PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.

"Nec mihi glis servus, nec hospes hirudo."

Permit me to add to this corroboration, that I should venture a different translation of the word "hospes" from your correspondent's, and render the notice thus:

"Good attendance and cheap charges:"

taking "hospes" not as guest but host, and the literal words, "My servant is not a dormouse, nor (I) the host a leech."

Ainsworth gives authority for "hospes" meaning host as well as guest, and quotes Ovid'sMetamorphosesin support of it.

John P. Boileau.

Ketteringham Park, Wymondham, Norfolk.

With due respect to your correspondent A. B. R., the word "hospes" most probably means host, not guest.

"Sit mihi nec servus glis, nec hospes hirudo."

In Blomfield'sNorfolk(but I cannot now lay my finger on the passage) the line is given as an inscription on the lintel of a door of an ancient hostelry, carved in oak. If so, the line may be rendered—

"No maid like dormouse on me wait,Nor leech-like host be here my fate."

"No maid like dormouse on me wait,

Nor leech-like host be here my fate."

But, on the supposition thatguestis the proper meaning, "hirudo" might be taken in the sense of a greedy guest, although this would not be complimentary to the older hospitality. And even in the sense of gossiping, "hirudo" would not be so inappropriate an imitation of the "recitator acerbus" at the conclusion of theArs Poetica:

"Nec missura cutem nisi plena cruoris hirudo."

E. L. B.

Ruthin.

Photographic Gun-Cotton.—The "doctors differ" not a little in their prescriptions for preparing the best gun-cotton for photographic use. How shall the photographer decide between them?

Dr. Diamond("N. & Q.," Vol. vi., p. 277.) says (I quote briefly), "Pour upon100 grains of cotton an ounce and a half of nitric acid, previously mixed with one ounce of strong sulphuric acid. Knead it with glass rodsduring five minutes," &c.

Mr. Hunt, quoting, (apparently with approbation) fromMr. Archer, says (p. 260., 3rd edit.), "Take one ounce by measure of nitric acid, mixed with one ounce by measure of ordinary sulphuric acid, andadd to themeighty grains of cotton; well stir," &c., "for not more thanFIFTEEN SECONDS," &c. "It will be seen that the cotton is not exposed to the action of the mixed acids in this last mode longer than is necessary to saturate the cotton; should the action be continued further, the solubility of the cotton is entirely lost."

Not only is the order of manipulation different (a point probably not material), but the time between "five minutes" and "fifteen seconds" must exercise a most important influence on the result. Who is right?

Cokely.

Sealing-wax for Baths.—I notice in your answers to correspondents (No. 176., p. 274.), that you informH. Hendersonthat glass may be cemented for baths with sealing-wax. May I recommend toH. Hendersonthe use of gutta percha, instead of glass, for that purpose? Sheet gutta percha is now very cheap, and the baths are most easily made. I have had one of my own making in constant use since last July, having never emptied it but twice, to filter the nitrate of silver solution. It is not liable to breakage. The joinings are much less liable to leakage. And when it is necessary to heat slightly the silver solution (as it has been during the late cold weather), I have adopted the following simple plan: Heat moderately a stout piece of plate glass; plunge it into the bath; repeat the operation according to the size of bath. It is very useful to make a gutta percha cap to cover over the bath when not in use; it protects it from dust and evaporation, and saves the continual loss of materials arising from pouring the solution backwards and forwards. For home-work I have reducedthe whole operation to a very simple system. My bath, hypo-soda, developing fluid (of which, as it keeps so long, I make ten ounces at a time), are always ready in a small closet in my study. These I arrange on my study-table: a gutta percha tray, a brass levelling-stand upon it, a jug of soft water, and half-a-dozen small plates to place my pictures on, after treating them with the hypo-solution (for, to save time, I do not finish washing them until I have done all the pictures I require). All these things I can prepare and arrange in less than ten minutes, and can as easily return them to their places afterwards.

With regard toMr. Mabley'sprocess, described in "N. & Q.," No. 176., p. 267., as I am but a beginner myself, and have much to learn, I should be sorry to condemn it; but I should fear that his pictures would not exhibit sufficient contrast in the tints. Nor do I see the advantage the pictures would possess, if they did, over positives taken by our process. We amateurs in the country labour at present under great disadvantages, some of which I think the Photographic Society will remove. I am myself quite unable to form an idea what the collodion pictures done by first-rate photographers are like. All the positives done by amateurs in this part of the world, and developed by pyrogallic acid, which I have seen, present a dirty brown hue, by no means pleasing or artistic; and I have seen but very few, either developed by pyrogallic acid or protosulphate of iron, free from blemishes. I think if we were to act upon the suggestion made in "N. & Q." some time back, and send the editor a specimen of our performances, it would be a slight return for his endeavours in our behalf; and he would, I doubt not, honestly tell us whether our pictures were tolerable or not. I, for one, shall be very happy to do so.

J. L. Sisson.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

Developing Chamber.—I thinkMr. Sissonwill find some difficulty in applying his very excellent idea of a sheet India rubber lighting medium to his portable laboratory, as the vapour of the ether will act upon it and render it sticky and useless after one or two usings. Allow me to suggest what I am in the habit of using, viz. a double layer of yellow glazed calico, stuck together with a little common drying oil, and allowed to dry for a few days: this causes a perfect exclusion of the actinic rays, and is very durable.

F. Maxwell Lyte.

Falkland, Torquay.

The Black Tints on Photographic Positives.—A correspondent having inquired how these were obtained, and another replying that it was caused by starch, I beg to offer a process to your readers as to how they may obtain those carbonic tints; though I must premise that the process requires some skill, and is not always successful, though always sure to make them black: but on occasions of failure the lights sink, and the brilliancy of the picture is lost. That it is not starch in the French process, unless that vehicle contains some preparation, I am tolerably certain; the chloride of barium will often produce black images, though very uncertain; and the black process as given by Le Gray is uncertain also. For myself, I generally prefer the colour given by ammoniac salt; it is artistical and sufficient for any purpose. The present process, which I use myself when I require a black colour, with its imperfections, I offer to the photographic readers of "N. & Q.," and here it is.

Take a two-ounce vial, and have some powdered litharge of lead, by some called gold or scale litharge; pound it fine in a Wedgewood mortar, and put in the vial about one scruple; pour on it about half an ounce of Beaufoy's acetic acid, but do not replace the cork or stopper, as the gas evolved is very active, and will burst the vial, placing the operator's eyes in jeopardy; agitate and allow it to stand some hours to settle, or leave it till next day, when it will be better for the purpose: then decant the clear part and throw the fæces away, return the solution into the bottle, and fill up with distilled water. The positive paper being now prepared with the ammonio-nitrate of silver, and placed as usual in the sun, the artist must remove it when a tolerably distinct image is visible, but not altogether up: this isoneof the niceties of the process; if it is too much done the blacks will be too black, and if not enough they will be feeble and want richness; it is when a visible image of the whole is developed: at this point put the positive into cold water; this will remove a great deal of the silver that has not been acted upon by the light: let it soak three or four minutes; take it out and blot off the water, laying a clean piece of paper below. Now pour a small quantity of the solution of lead on one end, and with a glass rod pass it carefully over every part; blot it off, and giving the paper a little time to dry partially, pass over a solution of newly made gallic acid; the shadows will rapidly become perfectly blank, and the picture will come up. Butanothernicety in the process is the point at which it must be plunged into hyposulphite of soda solution; if plunged in too soon the black will be mingled with the sepia tints, and if too late the whole tint will be too black. I offer it, however, because I know its capabilities of improvement, and the intensity of the black is sometimes beautiful: it is better suited for architectural subjects, where there is but little sky, as it will lay a faint tint over it; but if a sky is attempted, it must be kept under by a brush with a little hyposulphite of soda solution, touching itcarefully. The time it will take in becoming black will not exceed one minute; but as the eyesight is the guide, the moment the tints have changed from red to black is the proper time to arrest its further progress: the combination thus obtained will not change, nor, I believe, become faint by time; but I repeat it may be much improved, and if any abler hand, or one with better means at his disposal, will take the trouble to examine its capabilities, I shall be very thankful for his notes on the subject.

N.B. The solution of lead must contain acid; and if by keeping it does not change litmus-paper, acid must be added till it does.

Weld Taylor.

7. Conduit Street West.

Contested Elections(Vol. vii., p.208.).—There is a very fair history of the boroughs of Great Britain, by Edwards, in 3 Vols. 8vo., printed by Debrett in 1792.

J. B.

X. Y. Z. is informed that a compilation on the subject to which his Query relates was published a few years since in Leeds by Henry Stooks Smith. Speaking from recollection, it appears to be a work of some research; but I cannot say how far it is to be relied on. It may, perhaps, be one of the unfortunate works which have already fallen under his censure.

J. B.

Prestwich.

Suicide at Marseilles(Vol. vii., p. 180.).—In Montaigne'sEssaysI find,—

"In former times there was kept, in our city of Marseilles, a poison prepared out of hemlock, at the public charge, for those who had a mind to hasten their end, having first, before the Six Hundred, which were their Senate, given an account of the reasons and motives of their design; and it was not otherwise lawful than by leave from the magistrate, and upon just occasion, to do violence to themselves. The same law was also in use in other places."—Book ii. chap. iii., at end.

This, however, is not the original authority required by your correspondent.

In the earlier part of the same chapter, "Plutarch,On the Virtuous Deeds of Women," is referred to as the authority for the statement which Montaigne makes of

"The Milesian virgins, that by an insane compact hanged themselves, one after another, until the magistrate took order in it, enacting, that the bodies of such as should be found so hanged should be drawn by the same halter, stark naked, through the city."

J. P.

Birmingham.

Acts, xv. 23. (Vol. vii., p. 204.).—From the notes to Tischendorf'sGreek Testament, it appears thatκαὶ ὁιis omitted by Griesbach ed.II.anno 1806, as well as by Lachman, on the authority of the four most ancient Greek MSS. distinguished as A, B, C, and D, confirmed by the versio Armenica, and so quoted by Athanasius, Irenæus, Pacian, and Vigilius. The MS. A is referred by Tischendorf to the latter half of the fifth century, and is the Alexandrian MS. in the British Museum. B is the Vatican codex of about the middle of the fourth century. C the codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus at Paris, and is of the first half of the fifth century; and D is Beza's MS. at Cambridge, of about the middle of the sixth century.Mr. Sansommay find a very interesting letter upon this subject from Dr. Tregelles to Dr. Charles Wordsworth, the present Bishop of St. Andrew's, which was publishedvery recentlyin theScottish Ecclesiastical Journal, and in which that learned critic defends the omission of theκαὶ ὁι. I regret that I cannot furnish him with the number of that Journal, but it was not more than three or four back.

I hope thatMr. Sansomwill inform your readers of the ultimate result of his inquiries on this interesting subject.

P. H.

Serpent's Tongue(Vol. vi., p. 340.).—TheLingua Serpentinaof old MSS., and the fossil now commonly termed a Shark's-tooth. In former days, few pilgrims returned from the East without bringing at least one of those curious stones. Being principally found in Malta, it was said they were the tongues of the vipers, which once infested that island, and which St. Paul had turned into stone. Considered to be antidotes, and possessed of talismanic qualities, they were set in cups, dishes, knife-handles, and other requisites for the table.

W. Pinkerton.

Ham.

Croxton or Crostin of Lancashire(Vol. vii., p. 108.).—A full account of the parish of Croston (not Crostin), which was formerly very extensive, but is now divided into the six parishes of Croston, Chorley, Hesketh, Hoole, Rumford, and Tarleton, may be found in Baines'sLancashire, vol. iii. pp. 395. to 440. There does not appear to have been a family of Croston of any note, though the name is common in the county. In Burke'sHeraldic Dictionary, I find three families named Croxton; the principal one being of Croxton in Cheshire, since temp. Hen. III. Their arms are—Sable, a lion rampant arg. debruised by a bend componée or and gu.

Broctuna.

Bury, Lancashire.

Robert Dodsley(Vol. vii., p. 237.).—In theBiographia Dramaticait is stated that "this author was bornnearMansfield, in Nottinghamshire,as it is supposed;" and this supposition was,not improbably, founded on the following lines, which occur in one of his poems, as Mansfield is situated in the forest of Sherwood:

"O native Sherwood! happy were thy Bard,Might these, his rural notes, to future time,Boast of tall groves, that nodding o'er thy plain,Rose to their tuneful melody."

"O native Sherwood! happy were thy Bard,

Might these, his rural notes, to future time,

Boast of tall groves, that nodding o'er thy plain,

Rose to their tuneful melody."

Tyro.

Dublin.

Lord Goring(Vol. ii., pp. 22. 65.; Vol. vii., p. 143.).—In the order-books of the council of state, I find that William Killegrew was, on the 1st Oct., 1642, appointed lieutenant-colonel of the regiment of Colonel Goringh,viceThomas Hollis, deceased; and that, on the 26th March, 1647, he was named colonel of the same regiment, vice Colonel Goringh, resigned. That the last-mentioned colonel isGeorgeGoringh we learn from the war-budget (Staat van Oorlog) of 1644, where the salaries of

are charged on the province of Holland. It nowhere appears from official reports that Lord Goring held a higher military rank than that of colonel in the Netherlands army. That he left England previous to 1645 is proved not only by the above, but also by his presence, as colonel in the service of Spain, at the siege of Breda in 1637. If he afterwards served in the Spanish army as lieutenant-general, what could have induced him at a later period to accept the rank of colonel in the army of the States?

—t.

In theIrish Compendium, or Rudiments of Honour, vol. iii. pp. 64, 65., 2nd ed.: London, 1727, we read that Lord Richard Boyle, born in 1566, married as second wife "Catharine, only daughter to Sir Jeffry Fenton; by her had five sons and seven daughters, of which the Lady Lettice was married toGeorge Lord Goring."—V. D. N.From the Navorscher.

Chaplains to Noblemen(Vol. vii., p. 163.).—There is, in the Faculty Office in Doctors' Commons, an entry kept of the appointments of chaplains when brought to be registered. Under what authority the entry is made does not seem very clear. The register does not extend beyond the year 1730, though there may be amongst the records of the office in St. Paul's some earlier notices of similar appointments.

The Duke of Wellington Maréchal de France(Vol. vii., p. 283.).—The Duke of Wellington is indebted to the writer in theRevue Britanniquefor his dukedom and bâton of France, and not to Garter King-at-Arms. No such titles were attributed to his Grace or proclaimed by Garter, as a reference to the official accounts in theLondon Gazettewill show. The Order of St. Esprit was the only French honour ascribed to him; that Order he received and frequently wore, the insignia of which were displayed, with his numerous other foreign honours, at the lying-in-state. Such being the case, Garter will not perhaps be expected to produce the diploma for either the title ofDuc de Brunoyor the rank ofMaréchal de France.

C. G. Y.

Lord North(Vol. vii., p. 207.).—Mr. Forsterhas, it seems, blundered a piece of old scandal into an insinuation at once absurd and treasonable. The scandal wasnotof Lord Guilford and the Princess Dowager, but of Frederick Prince of Wales and Lady Guilford. On this I will say no more than that the supposed resemblance between King George III. and Lord North is very inaccurately described byMr. Forsterin almost every point except thefair complexion. The king's figure was not clumsy—quite the reverse, nor his face homely, nor his lips thick, nor his eyebrows bushy, nor his eyes protruding like Lord North's; but there was certainly something of a general look which might be called resemblance, and there was above all (which is not alluded to) the curious coincidence of thefailure of sightin the latter years of both. Lord North was the only son of Lord Guilford'sfirstmarriage: I know not whether the children of thesecondbed inherited defective sight; if they did, it would remove one of the strongest grounds of the old suspicion.

Mediæval Parchment(Vol. vii., p. 155.).—The method of preparing parchment for illumination will be found in theBirch and Sloane MSS., under "Painting and Drawing," &c., where are a number of curious MS. instructions on the subject, written chiefly in the sixteenth century, in English, French, and Italian.

Sir Frederic Madden, in the Introduction toIlluminated Ornaments, fol. 1833, and Mr. Ottley, inArchæologia, vol. xxiv. art. 1., have both written very minutely on the subject of illuminating, but their observations are too long for quotation.

E. G. B.

I remember reading in an old French work the process used in illuminating parchments, and remember that the gilding was laid upon garlic juice; it might very possibly be diluted with proof spirits of wine; at all events, no parchments can bear water at whatever time they may have been prepared: the process of making them wear out with water would turn them into leather. The work I allude to was brought out, I recollect, under the auspices of the French Academy.

W. T.

"I hear a lion," &c.(Vol. vii., p. 205.).—These lines (corrupted by your correspondentSagittaintofive) are two couplets in Bramstone's lively poem of theArt of Politics. They are a versification of a shrewd question put by Colonel Titus in the debate on the celebrated bill forexcludingJames Duke of York.

TheArt of Politics, by the Rev. Mr. Bramston, contains the following lines, which will, I apprehend, give your correspondent the required information:

"With art and modesty your part maintain;And talk like Col'nel Titus, not like Lane.The trading knight with rants his speech begins,Sun, moon, and stars, and dragons, saints, and kings:But Titus said, with his uncommon sense,When the exclusion-bill was in suspense,I hear a lion in the lobby roar;Say, Mr. Speaker, shall we shut the doorAnd keep him there, or shall we let him inTo try if we can turn him out again?"

"With art and modesty your part maintain;

And talk like Col'nel Titus, not like Lane.

The trading knight with rants his speech begins,

Sun, moon, and stars, and dragons, saints, and kings:

But Titus said, with his uncommon sense,

When the exclusion-bill was in suspense,

I hear a lion in the lobby roar;

Say, Mr. Speaker, shall we shut the door

And keep him there, or shall we let him in

To try if we can turn him out again?"

Mr. Bramston's poem is in the first volume of Dodsley'sCollection.

Perhaps some of your correspondents may be able to refer to a cotemporary account of Colonel Titus's speech on the Exclusion Bill.

C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge.

Fercett(Vol. vi., p. 292.).—The termFercettis probably intended as thedesignationof some collection in MS. of family evidences and pedigrees. It was usual among our ancestors thus to inscribe such collections either with the name of the collector, or that of the particular family to whom the book related. Thus the curious MS. in the library of the City of London, calledDunthorne, and containing ancient municipal records, is so called from its collector, whose name was Dunthorne. Instances of such titles are to be found in the collections of Gervase Holles in theLansdowne MSS., where one of such books is referred to asTrusbutt.

E. G. B.

Old Satchells(Vol. vi., p. 160.; Vol. vii., p.209.).—Your correspondent J. O. seems not to be aware that another and a fourth edition ofOld Satchells' True History("with copious additions, notes, and emendations," under the editorial superintendence of William Turnbull, Esq., F.S.A.) is in course of preparation 'neath the fostering care of Mr. John Gray Bell, thepro amorepublisher of so many historical and antiquarian tracts of interest. Mr. Bell has already given to the world aPedigree of the Ancient Family of Scott of Stokoe, edited, with notes, by William Robson Scott, Ph. D., of St. Leonard's, Exeter, from the original work compiled by his grandfather, Dr. William Scott, of Stamfordham, Northumberland, then (1783) representative of the family. The latter gentleman left behind him a large and valuable collection of MSS. relative to the family, which, as I learn from the prospectus, will be called into requisition in the forthcoming reprint of theOld Souldier of Satchell. Possibly the publishers of the second and third editions may have been assisted in their labours by the learned doctor in question, whose already quotedPedigree of the Scotts of Stokoewas issued only a few years prior to the appearance of the Hawick edition of 1786, not 1784, as accidentally misprinted in J. O.'s interesting communication.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

Curtseys and Bows(Vol. vii., p. 156).—In the interlude ofThe Trial of Treasure, by Purfoote, 1567 (page 14. of reprint), Inclination says to Gredy-gutte:

"Ise teach you to speake, I hold you a pounde!Curchy, lob, curchy downe to the grounde.Gre.Che can make curchy well enowe.Inc.Lower, old knave, or yle make ye to bowe!"

"Ise teach you to speake, I hold you a pounde!Curchy, lob, curchy downe to the grounde.

"Ise teach you to speake, I hold you a pounde!

Curchy, lob, curchy downe to the grounde.

Gre.Che can make curchy well enowe.

Inc.Lower, old knave, or yle make ye to bowe!"

Forrationaleof bows and curtseys, see "N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 157., though I fancy thebobcurtseys are the ones referred to.

Thos. Lawrence.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

The Rev. Joshua Marsden(Vol. vii., p. 181.).—This gentleman was born at Warrington in the year 1777. In the year 1800 he offered himself, and was accepted by the Wesleyan Methodist Conference, as a missionary to British North America, where he laboured for several years. He removed thence to Bermuda. In 1814 he returned to England with a constitution greatly impaired, but continued to occupy regular stations under the direction of the Conference until 1836, when, worn out by affliction, he became a supernumerary, and resided in London, where he occasionally preached as his health permitted. He died August 11, 1837, aged sixty.

John I. Dredge.

A memoir and portrait of the Rev. Joshua Marsden will be found in theImperial Magazine, July, 1830. He was at that period a preacher among the Wesleyan Methodists, having been for many years previously a missionary in connexion with that people. He was an amiable, ingenious, and worthy man, and although not a powerful, a pleasing poet. Among other things, he publishedAmusements of a Mission,Forest Musings, andThe Evangelical Minstrel.

J. H.

Sidney as a Christian Name(Vol. vii., p. 39.).—Your correspondent R. D. B., of Baltimore, is informed that the name of Sidney is extremely common in North Wales as a Christian name of either sex, but more particularly of the female.

There seems to be no tradition connected with its use. In this part of the principality, the namehas generally been assumed more from its euphonistic character than from any family connexion.

E. L. B.

Ruthin.

The Whetstone(Vol. vii., p. 208.).—In your No. 174. of "N. & Q.," E. G. R. alludes to theGame of the Whetstone. The following quotation, as bearing on that subject, may not be uninteresting to your readers:

"In the fourth year of this king's (Edward VI.) reign, in the month of September, one Grig, a poulterer of Surrey (taken among the people for a prophet, in curing of divers diseases by words and prayers, and saying he would take no money), was, by command of the Earl of Warwick, and others of the Council, set on a scaffold in the town of Croidon, in Surrey, with a paper on his breast, wherein was written his deceitful and hypocritical dealings: and after that, on the eighth of September, set on a pillory in Southwark, being then Our Lady Fair there kept; and the Mayor of London, with his brethren the aldermen, riding through the fair, the said Grig asked them and all the citizens forgiveness."'Of the like counterfeit physicians,' saith Stow, 'I have noted, in the summary of myChronicles(anno 1382), to be set on horseback, his face to the horse-tail, the same tail in his hand as a bridle, a collar of jordans about his neck, awhetstoneon his breast; and so led through the city of London, with ringing of basons, and banished.'"Whereunto I had added (with the forementioned author) as followeth:—Such deceivers, no doubt, are many who, being never trained up in reading or practice of physicke and chirurgery, do boast to doe great cures, especially upon women; as to make them straight that before were crooked, corbed, or cramped in any part of their bodies, &c. But the contrary is true; for some have received gold, when they have better deserved the whetstone."—Goodall'sRoyal College of Physicians: London, 1684, p. 306.

"'Of the like counterfeit physicians,' saith Stow, 'I have noted, in the summary of myChronicles(anno 1382), to be set on horseback, his face to the horse-tail, the same tail in his hand as a bridle, a collar of jordans about his neck, awhetstoneon his breast; and so led through the city of London, with ringing of basons, and banished.'

"Whereunto I had added (with the forementioned author) as followeth:—Such deceivers, no doubt, are many who, being never trained up in reading or practice of physicke and chirurgery, do boast to doe great cures, especially upon women; as to make them straight that before were crooked, corbed, or cramped in any part of their bodies, &c. But the contrary is true; for some have received gold, when they have better deserved the whetstone."—Goodall'sRoyal College of Physicians: London, 1684, p. 306.

J. S. S.

Bath.

Surname of Allen(Vol. vii., p. 205.).—Perhaps A. S. A. may find the following words in Celtic of use to him in his researches as to the origin of the name of Allan:—Adlann, pronouncedallānn, means a spearman or lancer;aluin, a white hind or fawn (Query, Do any of the name bear a hind as a crest?);allin, a rocky islet;alain, fair, bright, fair-haired, &c.

Fras. Crossley.

Belatucadrus(Vol. vii., p. 205.).—Papers concerning the god Belatucadrus are to be found in theArchæologia, vol. i. p. 310., vol. iii. p. 101., vol. x. p. 118. I take these references from Mr. Akerman's useful Archæological Index.

C. W. G.

Pot-guns(Vol. vi., p. 612.; Vol. vii., p. 190.).—In the parish of Halvergate, a train of seventeen pot-guns is kept at the blacksmith's shop.Mr. Woodwardis correct in stating that they are "short cylinders set perpendicularly in a frame, flat-candlestickwise;" but each pot-gun at Halvergate is set in a separate block of wood, and not several in a frame together. By touching the touchholes of each pot-gun successively with a bar of red-hot iron, and with the aid of two double-barrel guns, a royal salute is fired at every wedding or festive occasion in Halvergate.

E. G. R.

Graves Family(Vol. vii., p. 130.).—Your correspondentJames Graveswill find a tolerable pedigree of the Graves family, commencing in the time of Edward IV., in the first volume of Dr. Nash'sWorcestershire; and, in the notes thereto, many interesting particulars of various learned members of the family. Independent of the three portraits mentioned by your correspondent, of which I possess fine proof impressions, I have also one in mezzotinto of Morgan Graves, Esq., of Mickleton, county of Gloucester, and Lord of the Manor of Poden, in the co. of Worcester.

J. B. Whitborne.

Portrait Painters(Vol. vii., p. 180.).—The name of the Derby artist wasWright, notWhite. I have seen several portraits by him of great excellence. The time of his death I do not recollect, but I think the greater part of his works were executed in the latter part of the last century. Have not some of them been exhibited in Pall Mall? I have not the means at hand of ascertaining the fact, but I think he painted the "Blacksmith's Forge," which was so admirably mezzotinted by Earlom.

E. H.

Plum Pudding(Vol. vi., p. 604.).—Southey, in hisOmniana, vol. i. p. 7., quotes the following receipt for English plum puddling, as given by the Chevalier d'Arvieux, who in 1658 made a voyage in an English forty-gun ship:

"Leur pudding était détestable. C'est un composé de biscuit pilé, ou de farine, de lard, de raisins de Corinthe, de sel, et de poivre, dont on fait une pâte, qu'on enveloppe dans une serviette, et que l'on fait cuire dans le pot avec du bouillon de la viande; on la tire de la serviette, et on la met dans un plat, et on rappe dessus du vieux fromage, qui lui donne une odeur insupportable. Sans ce fromage la chose en elle-même n'est pas absolument mauvaise."

Cheese is now eaten with apple puddings and pies; but is there any nook in England where they still grate it over plum pudding? I have heard the joke of forgetting the pudding-cloth, told against Lord Macartney during his embassy in China. Your correspondent will find plum porridge and plum puddings mentioned together at page 122. vol. ii. of Knight'sOld England.

Thos. Lawrence.

Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

Muffs worn by Gentlemen(Vol. vi.,passim.).—TheTatler, No. 155., describing a meeting with his neighbour the upholsterer, says:

"I saw he was reduced to extreme poverty by certain shabby superfluities in his dress; for notwithstanding that it was a very sultry day for the time of year, he wore a loose great coat and amuff, with a long campaign wig out of curl," &c.

Erica.

The Burial Service by heart(Vol. vii., p. 13.).—In the Life of the Rev. Griffith Jones, the celebrated founder of the Welsh circulating charity schools, is this note:

"Living amongst dissenters who disliked forms of prayer, he committed to memory the whole of the baptismal and burial services; and, as his delivery was very energetic, his friends frequently heard dissenters admire his addresses, which they praised as being extempore effusions unshackled by the Prayer Book!"

E. D.

Burrow(Vol. vii., p. 205.).—Balliolensissays that in North Gloucestershire "the side of a thick coppice is spoken of as a veryburrowplace for cattle." He understands this to mean "sheltered, secure from wind;" and he asks to what etymology this sense can be attributed. I suspect the Anglo-Saxonbearo, a grove or copse, is the word here preserved. As a wood forms a fence against the wind, and is habitually so used and regarded by the agricultural population, the association of ideas is suitable enough in this interpretation.Bearo, first signifying the grove itself, might easily come to mark the shelter which the grove afforded. But there is also a compound of this word preserved in the ancient charters, in which the fitness of a place as a pasture for swine is the prominent notion. Kemble,Cod. Dipl., No. 288.: "Hæc sunt pascua porcorum, quæ nostrâ linguâ Saxonicâdenberanominamus." In the same sense the compound with the wordweald(= a great forest) is found: weald-bero. The wood was considered by our forefathers as propitious to their swine, not only for its shelter, but also for the masts it supplied; and this may have further helped to associatebearowith the comforts of cattle.

Orielensis.

"Coming home to men's business" (Vol. vii., p.235.).—It is hardly requisite to state to the readers of "N. & Q.," that many editions of Bacon's memorable, beautiful, and didacticEssaysappeared in the distinguished author's lifetime, obviously having experienced (proved by prefatory epistles of different dates) the repeated revision and emendations of the writer. TheEssayswere clearly favourites with him, as well as with the then reading public. They were first published in 1597, preceded by a letter addressed "To M. Anthony Bacon, his deare Brother." Theninthedition was issued the year before his death, which took place April 9, 1626. In that edition is added a dedication "To the Right Honorable my very good Lo. the Duke of Buckingham, his Grace Lo. High Admirall of England;" signed, "Fr. St. Alban:" previous signatures being "Fran. Bacon" (1597); "Fr. Bacon" (1612); "Fra. Bacon" (no date). In this dedication to the Duke of Buckingham first appeared the passage inquired about: "I doe now (he tells the Duke) publish myEssayes; which, of all my other workes, haue beene most current: for that, as it seems, theycome home to Men's Businesse and Bosomes."—How accurate, yet modest, an appreciation of his labours!

A Hermit at Hampstead.

My copy of Lord Bacon'sEssaysis a 12mo.: London, 1668. And in the epistle dedicatory, the author himself tells the Duke of Buckingham as follows:

"I do now publish myEssays; which, of all my other works, have been most current: for that, as it seems, theycome home to men's business and bosomes."

This will carry J. P. eleven years further back, at all events.

Rt.

Heuristic(Vol. vii., p. 237.), as an English scholar would write it, orHevristisch, as it would be written by a German, is a word not to be found in the sixth edition of Kant'sCritik(Leipzig, 1818), nor in hisProlegomena(Riga, 1783).[3]Your correspondent's copy appears to have been tampered with. The titleKritikshould be spelt with the initialC, andreinenshould not have a capital letter: the Germans being very careful to prefix capitals to all substantives, but never to adjectives. The above-mentioned edition of theCritikwas sent to me from Hamburg soon after its publication. It was printed by Fröbels at Rudolstadt in 1818; and is unblemished by a singleerratum, so far as I have been able to detect one. Allow me to suggest to H. B. C. to collate the pages in his edition with the sixth of 1818; the seventh of 1828; and, if possible, with one published in Kant's lifetime prior to 1804; and he will probably find, that the very favourite word of Kant,empirisch, has been altered in a few instances tohevristich.Mr. Haywoodis evidently inaccurate in writingevristic, which is wrong in Greek as well as in German and English.

Instead of giving the pages of his copy, your correspondent will more oblige by stating the divisions under which this exceptional word occurs, in the running title at the top of each page of his copy; together with two or three lines of the context, which I can compare with my own copy. Ihave not here the facility of resort to a British Museum, or to German booksellers. Should your correspondent find any difficulty in effecting collation of his edition with others, I shall be willing to part with my copyfor a short timefor his use; or, if he will oblige me with his copy, I will collate it with mine, and return it within the week with the various readings of the cited passages.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

Footnote 3:(return)The former is thesynthetic, the latter theanalyticexposition of his system of mental philosophy.

The former is thesynthetic, the latter theanalyticexposition of his system of mental philosophy.

"Cob" and "Conners"(Vol. vii., p. 234.).—These words are Celtic.Cobmeans a mouth, a harbour, an entrance.Connersappears to be a compound word, fromcuan, a bay or harbour, andmarormara, the sea; pronounced "Cuan wara," then shortened intoConner. Conna-mara, in the west of Ireland, properly spelledCuan na mara, means "bays of the sea."

Fras. Crossley.

Lady High Sheriff(Vol. vii., p. 236.).—Your correspondent W. M. is informed that in Duncumb'sHerefordshirethere is no mention made of the fact, that a lady executed the office of high sheriff of the county. The high sheriffs for the years 1768—1771 inclusive were Richard Gorges, William Nourse, Price Clutton, and Charles Hoskyns, Bart. The lady alluded to would be the widow of one of these.

H. C. K.

—— Rectory, Hereford.

Anne Clifford, Countess of Dorset, Pembroke, and Montgomery, exercised the office of hereditary sheriff of Westmoreland, and, at the assizes at Appleby, sat with the judges on the bench (temp. Car. I.) Vide Blackstone'sComment., and Pocock'sMemorials of the Tufton Family, p. 78. (1800.)

I may add that ladies have also been included in the commission of the peace. The Lady Bartlet was made a justice of the peace by Queen Mary in Gloucestershire (Harl. MSS); Margaret, Countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII., was made a justice of peace; and a lady in Sussex, of the name of Rowse, did usually sit on the bench at the assizes and sessions amongst other justicescincta gladio(op. cit.).

W. S.

Northiam.

Death of Nelson(Vol. vii., p. 52.).—The "beautiful picture which hangs in a bad light in the hall of Greenwich Hospital" was not painted by West, but by Arthur William Devis, a very talented artist, but somewhat careless in financial matters. He was a pupil of Zoffeny, was in India for some years, where he practised portrait-painting with considerable success. The well-known print of the "Marquis Cornwallis receiving the Sons of Tippoo Saib as Hostages," was from a picture painted by him. The "Death of Nelson" at Greenwich was a commission from the house of Boydell, Cheapside; and a large print was afterwards published by them from it. Devis met the vessel on its return to England, and on its way homeward painted, very carefully, the portraits of the persons represented in his picture, and also a very exact view of the cockpit in which the hero died. The picture has great merit, and deserves to be better placed.

T. W. T.

Editions of the Prayer-Book prior to 1662(Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564.; Vol. vii., p. 18.).—As a small instalment towards completing this desirable object, I send you the following:

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