PHOTOGRAPHIC CORRESPONDENCE.

"Hang up all the poorhepdrinkers,Cries Old Sir Sim, the king of skinkers."

"Hang up all the poorhepdrinkers,

Cries Old Sir Sim, the king of skinkers."

the author says that "hepwas a term of derision applied to those who drank a weak infusion of the hep (orhip) berry or sloe: and that the exclamation 'hip, hip, hurrah!' is merely a corruption of 'hip, hip, away!'" But, unfortunately for this theory, the hip is not the sloe, as the annotator seems to suppose; nor is it capable of being used in the preparation of any infusion that could be substituted for wine, or drunk "with all the honours." It is merely the hard and tastelessbuckeyof the wild dog-rose, to the flower of which Chaucer likens the gentle knight Sir Thopas:

"As swete as is the bramble flour,That beareth, the redhepe."

"As swete as is the bramble flour,

That beareth, the redhepe."

This demurrer, therefore, does not affect the validity of the claim which has been set up in favour of an oriental origin for this convivialrefrain.

As tohurrah!if I be correct in my idea of its parentage, there are few words still in use which can boast such a remote and widely extended prevalence. It is one of those interjections in which sound so echoes sense, that men seem to have adopted it almost instinctively. In India and Ceylon, the Mahouts and attendants of the baggage-elephants cheer them on by perpetual repetitions ofur-ré, ur-ré!The Arabs and camel-driversin Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt encourage their animals to speed by shoutingar-ré, ar-ré!The Moors seem to have carried the custom with them into Spain, where the mules and horses are still driven with cries ofarré(whence the muleteers derive their Spanish appellation ofarrieros). In France, the sportsman excites the hound by shouts ofhare, hare!and the waggoner turns his horses by his voice, and the use of the wordhurhaut!In Germany, according to Johnson (in verboHurry), "Hurswas a word used by the old Germans in urging their horses to speed." And to the present day, the herdsmen in Ireland, and parts of Scotland, drive their cattle with shouts ofhurrish, hurrish!In the latter country, in fact, tohurry, or toharry, is the popular term descriptive of the predatory habits of the border reivers in plundering and "driving the cattle" of the lowlanders.

The sound is so expressive of excitement and energy, that it seems to have been adopted in all nations as a stimulant in times of commotion; and eventually as a war-cry by the Russians, the English, and almost every people of Europe. Sir Francis Palgrave, in the passage quoted from hisHistory of Normandy("N. & Q.," Vol. viii., p. 20.), has described the custom of the Normans in raising the country by "the cry ofharo," orharon, upon which all the lieges were bound to join in pursuit of the offender. Thisclameur de haronis the origin of the English "hue and cry;" and the wordhueitself seems to retain some trace of the prevailing pedigree.

This stimulating interjection appears, in fact, to have enriched the French language as well as our own with some of the most expressive etymologies. It is the parent of the obsolete French verbharer, "to hound on, or excite clamour against any one." And it is to be traced in the epithet for a worn-out horse, aharidelle, orharidan.

In like manner, our English expressions, tohurry, toharry, andharassa flying enemy, are all instinct with the same impulse, and all traceable to the same root.

J. Emerson Tennent.

The following extract frown Mr. Thos. Dicey'sHist. of Guernsey(edit. Lond. 1751), pp. 8, 9, 10., may be worth adding to the foregoing notes on this subject:

"One thing more relating toRolloMr. Falle, in his account of Jersey, introduces in the following manner, not only for the singularity of it, but the particular concern which that island has still in it, viz.—"Whether it began through Rollo's own appointment, or took its rise among the people from an awful reverence of him for his justice, it matters not; but so it is, that a custom obtained in his time, that in case of incroachment and invasion of property, or of any other oppression and violence requiring immediate remedy, the party aggrieved need do no more than call upon the name of the Duke, though at never so great a distance, thrice repeating aloudHa-Ro, &c., and instantly the aggressor was at his peril to forbear attempting anything further.—Aa!orHa!is the exclamation of a person suffering;Rois the Duke's name abbreviated; so thatHa-Rois as much as to say,O! Rollo, my Prince, succour me.Accordingly (says Mr. Falle) with us, in Jersey, the cry is,Ha-Ro, à l'aide, mon Prince!And this is that famousClameur de Haro, subsisting in practice even when Rollo was no more, so much praised and commented upon by all who have wrote on the Norman laws. A notable example of its virtue and power was seen about one hundred and seventy years after Rollo's death, at William the Conqueror's funeral, when, in confidence thereof, a private man and a subject dared to oppose the burying of his body, in the following manner:"It seems that, in order to build the great Abbey of St. Stephen at Caen, where he intended to lie after his decease, the Conqueror had caused several houses to be pulled down for enlarging the area, and amongst them one whose owner had received no satisfaction for his loss. The son of that person (others say the person himself) observing the grave to be dug on that very spot of ground which had been the site of his father's house, went boldly into the assembly, and forbid them,not in the name of God, as some have it, butin the name of Rollo, to bury the body there."Paulus Æmylius, who relates the story, says that he addressed himself to the company in these words:—'He who oppressed kingdoms by his arms has been my oppressor also, and has kept me under a continual fear of death. Since I have outlived him who injured me, I mean not to acquit him now he is dead. The ground whereon you are going to lay this man is mine; and I affirm that none may in justice bury their dead in ground which belongs to another. If, after he is gone, force and violence are still used to detain my right from me,I appeal to Rollo, the founder and father of our nation, who, though dead, lives in his laws. I take refuge in those laws, owning no authority above them.'"This uncommonly brave speech, spoken in presence of the deceased king's own son, Prince Henry, afterwards our King Henry I., wrought its effect: theHa-Rowas respected, the man had compensation made him for his wrongs, and, all opposition ceasing, the dead king was laid in his grave."

"Whether it began through Rollo's own appointment, or took its rise among the people from an awful reverence of him for his justice, it matters not; but so it is, that a custom obtained in his time, that in case of incroachment and invasion of property, or of any other oppression and violence requiring immediate remedy, the party aggrieved need do no more than call upon the name of the Duke, though at never so great a distance, thrice repeating aloudHa-Ro, &c., and instantly the aggressor was at his peril to forbear attempting anything further.—Aa!orHa!is the exclamation of a person suffering;Rois the Duke's name abbreviated; so thatHa-Rois as much as to say,O! Rollo, my Prince, succour me.Accordingly (says Mr. Falle) with us, in Jersey, the cry is,Ha-Ro, à l'aide, mon Prince!And this is that famousClameur de Haro, subsisting in practice even when Rollo was no more, so much praised and commented upon by all who have wrote on the Norman laws. A notable example of its virtue and power was seen about one hundred and seventy years after Rollo's death, at William the Conqueror's funeral, when, in confidence thereof, a private man and a subject dared to oppose the burying of his body, in the following manner:

"It seems that, in order to build the great Abbey of St. Stephen at Caen, where he intended to lie after his decease, the Conqueror had caused several houses to be pulled down for enlarging the area, and amongst them one whose owner had received no satisfaction for his loss. The son of that person (others say the person himself) observing the grave to be dug on that very spot of ground which had been the site of his father's house, went boldly into the assembly, and forbid them,not in the name of God, as some have it, butin the name of Rollo, to bury the body there.

"Paulus Æmylius, who relates the story, says that he addressed himself to the company in these words:—'He who oppressed kingdoms by his arms has been my oppressor also, and has kept me under a continual fear of death. Since I have outlived him who injured me, I mean not to acquit him now he is dead. The ground whereon you are going to lay this man is mine; and I affirm that none may in justice bury their dead in ground which belongs to another. If, after he is gone, force and violence are still used to detain my right from me,I appeal to Rollo, the founder and father of our nation, who, though dead, lives in his laws. I take refuge in those laws, owning no authority above them.'

"This uncommonly brave speech, spoken in presence of the deceased king's own son, Prince Henry, afterwards our King Henry I., wrought its effect: theHa-Rowas respected, the man had compensation made him for his wrongs, and, all opposition ceasing, the dead king was laid in his grave."

J. Sansom.

Process for Printing on Albumenized Paper.—The power of obtaining agreeable and well-printed positives from their negatives being the great object with all photographers, induces me to communicate the following mode of preparing albumenized paper; a mode which, although it does not possess any remarkable novelty, seems to me deserving of being made generally known, from its giving a uniformity of results which may at all times be depended upon.

Independently of the very rich and agreeable tones which may be produced by the process which I am about to describe, it has the property of affording permanent pictures, not liable to that change by time to which pictures produced by the use of the ammonio-nitrate solution are certainly liable. I have upon all occasions advocated the economical practice of photography, and the present process will be found of that character; but at the same time I can assure your readers that a rapidity of action and intensity are hereby obtained with a 40-grain solution of nitrate of silver, fully equal to those gained from solutions of 120, or even 200, grains to the ounce, as is frequently practised.

In eight ounces of water (distilled or not) dissolve forty grains of common salt, and the same quantity of muriate of ammonia.[6]Mix this solution with eight ounces of albumen; beat[7]the whole well together, allow it to stand in tall vessel from twenty-four to forty hours, when the clear liquor may be poured off into a porcelain dish rather larger than the paper intended to be albumenized.

Undoubtedly the best paper for this process, and relative quantity of chemicals, is thethinCanson Frères' but a much cheaper, and perhaps equally suitable paper, is that made by Towgood of St. Neots. Neither with Whatman's nor Turner's papers, excellent as they are for some processes, have I obtained such satisfactory results. If the photographer should unfortunately possess some of the thick paper of any inferior makers, he had far better throw it away than waste his chemicals, time, and temper upon the vain endeavour to turn it to any good account.

The paper, having first been marked on the right-hand upper corner of the smooth side, is then to be floated with that marked side on the albumen. This operation, which is very easy to perform, is somewhat difficult to describe. I will however try. Take the marked corner of the sheet in the right-hand, the opposite corner of the lower side of the paper in the left; and bellying out the sheet, let the lower end fall gently on to the albumen. Then gradually let the whole sheet fall, so as to press out before it any adherent particles of air. If this has been carefully done, no air-bubbles will have been formed. The presence of an air-bubble may however soon be detected by the puckered appearance, which the back of the paper assumes in consequence. When this is the case, the paper must be carefully raised, the bubble dispersed, and the paper replaced. A thin paper requires to float for three minutes on the albumen, but a thicker one proportionably longer. At the end of that time raise the marked corner with the point of a blanket pin; then take hold of it with the finger and thumb, and so raise the sheet steadily andvery slowly, that the albumen may drain off at the lower left corner. I urge this raising it very slowly, because air-bubbles are very apt to form on the albumen by the sudden snatching up of the paper.

Each sheet, as it is removed from the albumen, is to be pinned up by the marked corner on a long slip of wood, which must be provided for the purpose. In pinning it up, be careful that the albumenized side takes an inward curl, otherwise, from there being two angles of incidence, streaks will form from the middle of the paper. During the drying, remove from time to time, with a piece of blotting-paper, the drop of fluid which collects at the lower corner of the paper.

In order to fix the albumen, it is necessary that the paper should be ironed with an iron as hot as can be used without singeing the paper. It should be first ironed between blotting-paper, and when the iron begins to cool, it may be applied directly to the surface of each sheet.

To excite this paper it is only needful to float it carefully from three to five minutes, in the same way as it was floated on the albumen, upon a solution of nitrate of silver of forty grains to the ounce. Each sheet is then to be pinned up and dried as before. It is scarcely necessary to add, that this exciting process must be carried on by the light of a lamp or candle.

This paper has the property of keeping good for several days, if kept in a portfolio. It has also the advantage of being very little affected by the ordinary light of a room, so that it may be used and handled in any apartment where the direct light is not shining upon it; yet in a tolerably intense light it prints much more rapidly than that prepared with the ammonio-nitrate.

The picture should be fixed in a bath of saturated solution of hypo. The hypo. never gets discoloured, and should always be carefully preserved. When a new bath is formed, it is well to add forty grains of chloride of silver to every eight ounces of the solution.

A beautiful violet or puce tint, with great whiteness of the high lights, may be obtained by using the following bath as a fixing solution:

It may be as well to add, that although the nitrate of silver solution used for exciting becomesdiscoloured, it acts equally well, even when of a dark brown colour; but it may always be deprived of its colour, and rendered sufficiently pure again, by filtering it through a little animal charcoal.

Hugh W. Diamond.

Footnote 6:(return)The addition of one drachm of acetic acid much facilitates the easy application of the albumen to the paper; but it is apt to produce the unpleasant redness so often noticeable in photographs. The addition of forty grains of chloride of barium to the two muriates, yields a bistre tint, which is admired by some photographers.Footnote 7:(return)Nothing answers so well for this purpose as a small box-wood salad spoon.

Footnote 6:(return)

The addition of one drachm of acetic acid much facilitates the easy application of the albumen to the paper; but it is apt to produce the unpleasant redness so often noticeable in photographs. The addition of forty grains of chloride of barium to the two muriates, yields a bistre tint, which is admired by some photographers.

Footnote 7:(return)

Nothing answers so well for this purpose as a small box-wood salad spoon.

Anderson's Royal Genealogies(Vol. viii, p. 198.).—In reply to your correspondent G., I may be permitted to remark that it is generally understood thatno"memoir or biographical account" is extant of Dr. James Anderson; butshort noticesof him and his works will be found on reference to theGentleman's Magazine, vol. liii. p. 41.; Chalmers'General Biographical Dictionary, 1812; Chambers'Lives of Illustrious Scotsmen, 1833;Biographical Dictionary of the Society of Useful Knowledge, 1843; and also in Rose'sNew Biographical Dictionary, 1848.

T. G. S.

Edinburgh.

Thomas Wright of Durham(Vol. viii., p. 218.).—It may interestMr. De Morganto be referred to a manuscript in the British Museum, marked "Additional, 15,627.," which he will find to be one of the original "note-books," if not the very note-book itself, from which the notice of the life of Thomas Wright was compiled for theGentleman's Magazine. It is, in fact, an autobiography by Wright, written in the form of a journal; and although containing entries as late as the year 1780, it ceases to be continuous with the year 1748, and has no entries at all between that year and 1756. This break in the journal sufficiently accounts for the deficiency in the biography given by theGentleman's Magazine.

I may mention, also, that the Additional MS. 15,628. contains Wright's unpublished collections relative to British, Roman, and Saxon antiquities in England.

E. A. Bond.

Weather Predictions(Vol. viii., p. 218. &c.).—The following is a Worcestershire saying:

"When Bredon Hill puts on his hat,Ye men of the vale, beware of that."

"When Bredon Hill puts on his hat,

Ye men of the vale, beware of that."

Similar to this is a saying I have heard in the northern part of Northumberland:

"When Cheevyut (i. e.the Cheviot Hills) ye see put on his cap,Of rain ye'll have a wee bit drap."

"When Cheevyut (i. e.the Cheviot Hills) ye see put on his cap,

Of rain ye'll have a wee bit drap."

There is a saying very common in many parts of Huntingdonshire, that when the woodpeckers are much heard, rain is sure to follow.

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

Bacon's Essays:Bullaces(Vol. viii., pp. 167. 223.).—"Bullace" (I never heard Bacon's plural used) are known in Kent as small white tartish plums, which do not come to perfection without the help of a frost, and so are eaten when their fellows are no more found. They have only been cultivated of late years, I believe, but how long I cannot tell.

G. William Skyring.

Somerset House.

"Bullaces" are a small white or yellow plum, about the size of a cherry, like very poor kind of greengage, which, in ordinary seasons, when I was a boy, were the common display of the fruit-stalls at the corners of the streets, so common and well known that I can only imagineMr. Halliwellto have misdescribed them by a slip of the pen writing black for white.

Frank Howard.

"Gennitings" are early apples (quasi June-eatings, as "gilliflowers," said to be corrupted from July flowers). For the derivation suggested to me while I write, I cannot answer; but for the fact I can, having, while at school in Needham Market, Suffolk, plucked and eaten many a "striped genniting," while "codlins" were on a tree close by. And many a time have I been rallied as a Cockney for saying I had gathered "enough" instead of "enow," which one of your Suffolk correspondents has justly recorded as the county expression applied to number as distinguished from quantity.

Frank Howard.

Nixon the Prophet(Vol. viii., p. 257.).—Mr. T. Hughesmentions Nixon "to have lived and prophesied in the reign of James I., at whose court, we are farther told, he was, in conformity with his own prediction, starved to death." I have an old and ragged edition, entitledThe Life and Prophecies of the celebrated Robert Nixon, the Cheshire Prophet. The "life" professes to be prepared from materials collected in the neighbourhood of Vale Royal, on a farm near which, and rented by his father, Nixon was born—

"on Whitsunday, and was christened by the name of Robert in the year 1467, about the seventh year of Edward IV."

Among various matters it is mentioned,—

"What rendered Nixon the most noticed was, that the time when the battle of Bosworth Field was fought between King Richard III. and King Henry VII., he stopped his team on a sudden, and with his whip pointing from one land to the other, cried 'Now Richard! now Henry!' several times, till at last he said, 'Now Harry, get over that ditch and you gain the day!'"

This the plough-holder related; it afterwards proved to be true, and in consequence Robert was required to attend Henry VII.'s court, where he was "starved to death," owing to having been locked in a room and forgotten. The Bosworth Field prophecy, which has often been repeated,carries the time of Nixon's existence much before the period named byT. Hughes, namely, James I.'s reign.

A Hermit at Hampstead.

Parochial Libraries(Vol. viii., p. 62.).—There is an extensive, and rather valuable, library attached to St. Mary's Church, Bridgenorth, presented to and for the use of the parishioners, by Dean Stackhouse in 1750. It comprises some eight hundred volumes, chiefly divinity. There are two or three fine MSS. in the collection, one especially worthy of notice. A splendidly illuminated Latin MS., dated about 1460, engrossed upon vellum, and extending to three hundred leaves (C. 62. in the Catalogue). I noticed many fragments of early MSS. bound up with Hebrew and Latin editions of the Bible; and a portion of a remarkably fine missal, forming the dexter cover of a copy of Laertiusde Vita Philosophica(4to. 1524). Surely a society may be formed, having for its object the rescuing, transcribing, and printing of those scarcely noticed fragments.Mr. Hales'plan appears perfectly feasible. I am convinced much interesting matter would be brought to light, if a little interest was excited on the subject.

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

Over the porch of Nantwich Church is a small room, once the repository of the ecclesiastical records; but latterly (in consequence of the sacrilegious abstraction of those documents by an unknown hand) used for a library of theological works, placed there for the special behoof of the neighbouring clergy. The collection is but a small one; and is, I fear, not often troubled by those for whose use it was designed.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

"Ampers and," &c.(Vol. viii., p. 173.).—Mr. C. Mansfield Inglebyhaving revived this Query without apparently being aware of the previous discussion and ofMr. Nicholl'ssolution, "andper seand," may I be permitted to enter a protest against the latter mixture of English and Latin, though fully concurring in the statement ofMr. Nicholl, that it is a rapidly formedet(&). To the variety of pronunciations already appearing in "N. & Q.," let me add what I believe will be found to be the most general,empesand, which I believe to be a corruption fromemm, ess, and(MS. and) by the introduction of alabial, as in many other instances. But has any one ever seen itspelttill the Query appeared in "N. & Q.," and where?

Frank Howard.

The Arms of De Sissonne(Vol. viii., p. 243.).—There is a copy ofHistoire Généalogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France, par le Père Anselme, nine vols. folio, Paris, 1726-33, in the library of Sir R. Taylor's Institution, Oxford. The arms of the Seigneurs de Sissonne are notblazonedin it. It is stated by Anselme, that

"Louis, Bâtard de Sarrebruche-Roucy, fils naturel de Jean de Sarrebruche, Comte de Roucy, fut Seigneur de Sissonne, servit sous Jean d'Humières, et est nommé dans plusieurs actes des années 1510, 1515, 1517, et 1518. Il fit un accord devant le prevôt de Paris avec Robert de Sarrebruche, Comte de Roucy, le 28 Mars, 1498, touchant la terre et châtellenie de Sissonne."—Tome viii. p. 537.

The arms of the "Comte de Sarrebruche, Sire de Commercy en Lorraine, Conseiller et Chambellan du Roi, Bouteiller de France," &c., are represented—

"D'azur semé de croix recroisetées au pied fiché d'or, au lion d'argent couronné d'or sur le tout."

The following are also extracts from theHistoire Généalogique:

"Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, élection de Laon, portoit d'or au lion d'azur."..."Le Nobiliaire de Picardie, in 4º. p. 46., donne à Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, deux neveux, Charles et Louis de Roucy, Seigneurs d'Origny et de Ste Preuve."—Tome viii. p. 538.

"Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, élection de Laon, portoit d'or au lion d'azur."...

"Le Nobiliaire de Picardie, in 4º. p. 46., donne à Louis de Roucy, Comte de Sissonne, deux neveux, Charles et Louis de Roucy, Seigneurs d'Origny et de Ste Preuve."—Tome viii. p. 538.

J. Macray.

St. Patrick's Purgatory(Vol. vii., p. 552.).—Some degree of doubt appearing to exist, by the statement in p. 178. of the present volume, as to the position of therealSt. Patrick's Purgatory, I send the following from Camden:

"TheLiffey," says he, "near unto his spring head, enlarges his stream and spreads abroad into alake, wherein appears above the water an island, and in it, hard by a little monastery, a very narrow vault within the ground, much spoken of by reason of its religious horrors. Which cave some say was dug by Ulysses when he went down to parley with those in hell."The inhabitants," he continues, "term it in these daysEllan n' Frugadory, that is,The Isle of Purgatory, orSt. Patrick's Purgatory. For some persons devoutly credulous affirm that St. Patrick, the Irishmen's apostle, or else some abbot of the same name, obtained by most earnest prayer at the hands of God, that the punishments and torments which the wicked are to suffer after this life, mightherebe presented to the eye; that so he might the more easily root out the sins and heathenish errors which stuck so fast to his countrymen theIrish."

"The inhabitants," he continues, "term it in these daysEllan n' Frugadory, that is,The Isle of Purgatory, orSt. Patrick's Purgatory. For some persons devoutly credulous affirm that St. Patrick, the Irishmen's apostle, or else some abbot of the same name, obtained by most earnest prayer at the hands of God, that the punishments and torments which the wicked are to suffer after this life, mightherebe presented to the eye; that so he might the more easily root out the sins and heathenish errors which stuck so fast to his countrymen theIrish."

G. W.

Stansted, Montfichet.

Sir George Carr(Vol. vii., pp. 512. 558.).—SinceW. St.andGulielmusreplied to my Query, I have discovered more particular information regarding him. In a MS. in Trinity College, Dublin, I find the following:

"Sir George Carr of Southerhall, Yorkshire, married, on Jan. 15, 1637, Grissell, daughter of Sir Robert Meredith, Chancellor of the Exchequer in Ireland; their son, William Carr, born Jan. 11, 1639, marriedon August 29, 1665, Elizabeth, daughter of Francis (Edward) Synge, Bishop of Cork. There were two children of this marriage: Edward, born Oct. 7, 1671 (who died unmarried); and Barbara, born May 12, 1672; she married John Cliffe, Esq., of Mulrankin, co. Wexford, and had several children, of whom the eldest, John, was grandfather of the present Anthony Cliffe of Bellevue, co. Wexford, Esq."

Edward Synge was Bishop of Cork from Dec. 1663 to his death in 1678.

Sir George Carr appears to be the son of William Carr, the eldest son of James Carr of Yorkshire: see Harl. MS. 1487, 451.

Sir Robert Meredith, father of Lady Carr, married Anne, daughter of Sir William Upton, Clerk of the Council in Ireland.

Could any of your correspondents give any account of the family of either of them?

Y. S. M.

Gravestone Inscription(Vol. viii., p. 268.).—The gravestone inscription communicated byJulia R. Bockettconsists of the last four lines of the ballad of "Death and the Lady" (see Dixon'sBallads, by the Percy Society). They should be:

"The grave's the market-place where all men meet,Both rich and poor, as well as small and great:If life were merchandise that gold could buy,The rich would live, the poor alone would die."

"The grave's the market-place where all men meet,

Both rich and poor, as well as small and great:

If life were merchandise that gold could buy,

The rich would live, the poor alone would die."

In the introduction to Smith's edition of Holbein'sDance of Death, the editor says:

"The concluding lines have been converted into an epitaph,to be found in most of our village churchyards."

Of the truth of which assertion the churchyard of Milton-next-Gravesend, in Kent, furnishes an illustration, as I copied the lines from a stone there some years ago. Being generally, I imagine, quoted from memory, they do not appear to be exactly similar in any two instances.

S. Singleton.

Greenwich.

"A Tub to the Whale" (Vol. viii., pp. 220. 304.).—I observe that a Querist,Pimlico, asks the origin of the phrase to "throw a tub to the whale." I think an explanation of this will be found in the introduction to Swift'sTale of the Tub. I cannot lay my hand on the passage, but it is to the effect that sailors engaged in the Greenland fisheries make it a practice to throw over-board atubto a wounded whale, to divert his attention from the boat which contains his assailants.

J. Emerson Tennent.

Hour-glasses in Pulpits(Vol. vii., p. 489.; Vol. viii., pp. 82. 209.).—Whilst turning over the pages of Macaulay'sHistory, I accidentally stumbled upon the following passage, which forms an interesting addition to the Notes already collected in your pages. Speaking of Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, he says:

"He was often interrupted by the deep hum of his audience; and when, after preaching out the hour-glass, which in those days was part of the furniture of the pulpit, he held it in his hand, the congregation clamorously encouraged him to go on till the sand had run off once more."—Macaulay'sHistory, vol. ii. p. 177. edit. 8., with a reference in a foot-note to Speaker Onslow's Note onBurnet, i. 596.; Johnson'sLife of Sprat.

The hour-glass stand at St. Alban's, Wood Street, appears to be a remarkable example: see Sperling'sChurch Walks in Middlesex, p. 155., and Allen'sLambeth. And in the report of the meeting of the Archæological Association at Rochester, in theIllustrated London Newsof the 6th August, 1853, it is noted that in the church at Cliff, "the pulpit has an hour-glass stand dated 1636:" the date gives an additional interest to this example.

W. Sparrow Simpson.

Slow-worm Superstition(Vol. viii., p. 33.).—The slow-worm superstition, about whichTowerinquires, and to whom I believe no answer has been returned, is quite common in the North of England. One of the many uses of "N. & Q." is the abundant proof that supposed localisms are in fact common to all England. I learn from the same Number, p. 44., that in Devonshire a slater is called ahellier.To hill, that is to cover, "hill me up,"i. e.cover me up, is as common in Lancashire as in Wicliff's Bible. We have not, however,hellierorhillierfor one whose business it is to cover in a house.

P. P.

Sincere(Vol. viii., p. 195.).—I should be glad ifMr. Inglebywould point out any authority for the practice of the Roman potters to which he refers. The only passage I can call to mind as countenancing his derivation is Hor.Ep.i. 2. 54.:

"Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcumque infundis, acescit."

in which there is no reason whysincerumshould not be simplysine cera,sine fuco, i. e. pure as honey, free or freed from the wax, thence anything pure. This derivation is supported also by Donatus, ad Ter.Eun.i. 2. 97., and Noltenius,Lex. Antibar. Cicero also, who chose his expressions with great accuracy, employssincerusas directly opposed tofucatusin hisDialogus de Amicit.25.:

"Secernere omnis fucata et simulata a sinceris atque veris."

In the absence of positive proof on the side, I am inclined to thinkMr. Trenchright.

H. B.

Books chained to Desks in Churches—Seven Candlesticks(Vol. viii., pp. 94. 206.).—In Mr. Sperling'sChurch Walks in Middlesex, it is notedin the account of the church at Whitchurch (aliasLittle Stanmore), that—

"Many of the prayer books, given by the duke [of Chandos], still remain chained to the pues for the use of the poorer parishioners."—P. 104.

At p. 138. a curious ornament of some of the London churches is referred to:

"We find several altar-pieces in which seven wooden candlesticks, with wooden candles, are introduced, viz. St. Mary-at-Hill; St. Ethelburgs, Bishopsgate; Hammersmith, &c.: these are merely typical of the seven golden candlesticks of the Apocalypse."—Rev. i. 20.

This portion of ecclesiastical furniture appears to me sufficiently unusual to be worth noting in your pages: is it to be found elsewhere than in churches in and near London? If not, a list of these churches in which it is now to be seen would be acceptable to ecclesiologists.

W. Sparrow Simpson.

Oxford.

D. Ferrand; French Patois(Vol. viii., p. 243.).—The full title of Ferrand's work, referred to by your correspondentMr. B. Snowof Birmingham, is as follows:

"Inventaire Général de la Muse Normande, divisée enXXVIIIparties où sont descrites plusieurs batailles, assauts, prises de villes, guerres etrangères, victoires de la France, histoires comiques, Esmotions populaires, grabuges et choses remarquables arrivées à Rouen depuis quarante années, in 8o. et se vendent à Rouen, chez l'arthevr, rue du Bac, à l'Enseigne de l'imprimerie,M.DC.LV., pages 484."

There is also another publication by Ferrand with the title of—

"Les Adieux de la Muse Normande aux Palinots, et quelques autres pièces, pages 28."

The author was a printer at Rouen, and the patois in which his productions are written is the Norman. TheBiographie Universellesays they are the best known of all that are composed in that dialect.

J. Macray.

Wood of the Cross(Vol. vii., pp. 177. 334. 437. 488.).—Is it an old belief that the cross was composed of four different kinds of wood? Boys, in a note on Ephesians iii. 18. (Works, p. 495.), says, "Other have discoursed of the foure woods, and dimensions in the materiall crosse of Christ, more subtilly than soundly," and refers in the margin to Anselm and Aquinas, but without giving the reference to the exact passages. Can any of your readers supply this deficiency?

R. J. Allen.

Ladies' Arms in a Lozenge(Vol. viii., pp. 37. 83.).—Broctunahas a theory that ladies bear their arms in a lozenge, because hatchments are of that shape; and it is probably that widows in old time "would vie with each other in these displays of the insignia of mourning." It has, however, escaped his memory, that maids with living fathers also use the lozenge, and that in a man's hatchment it is theframeonly, and not the shield at all, which has the lozenge shape. The man's arms in the hatchment not being on a lozenge, it is scarcely possible his widow could thence have adopted it. He suggests that the shape was adopted for hatchments as being the most convenient for admitting the arms of the sixteen ancestors.

I wish to insert a Query, as to whether the sixteen quartersever weremade use of this way in English heraldry? Perhaps your readers will be willing to allow that the lozenge is surely a fitting emblem for thesweetersex; but is not the routine reason the true one after all? The lozenge has a supposed resemblance to the distaff, the emblem of the woman. We have spinster from the same idea; and, though I cannot now turn to the passage, I am sure I have seen the Salic law described as forbidding "the holder of the distaff to grasp the sceptre."

P. P.

Burial in unconsecrated Ground(Vol. vi., p. 448.; Vol. viii., p. 43.).—The late elegant and accomplished Sir W. Temple, though he laid not his whole body in his garden, deposited the better part of it (his heart) there; "and if my executors will gratify me in what I have desired, I wish my corpse may be interred as I have bespoke them; not at all out of singularity, or for want of a dormitory (of which there is an ample one annexed to the parish church), but for other reasons not necessary here to trouble the reader with, what I have said in general being sufficient. However, let them order as they think fit, so it be notin the church or chancel." (Evelyn'sSylva, book iv.)

"In the north aisle of the chancel [of Wotton Church] is the burying-place of the Evelyns (within which is lately made, under a decent arched chapel, a vault). In the chancel on the north side is a tomb, about three feet high, of freestone, shaped like a coffin; on the top, on white marble, is this inscription:'Here lies the BodyofJohn Evelyn, Esq.'"[8]

'Here lies the BodyofJohn Evelyn, Esq.'"[8]

This inscription commemorates the author ofSylva, and evinces how unobsequiously obsequies are sometimes solemnised.

Evelyn mentions SumnerOn Garden Burial, probably "not circulated."

Bibliothecar. Chetham.

Footnote 8:(return)Aubrey'sNatural History and Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iv.

Footnote 8:(return)

Aubrey'sNatural History and Antiquities of Surrey, vol. iv.

Table-turning(Vol. viii., p. 57.).—Without going the length of asserting, with La Bruyère, that "tout est dit," or believing, with Dutens, that there is no modern discovery that was not known, in some shape or other, to the ancients, it seemsnot unreasonable to suppose that table-turning, the principle of which lies so near the surface of social life, was practised in former ages.

This reminds one of the expression, so familiar among controversialists, of "turning the tables" upon an adversary. What is the origin of the latter phrase? It is time some explanation of it were offered, if only to caution the etymologists of a future age against confounding it with our "table-turning."

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

"Well's a fret"(Vol. viii., p. 197.).—I beg leave to suggest toDevoniensisthe following as a probable explanation of the use of this phrase; the rhyme that follows being superadded, for the sake of the jingle and the truism, in the best style of rustic humour.

Well! is often used in conversation as an expletive, even by educated people, a slight pause ensuing after the ejaculation, as if to collect the thoughts before the reply is given. Is it not therefore called afret, or stop, in the Devon vernacular, figuratively, like the fret or stop in a musical instrument, the cross bars or protuberance in a stringed, and a peg in a wind instrument?

Hamlet says, in taunting Rosencrantz for his treasonable attempts to worm himself into his confidence,—

"Call me what instrument you will; though you canfretme, you cannot play upon me."

Taken in this other sense in which we use the wordfret, is it not probable that it has passed into a proverb; and that the lines, as given byDevoniensis, are a corruption of

"Well! don't fret;He who dies for love will never be hang'd for debt."

"Well! don't fret;

He who dies for love will never be hang'd for debt."

—the invention of some Damon to comfort Strephon in his loneliness.

M. (2)

Tenet for Tenent(Vol. viii., p. 258.).—The note of your correspondentBalliolensisdoes not address itself to the Query put by Y. B. N. J. in Vol. vii., p. 205., When did the use oftenentgive way totenet?

You will find that Burton, in theAnatomy of Melancholy, which was published in 1621, uses uniformlytenent(vide vol. i. pp. 1. 317. 408. 430. 446. &c.)

But Sir Thomas Browne in 1646, twenty-four years later, printed the first edition of hisVulgar Errorsunder the title ofPseudodoxia epidemica, or Enquiries into very many received Tenets and commonly presumed Truths.

I cannot find that Burton in any passage respects the grammatical distinction suggested by both your correspondents, thattenetshould denote the opinion of an individual, andtenentthose of a sect. He applies the latter indifferently, both as regards the plural and singular. Thus, "Aponensis thinks it proceeds," but "Laurentius condemnshis tenent" (part i. sect. iii. mem. 3.). And again, "they are furious, impatient in discourse, stiff and irrefragable intheir tenents" (ib. p. i. s. iv. mem. 1. sub. 3.).

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PIPER, BROTHERS, & CO., 23. Paternoster Row.

Price 1s.6d., in cloth,

PHOTOGRAPHY: the Collodion, Calotype, and Daguerreotype Processes, with Practical Details for the Production of good Pictures upon Prepared Surfaces of Paper, Glass, and Metal; also simple Rules for taking Stereoscopic Pictures. By J. HOGG.

"We heartily recommend this book to the attention of the scientific and admirers of the art."—Dispatch.

CLARK, 17. Warwick Lane. BAKER, 244. Holborn.

W. H. HART, RECORD AGENT and LEGAL ANTIQUARIAN (who is in the possession of Indices to many of the early Public Records whereby his Inquiries are greatly facilitated) begs to inform Authors and Gentlemen engaged in Antiquarian or Literary Pursuits, that he is prepared to undertake searches among the Public Records, MSS. in the British Museum, Ancient Wills, or other Depositories of a similar Nature, in any Branch of Literature, History, Topography, Genealogy or the like, and in which he has had considerable experience.

1. ALBERT TERRACE, NEW CROSS. HATCHAM, SURREY.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads; also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

Printed byThomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published byGeorge Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, October 1. 1853.

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