Minor Queries with Answers.

"Fac precor,Jesu benigne, cogitemHæc semper, ut semper tibiSummoque Patri, gratiasAgam, pieque vos colam,Totâque mente diligam."

"Fac precor,

Jesu benigne, cogitem

Hæc semper, ut semper tibi

Summoque Patri, gratias

Agam, pieque vos colam,

Totâque mente diligam."

Can any of your readers inform me where they come from?

William Denton.

The Arms of De Sissonne.—Can any of your correspondents inform me where I could find a copy ofHistoire Généalogique de la Maison Royale de France, or any other work in which are blazoned the arms of "De Sissonne" of Normandy, connected with that regal house?

J. L. S.

Sir George Brown.—Sir George Brown, of West Stafford, Berks, and of Wickham Breaux, Kent, married Eleanor, daughter of Sir R. Blount, of Maple Durham, Oxon; and by her had issue several children, and amongst them one son Richard, who was a child under five years of age in 1623. I shall feel obliged if any of your correspondents can tell me where I can find a pedigree of this Richard, and in particular whether he married,whom he married, and the names of his several children, if any.

Newburiensis.

Professional Poems.—Can you tell me who is the author ofProfessional Poems by a Professional Gentleman, 12mo., 1827, published at Wolverhampton; and by Longman, London?

Gw.

"A mockery," &c.—Whence is the quotation, "A mockery, a delusion, and a snare?"

W. P.

Passage in Whiston.—InTaylor on Original Sin, Lond. 1746, p. 94., it is said:

"Mr. Whiston maintains that regeneration is a literal and physicalbeing born again, and is granted to the faithful at the beginning of the millennium."

The marginal reference is,Whiston on Original Sin, &c., p. 68.

I cannot find the book or the doctrine in any collection of Whiston's writings which I have met with; but as he was a copious writer and a versatile theologian, both may exist. Can any reader of "N. & Q." tell me where to find them?

J. T.

Shoulder Knots and Epaulettes.—What is the origin of the shoulder knot, and its ancient use? Has it and the epaulette a common origin?

Getsrn.

The Yew Tree in Village Churchyards.—Why did our forefathers choose the yew as the inseparable attendant upon the outer state of the churches raised by them? Apart from its grave and sombre appearance, I cannot help recognising a mysterious embodiment of the spirit of evil as the intention of the planters. We know that in all mediæval edifices there is an apparent and discernible endeavour to place in juxta-position the spirits of good and evil, tomaterialisethe idea of an adversative spirit, antagonistic to the church's teachings, and hurtful to her efforts of advancement. I look upon the grotesque cephalic corbels as one modification of this, and would interpret many equally mysterious emblems by referring them to the same actuating desire. Now the yew is certainly the most deadly of indigenous productions, and therefore would be chosen as the representative of a spirit of destruction, the opposite to one that giveth life by its teachings, of which the building itself is the sensible sign. I crave more information from some learned ecclesiologist on the subject, which is certainly a most interesting one.

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Passage in Tennyson.—

"Or underneath the barren bush,Flits bythe blue seabird of March."

"Or underneath the barren bush,

Flits bythe blue seabird of March."

InMemoriam, xc. What bird is meant?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

"When the Maggot bites."—A note will oblige to explain the origin of the phrase, that a thing done on the spur of the moment is done "When the maggot bites."

Anon.

Eclipses of the Sun.—Where can I find a list of solar eclipses that have taken place since the time of the invasion of Julius Cæsar? I am greatly in want of this information, and shall be grateful to any correspondent who will give me the reference required.

C. Mansfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

"An" before "u" long.—I should be much obliged to any of my fellow-students of "N. & Q." who would answer the following Query: What is the reason of the increasingly prevailing custom of writinganbefore words beginning withulong, or with diphthongs having the sound ofulong? Surely a written language is perfect in proportion as it represents the spoken tongue; if so, this is one of the many instances in which modern fashions are making English orthography still more inconsistent than it was wont to be. It appears to me just as reasonable to say "an youthful(pronouncedyoothful) person," as "an useful(pronouncedyooseful) person."

If there is a satisfactory reason for the practice, I shall be delighted to be corrected but, if not, I would fain see the fashion "nipped in the bud."

Benjamin Dawson.

London.

Reversible Names.—Some female names spell backwards and forwards the same, asHannah,Anna,Eve,Ada: so also doesmadam, which is feminine. Is this in the nature of things, or can any one produce a reversibleproprium quod maribus? No arguments, but instances; no surnames, which are epicene; no obsolete names, such asOdo, of which it may be suspected that they have died precisely because an attempt was made to marify them: or say, rather, that Odo, to live masculine, was obliged to become Otho. Failing instances, I shall maintain thatvarium et mutabile semper feminaonly means that whatever reads backwards and forwards the same, is always feminine.

Gilbert White of Selborne.—Can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q." inform me whether any portrait, painted, engraved, or sculptured, exists of this celebrated naturalist; and if so, a reference to it will greatly oblige

W. A. L.

St. John's Square.

Hoby, Family of; their Portraits, &c.—In the parish church of Bisham, in the county of Berks, are some fine and costly monuments to the memory of several members of this family, who were long resident in the old conventual building there. Are there any engravings of these monuments?And if so, in what work; or where are the inscriptions to be met with? I possess two fine engraved portraits of this family: the originals by Hans Holbein are said to be in "His Majesty's Collection;" where are the originals now? Do they still adorn the walls of Windsor Castle? The one is inscribed—

"Phillip Hobbie, Knight."

The other—

"The Lady Hobbie."

The orthography of the names is the same as engraved on the portraits. The former was Sir Philip Hoby, one of the Privy Council to King Henry VIII.; and the lady was, I believe, the wife of Sir Thomas Hoby, of Leominster, co. Hereford, who died in 1596, aged thirty-six. Was this the learned Lady Hoby, who wrote one of the epitaphs above referred to? Are there any other portraits of members of this ancient, but now extinct family, in existence? They bore for arms, "Arg. three spindles in fesse gules, threaded or." What was their crest and motto?

J. B. Whitborne.

Portrait of Sir Anthony Wingfield.—Can any person inform me where the picture of Sir Anthony Wingfield is, described in Horace Walpole'sLetters, and which he saw in an old house in Suffolk belonging to the family of Naunton, descended from Secretary Naunton, temp. James I.; he says:

"Sir Anthony Wingfield, who, having his hand tucked into his girdle, the housekeeper told us had had his fingers cut off by Henry VIII."

Lofcopp, Lufcopp, or Luvcopp.—In some of the charters granted by our earlier monarchs (Henry I. for instance), there is contained a grant of a toll calledlofcopp,lufcopp, orluvcopp. Could any of your correspondents give me any farther information respecting the meaning of the word, than is contained in the first Volume of "N. & Q.," pp. 319. 371.?

J. Ctus.

Humming Ale.—Having lately met with the above epithet applied to ale in one of James's novels (Forest Days), I should be glad to know its meaning.

W. H. P.

Dr. Richard Sherlock.—Dr. Richard Sherlock, afterwards Vicar of Winwick, had his first cure in Ireland. I should be glad to know where he officiated, and to receive any information respecting him beyond what is met with in his nephew, Bishop Wilson's, life of him.

William Denton.

[A few additional notes have been added to Bishop Wilson'sLife of Dr. Richard Sherlock, in the seventh edition, 2 vols. 1841-44. The editor, the Rev. H. H. Sherlock, M. A., has the following note on his first cure in Ireland: "Wood (Athen. Oxon., vol. iv. p. 259. Bliss) leads us to suppose that Dr. Sherlock was ordained immediately after taking his Master's degree, and adds, that 'soon after he became minister of several small parishes in Ireland, united together, and yielding no more than 80l.a year.' The editor has not been able to obtain any particulars of his ordination, nor the names of the united parishes in Ireland where he ministered. Canonically, he could not have been ordained earlier thanA. D.1636."]

Cardinal Fleury and Bishop Wilson.—There exists a tradition to the effect that during a war between this country and France, Cardinal Fleury gave directions to the French cruisers not to molest the Island of Man, and this out of regard to the character of its apostolic bishop, Wilson. I should be glad to know whether any and what authority can be assigned for this story.

William Denton.

[The story rests upon the authority of the Rev. C. Cruttwell, the bishop's biographer and editor. The following passage occurs in theLife of Bishop Wilson, vol. i. p. 226 of hisWorks, third edition, 8vo., 1784, and in the folio edition, p. 57.:—"Cardinal Fleury wanted much to see him [the bishop], and sent over on purpose to inquire after his health, his age, and the date of his consecration; as they were the two oldest bishops, and he believed the poorest, in Europe; at the same time inviting him to France. The Bishop sent the Cardinal an answer, which gave him so high an opinion of him, that he obtained an order that no French privateer should ravage the Isle of Man." Feltham, in hisTour through the Isle of Man, 1798, after quoting this story, adds, "And that the French still respect a Manksman, some recent instances confirm."]

Dr. Dodd a Dramatist.—I have seen it somewhere stated, that after Dr. Dodd's trial, he sent for Mr. Woodfall to consult him respecting the publication of a comedy he had written in his youth, entitledSir Roger de Coverley, and which he had actually revised and completed while in Newgate. Was it ever published; and if not, where is the MS.?

V. T. Sternberg.

[Woodfall's interview with Dr. Dodd at the Old Bailey, is given in Cooke'sMemoirs of Samuel Foote, vol. i. p. 195., and is quoted in Baker'sBiographia Dramatica, vol. iii. p. 278., edit. 1812. It appears that Dodd's comedy was commenced in his earlier days, and finished during his confinement in Newgate; but was neither acted nor printed. In a pamphlet, entitledHistorical Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the late Rev. William Dodd, published anonymously in 1777, but attributed to Mr. Reed, it is stated at p. 4., that "Sir Roger de Coverleyis now in the hands of Mr. Harris of Covent Garden Theatre."]

Trosachs.—Can I learn through "N. & Q." the derivation and meaning of the nameTrosachs, asapplied to the mountain pass bordering on Loch Katrine?

J. G. T.

Trosachs Hotel.

[The name Trosachs signifies in Gaelic theroughorbristled territory; a signification perfectly applicable to the confused mass of abrupt crags which, in some convulsion of nature, has been separated from the neighbouring mountains of Ben Vennu and Ben An. This glen was first rendered an object of popular attention by Sir Walter Scott, in his poem ofThe Lady of the Lake.]

Quarter.—Whence comes the use of the wordQuarter, as applied to sparing of life in battle?

J. G. T.

Trosachs Hotel.

[A correspondent of theGent. Mag., vol. lxvi. p. 920., suggests, that it may be traced to the reverence for the sacred symbol of our faith, which the early Christian warriors wore depicted on their military habiliments. Orlando, who bore this emblem on his shield, was called 'Il Cavaliere del Quartiero;' though it is something singular that he won the device from Almonte, aSaracenchief.]

(Vol. viii., p. 13.)

Some farther particulars respecting the writings of that remarkable character, who, according to your correspondent, "led astray William Law, and through him tinctured the religious philosophy of Coleridge, and from whom Schelling stole the corner-stones of hisPhilosophy of Nature," may perhaps interest the readers of "N. & Q."

Who Böhme, or Behmen, was, may be seen by a reference to Francis Okely'sMemoirof him, and to the article in thePenny Cyclopædia(vol. v. p. 61.) written by Dr. Bialloblotzky; which, with the exception of a few trifling errors, is carefully compiled. The true character of his philosophy has been ably and fully described in the later writings of William Law, especially in hisAnimadversions on Dr. Trapp(at the end ofAn Appeal to all that Doubt or Disbelieve the Truths of Revelation); inThe Way to Divine Knowledge;The Spirit of Love; hisLetters; and in the fragment of aDialogue, prefixed to the first of the four volumes in 4to. of Behmen'sWorks.

Behmen's writings first became generally known in this country by translations of the most important of them by a gentleman of the name of Ellistone, and of minor ones by Mr. Humphrey Blunden and others. Ellistone dying before he had completed the translation of the great work uponGenesis, it was continued by his cousin, John Sparrow, a barrister in the Temple; who also translated and published the remainder of Behmen's writings in the English language. Respecting these individuals, William Law, in a letter written in reply to one received from a Mr. Stephen Penny, speaks in the following terms:

"The translators of Jacob Behmen, Ellistone and Sparrow, are much to be honoured for their work; they had great piety and great abilities, and well apprehended their author, especially Ellistone: but the translation istoo much loaded with words, and in many placesthe sense is mistaken.[2]"A new translator of Jacob Behmen is not to have it in intention to make his author more intelligible by softening or refining his language. His style is what it is, strange and uncommon; not because he wanted learning and skill in words, but because what he saw and conceived was quite new and strange, never seen or spoken of before; and therefore if he was to put it down in writing, words must be used to signify that which they had never done before."If it shall please God that I undertake this work, I shall only endeavour to make Jacob Behmen speak as he would have spoken, had he wrote in English. Secondly, to guard the reader at certain places from wrong apprehensions of his meaning, by adding here and there a note, as occasion requires. Thirdly, and chiefly, by Prefaces or Introductions to prepare and direct the reader in the true use of these writings. This last is most of all necessary, and yet would be entirely needless, if the reader would but observe Jacob Behmen's own directions. For there is not an error, defect, or wrong turn, which the reader can fall into, in the use of these books, but is most plainly set before him by Jacob Behmen."Many persons of learning in the last century read Jacob Behmen with great earnestness; but it was only, as it were, to steal from him certain mysteries of Nature, and to run away with the philosopher's stone; and yet nowhere could they see the folly and impossibility of their attempt so fully shown them, as by Jacob Behmen himself."

"A new translator of Jacob Behmen is not to have it in intention to make his author more intelligible by softening or refining his language. His style is what it is, strange and uncommon; not because he wanted learning and skill in words, but because what he saw and conceived was quite new and strange, never seen or spoken of before; and therefore if he was to put it down in writing, words must be used to signify that which they had never done before.

"If it shall please God that I undertake this work, I shall only endeavour to make Jacob Behmen speak as he would have spoken, had he wrote in English. Secondly, to guard the reader at certain places from wrong apprehensions of his meaning, by adding here and there a note, as occasion requires. Thirdly, and chiefly, by Prefaces or Introductions to prepare and direct the reader in the true use of these writings. This last is most of all necessary, and yet would be entirely needless, if the reader would but observe Jacob Behmen's own directions. For there is not an error, defect, or wrong turn, which the reader can fall into, in the use of these books, but is most plainly set before him by Jacob Behmen.

"Many persons of learning in the last century read Jacob Behmen with great earnestness; but it was only, as it were, to steal from him certain mysteries of Nature, and to run away with the philosopher's stone; and yet nowhere could they see the folly and impossibility of their attempt so fully shown them, as by Jacob Behmen himself."

A well-engraved portrait of John Sparrow may occasionally be met with in some of the small quarto English treatises of Behmen.

The four-volume edition of Jacob Behmen'sWorks, in large 4to., 1764-81, is an unsatisfactory performance; having, in fact, nothing in common with the projected edition by William Law, as expressed in the above letter. Nevertheless, it has been useful in many respects; especially as being instrumental in making the productions of Dion. Andreas Freher more generally known. This edition, moreover, is incomplete; as several important treatises, besides his Letters, are entirely omitted. The order, too, in which the pieces are inserted from theBook of the Incarnationis altogether wrong.

It is a common, but erroneous supposition, that William Law was the editor of this edition. From his work,The Way to Divine Knowledge, printed some years after the date of the letter quotedabove, it appears that he intended to publish a new and correct translation of Behmen'sWorks; but did not survive to accomplish it. He died in 1761, before the first of the four volumes was published; and if he were in any way identified with it, it could only be by some one or two of his corrections (found in his own copy of theWorksafter his decease) being incorporated therein; but of this there is some uncertainty. The Symbols, or Emblems, which are stated in the title-page of this edition to have been "left by Mr. Law," were not his production, but merely copies of the originals themselves. These were all designed by the above Dionysius Andreas Freher, a learned German, who had resided in this country from about the year 1695 till his death in 1728, in illustration of his own systematic elucidations of the ground and principles of the central philosophy of Deity and Nature, opened as a new original, andfinalrevelation from God, in "his chosen instrument, Behmen." It was, I believe, from Freher, that Francis Lee (see "N. & Q." Vol. ii., p. 355.) became so deeply versed in the scope and design of high supersensual and mystical truth. From the year 1740, Freher, by his writings, demonstrations and diagrams, may be considered thecloset-tutorof William Law at his philosophical retreat at King's Cliffe, in respect to the great mysteries of Truth and Nature, the origin and constitution of things, glanced at in what are popularly called Law's later or mystical writings.

Next to Behmen'sWorks, and coupled with those of Law, Freher's writings and illustrations must, in regard to theosophical science, be considered the most valuable and important in existence. Freher also was personally acquainted with Gichtel, who was deeply imbued with the philosophy of Jacob Behmen, viz. "the fundamental opening of all the powers that work both in Nature and Grace;" and who, perhaps more than any other individual, experimentally lived andfathomedit.

Freher's original manuscripts and copies of others (besides those formerly in the possession of William Law), as well as the manuscripts of Law and of Francis Lee, and some original documents relating to the Philadelphian mystic author, Mrs. Jane Lead (Lee's mother-in-law) are now in the possession of Mr. Christopher Walton, of Ludgate Street; who, I understand, is on the eve of completing, for private circulation, a voluminous account of these celebrated individuals. It will also contain, if I am correctly informed, a representation of the whole nature and scope of mystical divinity and theosophical science, as apprehensible from anorthodoxevangelical—or, in a word, astandardpoint of view; as likewise of the nature and relations of the modern experimental transcendentalism of Animal Magnetism, with its inductions of the trance andclairvoyance, in respect to theastralas well asDivinemagic; with other similar recondite, but now lost, philosophy. But to return to Behmen.

The publication of the large edition of hisWorksin question was undertaken at the sole expense of Mrs. Hutcheson, one of the two ladies who were Mr. Law's companions and friends in his retirement at King's Cliffe, out of respect to his memory; and who furnished the books Mr. Law left behind him relating to this object. The chief editor was a Mr. George Ward, assisted by a Mr. Thomas Langcake, two former friends and admirers of Law; who occasionally superintended his pieces through the press, being then resident in London. And the reason of this edition not being completed was, that both Mrs. Hutcheson and Mr. Ward died about the time of the publication of the fourth volume; Mrs. Gibbon[3], the aunt of the historian, it appears, not being willing to continue the publication. All that these parties did as editors was, to take the original translations, change the phraseology here and there without reference to the German original (which language it is supposed they did not understand), omit certain portions of the translator's Prefaces, alter the capital letters of a few words, and conduct the treatises through the press.

The literary productions which have commanded the admiration and approbation of such deep thinkers as Sir Isaac Newton[4], William Law, Schelling, Hegel, and Coleridge, may perhaps, before long, be thought worthy of republication. What is required is a well-edited and correct translation of Behmen's entireWorks, coupled withthose of Freher, his great illustrator, (including also the Emblems, &c. of Gichtel's German edition), and preceded by those of Law, which treat upon the same subject, namely:—1. Answer to Hoadley on the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 2. Christian Regeneration. 3. Animadversions on Dr. Trapp. 4. The Appeal. 5. The Way to Divine Knowledge. 6. The Spirit of Love. 7. Confutation of Warburton. 8. Letters.

To conclude. The following are the terms in which William Law speaks of Behmen's writings in one of his letters:

"Therein is opened the true ground of the unchangeabledistinction between God and Nature, making all nature, whether temporal or eternal, its own proof that it is not, cannot be, God, but purely and solely thewantof God; and can be nothing else in itself but a restless painful want, till a supernatural God manifests himself in it. This is a doctrine which the learned of all ages have known nothing of; not a book, ancient or modern, in all our libraries, has so much as attempted to open thegroundof nature to show itsbirthandstate, and its essential unalterable distinction from the oneabyssal supernaturalGod; and how all the glories, powers, and perfections of the hidden, unapproachable God, have their wonderful manifestation in nature and creature."

And on another occasion:

"In the Revelation made to this wonderful man, the firstbeginningofallthings in eternity is opened; the whole state, therise,workings, andprogressof all Nature is revealed; and every doctrine, mystery, and precept of the Gospel is found, not to have sprung from anyarbitraryappointment, but to have itseternal,unalterableground and reason in Nature. And God appears to save us by the methods of the Gospel, because there was no other possible way to save us in all the possibility of Nature."

And again:

"Now, though the difference between God and Nature has always been supposed and believed, yet the true ground of such distinction, or thewhy, thehow, and inwhatthey are essentially different, and must be so to all eternity, was to be found in no books, till the goodness of God, in a way not less than that ofmiracle, made a poor illiterate man, in the simplicity of a child, to open and relate the deep mysteriousground of all things."

Thus much upon the "reveries" of our "poor possessed cobbler." It may be well to add, that Freher's writings (in sequence to those of Law above named) are all but essential for the proper understanding of Behmen, especially of his descriptions of thegeneration of Nature, as to itssevenproperties,twoco-eternal principles, andthreeconstituent parts: which is the deepest and most difficult point of all others to apprehend rightly (that is, with intellectual clearness, as well as sensitively in our own spiritual regeneration), and indeed the key to every mystery of truth and life.

J. Yeowell.

Hoxton.

Footnote 2:(return)This remark especially applies to theAnswerto the fourth of theTheosophic Questions.Footnote 3:(return)Among the papers of this lady were found, after her decease, several letters to her from her nephew, Edward Gibbon, the historian, and his friend Lord Sheffield, from which it would appear that the religious views of the former had, at least from the year 1788, undergone considerable change. From one of these interesting letters, shortly to be published, I have been kindly permitted to make the following extract:—"Whatever you may have been told of my opinions, I can assure you with truth, that I consider religion as the best guide of youth, and the best support of old age; that I firmly believe there is less real happiness in the business and pleasures of the world, than in the life which you have chosen of devotion and retirement."Footnote 4:(return)William Law, in theAppendixto the second edition of hisAppeal to all that Doubt or Disbelieve the Truths of the Gospel, p. 314., 1756, mentions that among the papers of Newton (now in Trinity College, Cambridge) were found many autograph extracts from theWorksof Behmen. This is also confirmed in an unpublished letter, now before me, from Law to Dr. Cheyne in answer to his inquiries on this points. Law affirms that Newton derived his system of fundamental powers from Behmen; and that he avoided mentioning Behmen as the originator of his system, lest it should come into disrepute.

Footnote 2:(return)

This remark especially applies to theAnswerto the fourth of theTheosophic Questions.

Footnote 3:(return)

Among the papers of this lady were found, after her decease, several letters to her from her nephew, Edward Gibbon, the historian, and his friend Lord Sheffield, from which it would appear that the religious views of the former had, at least from the year 1788, undergone considerable change. From one of these interesting letters, shortly to be published, I have been kindly permitted to make the following extract:—"Whatever you may have been told of my opinions, I can assure you with truth, that I consider religion as the best guide of youth, and the best support of old age; that I firmly believe there is less real happiness in the business and pleasures of the world, than in the life which you have chosen of devotion and retirement."

Footnote 4:(return)

William Law, in theAppendixto the second edition of hisAppeal to all that Doubt or Disbelieve the Truths of the Gospel, p. 314., 1756, mentions that among the papers of Newton (now in Trinity College, Cambridge) were found many autograph extracts from theWorksof Behmen. This is also confirmed in an unpublished letter, now before me, from Law to Dr. Cheyne in answer to his inquiries on this points. Law affirms that Newton derived his system of fundamental powers from Behmen; and that he avoided mentioning Behmen as the originator of his system, lest it should come into disrepute.

(Vol. vi., p. 554.; Vol. vii., pp. 454. 633.; Vol. viii., p. 108.)

Himbleton, Worcestershire:

1. "Jesus be ourGod-speed. 1675."2. "All prayse and glory be toGodfor ever. 1675."3. "John Martin of Worcester, he made wee;Be it known to all that do wee see. 1675."4. "All you that hear my roaring sound,Repent before you lie in ground. 1675."

1. "Jesus be ourGod-speed. 1675."

2. "All prayse and glory be toGodfor ever. 1675."

3. "John Martin of Worcester, he made wee;Be it known to all that do wee see. 1675."

3. "John Martin of Worcester, he made wee;

Be it known to all that do wee see. 1675."

4. "All you that hear my roaring sound,Repent before you lie in ground. 1675."

4. "All you that hear my roaring sound,

Repent before you lie in ground. 1675."

Hanley Castle, Worcestershire:

1. "Ring vs trve,We praise you.A.R.1699."2. "God prosper all our benefactors.A.R.1699."3. "God save yᵉ King.Abrᵃ Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."4. "God save yᵉ King and yᵉ Chvrch. 1699."5. "Abrᵃ Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."6. "Jas. Badger, minister. Rd. Ross, Gorle Chetle, C. W. 1699."

1. "Ring vs trve,We praise you.A.R.1699."

1. "Ring vs trve,

We praise you.A.R.1699."

2. "God prosper all our benefactors.A.R.1699."

3. "God save yᵉ King.Abrᵃ Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."

3. "God save yᵉ King.

Abrᵃ Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."

4. "God save yᵉ King and yᵉ Chvrch. 1699."

5. "Abrᵃ Rudhall cast vs all. 1699."

6. "Jas. Badger, minister. Rd. Ross, Gorle Chetle, C. W. 1699."

From the ten bells of St. Thomas's Church, Dudley (rebuilt 1816), the following are the most remarkable:

5. "William, Viscount Dudley and Ward;To doomsday may the name descend—Dudley, and the poor man's friend."[5]6. "Ring and bid thee cry Georgius Rex III., England, thy Sovereign's name.Godsave the King. T. Mean of London, 1818."

5. "William, Viscount Dudley and Ward;To doomsday may the name descend—Dudley, and the poor man's friend."[5]

5. "William, Viscount Dudley and Ward;

To doomsday may the name descend—

Dudley, and the poor man's friend."[5]

6. "Ring and bid thee cry Georgius Rex III., England, thy Sovereign's name.Godsave the King. T. Mean of London, 1818."

Of the eight bells in St. Mary's Church, Kidderminster, the following are the inscriptions on the first five:

1. "When you us ringWe'll sweetly sing. 1754."2. "The gift of the Rt. Hon. Lord Foley. 1754."3. "FearGodand honour the King. 1754."4. "Peace and good neighbourhood. 1754."5. "Prosperity to this parish and trade. 1754."

1. "When you us ringWe'll sweetly sing. 1754."

1. "When you us ring

We'll sweetly sing. 1754."

2. "The gift of the Rt. Hon. Lord Foley. 1754."

3. "FearGodand honour the King. 1754."

4. "Peace and good neighbourhood. 1754."

5. "Prosperity to this parish and trade. 1754."

There is a small bell (dated 1780) which is commonly called the "Ting-tang," and is rung for the last five minutes before each service, which bears the appropriate inscription:

"Come away,Make no delay."

"Come away,

Make no delay."

On one of the bells of Burford Church, near Tenbury, is the following inscription:

"At service-time I sound,And at the death of men;To serve yourGod, and well to die,Remember then."

"At service-time I sound,

And at the death of men;

To serve yourGod, and well to die,

Remember then."

The inscriptions on the bells of St. Helen's Church, Worcester, are very singular; the names they bear tell their date:

1. "Blenheim.First is my note, and Blenheim is my name;For Blenheim's story will be first in fame."2. "Barcelona.Let me relate how Louis did bemoanHis grandson Philip's flight from Barcelon."3. "Ramilies.Deluged in blood, I, Ramilies, advanceBritannia's glory in the fall of France."4. "Menin.Let Menin on my sides engraven be,And Flanders freed from Gallic slavery."5. "Turin.When in harmonious peal I roundly go,Think on Turin, and triumph of the Po."6. "Eugene.With joy I bear illustrious Eugene's name,Fav'rite of Fortune, and the boast of fame."7. "Marlborough.But I, with pride, the greater Marlborough bear.Terror of tyrants, and the soul of war."8. "Queen Ann.Th' immortal praises of Queen Ann I sound;With union blest, and all those glories crown'd."

1. "Blenheim.

First is my note, and Blenheim is my name;For Blenheim's story will be first in fame."

First is my note, and Blenheim is my name;

For Blenheim's story will be first in fame."

2. "Barcelona.

Let me relate how Louis did bemoanHis grandson Philip's flight from Barcelon."

Let me relate how Louis did bemoan

His grandson Philip's flight from Barcelon."

3. "Ramilies.

Deluged in blood, I, Ramilies, advanceBritannia's glory in the fall of France."

Deluged in blood, I, Ramilies, advance

Britannia's glory in the fall of France."

4. "Menin.

Let Menin on my sides engraven be,And Flanders freed from Gallic slavery."

Let Menin on my sides engraven be,

And Flanders freed from Gallic slavery."

5. "Turin.

When in harmonious peal I roundly go,Think on Turin, and triumph of the Po."

When in harmonious peal I roundly go,

Think on Turin, and triumph of the Po."

6. "Eugene.

With joy I bear illustrious Eugene's name,Fav'rite of Fortune, and the boast of fame."

With joy I bear illustrious Eugene's name,

Fav'rite of Fortune, and the boast of fame."

7. "Marlborough.

But I, with pride, the greater Marlborough bear.Terror of tyrants, and the soul of war."

But I, with pride, the greater Marlborough bear.

Terror of tyrants, and the soul of war."

8. "Queen Ann.

Th' immortal praises of Queen Ann I sound;With union blest, and all those glories crown'd."

Th' immortal praises of Queen Ann I sound;

With union blest, and all those glories crown'd."

In Clifton-on-Teme Church (dedicated to St. Kenelm) are the two following bell-inscriptions, the second of which appears to contain a date:

"Per Kenelmi merita sit nobis cœlica vita.""HenrICVs Ieffreyes KeneLMo DeVoVIt."

"Per Kenelmi merita sit nobis cœlica vita."

"HenrICVs Ieffreyes KeneLMo DeVoVIt."

The following are from the six bells of Kinver Church, Worcestershire:

1. "In Christo solo spem meam repono.A.R.1746."2. "Cui Deus pater ecclesia est mater.A.R.1746."3. "In suo templo numen adoro.A.R.1746."4. "We were all cast at Gloucester by Abel Rudhall, 1746. Fac manus puras cœlo attollas."5. "Jos. Lye and John Lowe, churchwardens,A.R.1746. Opem petentibus subvenit Deus."6. "Wᵐ Gosnell and Sam. Brown, churchwardens. John Rudhallfect.1790."

1. "In Christo solo spem meam repono.A.R.1746."

2. "Cui Deus pater ecclesia est mater.A.R.1746."

3. "In suo templo numen adoro.A.R.1746."

4. "We were all cast at Gloucester by Abel Rudhall, 1746. Fac manus puras cœlo attollas."

5. "Jos. Lye and John Lowe, churchwardens,A.R.1746. Opem petentibus subvenit Deus."

6. "Wᵐ Gosnell and Sam. Brown, churchwardens. John Rudhallfect.1790."

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

Footnote 5:(return)The worthy nobleman'ssobriquetmust not be confounded with a popular ointment.

Footnote 5:(return)

The worthy nobleman'ssobriquetmust not be confounded with a popular ointment.

"And every shepherd tells his taleUnder the hawthorn, in the dale."

"And every shepherd tells his tale

Under the hawthorn, in the dale."

I have read with interest the "Notes" (Vol. i., pp. 286. 316.) on these lines of the Allegro; because, in spite of early prepossession in favour of the idea commonly attached to them, I was converted some years ago, by the late Mr. Constable, R.A., whose close observation of rural scenery and employments no one can question.

His account of the matter was this:

"It is usual in Suffolk, and I have seen it often myself, for the shepherd, assisted by another man or boy, to make the whole flock pass through a gap, in order to facilitate thetale. One fellow drives them through the opening, by moving about, shouting, and clapping his hands, while his comrade, on the other side of the hedge, and under cover of a thorn or other thick bush, counts them as they leap through. I have not only seen but assisted, when a boy, at the shepherd's tale; and I do believe Milton had no other idea in his mind. For, indeed, the early morning is not the time the poets choose for lovers to woo, or maids to listen; and Milton has described a scene where all were up and stirring. Neither is the word 'every' appropriate, according to the common interpretation of the passage;everyshepherd would not woo on the same spot; but that spot might be particularly favourable for making the tale of his sheep."

Your correspondent J. M. M. adduces an argument in favour of the romanticversusthe pastoral, which seems to me entirely devoid of weight. He thinks that Handel's "'Let no wander' breathes the shepherd's tale of love." Surely there is more imagination than truth in this. There is aseriesof images in the words of that song: it was necessary, unless the music varied unreasonably to suit them all, to choose a pleasing, but not very significant, melody, and, above all, to make the close of it a fit introduction for the "merry bells," and "jocund Rebecs," which burst in immediately after. I confess I find nothing of the amatory style in Handel's setting of the two disputed lines. He chose the Pastorale or 6/8 time, as for "He shall feed his flock," "O lovely Peace," &c. But were it so, I could not admit Handel as an authority, because, as a foreigner, and an inhabitant of towns, he could not possibly be conversant with the rural customs of England.

S. R.

(Vol. vii., p. 483.)

I was much surprised to see in your paper such a lengthened defence of Irish rhymes by a reference to those of English poets, and particularly to Pope. I thought it was well known that he, at last, became sensible of the cloying effect of his never-varying melody, and sought to relieve it by deviationsfrom propriety. This is particularly remarkable in his Homer, where he has numerous Irish rhymes like "peace" and "race:" besides "war" and "car;" "far," "dare;" with many other still more barbarous metres. But all those were by regular design for, if ever poet "lisped in numbers," it was he; and "the numbers came" at his command. He introduced those uncouth rhymes to somewhatroughenhis too long continued melody, just as certain discords are allowed in great musical compositions. It showed good judgment, for they are an agreeable change by variation. Other English poets too have false rhymes; for even Gray, in his celebrated Elegy, has "toil" and "smile;" "abode" and "God."

But, with respect to Irish poets, Swift should not have been mentioned at all because, with perhaps the exception of his "Cadenus and Vanessa," his poetry was of the doggerel kind; and he purposely used Irish rhymes and debased English. Thus, in the "Lady's Dressing-room:"

"Five hours, and who could do it less in?By haughty Celia spent in dressing."

"Five hours, and who could do it less in?

By haughty Celia spent in dressing."

Will any one say it was through ignorance that he did not sound thegin dressing? Pope, in his "Eloisa to Abelard," which is sweetness to excess, concludes with:

"He best can paint 'em who has felt 'em most."

Why this is a downright vulgarism compared to Swift's open and undisguised doggerel:

"Libertas et natale solum:Fine words! I wonder where you stole 'em."

"Libertas et natale solum:

Fine words! I wonder where you stole 'em."

Leaving Swift out of the question, Irish poets are much more careful about their rhymes than the English; because they know that what would be excused or overlooked in them, would be deemed ignorance on their own parts. I venture to assert, that there are more false rhymes in Pope'sIliadalone than in all the poems of Goldsmith and Moore together; though I must again observe that those of Pope were all intentional.

A. B. C.

(Vol. viii., p. 198.)

A. E. B. has not quoted quite correctly. He has put two phrases of mine into Italics, which makes them appear to have special relation to one another, while the word whichIput in Italics, "ninth," he has made to be "9th." Farther, he has left out some words. The latter part should run thus, the words left out being in brackets:

"... though he were born [a minute before midnight] on the 10th, he is of age to execute a settlement at a minute after midnight on the morning of the 9th, forty-eight hours all but two minutes before he has drawn breath for the space of twenty-one years."

Had the quotation been correct, it would have been better seen that I no more make the day of majority begin a minute after midnight, than I make the day of birth end a minute before midnight. A second, or even the tenth of a second, would have done as well.

Theold reckoning, of which I was speaking, was the reckoning which rejects fractions; and the matter in question was theday. For my illustration, any beginning of the day would have done as well as any other; on this I must refer to the paper itself. Nevertheless, I was correct in implying that the day by which age is reckoned begins at midnight and I believe it began at midnight in the time of Ben Jonson. The law recognised two kinds of days;—the natural day of twenty-four hours, the artificial day from sunrise to sunset. The birthday, and with it the day of majority, would needs be the natural day; for otherwise a child not born by daylight would have no birthday at all. I cannot make out that the law ever recognised a day of twenty-four hours beginning at any hour except midnight. For payment of rent, the artificial day was recognised, and the tenant was required to tender at such time before sunset as would leave the landlord time to count the money by daylight; a reasonable provision, when we think upon the vast number of different coins which were legal tender. But even here it seems to have been held that though the landlord might enter at sunset, the forfeiture could not be enforced if the rent were paid before midnight. A legal friend suggested to me that perhaps Ben Jonson had more experience of the terminus of the day as between landlord and tenant, than of that which emancipates a minor. This would not have struck me: but a lawyer views man simply as the agent or patient in distress, ejectment,quo warranto, &c.

A. E. B. twice makes the question refer tousage, whereas I was describinglaw. If I were as well up in the drama as I should like to be, I might perhaps find a modern plot which turns upon a minor coming of age, in which the first day of majority is what is commonly called thebirthday, instead of, as it ought to be, the day before. Writers of fiction have in all times had fictitious law. If we took decisions from the novelists of our own day, we should learn, among other things, that married women can in all circumstances make valid wills, and that the destruction of the parchment and ink which compose the material of a deed is also the destruction of all power to claim under it.

Singularly enough, this is the second case in which my paper on reckoning has been both misquoted and misapprehended in "N. & Q." My knowledge of the existence of this periodical began with a copy of No. 7. (containing p. 107., Vol. i.), forwarded to me by the courtesy of the Editor, onaccount of a Query signed (not A. E. B. but) B., affirming that I had "discovered a flaw in the great Johnson!" Now it happened that the flaw was described, even in B.'s own quotation from me, as "certainly not Johnson's mistake, for he was a clear-headed arithmetician." B. gave me half a year to answer; and then, no answer appearing, privately forwarded the printed Query, with a request to know whether the readers of "N. & Q." were not of a class sufficiently intelligent to appreciate a defence from me. The fact was, that I thought them too intelligent to need it, after the correction (by B. himself, in p. 127.) of the misquotation. It is not in letters as in law, that Judgment must be signed for the plaintiff if the defendant do not appear. There is also an anonymous octavo tract, mostly directed, or at least (so far as I have read) much directed, against the arguments of the same article, and containing, misapprehensions of a similar kind. That my unfortunate article should be so misunderstood in three distinct quarters, is, I am afraid, sufficient presumption against its clearness; and shows me thatobscures fiois, as much as ever, the attendant ofbrevis esse laboro: but I am still fully persuaded of the truth of the conclusions.

A. De Morgan.

(Vol. vii., p. 42. Vol. viii., pp. 104. 184)

The mischief that arises from apparently the most trifling inaccuracy in a statement of fact is scarcely to be estimated. A mistake is repeated, multiplied, and perpetuated often to an extent that no after rectification can thoroughly efface. Blunders even become sacred by antiquity; and the attempt to correct any misstatement, if it does not entirely fail through the subsequent destruction of evidence that would have contained the refutation, is frequently received with a coldness and suspicion, and can seldom, with every aid from undoubted sources, be brought to prevail against the more familiar and preconceived impression. An illustration of this may be seen in the reference made by your correspondent C. V. to the authority of Dugdale, as overriding the result of later investigations relative to the issue respectively of the fifth and seventh Lords Clifford of Westmoreland. The loose and ill-advised assertion of Miss Strickland, intended as it clearly was to insinuate a mean origin in Jane Seymour, and to lessen her pretension to an exalted birth, has fortunately received a most complete and signal disproof; but a question is now raised, which, if it can be supported, will suit Miss Strickland's view quite as well as her own inconclusive statement. I cannot but think that what she wished to say is, as hinted in the suggestion of C. V., that the claim contended for cannot be supported through the alleged marriage of a Wentworth with the descendant of Elizabeth Percy, because Elizabeth, Lady Percy's only daughter, Lady Elizabeth de Percy, who married John, Lord Clifford, is bysomeancient heralds stated to have left no daughter. This would have been an intelligible assertion, and not entirely inconsistent with what may be gathered from peerages, and other works compiled solely upon the authority of Dugdale; and it is indeed the very point of difficulty contemplated by your learned correspondent C.V., who if I do not mistake the signature, is himself an authority entitled to much respect.

Dugdale, Collins, and Nicolas make the intermarriage of Wentworth to have taken place with a daughter of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford; and Dugdale and Collins are silent as to any female issue of John, the seventh Lord. Edmondson (Baronagium Genealogicum, vol. iv. p. 364.) adopts the same conclusion; but no higher authority is cited by any one of the above writers, upon which to found this statement. On the other hand, both Collins and Edmondson, in the Wentworth pedigree, show the marriage of Sir Philip Wentworth, of Nettlested, to have taken place with a daughter of John, seventh Lord Clifford. Edmondson describes the daughter asElizabeth; but Collins more accurately calls herMary. Banks (Baronage, vol. ii. p. 90.) gives both statements with an asterisk, implying a doubt as to which of the two is to be accepted.

The Pembroke MS. contains a summary of the lives of the Veteriponts, Cliffords, and the Earls of Cumberland, compiled from original documents and family records for the celebrated Lady Anne Countess Dowager of Pembroke, daughter and sole heir of George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, who died in 1605. This valuable collection gives the most minute particulars and anecdotes connected with the ancient family of the Lords Clifford and their descendants, and being a few years anterior in date to the publication of Dugdale'sBaronage, the information contained there is entitled to the greatest possible weight as an original and independent authority.

In this MS. (a copy of which is in the British Museum, Harl. 6177.) the descendants of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford, are named, but there is no mention of any daughter who formed an alliance with a Wentworth. Afterwards come the issue of the marriage of John, seventh Lord Clifford, with Elizabeth Percy, the only daughter of Henry Lord Percy, surnamed Hotspur, son to Henry Earl of Northumberland.

"This Elizabeth Percy was one of the greatest women of her time, both for her birth and her marriages, &c. Their eldest son, Thomas de Clifford, succeeded his father both in his lands and honours, &c.Henry, their second son, died without issue, but is mentioned in the articles of his brother's marriage. Mary Clifford, married to Sir Philip Wentworth, Kt., of whom descended the Lords Wentworth that are now living, and the Earl of Straffod, and the Earl of Cleveland."

To which of the above statements must we give credit? If Dugdale be right, there will appear a startling discrepance in the ages of the two persons who are presumed to have formed the alliance in question; whereas if the filiation given in the Pembroke MS. is relied upon, their ages will be quite consistent, and all the other circumstances perfectly in accordance.

Roger, fifth Lord Clifford, was born and baptized at Brougham on the 20th of July, 7 Edw. III., 1333; his eldest son Thomas, sixth lord, was born circa 1363, being twenty-six years old at his father's death, which happened on 13th July, 1389, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. Thomas Lord Clifford died on 4th of October, 1392, leaving his son and heir John (seventh Lord Clifford) an infant of about three years old. This lord married the Lady Elizabeth de Percy circa 1413, and his eldest son was born on 20th of August, 1414: he died on 13th March, 1422.

The wife of Sir Philip Wentworth, were she a daughter of Roger, fifth Lord Clifford, must have been born between 1363 and 1389; if a daughter of John, seventh Lord Clifford, she must have been born between 1414 and 1422.

In my former note, it was shown that the father and mother of Sir Philip Wentworth were married before June, 1423; that Sir Philip was born circa 1424, and married in 1447; and that his eldest son, Henry Wentworth, being thirty years of age at his grandmother's death in 1478, must have been born circa 1448. It is therefore clear, that if his wife, Mary de Clifford, were a daughter of the fifth Lord Clifford, she could not have been less than thirty-five years older than her husband, and sixty years old when her eldest son was born. On the other supposition, she may have been about the same age with her husband, or perhaps two or three years only his senior.

Can there then be any longer a doubt that this is a mistake of Dugdale? The other eminent genealogists, cited by your correspondent, have adopted the statement without farther investigation and upon no better authority, and the error has thus become familiarised by constant repetition. Had the misrepresentation been set right in the first instance, your readers would have been spared the infliction of this lengthy confutation, Miss Strickland herself protected from the humiliation of a defeat, "in daring to dispute a pedigree with King Henry VIII.;" and some of the numerous living descendants of the Protector Somerset been saved from much concern at finding a pedigree demolished, through which they had been wont to cherish the harmless vanity of being allied to the honour of a royal lineage.

W. H.

Three New Processes by Mr. Lyte.—Will you kindly allow me room in your pages for the insertion of the following three processes, which may not, perhaps, be uninteresting to some of your readers? The first is respecting a very excellent combination with which to excite collodion. The second is on the subject of a capital developing agent, and, I believe, a partially new one. The third, a certain improvement in the production of positives on albumen paper.

To make my collodion, I use the Swedish filtering paper, as recommended by the Count de Montizon, Mr. Crookes, &c., not so much on account of its superior properties, as the easier manipulation, and the greater certainty of obtaining a completely soluble substance. Having obtained a clear and tolerably thick collodion, take

Iodide of silver, freshly precipitated from the ammoniated nitrate, as much as the solution thus produced will take up—a small excess, which will settle at the bottom, will not signify. Nearly the same compound, one which is equally good, is produced as follows. Take

Whichever of these two sensitizers is used, take 1½ drachms, and add to every ounce of the collodion.

Collodion thus prepared ismostrapid in its action, giving a deep negative (with Ross's sixteen guinea lens, and the developing agent I shall hereafter describe) in ten seconds in clear weather, and instantaneous positive pictures, which may be afterwards darkened with the solution of terchloride of gold, in chloride of ammonium. It does not easily solarize, and, what is best of all, gives the most pleasing half-tones.

I find it preferable, in taking landscapes, to rather increase the quantity of the iodide of ammonium, in order to give complete opacity to the sky; but if the operator pleases, he may produce the most admirable effect with the above-named proportions, by painting in clouds at the back of the plate with Indian ink: and this latter plan is preferable, as the addition of more of the iodide lowers the half-tones.

If more of the chloride than above specified be added, it will cause the plate to blacken all over during development, before the extreme lights are fully brought up.

My developing agent is made as follows. Take

The latter is not to be the concentrated acid, but merely the commercial strength. These, when mixed, form so powerful a developing agent, that the picture is brought out in its full intensity, almost instantly, while at the same time all the deep shades are quite unaffected, and the half-tones come out with a brilliancy I have never seen before.

Another excellent developing agent is composed as follows. Take

The formic acid is also a most capital addition to the protonitrate of iron, and either this or the former liquid produce most brilliant positives leaving a fine coating of white dead silver. I may also make mention of the improvement I have made in the albumen paper, which consists in the introduction of the chloride of barium into the albumen, in place of chloride of ammonium or chloride of sodium. Take

Whip these up, till they are converted entirely into a white froth; when this has settled into liquid, pour it into a tall jar, and allow the precipitate, which will then separate, to settle completely, and strain the supernatant liquid through fine muslin. The paper, being laid on the surface of this fluid for a space of from five to ten minutes, may be taken off and hung up by a crooked pin to dry, and then ironed. It is to be sensitized with nitrate of silver, 120 grains to the ounce of water. The setting liquid I use is prepared according to the formula given by me in Vol. vii., p. 534. of your journal, except that I prefer to use half to one grain of pyrogallic acid, and 120 grains of chloride of silver. This paper must be soaked for a few minutes or so in rain water, after being printed, before being placed in the hypo.; the presence in the water of any salt seems to destroy the tone of this paper.

Florian, Torquay.

Muller's Processes—Sisson's Developing Solution.—I am glad to find that I have called the attention of your photographic correspondents to Mr. Muller's process, as detailed inThe Athenæumof Nov. 22, 1851, which seems to have been strangely overlooked and neglected. As your correspondents have induced you to reprint the article, perhaps you will also yield to my request, and reprint an article from the same journal of later date (Jan. 10, 1852) containing another process, more economical and more sensitive than the other, invented also by Mr. Muller, and the value of which I have proved. In that, as in the other, there is no developing agent required. To save time I have copied from my note-book the article itself, and append it to this communication.

A photographer of several years' standing informs me that my developing solution produces excellent negatives upon glass, and that he has been trying it as a bath with success. He writes me:—"I use your developing solution for negatives only; and by using a very small opening, say about 3/10ths of an inch diameter, single achromatic lens, I have produced negatives in one minute, which print most beautiful bright positives. The views I have taken and developed with your solution were without sunshine, the sky very cloudy, three o'clock p.m. The collodion was prepared by Messrs. Knight & Son."

Since I received his letter I have tried a negative so developed, with the best success; and I attribute the success to the fact that you may go on developing with that solution any length of time almost, without any fear of spoiling the negative, thus getting thickness of deposit; and that the deposit on pictures taking so long a time to develop has a very perceptible yellow tinge, which, like the gold in Professor Maconochie's method (detailed inPhotographic Journalfor this month), stops the chemical rays.

J. Lawson Sisson.

Edingthorpe Rectory.

"Patna, India, Nov. 9, 1851.

"Plain paper is floated on a bath of acetonitrate of silver, prepared of 25 grs. of nitrate of silver, 1 fluid oz. of water, 60 minims of strong acetic acid. When well moistened on one side, the paper is removed, and lightly dried with blotting-paper; it is then placed with the prepared side downwards on the surface of a bath of hydriodate of iron (8 grs. of the iodide in 1 oz. of silver). It is not allowed to remain on this solution, for if this were the case it would become almost insensitive. The silvered surface must be simply moistened with the hydriodate—the object being to get a minimum quantity of it diffused equally over the silvered surface. The photographer accustomed to delicacy of manipulation will find no difficulty in this. While still wet the paper is placed upon a glass (face downwards), and exposed in thecamera for periods varying from 10 to 60 seconds, according to circumstances. In sunshine, and when the object to be copied is bright, 5 seconds in this climate (India) is sufficient. Excellent portraits are obtained in shade in 30 seconds; 60 seconds is the maximum of exposure. The picture is removed from the camera and allowed to develop itself spontaneously in the dark, then soaked in water, and fixed in the usual manner with the hyposulphite of soda."—Athenæum, Jan. 10, 1852.

Alterius Orbis Papa(Vol. iii., p. 497.)—It was Pope Urban II. who, at the Council of Bari, in Apulia, gave this title to St. Anselm, the cotemporary Archbishop of Canterbury, who was present, and, in a learned and eloquent discourse, confuted the Greeks. See Laud'sWorks(Ang.-Cath. Lib.), vol. ii. p. 190.: note where the authorities William of Malmesbury and John Capgrave are cited.

E. H. A.

"All my eye"(Vol. vii., p. 525.).—Anearlier useof this "cant phrase" than that given byMr. Danielmay be found in Archbishop Bramhall'sAnswer to the Epistle of M. de la Milletière, which answer was first published in 1653:—

"Fifthly, suppose (all this notwithstanding) such a conference should hold, what reason leave you to promise to yourself such success, as to obtain so easy a victory? You have had conferences and conferences again at Poissy and other places, and gained by them just as much as you mightput in your eye and see never the worse."—Bramhall'sWorks, vol. i. pp. 68-9., edit. Ox. 1842.

The Archbishop elsewhere makes use of the same expression. Of its origin I can say nothing nor of "over the left."

R. Blakiston.

"Clamour your tongues," &c.(Vol. viii., p. 169.).—Surely, surely, the "clamewater," in H. C. K.'s extract fromThe Castel of Helthe, and which is set in an antithetical opposition to "aroughwater," is onlycalmewater; by that common metathesis which gives usbriddesfor birds,bruntfor burnt, &c.

H. T. Griffith.

Spiked Maces represented in the Windows of the Abbey Church, Great Malvern.—There is an instrument of this nature described by some of the martyrologists under the name of "Scorpio," and figured by Hieronymus Magius (Jerome Maggi) in his treatiseDe Equuleo. It is there represented as a thick stick, set with iron points, and was used, together with rods, and the plumbetæ or loaded chain scourges, to torment the confessors.

I am inclined to think, however, that the weapons represented in the windows at Great Malvern are intended for morning stars, which were much employed in arming the watch in the cities of northern Europe in the Middle Ages, and at a later period as well. This weapon (a variety of which was called holy-water sprinkle, from the brush-like arrangement of its spikes) had a long shaft like a halbert, and is often introduced in paintings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as borne by the Jewish guard who appear in the various scenes of Our Lord's Passion.

Of course the artists represented their characters as wearing the dress and provided with arms of their own period; as we see the Roman soldiers at the foot of the cross in some German and Dutch pictures, mere portraits of the sworders and swashbucklers of the seventeenth century.

I may mention that a weapon of this coarse description is generally put into the hands of a ruffian, or at least of some very inferior character. InLa Mort D'Artur, Sir Lancelot encounters on a bridge "a passing foul churl," who disputes his passage, and "lashes at him with a great club, full of iron pins."

I remember seeing a barbarous weapon taken from a piratical vessel, which consisted of a massive wooden club, heavily loaded with lead, furnished with a spike at the smaller end, and thickly studded with iron nails, tenter hooks, and the hammers of gun locks. This was something like the old Danish club.

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Oxford.

Ampers and (Ampersand symbol, ornate 'et' styleorAmpersand symbol, the more common '&' style)(Vol. viii., p. 173.).—"N. & Q." has exhibited a forgetfulness, of which he is very seldom guilty. If he and his correspondentMr. Mansfield Inglebywill refer to Vol. ii., p. 230., they will find the same question asked byMr. M. A. Lowerand if they will turn over the leaves to p. 284., they will find an answer by Φ., which he now begs to repeat. The word designated isand-per-se-and. Curiously enough, the first of the above printed symbols seeing to have been formed from Φ.'s explanation, that it was nothing more than a flourishing "et."

Φ.

Its(Vol. viii., p. 12.).—In compliance with the request of your correspondent B. H. C., I have the pleasure to inform him that in Richard BurnfieldsPoems(reprinted by James Boswell for the Roxburgh Club), "The Complaint of Poetrie for the death of Liberalitie," 1598, is one of the pieces, and on the first page of signature C. the worditsoccurs, but as a contraction ofit is:

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