in a vineyard we expected to pull out as it was getting too old. Two years later, through the cooperation of Clarence Reed, Dr. Gravatt, also others at Beltsville, Maryland, we got some 2,000 seedlings of various types, some being hybrids. As some of these bore we planted what we thought were the best nuts in a nursery and at present have about 3000 chestnut trees ranging from three years old up to 16 years. There is some blight occasionally showing which appears to be on the hybrids. About 35 acres of the chestnuts were interplanted in vineyards which we were planning to pull out. During the war, however, the price of grapes was quite high and we left the grapes, pulling the last of them out this Spring. Due to cultivation of the grapes an appreciable number of the nut trees were cut out accidentally, and have later been filled in with seedlings, with the result that the orchard has a rather peculiar appearance. The mature trees, this year, have been doing, we think, very well, and a great majority of them are bearing from a light crop to a rather heavy crop.
Up to date we have had no trouble with worm in our chestnuts. In fact we have not found a single wormy chestnut. This interests us appreciably, as when the old American chestnuts were common on our farm it would seem as if hardly a chestnut escaped a worm hole if you kept them long enough. If you ate the chestnuts immediately it wasn't so bad—the worms were probably too small to be observed.
We understand that in some sections Chinese chestnuts are attacked by worms but I repeat we haven't had one to date.
Our chestnuts are planted largely in Volusia clay loam on fields where chestnuts formerly flourished. This soil is not fertile, as soils go, and the trees will probably not grow as large nor will they grow as fast as if planted in a more fertile soil. At first we used a spacing of 36 feet but we now use 24 feet, which we think will be satisfactory for our farm.
Since the chestnuts have come into bearing and the project has become to some extent a commercial one, we are more interested in doing what we can for the trees. We are convinced that the mulching process is to be recommended. There is some sawdust to be obtained in this section and as far as it goes we have covered the ground under the branches of the trees with a mulch of sawdust about five or six inches deep. We will not know how successful that is for a few years.
We have planted the fields with a cover crop of rye grass and orchard grass, and this month are cutting it and throwing it under the trees. We have some adjoining fields which were in hay but which had rather run out. We are cutting these likewise and throwing the hay under the trees. We believe if we keep this practice up for a few years we will have a reasonable mulch under the trees. We have become interested in Reed canary grass. We have had a few sample patches of it and are going to plant a couple of outside fields with it to be used for mulch. It grows stronger than any other northern grass with which we are conversant, and therefore would produce more mulch. We are also giving the land two rather heavy applications of mixed fertilizer each year.
We think the chief thing we have learned about chestnuts is that the first few years the trees should be cultivated, fertilized, watered, and mulched. You cannot handle them the way you could, for instance, Christmas trees by simply sticking them in a field of grass. The first year they should be watered every ten days if they require it, and watered the second year if there is a real drought.
In closing we would say that as far as our immediate section is concerned, it is our guess that chestnuts are the only nuts which might appear to have commercial possibilities. Of course, at present, the nuts sell at quite a high price and I fear beyond their value. What will happen when the numerous orchards which have been planted in the last few years come into bearing is any man's guess.
We do not believe that the black walnuts would ever prove a commercial success here, although they normally do well. Of course the trouble is the competition of the wild nuts from other sections. On the other hand, if some one had the time to give to working up a market for the improved black walnuts, he might get some profit out of it.
If I were younger, I might want to try growing a number of Winkler hazel nuts. I think hazel nuts covered with chocolate make a very attractive candy, and here, in this section, the Winkler seems to be immune to blight and other troubles. This year, for the first time in our recollection, the frost got them and the crop is very light.
I do not know just what to say about the heartnuts. They might not have enough flavor to suit some people, but when eaten with salt I think they are delicious. They are very free cracking. We have one, the Lobular, which as soon as they are cracked can be shaken out of the shell. I am disturbed however over the bunch disease to which some of them are subject.
Please note that our remarks in regard to the commercial possibilities of these various nuts has reference to our farm at Westfield and to no other place.
I regret I am not going to be at your meeting to endeavor to answer any question which might be asked.
Discussion of Mulches
DR. ANTHONY: Mr. Sherman and I were there a few years ago, and he has very definitely given up the heartnut and black walnut. Many trees in this area are affected with this bunch disease, which caused failure to set, and he has very definitely decided that he is out of those two nuts.
MR. FRYE: That sawdust, how old must it be, and how green have you used?
DR. ANTHONY: We have used sawdust in our fruit tree work. There is a period when I don't like it. When it's raw and going down, it uses a good deal of nitrogen. Also, if it gets dry, it will blow. Also when it gets dry it will run off with the water, and I would like to use it pretty well rotted down when I get it, and usually you can find old rotted piles. If you do use it on trees where nitrogen is a factor, you probably will have to use additional nitrogen.
Now, with the chestnut where you want to mature them fairly early in the fall, it might work all right, because it will withhold the nitrogen in the breakdown of your sawdust. But apparently, it works pretty well. I think it was Mr. Sam Hemming who suggested using it in the rows. Most of our State Forests and Waters nurseries in their seedling beds, plant their seedlings, including chestnuts, make a mixture of sawdust and sand, about one of sawdust and two of sand, and then broadcast that right over their seeds. The seeds are broadcast on the firm soil, then this mixture of sawdust and sand is broadcast over the seeds. That gives a uniform planting of your seeds and gives a very nice protection. There is one place that I think sawdust works very nicely.
Straw mulch, any material of that kind, in breaking down takes nitrogen from the soil. They are all good if you balance that loss of nitrogen that is lost during the period of breakdown. Now, there comes a time, if you put a mulch on the soil and let it stay there for six or eight years and keep building it up, when you pass imperceptibly from straw into soil, and when you reach that time, your breakdown of your straw is usually done without taking nitrogen from your soil itself, and from that time on you may release nitrogen. But until you get that imperceptible transformation from straw to soil, there is a time when the breakdown of the straw uses your nitrogen, which is all right, if it's late in the season, but not early. I'd want to watch my trees and get my nitrogen on early, then let the straw use it later on.
A MEMBER: The migration of nitrogen—is there some such migration, and is it just in the case of the sawdust?
DR. ANTHONY: You put it right on top, it's much worse. You can put it right on top and it will take a year or two to pass through that period where the utilization in the breaking down of the straw is greater than the release of nitrogen. If it's mixed in the soil, the tree gets more of it.
MR. STOKE: How deep is that effect on the soil?
DR. ANTHONY: We have used straw, hay, weeds, sawdust, chips, anything of the kind, putting on a 5 to 6-inch layer. As I say, it takes from one to three years to get through that period.
Now, Massachusetts has the longest continuous use—all of New England has—of mulch, and they are reaching a point now where some of the mulches are ten years old where the release of nitrogen is too much and they get poor color on McIntosh. I think with the Chinese chestnut this is one thing we have got to watch to get good maturity. Going farther and farther south, you have more trouble. As you go to the north, our trees color more easily, and there you wouldn't want to force them, as our New England people find. They are releasing too much nitrogen late in the season. So I would not want to use long, continued mulch in the chestnut, I'd watch my maturity, and the minute they get a little slow in maturing, I'd quit.
MR. BERST: How about corn cobs?
MR. JAY SMITH: How about anything in the street, leaves?
DR. ANTHONY: Anything like that, whether it's oak or maple. One goes down as quickly as the other.
MR. CORSAN: On the way down here I called in to see Rodale, and we found him in a mass of brewer's hops and ground up corn cobs. He had them in the chicken house, and you know how a chicken house smells. He had no smell in the chicken house. We looked all through his place, and we saw another big pile of furs, mink, and such trimming off of them, a big pile about that high (indicating), and that will go down. He had everything under the sun in the way of mulch, but corn cobs ground up fine was the chief one in sight.
Personally, I like to grow the mulch on the land right there. We can grow it—up to 10 ton of green mulch to the acre. I have done it many, many times. You have something there that goes down quickly. The very growing of that through the latter part of the summer also uses the nitrogen and hardens up your trees. Then we turn it down and within two to three weeks we have it reseeded, and so we are growing a constant supply in the soil-itself. You get the same effect as hauling in your mulch. It's cheaper, usually, and you get, I think, a little bit better control. Your mulches are not dry, they are turned under when—well, it's crimson clover in the red, right in the blossom. They go down very quickly. We leave as much as possible on the surface. I think it's a little cheaper and a little more satisfactory control. I put them on quite green. I find they rot much quicker.
MR. CHASE: I will now turn the gavel back to Dr. MacDaniels, who will take over.
DR. MacDANIELS: Thank you, very much, Mr. Chase.
Perhaps we had better take a 10-minute recess.
(Whereupon, a short recess was taken.)
Nominating Committee Elected
DR. MacDANIELS: We will proceed with the election of a nominating committee. That committee is elected. It is a committee of three, and the nominations come from the floor. The present nominating committee is Mr. Stoke, Mr. Sylvester Shessler, and Mr. Sterling Smith. Now, I guess it is a good plan to change the nominating committee, and I think we ought to have regional representation. I think that is important. Does anybody have a nomination? Say we start in the Middle West.
A MEMBER: Mr. Silvis.
DR. MacDANIELS: He will take it. That's middle. Another nomination from the farther west.
MR. CHASE: Mr. Chairman, I nominate Dr. Crane.
DR. MacDANIELS: That would be South Atlantic.
MR. WEBER: I nominate Mr. Chase.
DR. MacDANIELS: Do you wish to nominate more than three and have a ballot?
MR. FRYE: I move nominations be closed.
DR. MacDANIELS: Nominations closed. Do you move to have the secretary cast a unanimous ballot?
DR. McKAY: So move, Mr. Chairman.
MR. WEBER: Proceed with the election.
DR. MacDANIELS: The motion is that nominations be closed and the secretary be instructed to cast a ballot for the slate as nominated. Any further discussion? If not, all in favor say "aye."
(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
DR. MacDANIELS: Carried.
Resolutions
DR. MacDANIELS: Is the Resolutions Committee here? Mr. Allaman, I believe you are president of the Pennsylvania group, are you not?
MR. ALLAMAN: Yes.
"In the passing of Clarence A. Reed, who was a nut culturist of the United States Department of Agriculture, we not only lost a friend in the experimental field, but also a dear personal friend. Mr. Reed was keenly interested in all phases of nut culture, devoting practically his entire life to this work. We are more deeply indebted to him than can be expressed. Paraphrasing what Lincoln said of the dead soldiers at Gettysburg, it remains for us to continue the effort and build upon the foundation to which he so largely contributed.
"Therefore, be it resolved that the secretary of this Association spread upon the record this resolution and send a copy to Mrs. Reed."
DR. MacDANIELS: You have heard this resolution. I think it would be appropriate we move to accept and adopt this by a rising vote.
(Whereupon, a rising vote was taken.)
DR. MacDANIELS: There are two other resolutions Mr. Allaman will read.
MR. ALLAMAN: "The Northern Nut Growers Association in its forty-first meeting expresses its appreciation for the fine accomodations for its meeting place supplied by Post No. 739 of the American Legion. The Association also desires to compliment the Post on its foresight in providing this community with such a satisfactory meeting place.
"May it therefore be resolved that the secretary spread this upon the minutes and send a copy to the Legion."
Another resolution: "We, the members of the Northern Nut Growers Association, express our keen appreciation of the very efficient services of Mrs. Stephen Bernath and Gilbert L. Smith and others for their splendid accommodations at this convention."
DR. MacDANIELS: These two resolutions, do you wish to accept them or adopt them together?
DR. CRANE: Move that they be adopted as a whole.
DR. MacDANIELS: Moved that they be adopted together. Any discussion? If not, all in favor say "aye."
(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
DR. MacDANIELS: Passed without dissent.
Are there other resolutions anyone has from the floor?
(No response.)
Report of Auditing Committee
DR. MacDANIELS: The auditing committee's report.
MR. WEBER: I have it. "We have found from our examination of the treasurer's records that his accounts are in proper balance and that the statement of his bank account, issued by his bank as of August 11, 1950, shows he had on deposit in the Erie County United Bank of Vermilion, Ohio, the sum of $2280.37. We feel our treasurer, Mr. Sterling A. Smith, has faithfully discharged his duties during the current year and recommend his continuance in that office, nomination for which has already, of course, taken place. Royal Oakes, Chairman, Auditing Committee." (Applause.)
DR. MacDANIELS: It all sounds very legal. I think it's all right. I take it that applause indicates the acceptance of the report. Unless I hear dissent, we will take that to be so.
DR. CRANE: Move the report of the Auditing Committee be accepted.
DR. MacDANIELS: O.K., we will make it legal. Who will second the motion?
MR. STOKE: Second.
DR. MacDANIELS: Moved and seconded that the Auditing Committee report be accepted.
(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
Election of 1950-51 Officers
DR. MacDANIELS: Next will be the election of officers, and we will ask the chairman of the Nominating Committee to give his report. Inasmuch as I am apparently concerned, I will hand the gavel to Mr. Chase for the election.
MR. CHASE: We'd like to hear the report from the chairman of theNominating Committee, Mr. Stoke.
MR. STOKE: Most of you no doubt heard the report of the Nominating Committee at our first session, but we nominated Dr. William Rohrbacher of Iowa City, Iowa, for president, and for vice-president our perennial candidate here, who has disappeared from the scene, renominating Dr. L. H. MacDaniels. We hope to make him president next time. If he doesn't make it next time, I think we will have to throw him out. And for the secretary, our friend, Joe McDaniel. They are not relatives. And the treasurer, repeating officer, Sterling Smith. The secretaryship and treasurership shouldn't change any more often than necessary.
MR. STERLING SMITH: I object.
Before you move on that, I'd like to say that it isn't really legal, I think, that I should have been on the nominating committee, and being one of the officers, it would be very well taken on my part if there were any nominations from the floor.
MR. CHASE: We are coming to that.
Any objections that we have nominations from the floor? Are there any nominations for president?
MR. WELLMAN: Move nominations be closed.
MR. CHASE: Are there any other nominations for vice-president? (No response.) I am sure we must have one for the treasurer. (No response.) Do we have any for secretary?
MR. CORSAN: Why not have the former Miss Jones president again?
MR. STOKE: She becomes a member of the Board of Directors, and I think it would be out of order to elect her to another office.
MR. CORSAN: I withdraw it.
MR. CHASE: Now I will entertain your motion, Mr. Wellman.
MR. WELLMAN: I move it.
MR. CHASE: It has been moved that the slate by the nominating committee be accepted.
DR. CRANE: Second.
(Whereupon, a vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
MR. CHASE: Dr. MacDaniels, you may come in now.
DR. CRANE: We moved that nominations be closed. We haven't accepted them.
MR. STOKE: When you are through, I have a resolution to offer.
DR. CRANE: Move that the report of the nominating committee be accepted and we proceed with the election by voice vote. All in favor of having the secretary cast a ballot for the slate nominated by our nominating committee please signify by saying "aye."
(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
MR. STOKE: I would like to make a motion that we elect a parliamentarian, and I wish to nominate Dr. Crane.
MR. STERLING SMITH: Second the motion.
(A vote was taken on the motion, and it was carried unanimously.)
MR. FRYE: We elected a parliamentarian last year. I wonder how it's coming on.
DR. CRANE: I have a report on it.
MR. WEBER: Mr. John Davidson, Xenia, Ohio.
MR. McDANIEL: He was parliamentarian before we made him our president.
MR. WEBER: That's passed on to Dr. Crane.
MR. CHASE: Now, Dr. MacDaniels, you may come in.
DR. MacDANIELS: Hope it's legal.
Is there any further business? Do you think of any, Mr. Weber?
MR. WEBER: Hold it open until after the banquet. Then if we think of something that we have left out, we haven't adjourned.
DR. MacDANIELS: I will adjourn this particular session and give the gavel to our new president.
MR. WEBER: We adjourn until this evening at the banquet.
DR. ANTHONY: Before you bang it down, may I make one announcement? I thought you would be interested in an action that the Pennsylvania Nut Growers have taken. Mr. Allaman, it is O.K. to report that committee appointment?
DR. MacDANIELS: The question is raised as to the time of the next meeting. The place has been decided. The time, I think, has to be left to be worked out with the authorities at Illinois, is that right? Do you want to say a word, Dr. Colby?
DR. COLBY: It is difficult, if not impossible, to give an exact date right now, because we don't know at this time what our facilities for meeting rooms and lodging will be on any particular date in the latter part of the month of August. We will have to check and find out the best days, if that is agreeable to the group.
DR. MacDANIELS: Does this group wish to express a preference as to the last week in August or the first week in September? In other words, it would be the week before Labor Day, or the week after. That wouldn't necessarily fix it, but it would give the committee, if there were no other restrictions as to available facilities, would be a guide for a choice.
MR. WELLMAN: Call for a show of hands.
DR. MacDANIELS: I will do that. Those who would prefer a meeting date comparable to this year? (Showing of hands.)[34] Those who prefer the week after Labor Day? (No hands raised.)
[34] The 1951 meeting will be at the University of Illinois in Urbana, August 28 and 29, to be followed with a tour in western Illinois for those who can stay through the morning of August 31.
MR. STERLING SMITH: Maybe those who prefer the after Labor Day date aren't here now.
DR. ROHRBACHER: I just want to say I appreciate very much the honor that has been bestowed upon me. I appreciate the fact that the president is purely an emblem, a figurehead, but with the staff that's under him, it's the same as in the Post Office Department of the United States, the head receives all the salary and his understudies do all the work. So it's a very appropriate setting, and we should go forward under a very good staff of men that have been elected to the positions under that of the president.
One thing I want to say in regard to the problem that came up last night that was discussed: that as the president, I can assure you that the vice-presidents are certainly not going to be emblems if they expect to continue on in their positions in the various states that are in the group, because the working out of this problem, the success of it, is going to depend on how well these vice-presidents carry out their work.
I thank you.
DR. MacDANIELS: We will close this session until tonight. I will giveDr. Rohrbacher the gavel.
(Whereupon, at 4:50 o'clock, p.m., the Tuesday afternoon session of theNorthern Nut Growers Association was closed.)
Note on the Annual Tour, August 30, 1950
The third day of the Annual meeting, as is customary with the Association, was spent touring interesting nut plantings in the vicinity. The first stop was Bernath's Nursery, southwest of Pleasant Valley, where he has his greenhouse, young nut plants, and a number of fruiting trees. The second stop was on the grounds of the State School at Wassaic, where many grafted nut trees, particularly walnuts, are thriving, due to the interest and activity of Gilbert L. Smith, when he was on the staff there. A picnic lunch was served in the recreational area of the school grounds. Here Dr. W. C. Deming of Hartford, Conn., Dean of the Association, was on hand to greet many of his old friends. After lunch we visited Mr. Stephen Bernath's farm nut planting, then the topworked hickory woods on Mr. Wm. A. Benton's farm out of Millerton. At the Benton and Smith Nut Nursery, also on the farm, the tour was concluded.
Harry R. Weber
Members were saddened to hear of the death, on his way home, of Harry R.Weber, who had taken an active part in the meeting at Pleasant Valley,as he did in most of the meetings since the very earliest years of theAssociation. We shall have a more complete obituary in the next volume.
George B. Rhodes
COVINGTON, Tenn., Dec. 16, 1950—Services for George B. Rhodes of Mt. Carmel who died Saturday at 5:15 p.m. at his home will be held Sunday afternoon at 3 at the Clopton Methodist Church. The Rev. David Olhansen, pastor of the church, assisted by the Rev. E. D. Farris of Henning will officiate. Burial will be in the Clopton Cemetery.
Mr. Rhodes, who was 82, was born at Clopton, Tenn., and spent his entire lifetime in Tipton County. He was the first county agent of Tipton County. He was interested in the budding of pecans and had operated a nursery for the past 20 years. He was a member of the Clopton Methodist Church.
He leaves his wife, Mrs. Ivie Drake Rhodes of Covington; two sons, Sol Rhodes of Tampa, Fla., and Marion Rhodes of Beverly Hills, Calif.; two daughters, Mrs. R. B. Davie of Covington and Mrs. Lillian Bringley of Memphis; two sisters, Mrs. Pauline Meacham of Senatobia, Miss., and Mrs. Mattie Nelson of Forrest City, Ark., and two brothers, Sam Rhodes of Bolivar, and Duke Rhodes of San Francisco, Calif.; seven grandchildren and five great grandchildren.—Reprinted from a Memphis paper.
Mr. Rhodes' greatest contribution to nut growing was the discovery and first propagation of a heartnut variety mow called Rhodes. It is the most successful heartnut yet tried in western Tennessee, a reliable and heavy cropper, and one of the best cracking varieties of all known heartnuts. It deserves testing in other areas.
Note: The following members of the N. N. G. A. have died recently, and we hope to have fuller obituaries on them in the next volume:
Charles C. Dean, of Anniston, Ala. (Died September 21, 1950.)
Henry Gressel, of Mohawk, N. Y. (Died in June, 1951.)
W. N. Achenbach, of Petoskey, Mich.
L. B. Hoyer, of Omaha, Nebr.
Life Member Wang Is in Hong Kong
In our 1942 Report there was a note that our only Chinese member, P. W. Wang, had probably died, since he had not been heard from since 1930. Mr. Wang, we are happy to report, has recently written to us from Hong Kong. Many of the nut trees he planted while secretary of the Kinsan Arboretum at Chuking (not Chungking) in Kiangsu Province had survived the Japanese invasions and were fruiting in 1945, but are now in Communist hands. Mr. Wang hopes some day to be able to send to America scions of a fine pecan (seedling of Teche variety) which he fruited at Chuking. Meanwhile, he wishes to have nut literature and catalogues sent to him at his present address: P. W. Wang, c/o China Products Trading Corporation, 6 Des Voeux Road, Central, Hong Kong.
Letters
Nuts in Quebec
July 16, 1950
Dr. George L. Slate,Associate Professor,New York State Agricultural Experiment Station,Geneva, New York
Dear Dr. Slate:
I am very much flattered by your invitation to prepare a paper on nut culture in Quebec. My only regret is that for two reasons I am unable to comply with your request.
The first is that I am quite ignorant on the subject. It is only lately that I have developed an interest in this matter when I suddenly found myself responsible for a so-called "arboretum" which is now mainly empty space that I am endeavoring to fill. The fact that shagbark hickory and butternut were common in our woods and that some of our neighbors have apparently flourishing individual trees of black walnut served to arouse my interest in the question. One neighbour has a tree of what he calls "French walnut" because they came from near Lyons, France, which are evidently the ordinary English or Persian walnut. Furthermore, I have been advised that there is quite a grove of black walnut near Lotbiniere, Quebec, which is on the south shore of the St. Lawrence not far from the city of Quebec. I understand that it was planted some seventy-five years ago and trees are now timber size. Indeed, I was told that the owner was offered a considerable sum during the war—the wood was wanted for gun stocks. I have not been there to verify this. However it occurred to me that it would be a good idea to get several specimens of various nut species that might grow here to place in the arboretum—this might incidentally give some information on what species would survive our winters.
The second reason that I am unable to write any article on nut culture in Quebec is because as far as I know there is no nut culture here. Most of the trees I refer to were simply planted as ornamentals. I have never been able to locate anyone who has taken any particular interest in growing them for the nuts.
I would like very much to extend my knowledge on the subject by attending your meeting at Poughkeepsie, New York, on August 28th to 30th, but unfortunately I will be absent in Nova Scotia on those dates.
Following your information I secured some literature on northern nut culture and will look forward to receiving any further information along this line that may be forthcoming.
Again thanking you for your courtesy and assuring you of my continued interest, I am,
Yours very truly,
W. H. BRITTAINVice-Principal,Macdonald College of McGill University
Macdonald College, Quebec, Canada
Note: I believe that perhaps the things mentioned in his second paragraph should be followed up.—H.L.S.
Pecans Produce Poorly in Middle Atlantic States
November 13, 1950
Dr. Lewis E. TheissLewisburg, Pennsylvania
Dear Dr. Theiss:
Speaking of pecans, we have harvested the first crop this year here on the station, from trees planted in 1932, of the varieties Indiana, Greenriver, Busseron and Major. Even though these nuts were not harvested until November 9 they are poorly filled. It seems that we just cannot mature them here in an average season. Our trees have not grown satisfactorily and although they may bloom, the nuts normally fail to mature.
Our summers are not long enough and the day and night temperatures are not high enough uniformly to satisfactorily produce pecans even in this area.
Very truly yours,
H. L. CRANEPrincipal Horticulturist,Division of Fruit and VegetableCrops and Diseases
U. S. Plant Industry Station.Beltsville, Maryland
~Editor's Note:~ Dr Crane's experience is exactly similar to my own. The pecans in the grounds at my country home were well loaded with nuts this year, 1950. I doubt if a single nut was half filled.—L. E. T.
Nut Tree Diseases in Europe and Turkey
November 17, 1950
Dr. Lewis E. TheissLewisburg, Pennsylvania
Dear Dr. Theiss:
I have only recently returned from three and one-half months spent in Europe, primarily on chestnut problems, as a consultant for the Economic Cooperation Administration. The trip was made at the request and expense of European interests, except while I was up in the Scandinavian countries and at the 7th International Botanical Congress. I gave a paper at the Congress, entitled "The world-wide spread of forest diseases," in which chestnut blight received limited attention.
In Italy, chestnut blight, ~Endothia parasitica~, was first reported at Genoa in 1938, although it started there much earlier. It is now widely distributed here and there as far south as the Naples area. No confirmed infections have been reported from Sicily, Sardinia, or French Corsica, though inspection work has been very, very limited. In all the places where I saw it, the disease was increasing rapidly, with numerous recently-blighted trees. It is expected that the disease will ultimately kill the 988,000 acres of coppice growth, which produces few nuts, and the 1,111,500 acres of grafted orchards. The time of death of isolated stands like the two islands and many other areas can be materially decreased by careful inspection and removal of the earliest infections, just as we have held the disease under control in the European chestnut orchards in California. It is doubtful if this will be done however, in spite of their large unemployment problem.
As the blight continues its rapid spread over Italy, the production of nuts will steadily decrease. The Italian exports to this country will decrease, and the market for the rapidly expanding production of Chinese chestnuts in the eastern United States will improve. The Italian foresters are growing large quantities of Chinese chestnuts which they purchased in this country, but the difficulties of quickly reestablishing a large nut industry are very great. This Bureau, including Dr. Graves, has been sending pollen, scions, and plants of our selections to help with this work. It is of vital importance to have a sound economy in Italy to help prevent the Communists from taking over, and loss of their forest and nut orchards and part of their oaks from the blight will be a sad blow to their economy.
The chestnut blight fungus in Italy is attacking three important European oaks, ~Quercus ilex~, ~Q. Pubescens~, and ~Q. sessiliflora~. These are more important in some countries than chestnuts. For instance, Spain has 3,705,000 acres of ~Q. ilex~ orchards, grown largely for acorn hog feed. This will interest Dr. Smith. Possibly the disease may be less destructive to oaks in other countries than I fear, my opinion being based on the examination of only a limited number of diseased oaks in Italy.
I assume you have heard that Mr. Bretz of our Division has found that the oak wilt fungus has attacked some of our Chinese chestnuts in Missouri. What it will amount to, no one knows. The oak wilt continues to spread southward and eastward, and this year one infection was reported by the State authorities on oaks in your own Pennsylvania.
In Switzerland, in Tessin province, which is along the Italian border, the blight is spreading rapidly. The disease undoubtedly is in Yugoslavia, as there is so much infection in nearby Italy, but I was not in Yugoslavia. In Spain, there are several infections of blight that came in on the original importations of chestnuts directly from Japan. I made two trips into Spain and the authorities there have promised to do everything possible to eradicate these small spot infections.
In Denmark, England, France, Germany, Portugal, and Turkey no blight had been reported by the authorities with whom I conferred, but in most of these countries very little inspection work has been conducted. Any inspection for blight in southern Europe is complicated by the presence of the ink root rot disease, which from a distance looks like the blight. I remember one grafted orchard planting, in the Asia Minor part of Turkey, where a large proportion of the trees were dead or dying, with yellow leaves hanging, resembling the blight. Incidentally, here, as at a number of other places in different countries, orchards, forest, and nearby agricultural land was owned by the village itself.
In southern France I was impressed by a most serious and widely distributed disease of Persian walnuts. Vigorously growing trees start to decline and within a year or two they are dead. The French authorities had no satisfactory explanation of the trouble. I informed them that it looked a lot like trees killed by ~Phytophthora cinnamomi~, the cause of the chestnut root and ink disease in America and Europe. This fungus also attacks both Persian and black walnuts and other trees (including apples) under certain conditions.
Sincerely,G. F. GRAVATTSenior Pathologist,Division of Forest Pathology
U. S. Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.
Nut Work of the Minnesota Experiment Station
March 27, 1950
Mr. Gilbert Becker,Climax, Michigan
Dear Mr Becker:
I have heard that not long ago you sent out a questionnaire relative to nut growing and grafting. Perhaps you would like to include the work which has been going on at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station since 1918.
When this study was started, we had no information to give to many who came to us with questions on nut growing possibilities in this state. At no time have we attempted to promote commercial development as the interest here seems to be almost wholly amateur.
Our first efforts, begun in 1918, were designed to test kinds and varieties which could be grown in Minnesota. Black walnut varieties such as Thomas, Ohio, Ten Eyck, Stabler and Miller were planted at University Farm. Also sweet chestnuts Boone, Rochester, Cooper, Paragon, Fuller and Progress were set out. Hickory varieties and hybrids planted in 1918 and 1919 were Kirtland, Weiker, Stanley, Siers, Hales and McCallister. We planted a few trees of the Franquette Persian walnut, the Indiana, Niblack and Posey pecans and a few filberts such as Minnas Zellernuss, Daviana, and Large Globe. Some seedling trees of the shagbark hickory also were set out in 1918 and 1919.
To supplement this test somewhat similar collections were sent to cooperators in what seemed to be favorable locations.
We had the usual difficulty in establishing these trees and winter temperature eliminated all the pecans, sweet chestnuts, Persian, walnuts and filberts. Some of the seedling hickories survived and have grown vigorously but after thirty-two years have borne no nuts.
Since 1939 cooperative work has been under way with Professor R. E. Hodgson at the Southeast Experiment Station, Waseca. Efforts there mainly have been to establish varieties of black walnut and hickory by grafting. Black walnut and hickory varieties have been grafted also at the Fruit Breeding Farm, Excelsior.
The accompanying record is taken from a report for the Experiment Station in 1949. It should tell you in brief the status of our investigations at present.
Very truly yours,W. G. BRIERLEY
University of MinnesotaDepartment of AgricultureDivision of Horticulture
Nature and Extent of Work Done this Year
All black walnut and hickory trees made fairly satisfactory growth in1948 in spite of deficient rainfall. The "Gideon Seedling Hickories"(~Carya laciniosa~) planted in 1945 have become established at Waseca,Rochester, Lakeville, Mound and at the Fruit Breeding Farm.
Attempts to establish nut varieties by top-working on seedling trees again met with poor success. At Waseca 5 of 14 hickory grafts and 4 of 25 black walnut grafts grew. At the Fruit Breeding Farm only 6 of 33 hickory grafts grew. In this case, the poor results were due in large part to use of an asphalt grafting compound which injured the callus tissue at the union. Better than usual success was obtained with black walnuts as 19 of 37 grafts grew.
As in previous seasons, the best temperature for storage of scion wood was 34 to 36 degrees F.
Major Results
The best black walnut varieties for Minnesota are Thomas, Ohio, Stambaugh, Smith and Schwartz. Of these Thomas produces the best nuts, but the tree is somewhat straggly in growth. The Ohio produces large nuts of good quality and is by far the best tree in ornamental value. It also is the hardiest of all varieties tested as it has shown no injury during 16 winters. Of lesser value are Ten Eyck which apparently is not fully hardy, and Mintle in which quality is poor here. Varieties which have not shown sufficient merit to warrant recommendation here are Stabler, Monterey, and Clark. Varieties which have not fruited are Allen, Cochrane, Huber, Kraus and Myers.
Practical Application of Results or Public Benefits
Results obtained have been used frequently as basis for recommendations relative to kinds and varieties for planting, and for grafting methods. Scionwood of the better varieties has been distributed to interested growers.
Progress of Work
Success with walnut grafts under all conditions during 16 years at the Fruit Breeding Farm has averaged only 32 per cent. In individual seasons success has varied from zero to 54 per cent.
Hickories not only are grafted with difficulty but also are very slow to reach bearing age. No nuts have been produced as yet from the following varieties grafted on the dates shown: Anthony (1939) Lingenfelter (1942) Burlington (1944) Gerardi hican (1944) Miller (1947) Barnes (1948) Last (1948) Marquette (1948) and Schinnerling (1948). Some seedling trees planted in 1948-1949 have produced no nuts in 32 years.
Hickory varieties established at Waseca by grafting are Beaver (1939), Fairbanks (1939), Burlington (1939), Anthony (1947), Billeau (1947), Hagen (1947), Wilcox (1947), Last (1948). Marquette (1948) and Stratford (1948). A tree of Hales planted in 1921, which grew very slowly for several years has borne no nuts in 27 years. One tree of Fairbanks grafted in 1939 bore a few nuts in 1944 but has not borne since then.
There has been a long-standing belief among horticulturists that grafts of ~Carya ovata~, the shagbark hickory are incompatible on bitter hickory ~C. cordiformis~. At Waseca, grafts of Beaver, Burlington and Fairbanks make in 1939 have healed completely and made excellent unions with the bitter hickory stock. That the varieties named are of hybrid origin may account for the compatibility apparent in this case.
Vegetarian, 93, and Bride, 60, Honeymoon Among Bananas, Nuts
MIAMI, Fla., Jan. 4—(UP)—A 93-year-old vegetarian and his 60-year old bride settled down today for a honeymoon among the nuts and bananas they say keep them young.
George Hebden Corsan and Lillian Armstrong, whose pert looks belie her years, were married here Tuesday. Wedding guests were served orange juice and coconut cream milk.
The bridegroom has been wintering here for the past 13 years. His home is Echo Valley, Islington, Toronto. His wife retired last month after 30 years of teaching in Toronto public schools.
"I'm sure we'll be happy," Mrs. Corsan said. "We have mutual interests"
Both credit their youthfulness and agility to vegetarianism, drinking gallons of fruit juices and staying outdoors as much as possible.
Corsan, whose sturdy 155 pounds are stretched on a six-foot frame, can husk a coconut with his bare hands in less than two minutes, no mean feat.
He operates a large experimental nut farm in Toronto, and has a 16-acre tract just south of here where he grows seven varieties of bananas and experiments with macadamia nuts, furnished him by the University of Hawaii. He works the farm singlehanded.
Corsan says he taught another physical culturist, Bernarr MacFadden, to swim in 1909 when he was an instructor at a Brooklyn YMCA. He says swimming helps keep him in shape and takes a daily dip in the ocean.
The Corsans will spend their honeymoon right on the nut farm.
"We might have a few fights," he said. "But they won't last long. She's too young to fight. And besides, she can outrun an English hare."
Broken Neck Fails to Halt Plans of "Youngster", 94
TORONTO, June 12—Physical Culturist George Hebden Corsan—just turned 94—says he is going to throw a birthday party Saturday, Right now he's in the hospital recovering from a broken neck suffered when he fell 20 feet from a tree May 27.
Mr. Corsan—a vegetarian who once labeled medicine "a jumbled heap of ignorance"—didn't want to go to the hospital at all. But doctors thought he'd better, since the fracture was about like that suffered by a man hanged on the gallows. He agreed to go after being assured the visit would only be for X-rays.
Since he's been in the hospital Mr. Corsan has fared—over the protest of dietitians—on nothing but orange juice. Yesterday he observed his birthday by eating a banana and a little black bread.
Doctors said Mr. Corsan missed severing his spinal cord by a quarter inch and had two skull fractures. To almost any other person, they said, the injury would be fatal.
Mr. Corsan was married for the third time last January inFlorida.—Washington Evening Star, June 13, 1951.
Membership List
As of July 3, 1951
*Life member**Honorary member§Contributing member+Sustaining member
Deagon, Arthur, 128 Broadway, Birmingham. ~Farm in Penna.~Hiles, Edward L., ~Hiles Auto Repair Shop~, Loxley
R. Vanderwaeren, Bierbeekstraat, 310, ~Korbeek-Lo.~
Armstrong Nurseries, 408 N. Euclid Avenue, Ontario~General nurserymen, plant breeders~Brand, George, U.S.N.G.B.C, Mob. 5, Port HuenemeBuck, Ernest Homer, Three Arch Bay, 16 N. Portola, South LagunaDeckard, L. A., 741 La Verne Avenue, Los Angeles 22Flagg, Dr. Don P., 10365 Fairgrove Ave., TujungaHaig, Dr. Thomas R., 3021 Highland Avenue, Carlsbad, CaliforniaLinwood Nursery, Route No. 2, Box 476, TurlockParsons, Charles E., Felix Gillet Nursery, P. O. Box 1025, Nevada City.~Nurseryman~Pentler, Dr. C. F., 806 Arguello Blvd., San Francisco 18.~American Friends Service Committee~Pozzi, P. H., 2875 S. Dutton Ave., Santa Rosa. ~Brewery worker~, ~farmer~Serr, E. F., Agr. Experiment Station, Davis. ~Associate Pomologist~Welby, Harry S., 500 Buchanan Street, Taft. ~Private and Corp. Hort.~
Brown, Alger, Route 1, Harley, Ontario. ~Farmer~Collins, Adam H., 42 Seaton St., Toronto 2, Ont.Cornell, R. S., R.R. No. 1, Byron, OntarioCorsan, George H., Echo Valley, Toronto 18, Ontario. ~Nonagenarian.~**Crath, Rev. Paul C., 299 Rosewell Ave., Toronto 12, OntarioCrisp, Dr. Allan G., Suite 204, 160 Bloor St. W., Toronto, OntarioEnglish, H. A., Box 153, Duncan, B. C. ~Farmer~, ~fruit and nut grower~Filman, O., Aldershot, Ontario. ~Fruit and veg. grower~Gellatly, J. U., Box 19, Westbank, B. C. ~Plant breeder~, ~fruit grower~,~nurseryman~Goodwin, Geoffrey, Route No. 3, St. Catherines, Ontario. ~Fruit grower~Harrhy, Ivor H., Route 1, Burgessville, Ont. ~Fruitgrower and poultry~Housser, Levi, Route 1, Beamsville, Ontario. ~Fruit farmer~*Neilson, Mrs. Ellen, 5 Macdonald Avenue, Guelph, Ont.Papple, Elton E., Route 3, Cainsville, Ont.Porter, Gordon, 258 McKay, Windsor, Ont. ~Chemist~Smith, E. A., Sparta, Ont. FarmerSnazelle, Robert, Forest Nursery, Route No. 5, Charlottetown, P. E. I.~Nursery Supt.~Short, J. R., 70 Wickstead Ave., Leaside, Ont.Trayling, E. J., 509 Richards St., Vancouver, B. C. ~Jeweller~Wagner, A. S., Delhi, Ont.Walker, J. W., c/o McCarthy & McCarthy, 330 University Ave., Toronto, Ont.Wharton, H. W., Route No. 2, Guelph, Ont. ~Farmer~White, Peter, 30 Pear Ave., Toronto 5, Ont.Willis, A. R., Route No. 1, Royal Oak, Vancouver Island, B. C.~Accountant~Woods, David M., 48 South Front St., West, Toronto, Ont. ~Vice President,Gordon McKay, Ltd.~Young, A. L., Brooks, Alta.
Daniel, Paul C., Lakeville**Deming, Dr. W. C., 141 Fern St., Hartford. (Summer address: Litchfield)~Dean of the Association~Frueh, Alfred J., Route 2, West CornwallGraves, Dr. Arthur H., 255 S. Main St., Wallingford.~Consulting Pathologist, Conn. Agr. Expt. Station, New Haven, Conn.~Henry, David, Blue Hills Farm, Route 2, Wallingford.*Huntington, A. M., Stanerigg Farms, Bethel. ~Patron~Lehr, Frederick L., 45 Elihu St., Hamden*Newmaker, Adolph, Route No. 1. RockvillePratt, George D., Jr., BridgewaterRisko, Charles, City Tobacco & Candy Co., 25 Crescent Ave., BridgeportWhite, George E., Route No. 2, Andover. ~Farmer~
Brugmann, Elmer W., 1904 Washington St., Wilmington. ~Chemical Engineer~Logue, R. F., Gen. Mgr., Andelot, Inc., 2098 du Pont Bldg., WilmingtonWilkins, Lewis, Route 1, Newark. ~Fruit grower~
Granjean, Julio, Hillerod. (See New York.)Knuth, Count F. M., Knuthenborg. Bandholm
American Potash Inst., Inc., 1155-16th St., N.W., WashingtonFord, Edwin L., 3634 Austin St., S.E., WashingtonKaan, Dr. Helen W., National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue,Washington. ~Research Associate~Reed, Mrs. Clarence A., 7309 Piney Branch Rd., N.W., Washington 12
Acosta Solis, Prof. M., Director del Departmento Forestal, Ministerio deEconomia, Quito. (~Exchange.~)
Baker, Richard St. Barbe, The Gate, Abbotsbury, Weymouth, Dorset.(~Founder, Men of The Trees.~)The Gardeners Chronicle, London. (~Exchange.~)
Avant, C. A., 940 N.W. 10th Ave., Miami ~Real Estate, Loans.~(~Pecan orchard in Ga.~)Estill, Gertrude, 153 Navarre Dr., Miami Springs.(Summer address under Mich.)
Edison, G. Clyde, 1700 Westwood Ave., S.W., Atlanta.Hardy, Max, P. O. Box 128, Leeland Farms, Leesburg. ~Nurseryman~, ~farmer~Hunter, Dr. H. Reid, 561 Lake Shore Dr. N.E., Atlanta. ~Teacher~,~nut farmer~Noland, S. C., Box 1747, Atlanta 1. ~Owner, Skyland Farms~Wilson, William J., North Anderson Ave., Fort Valley.~Peach and pecan grower~
Institute for Horticultural Plant Breeding. Herenstraat 25. Wageningen.(~Exchange~)
*Wang, P. W., c/o China Products Trading Corp., 6 Des Voeux Rd., Central
Baisch, Fred, 627 E. Main St., EmmettDryden, Lynn, Peck. ~Farmer~Hazelbaker, Calvin, Route No. 1, Box 382, Lewiston
Albrecht, H. W., DelavanAllen, Theodore R., Delavan. ~Farmer~Andrew, Col. James W. (See under Washington)Anthony, A. B., Route No. 3, Sterling. ~Apiarist~Baber, Adin, KansasBest, R. B., Eldred. ~Farmer~Blodgett, Thomas, 3610 Pine Grove Ave., Chicago 13Blough, R. O., Route No. 3, PoloBlyth, Colin R., Math. Dept., U. of I., Urbana. (Farm in northern Ontario)*Boll, Herschel L., 2 Hort. Field Lab., Univ. of Ill., Urbana.~Asst. in Pomology~Brock, A. S., 1733 North McVicker Ave., Chicago 39Churchill, Woodford M., 4323 Oakenwald Ave., Chicago 5Colby, Dr. Arthur S., U. of Illinois, UrbanaDaum, Philip A., North Sixth St., CarrolltonDietrich, Ernest, Route No. 2, Dundas. ~Farmer~Dintelman, L. F., State Street Road, BellevilleDouglass, T. J., 309-1/2 North St., NormalFordtran, E. H., Route No. 2, Box 197-A, PalatineFrey, Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43.~Asst. to V. P., CRI & P RR.~Frey, Mrs. Frank H., 2315 W. 108th Place, Chicago 43. ~Housewife~Gerardi, Louis, Route No. 1., Caseyville. ~Nut and fruit nurseryman~Grefe, Ben, Route No. 4, Box 22, Nashville. ~Farmer~Heberlein, Edward W., Route No. 1, Box 72A, RoscoeHelmle, Herman C., 526 S. Grand Ave., W., Springfield. ~Div. Eng.,Asphalt Inst.~Hockenyos, G. L., 213 E. Jefferson St., Springfield. ~Business man~Jungk, Adolph E., Route No. 1, Jerseyville, IllinoisKammarmeyer, Glenn, 1711 E. 67th St., Chicago 49Kreider, Ralph, Jr., Route No. 1, Hammond. ~Farmer~Langdoc, Mildred Jones (Mrs. Wesley W.) P. O. Box 136, Erie. ~Nursery~,~farm~, ~housewife~McDaniel, J. C., c/o Hort. Field Lab., U. of I., Urbana. ~Horticulturist.(Sec'y of Ass'n.)~McDaniel, J. C., Jr., UrbanaOakes, Royal, Bluffs (Scott County)Pray, A. Lee, 502 N. Main St., LeRoyRobbins, W. J., 885 N. LaSalle St., Chicago 10. ~Insurance~Sonnemann, W. F., Experimental Gardens, Vandalia. ~Lawyer~,~farm operator~Spencer, H. Dwight, 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur. ~Attorney~Warnecke, Martin H., 714 First Avenue, MaywoodWhitford, A. M., Farina. ~Nurseryman~Zethmayr, Gordon, Route No. 1, Box 130, West Chicago
Aster Nut Products, Inc., George Oberman, Mgr., 1004 Main St., EvansvilleBauer, Paul J., 123 S. 29th St., LafayetteBolten, Ferd, Route 3, Linton. ~Farmer, fruit grower.(Carpathian walnut seeds.)~Boyer, Clyde C., NabbBuckner, Dr. Doster, 421 W. Wayne St., Ft. Wayne 2.~Physician and Surgeon~Clark, C. M., C. M. Clark & Sons Nurseries, Route 2, Middletown~Nurseryman~, ~fruit farmer~Dooley, Kenneth R., Route No. 2, Marion. ~Gardener~Eagles, A. E., Eagles' Orchards, Wolcottville. ~Walnut grower~,~apple orchardist~Eisterhold, Dr. John. A., 220 Southwest Riverside Drive, Evansville 8.~Medical Doctor~Fateley, Nolan W., 26 Central Avenue. Franklin. ~Auditor and cashier.(Carpathian walnut seeds.)~Glaser, Peter, Route No. 9, Box 328, Koening Road, EvansvilleGrater, A. E., Route 2, Shipshewana.
§Johnson, Hjalmar W., Rt. 4, Valparaiso. ~V. P. Inland Steel Co.~Pape, Edw. W., Route 2, MarionPrell, Carl F., 1414 E. Colfax Avenue, South Bend 17Richards, E. E., 2712 South Twyckenham Drive, South Bend.~Studebaker Corp.~Russell, A. M., Jr., 2721 Marine St., South Bend 14Skinner, Dr. Chas. H., Rt. 1, ThorntownSly, Miss Barbara, Route No. 3, RockportSly, Donald R., Route 3, Rockport. ~Nurseryman,~, ~nut tree propagator~Wallick, Ford, Rt. 4, PeruWard, W. B., Horticulture Bldg., Purdue University, Lafayette.~Ext. Horticulturist~, ~Vegetables~Whitsel, Gilbert L., Jr., 515 S. 15th Street, LafayetteWichman, Robert P., Route No. 3, Washington. ~General farming~Wilkinson, J. F., Indiana Nut Nursery, Rockport. ~Nurseryman~
Berhow, Seward, Berhow Nurseries, HuxleyBoice, R. H., Route No. 1, Nashua. ~Farmer~Cole, Edward P., 419 Chestnut Street, AtlanticFerguson, Albert B., Center Point. ~Nurseryman~Ferris, Wayne, Hampton. ~President of Earl Ferris Nursery~Huen, E. F., Eldora. ~Farmer~Inter-State Nurseries, Hamburg. ~General nurserymen~Iowa Fruit Growers Assn., W. H. Collins, Sec'y, State House,Des Moines 19. ~Cooperative buying organization~Kaser, J. D., Winterset. ~Farmer~Knowles, W. B., Box 476, ManlyKyhl, Ira M., Box 236, Sabula. ~Nut nurseryman~, ~farmer~, ~salesman~Martazahn, Frank A., Route No. 3, Davenport. ~Farmer~McLeran, Harold F., Mt. Pleasant. ~Lawyer~Orr, J. Allen, 535 Frances Bldg., Sioux City 17Rohrbacher, Dr. William, 811 East College Street, Iowa City.~Practice of Medicine~ (~President of the NNGA.~)Schlagenbusch Brothers, Route No. 2, Fort Madison. ~Farmers~Snyder, D. C., Center Point. ~Nurseryman, nuts and general.~Tolstead, W. L., Central College, PellaWade, Miss Ida May, Route No. 3, LaPorte City. ~Bookkeeper~Watson, Vinton C., 106 E. Salem St., IndianolaWelch, H. S., Mt. Arbor Nurseries, ShenandoahWhite, Herbert, Box 264, Woodbine. ~Rural Mail Carrier~Williams, Wendell V., Route No. 1, Danville. ~Farmer~
Baker, Fred C., Troy. ~Entomologist~Borst, Frank E., 1704 Shawnee Street, LeavenworthBreidenthal, Willard J., Riverview State Bank, 7th and Central,Kansas City. ~Bank President~Funk, M. D., 612 W. Paramore Street, Topeka. ~Pharmacist~Gray, Dr. Clyde, 1045 Central Avenue, Horton. ~Osteopathic Physician~Harris, Ernest, Box 20, Wellsville. ~Farmer~Leavenworth Nurseries, Carl Holman, Proprietor, Route No. 3, Leavenworth.~Nut nurseryman~Mondero, John, LansingThielenhaus, W. F., Route No. 1, Buffalo. ~Retired postal worker~Underwood, Jay, Riverside Nursery, Uniontown
Alves, Robert H., Nehi Bottling Company, HendersonArmstrong, W. D., West Ky., Exp. Sta., Princeton. ~Horticulturist~Magill, W. W., Horticulture Dept., U. of Ky., LexingtonMiller, Julian C., 220 Sycamore Drive, PaducahMoss, Dr. C. A., Willlamsburg. ~Bank President~Rouse, Sterling, Route No. 1, Box 70, Florence. ~Fruit grower~,~nurseryman~Tatum, W. G., Route 4, Lebanon. ~Commercial orchardist~Tallaferro, Philip, Box 85, ErlangerUsrey, Robert, Star Route, MayfieldWalker, William W., Route No. 1, Dixie Highway, Florence
Hammar, Dr. Harald E., USDA Chemical Lab., 606 Court House, Shreveport~Chemist~Perrault, Mrs. Henry D., Route No. 1, Box 13, Natchitoches. ~Pecan grower~
Case, Lynn B., Route 2, Box 208, FederalsburgCrane, Dr. H. L., Bureau of Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.~Principal Horticulturist, USDA.~Eastern Shore Nurseries, Inc., P. O. Box 743, Easton. ~Chestnut growers~Graff, George U., Harding Lane, Rt. 3. RockvilleGravatt, Dr. G. F., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.~Research Forest Pathologist~Hodgson, William C., Route No. 1, White Hall. ~Farmer~Kemp, Homer S., (Proprietor) Bountiful Ridge Nurseries, Princess AnneMcCollum, Blaine, White Hall. ~Retired from Federal Government~McKay, Dr. J. W., Plant Industry Station, Beltsville.~Government Scientist~+Negus, Mrs. Herbert, 4514 32nd Street, Mt. RainierPorter, John J., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown. ~Farm Owner~Shamer, Dr. Maurice E., 3300 W. North Avenue, Baltimore 16. ~Physician~
Babbit, Howard S., 221 Dawes Avenue, Pittsfield. ~Service station ownerand part time farmer~Bradbury, H. G., Hospital Point, BeverlyBrown, Daniel L., Esq., 60 State Street, BostonBump, Albert H., P. O. Box 275, BrewsterDavenport, S. Lathrop, 24 Creeper Hill Road, North Grafton. ~Farmer~,~fruit grower~Fitts, Walter H., 39 Baker St., Foxboro. ~General foreman,instrument company~Kendall, Henry P., Moose Hill Farm, SharonKerr, Andrew, Lock Box 242, BarnstableLa Beau, Henry A., North Hoosic Road, Williamstown. ~Stat. engineer~O'Brien, Howard C., 25 Irvington Street, Boston 16Rice, Horace J., 515 Main Street, Wilbraham. ~Attorney~*Russell, Mrs. Newton H., 12 Burnett Avenue, South HadleyWellman, Sargent H., Esq., Windridge, Topsfield. ~Lawyer~Weston Nurseries, Inc., WestonWood, Miss Louise B., Pocassett, Cape Cod
Ainsworth, Donald W., 5851 Mt. Elliott, Detroit 11Andersen, Charles, Route No. 2, Box 326, Scottsville, ~Nurseryman~Barlow, Alfred L., 13079 Flanders Avenue, Detroit 5Becker, Gilbert, ClimaxBoylan, P. B., Route No. 1, Cloverdale. ~Homesteader~Bumler, Malcolm R., 2500 Dickerson, Detroit 15. ~Insurance trustee~Burgart, Harry, Michigan Nut Nursery, Box 33, Union City. ~Nurseryman~Burgess, E. H., Burgess Seed & Plant Company, GalesburgBurr, Redmond M., 320 S. 5th Avenue, Ann Arbor. ~General Chairman, TheOrder of Railroad Telegraphers, Pere Marquette District, C&O Ry. Co.~Cook, Ernest A., M.D., c/o County Health Dept., CentervilleCorsan, H. H., Route No. 1, Hillsdale. ~Nurseryman~Dennison, Clare, 4224 Avery, Detroit 8Emerson, Ralph, 161 Cortland Avenue, Detroit 3Estill, Miss Gertrude. (See under Florida, Summer Address: Route 4,Box 762, Battle Creek)Hackett, John C., 3321 Butterworth Rd., S.W., R. R. 5, Grand Rapids 6Haseler, L. M., Route No. 4, Box 130 South HavenHagelshaw, W. J., Route No. 1, Box 394, Galesburg. ~Grain farmer~,~contractor~Hay, Francis H., Ivanhoe Place, Lawrence. ~Farmer~**Kellogg, W. K., Battle CreekKorn, G. J., 309 N. Church Street, Kalamazoo 11. ~Shop worker~Lee, Michael, P. O. Box 16, MilfordLemke, Edwin W., 2432 Townsend Ave., Detroit 14. ~Engineer~,~nut orchardist~McCarthy, Francis W., Box 392, AlgonacMiller, O. Louis, 417 N. Broadway, Cassopolis. ~Forester~O'Rourke, Prof. F. L., Hidden Lake Gardens, Tipton. ~Professor ofornamental horticulture, Mich. State College~Pickles, Arthur W., 760 Elmwood Avenue, JacksonPrushek, E., Route No. 3, Niles. ~Plant breeding~Sherman, L. Walter, 3308 Mackinaw St., SaginawSimons, Rev. R. E., Flat RockSomers, Lee, Route No. 1, PerrintonTate, D. L., 959 Westchester St., BirminghamUllrey, L. E., 1209 Cambridge Drive, Kalamazoo 27
Hodgson, R. E., Dept. of Agriculture, S.E. Experiment Station, WasecaTulare, Willis E., 300 3rd Avenue, S.E., RochesterWeschcke, Carl, 96 S. Wabasha St., St. Paul. ~Proprietor Hazel HillsNursery Co.~
Gossard, A. C., U. S. Hort. Field Station, Route No. 6, Meridian.~Associate Horticulturist, USDA~Meyer, James R., Delta Branch Experiment Station, Stoneville.~Cytogeneticist (cotton)~
Bauch, G. D., Box 66, Farmington. ~Farm Forester~Hay, Leander, GilliamHowe, John, Route No. 1, Box 4, PacificHuber, Frank J., Weingarten. ~Farmer~James, George, James Pecan Farms, BrunswickLogan, George F., OregonThe M-F-D Co., 1305 Moreland Ave., Jefferson CityNicholson, John W., Ash Grove. ~Farmer~Ochs, C. Thurston, Box 291, Salem. ~Foreman in garment factory~Richterkessing, Ralph, Route No. 1. St. Charles. ~Farmer~Rose, Dr. D. K., 230 Linden, Clayton 5Stark Bros. Nursery & Orchard Co., Attn. Mr. H. W. Guengerich, LouisianaWuertz, H. J., Route No. 1, Pevely
Brand, George. (See under California.)Caha, William, 350 W. 12th, WahooHess, Harvey W., The Arrowhead Gardens, Box 209, HebronSherwood, Jack, Nebraska City
Demarest, Charles S., Lyme CenterLahti, Matthew, Locust Lane Farm, Wolfeboro. ~Investment banker~
Anderegg, F. O., Pierce Foundation, RaritanBlake, Harold, Box 93, Saddle RiverBottoni, R. J., 41 Robertson Road, West Orange. ~President of HarbotDie Casting Corp.~Brewer. J. L., 10 Allen Place, Fair LawnBuckwalter, Mrs. Alan R., Route. No. 1, FlemingtonCox, Philip H., Jr., 30 Hyde Rd., BloomfieldCumberland Nursery, William Wells, Proprietor, Route No. 1, Millville.~Nurserymen~Donnelly, John, Mountain Ice Company, 51 Newark St., HobokenDougherty, William M., Broadacres-on-Bedens, Box 425, Princeton~Secretary, U. S. Rubber Co.~Ellis, Mrs. Edward P., Strawberry Hill, Route No. 1, Box 137, KeyportKass, Leonard P., 82 E. Cliff St., SomervilleLamatonk Nurseries, A. H. Yorks, Proprietor, Neshanic StationLippencott, J. C., 15 Mundy Ave., SpotswoodMcDowell, Fred, 905 Ocean Avenue, BelmarParkinson, Philip P., 567 Broadway, Newark 4. ~Engineer and appraiser~Ritchie, Walter M., Route No. 2, Box 122-R, RahwayRocker, Louis P., The Rocker Farm, Box 196; Andover. ~Farmer~Sheffield, O. A., 283 Hamilton Place, Hackensack. ~Dunn & Bradstreet~Sorg, Henry, Chicago Avenue, Egg Harbor City. ~Manufacturer~Van Doren, Durand H., 310 Redmond Road., South Orange. ~Lawyer~Williams, Herbert H., 106 Plymouth Ave., Maplewood
Gehring, Rev. Titus, Box 177, Lumberton
Barton, Irving Titus, Montour Falls. ~Engineer~Bassett, Charles K., 2917 Main St., Buffalo. ~Manufacturer~Beck, Paul E., Beck's Guernsey Dairy, Transit Road, East Amherst.~Dairy Executive~Benton, William A., Wassaic. ~Farmer, and Sec'y, Mutual Insurance Co.~Bernath, Stephen, Bernath's Nursery, Route No. 3, Poughkeepsie.~Nurseryman~Bernath, Mrs. Stephen, Route 3, PoughkeepsieBixby, Henry D., East Drive, Halesite, L. I. ~Executive V.P., AmericanKennel Club, N. Y. City~Brook, Victor, 171 Rockingham Street, Rochester 7. ~Sales Engineer~Brooks, William G., Monroe. ~Nut tree nurseryman~Bundick, Clarkson U., 35 Anderson Ave., Scarsdale. ~Mechanical engineer~Caldwell, David H., N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse. ~Instr.in wood technology~Carter, George, 428 Avenue A, Rochester 5Cassina, Augustus, Valatie, Columbia CountyFeil, Harry, 1270 Hilton-Spencerport Road, Hilton. ~Building contractor~Ferguson, Donald V., L. I. Agr. Tech. Institute, FarmingdaleFlanigen, Charles F., 16 Greenfield St., Buffalo 14. ~Executive manager~Freer, H. J., 20 Midvale Rd., Fairport. ~Typewriter sales and service~Fribance, A. E., 139 Elmsdorf Ave., Rochester 11Glazier, Henry S., Jr., 1 South William St., New York 4Graham, S. H., Bostwick Road, Route No. 5, Ithaca. ~Nurseryman~Granjean, Julio, c/o K. E. Granjean, 9406 6th Ave., Forest HillsGressel, Henry, Route 2, Mohawk. ~Retired chief lock operator,N. Y. S. Barge Canal~Hasbrouck, Walter, Jr., 19 Grove St., New Paltz. ~Post office clerk~Hill, Francis S., Sterling. ~Letter carrier on rural route~Iddings, William A., 1931 Park Place. Brooklyn 33Irish, G. Whitney, Fruitlands, Route No. 1, Valatie. ~Farmer~Kettaneh, F. A., 745 Fifth Ave., New York 22Knipper, George M., 333 Chestnut Ridge Rd., ChurchvilleKnorr, Mrs. Arthur, 15 Central Park, West, Apt. 1406, New YorkKraai, Dr. John, Fairport. ~Physician~Larkin, Harry H., 189 Van Rennsselaer Street, Buffalo 10*Lewis, Clarence (Retired.)Lowerre, James, Route 3, Middletown*MacDaniels, Dr. L. H. Cornell University. Ithaca. ~Head, Dept.of Floriculture and Ornamental Hort.~Miller, J. E., Canandaigua. ~Nurseryman.~Mitchell, Rudolph, 125 Riverside Drive, New York 24. ~Mechanical engineer~*Montgomery, Robert H., 1 E., 44th Street, New YorkMossman, Dr. James K., Black Oaks, RamapoNewell, Palmer F., Lake Road, Route No. 1. WestfieldOwen, Charles H., Sennett. ~Superintendent of Schools~Pura, John J., Green Haven, StormvilleSalzer, George, 169 Garford Road, Rochester 9. ~Milkman~,~chestnut tree grower~Schlegel, Charles P., 990 South Ave., Rochester 7Schlick, Frank, MunnsvilleSchmidt, Carl W., 180 Linwood Avenue, BuffaloShannon, J. W., Box 90, IthacaSheffield, Lewis J., c/o Mrs. Edna C. Jones, Townline Road, OrangeburgSlate, Prof. George L., Experiment Station, Geneva. ~Fruit Breeder~Smith, Gilbert L., Benton & Smith Nut Tree Nursery, Route 2, Millerton.~Nurseryman~, ~retired teacher~Smith, Jay L., Chester. ~Nut tree nurseryman~Spahr, Dr. Mary B., 116 N. Geneva St., IthacaSteiger, Harwood, Red Hook. ~Artist-designer~+Szego, Alfred, 77-15 A 37th Avenue, Jackson Heights, New YorkTimmerman, Karl G., 123 Chapel St., FayettevilleWadsworth, Willard E., Route No. 5, OswegoWheeler, Robert C., 36 State Street, AlbanyWindisch, Richard P., c/o W. E. Burnet Company, 11 Wall St., New York 5*Wissman, Mrs. F. De R. ~(Retired.)~