Minor Queries with Answers.

"The burnt child dreads the fire; if this be true,Who first invented tongs its fury knew."

"The burnt child dreads the fire; if this be true,

Who first invented tongs its fury knew."

Query, When were fire-irons first used?

Aliquis.

General Wolfe at Nantwich.—I observe in the pamphlet entitledHistorical Facts connected with Nantwich and its Neighbourhood, lately referred to in "N. & Q.," it is stated that according to local tradition General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec, may in his boyhood have lived in the Yew Tree House, near Stoke Hall. Now as this brave warrior was a native of Kent, it is scarcely probable he would have been a visitor at the house alluded to, unless he had relatives who resided there. Is he known to have had any family connexion in that quarter, since the fact of his having had such, if established, would tend to confirm the traditionary statement respecting his domicile at the Yew Tree House?

T. P. L.

Manchester.

"Corporations have no Souls," &c.—It was once remarked that public corporations, companies, &c. do harsh things compared with what individuals can venture to do, the fact being that they have neither noses to be pulled nor souls to be saved; you have no hold upon them either in this world or the next.

Leeming Family.—A member of the Society of Friends, named Thomas Leeming, lived at or near Wighton in the Wolds, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, between the years 1660 and 1670. What were the dates of his birth and death? what were the names of his parents, his brothers, and his children? did any of them leave their native country? and how would a letter from the inquirer reach a descendant of the family, who could furnish farther information on the subject? An answer to the whole or part of the above Queries will much oblige the undersigned.

MS. Poems and Songs.—In the third volume ofMr. Payne Collier'sinvaluableHistory Of English Dramatic Poetry, p. 275., it is stated,—

"Mr. Thorpe, of Bedford Street, is in possession of a MS. full of songs and poems, in the handwriting of a person of the name of Richard Jackson, all copied prior to the year 1631, and including many unpublished pieces by a variety of celebrated poets."

Can any of the contributors to "N. & Q." oblige P. C. S. S. by informing him where this MS. now exists, and whether the whole, or any portion of it, has been published?

P. C. S. S.

Bishop Watson.—In a lecture delivered by this bishop at Cambridge, he gave the following quotation:

"Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, ea demum maxima pars eruditionis est."

Will any of your readers inform me whence the passage is taken?

Herbert's "Memoirs of the Last Years of Charles I."—Can any of your correspondents inform me under what title and at what date Sir Thomas Herbert'sNarrative of the Last Years of Charles I.was published? I have at present in my possession what appears to be the original MS., and am desirous of comparing it with the printed copy. The MS. bears the title ofCarolina Threnodia: a Plain and very Particular Narrative of what happened in the Last Years of King Charles the First, by Sir Thomas Herbert, an eye and ear witness. Its opening pages contain a reference to other letters on the same subject of an earlier date (May 1 and 13, 1678). Were these letters ever published, under what title, and when?

J. B.

Prestwich.

[This work has already been incidentally noticed in our Second Volume, pp. 140. 220. and 476.; and in Vol. iii., p. 157. Two editions of Herbert's Memoirs have been published; the first in 1702, and the second in 1813. The edition of 1702 is the best, as it contains an "Advertisement to the Reader," and several documents omitted in the edition published by G. and W. Nicol of Pall Mall in 1813. The following is the title to it:—"Memoirs of the Two last Years of the Reign of that unparallel'd Prince, of ever-blessed Memory, King Charles I. By Sir Tho. Herbert, Major Huntington,Col. Edw. Coke, and Mr. Hen. Firebrace. With the Character of that Blessed Martyr, by the Reverend Mr. John Diodati, Mr. Alexander Henderson, and the Author of thePrincely Pelican. To which is added, the Death-Bed Repentance of Mr. Lenthal, Speaker of the Long Parliament; extracted out of a Letter written from Oxford, Sept. 1662. London: printed for Robert Clavell, at the Peacock, at the West-end of St. Paul's, 1702,"The "Advertisement to the Reader" states that, "there having been of late years several Memoirs printed and published relating to the life and actions of the Royal Martyr, King Charles I., of ever-blessed memory, it was judged a proper and seasonable time to publish Sir Thomas Herbert'sCarolina Threnodia, under the title of hisMemoirs, there being contained in this book the most material passages of the two last years of the life of that excellent and unparallel'd prince, which were carefully observ'd and related by the author in a large answer of a letter wrote to him by Sir William Dugdale. In the same book is printed Major Huntington's relation made to Sir William of sundry particulars relating to the King; as also Colonel Edw. Coke's and Mr. Henry Firebrace's narratives of several memorable passages observed by them during their attendance on him at Newport, in the Isle of Wight, anno '48. All these were copied from a MS. of the Right Reverend the Bishop of Ely, lately deceased; and, as I am credibly informed, a copy of the several originals is now to be seen amongst the Dugdale MSS. in Oxford library. To these Memoirs are added two or three small tracts, which give some account of the affairs of those times, of the character of K. Charles I., and of his just claim and title to hisDivine Meditations. These having been printed anno 1646, 48, 49, and very scarce and difficult to procure, were thought fit to be reprinted for publick service. As to the letter which gives an account of Mr. Lenthal's carriage and behaviour on his death-bed, it was printed anno 1662, and the truth of it attested by the learned Dr. Dickenson, now living in St. Martin's Lane.... This I thought fit to advertise the reader of, by way of introduction, that he might be satisfied of the genuineness of the respective pieces, and thereby be encouraged to peruse them with confidence and assurance."]

"Memoirs of the Two last Years of the Reign of that unparallel'd Prince, of ever-blessed Memory, King Charles I. By Sir Tho. Herbert, Major Huntington,Col. Edw. Coke, and Mr. Hen. Firebrace. With the Character of that Blessed Martyr, by the Reverend Mr. John Diodati, Mr. Alexander Henderson, and the Author of thePrincely Pelican. To which is added, the Death-Bed Repentance of Mr. Lenthal, Speaker of the Long Parliament; extracted out of a Letter written from Oxford, Sept. 1662. London: printed for Robert Clavell, at the Peacock, at the West-end of St. Paul's, 1702,"

The "Advertisement to the Reader" states that, "there having been of late years several Memoirs printed and published relating to the life and actions of the Royal Martyr, King Charles I., of ever-blessed memory, it was judged a proper and seasonable time to publish Sir Thomas Herbert'sCarolina Threnodia, under the title of hisMemoirs, there being contained in this book the most material passages of the two last years of the life of that excellent and unparallel'd prince, which were carefully observ'd and related by the author in a large answer of a letter wrote to him by Sir William Dugdale. In the same book is printed Major Huntington's relation made to Sir William of sundry particulars relating to the King; as also Colonel Edw. Coke's and Mr. Henry Firebrace's narratives of several memorable passages observed by them during their attendance on him at Newport, in the Isle of Wight, anno '48. All these were copied from a MS. of the Right Reverend the Bishop of Ely, lately deceased; and, as I am credibly informed, a copy of the several originals is now to be seen amongst the Dugdale MSS. in Oxford library. To these Memoirs are added two or three small tracts, which give some account of the affairs of those times, of the character of K. Charles I., and of his just claim and title to hisDivine Meditations. These having been printed anno 1646, 48, 49, and very scarce and difficult to procure, were thought fit to be reprinted for publick service. As to the letter which gives an account of Mr. Lenthal's carriage and behaviour on his death-bed, it was printed anno 1662, and the truth of it attested by the learned Dr. Dickenson, now living in St. Martin's Lane.... This I thought fit to advertise the reader of, by way of introduction, that he might be satisfied of the genuineness of the respective pieces, and thereby be encouraged to peruse them with confidence and assurance."]

"Liturgy of the Ancients."—Who was the author of a thin 4to. book entitledThe Liturgy of the Ancients represented, as near as may be, in English Forms, &c., "London, printed for the Authour, 1696." He added to it "A Proposal of a compleat work of Charity."

T. G. Lomax.

Lichfield.

[Edward Stephens is the author of this Liturgy, who describes himself as "late of Cherington, co. Gloucester, sometime barrister-at-law of the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple, and since engaged, by a very special Divine Providence, in the most sacred employment." He farther informs us, that "when it pleased God to discharge him from the civil service, his first business in public was a gentle and tacit admonition of the neglect of the most solemn and peculiar Christian worship of God in this nation; accompanied by such public acts in the very heart of the chief city, as made it a most remarkable witness and testimony against them who would not receive it, but rejected the counsel and favour of God towards them." Stephens's Liturgy has been republished by the Rev. Peter Hall, in hisFragmenta Liturgica, vol. ii., who thus notices the author:—"Stephens was the leader of a class by no means contemptible, though himself as odd a mixture of gravity and scurrility, learning and trifling, pietism that could stoop to anything, and liberalism that stuck at nothing, as English theology affords." Some account of Edward Stephens will be found in Leslie'sLetter concerning the New Separation, 1719; and inAn Answer to a Letter from the Rev. C. Leslie, concerning what he calls the New Separation, 1719. Stephens advocated the practice of daily communion.]

"Ancient hallowed Dee."—What is the historical, traditional, or legendary allusion in this epithet, bestowed by Milton on the river Dee?

J. W. T.

Dewsbury.

[Dee's divinity was Druidical. From the same superstition, some rivers in Wales are still held to have the gift or virtue of prophecy. Giraldus Cambrensis, who wrote in 1188, is the first who mentions Dee's sanctity from the popular traditions. In Spenser, this river is the haunt of magicians:"Dee, which Britons long ygoneDid callDIVINE."And Browne, in hisBritannia's Pastorals, book ii. § 5., says,"Never more letHOLYDee,Ore other rivers brave," &c.Much superstition was founded on the circumstance of its being the ancient boundary between England and Wales; and Drayton, in his tenth Song, having recited this part of its history, adds, that by changing its fords it foretold good or evil, war or peace, dearth or plenty, to either country. He then introduces the Dee, over which King Edgar had been rowed by eight kings, relating to the story of Brutus. See more on this subject in Warton's note to line 55. in Milton'sLycidas:"Now yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream."

"Dee, which Britons long ygoneDid callDIVINE."

"Dee, which Britons long ygone

Did callDIVINE."

And Browne, in hisBritannia's Pastorals, book ii. § 5., says,

"Never more letHOLYDee,Ore other rivers brave," &c.

"Never more letHOLYDee,

Ore other rivers brave," &c.

Much superstition was founded on the circumstance of its being the ancient boundary between England and Wales; and Drayton, in his tenth Song, having recited this part of its history, adds, that by changing its fords it foretold good or evil, war or peace, dearth or plenty, to either country. He then introduces the Dee, over which King Edgar had been rowed by eight kings, relating to the story of Brutus. See more on this subject in Warton's note to line 55. in Milton'sLycidas:

"Now yet where Deva spreads her wizard stream."

Who was True Blue?—In the churchyard of Little Brickhill, Bucks, is a table monument bearing the following inscriptions:

"Here lieth yebody ofTrue Blue, who departed this life January ye17th, 1724-5, aged 57. Also yebody of Eleanor, yewife ofTrue Blue, who departed this life January 21st, 1722-3, ageed (sic) 59."

Who was "True Blue?" If it were not for his wife Eleanor, one would take him to be some kin to "Eclipse" or "Highflyer." Lysons makes no mention of such a person; nor, I am assured by a friend who has made the search for me, does Lipscomb; although another friend referred me there under the conviction that he was not only named, but that his history was given. The kindof tombstone is sufficient to show that he was a person of some property, and yet he has not only no "Esq." affixed to his name, but it is without the prefix "Mr." One can scarcely doubt that the name is not a real one. Browns, Blacks, Whites, and Greens there are in abundance, but nobody ever heard of a "Blue;" nor, so far as I know, did anybody ever christen his child "True." Yet what could have been the incidents of a life that required the fiction to be carried even to the grave?

G. J. De Wilde.

[The foregoing monumental inscription is given in Lipscomb'sBucks, vol. iv. p. 76., to which is subjoined the following note:—"The singularity of this name has occasioned much curiosity; but no information can be obtained besides that ofTrue Bluehaving been a stranger, who settled here, and acquired some property, which after his decease was disposed of. It has been conjectured that he lived here under a feigned name. One Hercules True, about 1645, kept a house at Windsor, to which deer-stealers were accustomed to resort; and he uttered violent threats against a person, whose son, having been killed in attempting to resist the deer-stealers in the Great Park, Thomas Shemonds prosecuted the murderers, and True declared he would knock his brains out, and is believed to have afterwards absconded."]

Charge of Plagiarism against Paley.—Has any reply been made to the accusation against Paley, brought forward some years ago inThe Athenæum? It was stated (and apparently proved) that hisNatural Theologywas merely a translation of a Dutch work, the name of whose author has escaped my recollection. I suppose the archdeacon would have defended this shameful plagiarism on his favourite principle of expediency. It seems to me, however, that it is high time that either the accusation be refuted, or the culprit consigned to that contempt as a man which he deserved as a moralist.

Fiat Justitia.

[We have frequently had to complain of the loose manner in which Queries are sometimes submitted to our readers for solution. Here is a specimen. The communication above involves two other Queries, which should have been settled before it had been forwarded to us, namely, 1. In what volume of theAthenæumis the accusation against Paley made? and, 2. What is the title of the Dutch work supposed to be pirated? After pulling down six volumes of theAthenæum, we discovered that the charge against Paley appeared at p. 803. of the one for the year 1848, and that the work said to be pirated was written by Dr. Bernard Nieuwentyt of Holland, and published at Amsterdam about the year 1700. It was translated into English, under the title ofThe Religious Philosopher, 3 vols. 8vo., 1718-19. The charge against Paley has been ably and satisfactorily discussed in the same volume of theAthenæum(see pp. 907. 933.), and at the present time we have neither "ample room nor verge enough" to re-open the discussion in our pages.]

Weber's"Cecilia."—Can you inform me whether a work by Gottfried Weber, entitledCecilia, is to be had in English or in French? I find it constantly referred to in the said Weber's work on theTheory of Musical Composition, and in Müller'sPhysiology.

For any information you can give me on the subject I shall feel much indebted.

Philharmonicus.

Dublin.

[Cæciliais a musical art journal published in Germany, and is thus noticed at page 12. of Warner's edition of Godfrey Weber'sTheory of Musical Composition:—"Since 1824 we have been laid under great obligations to our distinguished mathematician and writer on acoustics, ProfessorW.Weber, for most interesting developments on all these points, which he has arranged into an article in the journalCæcilia, vol. xii., expressly for musicians and musical instrument manufacturers."]

Andrew Johnson.—In the character of Samuel Johnson, as drawn by Murphy, there is the remark, "Like his uncle Andrew in the ring at Smithfield, Johnson, in a circle of disputants, was determined neither to be thrown or conquered." Other allusions are made, in Boswell'sLife, to this uncle having "kept the ring," but I cannot find out who he could have been. There was a noted bruiser, Tom Johnson; but certainly he was not the person in question. I shall be glad if any of your readers can inform me who this "Uncle Andrew" was, and what authority there is for believing that he was a pugilistic champion of note.

Pugillus.

[In theVariorum Boswell, i. e. Croker's ed., 1847, p. 198.,Pugilluswill find a note by the editor, stating that Dr. Johnson told Mrs. Piozzi that his uncle Andrew "for a whole year kept the ring at Smithfield, where they wrestled and boxed, and never was thrown or conquered."]

MS. by Glover.—CanMr. Bolton Corney, orMr. R. Sims, inform me whether the Lansdowne MS. 205. is in Glover's handwriting?

H. M.

[This volume (Lansdowne, 205.) contains twenty-six articles in different hands. Art. 3. containspedigrees by Glover in his own hand. See MS. Harl. 807., and an autograph letter in MS. Cot., Titus B. vii. fol. 14.]

Gurney's Short-hand.—Can any of your correspondents inform me if there have been any alterations in this system of short-hand since 1802? Also, if it be now much used?

Wm. O'Sullivan.

Ballymenagh.

[This well-known system of short-hand is certainly still in use,—in fact, is that employed at the present time by the Gurneys, who are the appointed short-hand writers to the Houses of Lords and Commons.]

Spurious Don Quixote.—What English and French versions are there of the spurious continuation ofDon Quixoteby Avellaneda?

V. T. Sternberg.

[A notice of the English translations is given in Lowndes'sBib. Man., vol. i. p. 374., art. Cervantes. Consult also Ebert'sBibl. Dict., vol. i. p. 299., for the French translations.]

(Vol. viii., p. 469.)

Your correspondent does not, of course, inquire what is the proper Hebrew pronunciation of the severalletters, but rather what is the accented syllable in each word. To pronounce in a manner nearly approaching to the Hebrew might make the congregation stare, but would appear very pedantic to a learned ear. The safest mode is to examine the Greek of the Septuagint,orof the New Testament (if the reader does not understand Hebrew), and observe the place of the acute accent. On that place, if it be on the penultimate or antepenultimate, the accent should be laid in English. But if the accent be on the last syllable, though it is strictly right to place it there also in English, it is not worth while to do so, for fear of making hearers talk about a strange sound, instead of attending to the service. It will be safer to accent the penultimate in dissyllables, and the antepenultimate in trisyllables, which in the Greek are acutitones; in fact, to pronounce, as all clergymen used to pronounce, until a pedantic and ignorant practice arose of lengthening, or rather accenting, every syllable in the penultimate, which had or was supposed to have a long quantity in Greek. Hence the comparatively new habit of pronouncingΣαβαώθ,Ζαβουλών,σαβαχθανί,Ακελδαμά, with a strong accent on the penultima; whereas the old-fashioned way of accenting the antepenultima makes no one stare, and is a much nearer approach to the true pronunciation. There is a curious inconsistency in the common way of reading, in English,ΣαμαρειαandΚαισαρεια. Samarīa is decidedly a Greek word; but yet, in this word, it is usual to accent the antepenultima. Cesarĕa is decidedly a Latin word Græcised, and yet it is usual to read this with an accent on thepenultima. I never observed any of those who read Sabáoth, Zabúlon, and sabachtháni, read either Samaría or Cesárea. The Greek accents on Hebrew words always accord, as Hebraists know, with the tonic accent in that language.

E. C. H.

As a contribution to the desirable object of settling the pronunciation of the words mentioned, the following representation of their pronunciation in the originals is offered. The vowels are to be read as in Italian, thethas in English, and thehhaschin German:

Hebrew. Sabaoth = tsĭ-vā-ō´th.Hebrew. [The] Moriah = [hăm-]mō´-rī-yā´h.Syriac. Aceldama = hhĭ-kă´l-dĭ-mā´.Syro-Chaldee. Eli Eli lamma sabachthani = ē-lī´ēlī´lăm-mā´să-bă´hh-tă-nī´, as in Matthew; or ĕ-lō´-hī, as in Mark.Chaldee. Abednego = ă-véd nĭ-gō´.

Hebrew. Sabaoth = tsĭ-vā-ō´th.

Hebrew. [The] Moriah = [hăm-]mō´-rī-yā´h.

Syriac. Aceldama = hhĭ-kă´l-dĭ-mā´.

Syro-Chaldee. Eli Eli lamma sabachthani = ē-lī´ēlī´lăm-mā´să-bă´hh-tă-nī´, as in Matthew; or ĕ-lō´-hī, as in Mark.

Chaldee. Abednego = ă-véd nĭ-gō´.

Theconventionalpronunciation given by Walker is perhaps best adapted to English ears, which would be quite repulsed by an attempt to restore the ancient pronunciation of such familiar words, for instance, as Jacob, Isaac, Job, and Jeremiah.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

(Vol. viii., pp. 429. 543.)

One has some doubt, in readingProfessor De Morgan'sarticle on the above subject, what inference is to be drawn from it. If it is to prove a private marriage between Halifax and Mrs. Barton, on the strength of the date on the watch at the Royal Society being falsified, it is a failure. I have examined that watch sinceProfessor De Morganpublished his Note, and can testify most decidedly that, if anything, the inscription is older than the case, nor is there a vestige of anything like unfair alteration; and any one accustomed to engraving would arrive at the same conclusion. The outside case is beautifully chased in Louis Quatorze style: but the inner case, on which the inscription is graven, has no need of such elaborate work, nor is such work ever introduced on the inside of watches; they are invariably smooth.

And all that is noticeable in the present instance is, that the writing has lost the sharpness of the graver by use, or returning it into its case; or more probably the case has not been used at all, being cumbersome and set aside as a curious work of art, which indeed it is.

The date on the watch is 1708, andProfessor De Morganstates that Mrs. Barton was married in 1718; the watch therefore denies this; but when she married Conduit ought, if possible, to be found out by register, which might prove the watch date untrue; but the watch declares she was Mrs. Conduit in 1708. She was then of course twenty-eight years of age: thus we come to aplainer conclusion that when she lived with Halifax, or whatever other arrangement they made, a position which is said to have occurred between 1700 and the time of Halifax's death in 1715, she was really Mrs. Conduit, and not Catherine Barton. And thus we are brought to think that if there is any private marriage in the case, it is between the lady and Mr. Conduit; at all events she went back to her husband, if the watch is true.

As to an apology for Newton, I look upon it in a very different light: first, I should say he had no clear right to interfere in the matter, as the lady was married; and supposing he had, he could have done no more than expostulate. He lived in a world of his own studies, and did not choose to be interrupted by quarrels and scandals. And it is certainly a proper addition to say, that the public morals of that age are not to be judged by the present standard. All these account very well for Newton's silence on the subject; but to settle the matter, some search might be made in the registers of the parishes where they resided, in order that the subject may be fully explained.

Weld Taylor.

(Vol. viii. pp. 64. 153. 472.)

In the famousRouen Missal, called St. Guthlac's book, is the following inscription in the handwriting of Robert, Bishop of London, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, who was formerly head of the monastery of Jumièges, to which the book belonged, and where, in 1053, he died:

"Quem si quis vi vel dolo seu quoquo modo isti loco subtraxerit, animæ suæ propter quod fecerit detrimentum patiatur, atque de libro viventium deleatur, et cum justis non scribatur."

John Grollier had on all his books inscribed:

"Portio mea, domine, sit in terra viventium;"

and underneath:

"Io. Grollierii et Amicorum."

Henry de Rantzan wrote a decree for his library, of which here is the fulminatory clause:

"Libros partem ne aliquam abstulerit,Extraxerit, clepserit, rapserit,Concerpserit, corruperit,Dolo malo,Illico maledictus,Perpetuo execrabilis,Semper detestabilis,Esto, maneto."

"Libros partem ne aliquam abstulerit,

Extraxerit, clepserit, rapserit,

Concerpserit, corruperit,

Dolo malo,

Illico maledictus,

Perpetuo execrabilis,

Semper detestabilis,

Esto, maneto."

See Dibdin's bibliographical works.

J. S.

Norwich.

The two following are copied from theoriginalswritten in the fly-leaf of Brathwayte'sPanedone, or Health from Helicon, pub. 1621, in my possession:

1."Whose book I am if you would know,In letters two I will you show:The first is J, the most of might,The next is M, in all men's sight;Join these two letters discreetly,And you will know my name thereby.Jas. Morrey."

"Whose book I am if you would know,

In letters two I will you show:

The first is J, the most of might,

The next is M, in all men's sight;

Join these two letters discreetly,

And you will know my name thereby.

Jas. Morrey."

2."Philip Morrey is my name,And with my pen I write the same;Tho' had such pen been somewhat better,I could have mended every letter."

"Philip Morrey is my name,

And with my pen I write the same;

Tho' had such pen been somewhat better,

I could have mended every letter."

Cestriensis.

On the fly-leaf ofTheophila, or Love's Sacrifice, a divine poem by E. B., Esq., London, 1652, I find the following rare morsel:

"Mr. James Tinker,Rector of St. Andrews, Droitwich."Father Tinker, when you are dead,Great parts a long wir you are fled,O that they wor conferred on mee,Which would ad unto God's glory."

"Mr. James Tinker,Rector of St. Andrews, Droitwich.

"Mr. James Tinker,

Rector of St. Andrews, Droitwich.

"Father Tinker, when you are dead,Great parts a long wir you are fled,O that they wor conferred on mee,Which would ad unto God's glory."

"Father Tinker, when you are dead,

Great parts a long wir you are fled,

O that they wor conferred on mee,

Which would ad unto God's glory."

The subject of the above laudation flourished in the early part of the last century.

In a Geneva Bible, date 1596:

"Thomas Haud: his booke:God giue him grace theare on to looke:And if my pen it had bin better,I would haue mend it euery letter.1693."

"Thomas Haud: his booke:

God giue him grace theare on to looke:

And if my pen it had bin better,

I would haue mend it euery letter.

1693."

R. C. Warde.

Kidderminster.

German Book Inscription.—You have not yet, I think, had a German book-inscription: allow me to send you the following out of an oldFaust, bought last year at Antwerp:

"Dieses Buch ist mir lieb,Wer es stielt ist ein Dieb;Mag er heissen Herr oder Knecht,Hängen ist sein verdientes Recht."

"Dieses Buch ist mir lieb,

Wer es stielt ist ein Dieb;

Mag er heissen Herr oder Knecht,

Hängen ist sein verdientes Recht."

Underneath is the usual picture of the gallows-tree and its fruit.

Iseldunensis.

(Vol. viii., p. 343. &c.)

The setting sun and the darkness of evening has been immemorially connected with death, just as the rising orb and the light of morning with life. In Sophocles (Œdipus Rex, 179.), Pluto is calledἕσπερος θεός; and the "Oxford translation" has the following note on the line:

"In Lysia's Oration against Andocides is this passage: To expiate this pollution (the mutilation of theHermæ), the priestesses and prieststurning towards the setting sun, the dwelling of the infernal gods, devoted with curses the sacrilegious wretch, and shook their purple robes, in the manner prescribed by that law, which has been transmitted from the earliest times."—Mitford,History of Greece, ch. xxii.

Liddell and Scott considerἜρεβος(the nether gloom) to be derived fromἐρέφω, to cover; akin toἐρεμνός, and probably also to Hebrewerevorereb, oureve-ning; and mention as analogous the Egyptian Amenti,Hades, fromement, the west. (Wilkinson'sEgyptians, ii. 2. 74.)

Turning to the East on solemn occasions is a practice more frequently mentioned. There is an interesting note on the subject in the Translation above quoted, at Œdipus Col., 477.,

"χοὰς χέασθαι στάντα πρὸς πρώτην ἕω,"

and doubtless much more may be found in the commentators. The custom, as is well known, found its way into the Christian Church.

"The primitive Christians used to assemble on the steps of the basilica of St. Peter, to see the first rays of the rising sun, and kneel, curvatis cervicibus in honorem splendidi orbis. (S. Leo. Serm. VII.De Nativ.) The practice was prohibited, as savouring of, or leading to, Gentilism. (Bernino, i. 45.)"—Southey'sCommon-Place Book, ii. 44.

"The rule of Orientation, though prescribed in the Apostolic Constitutions, never obtained in Italy, where the churches are turned indiscriminately towards every quarter of the heaven."—Quarterly Review, vol. lxxv. p. 382.

In the Reformed Church in England the custom isrecognised, as far as the position of the material church goes. (See rubric at the beginning of the Communion Service.) "The priest shall stand at thenorth sideof the table;" but turning eastward at the Creeds has no sanction that I know of, but usage. (Compare WheatlyOn the Common Prayer, ch. ii. § 3., ch. iii. § 8.; and Williams,The Cathedral("Stanzas on the Cloisters"), xxiv.-xxviii.)

Therationaleof western paradise is given in the following extract, with which I will conclude:

"When the stream of mankind was flowing towards the West, it is no wonder that the weak reflux of positive information from that quarter should exhibit only the impulses of hope and superstition. Greece was nearly on the western verge of the world, as it was known to Homer; and it was natural for him to give wing to his imagination as he turned towards the dim prospects beyond.... All early writers in Greece believed in the existence of certain regions situated in the West beyond the bounds of their actual knowledge, and, as it appears, of too fugitive a nature ever to be fixed within the circle of authentic geography. Homer describes at the extremity of the ocean the Elysian plain, "where, under a serene sky, the favourites of Jove, exempt from the common lot of mortals, enjoy eternal felicity." Hesiod, in like manner, sets the Happy Isles, the abode of departed heroes, beyond the deep ocean. The Hesperia of the Greeks continually fled before them as their knowledge advanced, and they saw the terrestrial paradise still disappearing in the West."—Cooley'sHistory of Maritime Discov., vol. i. p. 25., quoted in Anthon'sHorace.

A. A. D.

(Vol. viii., p. 407.)

In the edition of Longfellow'sPoetical Workspublished by Routledge, 1853, the note quoted by Mr. Temple ends thus:

"Dante speaks of Beatrice's eyes asemeralds(Purgatorio, xxxi. 116.). Lami says, in hisAnnotazioni, 'Erano i suoi occhi d' un turchino verdiccio, simile a quel del mare.'"

More in favour of "green eyes" is to be found in one of Gifford's notes on his translation of the thirteenth satire ofJuvenal. The words in the original are:

"Cærula quis stupuit Germani lumina."—Juv.Sat.XIII. 164.

And Gifford's note is as follows:

"Ver. 223 ... andeyes of sapphire blue?]—The people of the south seem to have regarded, as a phenomenon, those blue eyes, which with us are so common, and, indeed so characteristic of beauty, as to form an indispensable requisite of every Daphne of Grub Street. Tacitus, however, from whom Juvenal perhaps borrowed the expression, adds an epithet tocærulean, which makes the common interpretation doubtful. 'The Germans,' he says (De Mor. Ger.4.), 'havetruces et cærulei oculi, fierce, lively blue eyes.' With us, this colour is always indicative of a soft, voluptuous languor. What, then, if we have hitherto mistaken the sense, and, instead of blue, should have said sea-green? This is not an uncommon colour, especially in the north. I have seen many Norwegian seamen with eyes of this hue, which were invariably quick, keen, and glancing."Shakspeare, whom nothing escaped, has put an admirable description of them into the mouth of Juliet's nurse:'O he's a lovely man! An eagle, madam,Hath not sogreen, so quick, so fair an eye,As Paris hath.'"Steevens, who had some glimpse of the meaning of this word, refers to an apposite passage inThe Two Noble Kinsmen. It is in Æmilia's address to Diana:' . . . . . . Oh vouchsafeWith that thy raregreen eye, which never yetBeheld things maculate,' &c."It is, indeed, not a little singular, that this expression should have occasioned any difficulty to his commentators; since it occurs in most of our old poets;and Drummond of Hawthornden uses it perpetually. One instance of it may be given:'When Nature now had wonderfully wroughtAll Auristella's parts, except her eyes:To make those twins, two lamps in beauty's skies,The counsel of the starry synod sought.Mars and Apollo first did her advise,To wrap in coloursblackthose comets bright,That Love him so might soberly disguise,And, unperceived, wound at every sight!Chaste Phœebe spake for purestazuredyes;But Jove and Venusgreenabout the light,To frame, thought best, as bringing most delight,That to pined hearts hope might for aye arise.Nature, all said, a paradise ofgreenPlaced there, to make all love which have them seen.'"Gifford'sTranslation of Juvenal and Persius,3rd edition, 1817.

"Shakspeare, whom nothing escaped, has put an admirable description of them into the mouth of Juliet's nurse:

'O he's a lovely man! An eagle, madam,Hath not sogreen, so quick, so fair an eye,As Paris hath.'

'O he's a lovely man! An eagle, madam,

Hath not sogreen, so quick, so fair an eye,

As Paris hath.'

"Steevens, who had some glimpse of the meaning of this word, refers to an apposite passage inThe Two Noble Kinsmen. It is in Æmilia's address to Diana:

' . . . . . . Oh vouchsafeWith that thy raregreen eye, which never yetBeheld things maculate,' &c.

' . . . . . . Oh vouchsafe

With that thy raregreen eye, which never yet

Beheld things maculate,' &c.

"It is, indeed, not a little singular, that this expression should have occasioned any difficulty to his commentators; since it occurs in most of our old poets;and Drummond of Hawthornden uses it perpetually. One instance of it may be given:

'When Nature now had wonderfully wroughtAll Auristella's parts, except her eyes:To make those twins, two lamps in beauty's skies,The counsel of the starry synod sought.Mars and Apollo first did her advise,To wrap in coloursblackthose comets bright,That Love him so might soberly disguise,And, unperceived, wound at every sight!Chaste Phœebe spake for purestazuredyes;But Jove and Venusgreenabout the light,To frame, thought best, as bringing most delight,That to pined hearts hope might for aye arise.Nature, all said, a paradise ofgreenPlaced there, to make all love which have them seen.'"Gifford'sTranslation of Juvenal and Persius,3rd edition, 1817.

'When Nature now had wonderfully wrought

All Auristella's parts, except her eyes:

To make those twins, two lamps in beauty's skies,

The counsel of the starry synod sought.

Mars and Apollo first did her advise,

To wrap in coloursblackthose comets bright,

That Love him so might soberly disguise,

And, unperceived, wound at every sight!

Chaste Phœebe spake for purestazuredyes;

But Jove and Venusgreenabout the light,

To frame, thought best, as bringing most delight,

That to pined hearts hope might for aye arise.

Nature, all said, a paradise ofgreen

Placed there, to make all love which have them seen.'"

Gifford'sTranslation of Juvenal and Persius,

3rd edition, 1817.

Gifford's quotation fromRomeo and Juliet(errors excepted) is to be found in Act III. Sc. 5.

C. Forbes.

Temple.

"Isabelle était un peu plus âgée que Ferdinand. Elle était petite, mais bien faite. Ses cheveux, au moins très blonds,ses yeux verts et pleins de feu, son teint un peu olivâtre, ne l'empêchaient pas d'avoir un visage imposant et agréable. (Révolutions d'Espagne, tom. iv. liv. viii.; Mariana,Hist. d'Espagne, tom. ii. liv. xxv.;Hist. de Ferdinand et d'Isabelle, par M. l'Abbé Mignot, &c.)"—Florian, Gonzalve de Cordoue,Précis Historique sur les Maures d'Espagne, quatrième époque, notei.

E. J. M.

Hastings.

(Vol. viii., pp. 173. 450.)

Allow me to thankC. Brownfor the reply he has sent to my inquiries on this subject. I shall certainly avail myself with pleasure of the permission he has given me to communicate with him by letter; but before doing so, I hope you will allow me to address him this note through the medium of your pages. The existence of the Myrtle Bee as a distinct species has been denied by ornithologists, and as I think the question is more likely to be set at rest by public than by private correspondence, I trustC. Brownwill not consider that I am presuming too much on his kindness if I ask him to send me farther information on the following points: What was the exact size of the bird in question which he had in his hand? What was its size compared with the Golden-crested Wren? Was it generally known in the neighbourhood he mentions, and by whom was it known? By the common people as well as others? From what source did he originally obtain the appellation "Myrtle Bee," as applied to this bird? It has been suggested to me that the bird seen by C. Brown may have been the Dartford Warbler (Sylvia provincialis, Gmel.), wings short, tail elongated (this, if the Myrtle Bee is the Dartford Warbler, would account for its "miniature pheasant-like appearance"); a bird which, as we are informed in Yarrell'sHist. of British Birds, 1839, vol. i. p. 311.et seq., haunts and builds among the furze on commons; flies with short jerks; is very shy; conceals itself on the least alarm; and creeps about from bush to bush. This description would suit the Myrtle Bee. Not so the colour, which is chiefly greyish-black and brown; whereas the bird seen by your correspondent was "dusky light blue." Nor again does the description of the Dartford Warbler, "lighting for a moment on the very point of the sprigs" of furze (vid. Yarrellut sup.), coincide with the account of the bird seen byC. Brown, who "never saw one sitting or light on a branch of the myrtle, but invariably flying from the base of one plant to that of another." In conclusion I would venture to ask whether your correspondent's memory may not have been treacherous respecting the colour of a bird which he has not seen for twenty-five years, and whether he has ever seen the Dartford Warbler on Chobham or the adjacent commons?

W. R. D. Salmon.

(Vol. viii., pp. 290. 344.).

The first mention I remember of the place from whence tin came, is in Herodotus (lib. iii. c. 115.). He there says:

"But concerning the extreme parts of Europe towards the west, I am not able to speak certainly. For I neither believe that a certain river is called Eridanus by the barbarians, which flows into a northern sea, and from which there is a report that the amber is wont to come, nor have I known (any) islands, being Cassiterides (κασσιτερίδας ἐούσας), from which the tin is wont to come to us. For, on the one hand, the very name Eridanus proves that it is Hellenic and not Barbaric, but formed by some poet; and on the other, I am not able, though paying much attention to this matter, to hear of any one that has been an eye-witness that a sea exists upon that side of Europe. But doubtless both the tin and the amber are wont to come from the extreme part of Europe."

Κασσίτερος, according to Damm, is so called because it is more ready to melt than other metals, i. e.καυσίτερος, fromκαίω, to burn; this derivation agrees with that given byMr. Crossleyof tin, "from the Celtic tin, to melt readily;" and it receives some support from Hesiod (D. G.861.), where he speaks of the earth burning and melting as tin or as iron, which is the hardest of metals.

But I own I doubt this derivation. First,because it is quite clear to my mind that Herodotus had no idea that it had a Greek derivation. He assigns the Greek origin of the word Eridanus as a reason for disbelieving the statement as to it; and had he known that Cassiteros had a like origin, it cannot be doubted that he would have assigned the same reason as to it likewise. Instead of which he resorts to the fact that he could not obtain any authentic account of any sea on that side of Europe, as a proof that the Cassiterides did not exist. In truth, his assertion as to the Greek origin of the one, coupled with the reason that is added, seems almost, if not quite, equivalent to a denial that the other had a Greek origin. Secondly, it is in the highest degree improbable that these islands should have received their name from the Greeks, as it is contrary to all experience that a country should be named by persons ignorant of its existence. The names of places are either given to them by those who discover them, or the names by which they are called by their inhabitants are adopted by others.

At the time Cæsar invaded this island, there was a people whom he calls Cassi (Cæs. de B. G., lib. v. 21.), of whose prince Camden says, "from the Cassii their prince, Cassivellaunus or Cassibelinus, first took his name;" and he adds that "it seems very probable that Cassivellaunus denotes as much as the Prince of the Cassii." (Camd. Brit., p. 278., edit. 1695.) According to which the word would be compounded ofCassiandvellaunusorbelinus; and this derivation is fortified by the word Cunobelinus, which plainly is formed in a similar manner. Now there is a Celtic word,tirorter(from whichterrais derived), and the Welsh wordtir(which I have heard pronouncedteer), all denoting land. If then this word be added to Cassi, we have Cassiter, that is, the land of the Cassi, Cassiland. And as we have England, Scotland, and Ireland, possibly the ancient inhabitants may have called their country Cassiter; and aschalybs, steel, was so called both by the Greeks and Romans from the people that made it, so might tin be from the country where it was found. My derivation is conjectural, no doubt, and as such I submit it with great deference to the candid consideration of your readers.

Isaiah, who livedB.C.758, mentions tin in i. 25.

Ezekiel, who livedB.C.598, mentions tin xxii. 18. 20.; and xxvii. 12., speaking of Tyre, he says:

"Tarshish was thy merchant by reason of the multitude of all kinds of riches; with silver, iron,tin, and lead, they traded in thy fairs."

This passage clearly shows that, at the time spoken of by Ezekiel, the trade in tin was carried on by the inhabitants of Tarshish, whether that place designates Carthage, or Tartessus in Spain, or not; and there can be little doubt that they brought the tin from England; and the addition of silver, iron, and lead, tends to strengthen this opinion.

Herodotus recited his History at the Olympic Games,B.C.445; and probably the same people traded in tin in his time as in the time of Ezekiel.

The Hebrew word for tin is derived from a verb meaning "to separate," and seems to throw no light on the subject.

S. G. C.

(Vol. viii., pp. 452. 544. &c.)

Your correspondentsMr. MarshandMr. Hughesare entitled to an apology from me for having so long delayed noticing their comments on my communication on the above subject in Vol. viii, p. 134., which comments have failed in convincing me that I have fallen into the error they attribute to me, because it is manifest Richard Minshull of Chester, son of Richard of Wistaston, the writer of the letter of May 3rd, 1656, set forth in the Rev. Mr. Hunter'sMilton Pamphlet, pp. 37. and 38., could only have beenfifteenyears old when that letter was written, he having, asMr. Hughesstates, been born in 1641, so that he must have been only three years the junior of his supposed niece, Mrs. Milton, then Miss Minshull, born in 1638, according toMr. Marsh'saccount of her baptism; and furthermore he, Richard,son ofthe writer of the said letter, must be fairly presumed to have been married at the date of such letter, which he(the Father)thus commences: "My love and best respects to you and my daughter [meaning no doubt his daughter-in-law], tendered with trust of your health." Very unlikely language for a parent to address to his son, a boy offifteen, on so important a subject as a family pedigree. If this youthful Richard Minshull really was Mrs. Milton's uncle, his brother Randle Minshull, her father, must have been very many years older than him, which was not very probable.

I noticed in a recent Number of your pages, with great satisfaction, a communication fromCranmer, who has avowed himself to be your correspondentMr. Arthur Paget, for which, in common withMr. Hughesand others, I feel very thankful to him, notwithstanding it falls short of connecting Mrs. Milton with Richard Minshull of Wistaston, the Holme correspondent of 1656.

That historians have been much misled in assuming that Mrs. Milton was a daughter of Sir Edward Minshull of Stoke, cannot, I think, be questioned; although it may be very fairly asked whether there were not other respectable Minshull families living in the neighbourhood of Wistaston, of which Mrs. Milton might have been a member, and yet allied to the Paget and Goldsmith families.

Garlichithe.

Mr. Hughesis quite right, both in his facts, so far as they go, and in the inference he draws from them in confirmation of the now well ascertained identity of Milton's widow with the daughter of Randle Mynshull of Wistaston. His observations derive additional force from the fact, that two generations of Minshull of Wistaston married ladies of the name of Goldsmith. Thomas Minshull, the great-grandfather of Milton's widow, married —— Goldsmith of Nantwich, as his son Richard informed Randal Holmes, in a letter among the Harl. MSS., noticed byMr. Hunter, and as pointed out byMr. Hughes; but the writer of that letter also married a lady of the same name, Elizabeth, daughter of Nicholas Goldsmith, of Bosworth, in the county of Leicester. The fact is worth noticing, though no very accurate estimate can be formed of the precise degree of relationship to be inferred from the title of "cousin" a couple of centuries ago. My authority is the Cheshire visitation of 1663-4. Several other MS. pedigrees are in existence; in some of which the lady's name is stated as Ellen, instead of Elizabeth, and her father's as Richard instead of Nicholas. Thomas Minshull of Manchester, the uncle of Milton's widow, deserves perhaps a passing word of notice, as having embalmed the mortal remains of Humphrey Chetham.

J. F. M.

Warrington.

Our elegant poet Fenton, having written aLife of Milton, and no doubt often visited his place of nativity (Shelton, in the Staffordshire Potteries), he surely must have knownsomethingrespectingMilton'sthird wife's family, who lived only a few miles from thence; and if the Fenton papers have, as is probable, been preserved by his family, some of whom I am informed still live in the neighbourhood of Shelton, it is not unlikely they will throw some light on the family of the poet's widow.

Newington.

(Vol. viii., p. 93.)

On a recent visit to Aberystwith, I walked to the mother church of Llanbadarn, a fine old building, which I was glad to find, since a former visit, was undergoing important repairs in its exterior. While inspecting the interior, I requested the clerk to show me into the vestry, and upon inquiring if the church possessed any black-letter Bible, Foxe'sMartyrs, or any of those volumes which at the Reformation were chained to the desks or pews, he opened a case in the vestry, in which I was sorry to observe many volumes, not of that early date, but about a century and a half old, yet valuable in their day as well as at present, in a sad dilapidated state, arising from the dampness of the room, which is without a fire-place. Many of the volumes were the gift of a Doctor Fowle, with his autograph, stating that they were given as a lending library to the parishioners.

The present incumbent is the Rev. —— Hughes, a very excellent and zealous pastor, with the modern church in Aberystwith annexed, who should this narrative meet his eye, or be communicated to him, might be induced to make inquiries into the losses which had taken place, and prevent farther dilapidations and decay, in what was no doubt, once considered a valuable acquisition to the inhabitants of the parish.

Permit me to add, that in a room over the entrance porch of that venerable Saxon church St. Peter in the East, at Oxford, there is a large lending library for the use of the parishioners, largely contributed to by several of its recent and present zealous incumbent, and to which church so much has lately been done to remove former eye-sores, and to render it one of the most chastely decorated and best attended parish churches in the University.

J. M. G.

Worcester.

In an old MS. headed

"Articles, Conditions, and Covenants, upon which the Provost and other officers of King's College in Cambridge have admitted Michael Mills, Schollar of the said College, to be Keeper of the Publick Library of the said College."

the seventh and last article is—

"For the rendering his business about the library more easy, each person that makes use of any book or books in the said library, is required to sett 'em up again decently, without entangling the chains; by which is signified to all concerned that no person whatsoever, upon any pretence, is permitted to carry any book out of the library to their chambers, or any otherwise to be used as a private book, it being against the statutes of our college in ytcase provided."

Under "Orders for regulating the publick library of King's College," Order IV.:

"All the fellows and scholars, and all other persons allowed the use of the library, shall carefully set up those they use in their proper place, without entangling the chains."

Michael Mills got King's in 1683.

T. H. L.

In the church of Wiggenhall, St. Mary the Virgin, the following books may be seen fastened by chains to a wooden desk in the chancel: Foxe'sBook of Martyrs, in three volumes, chained to the same staple; the Book of Homilies; the Bible, with calendar in rubrics; and the works of Bishop Jewell, in one volume. The title-page is lost from all the above: in other respects they are in a fair state of preservation, considering theirantiquity, of which their characters being old English, is a sufficient proof.

W. B. D.

At asoiréerecently held at Crosby Hall, there were exhibited by the churchwardens of St. Benet's, Gracechurch Street, Erasmus'Commentary on the Gospelsin English, with the chains annexed, by which they were fastened in the church. There are two volumes, in good preservation, and black letter.

In Minster Church, near Margate, Kent, there is an oak cover to a Bible chained to a desk, temp. Henry VIII. The whole of the letter-press has been taken away (by small pieces at a time) by visitors to this beautiful Norman church.

J. W. Brown.

At Bromsgrove Church, Worcestershire, a copy of Bishop Jewel's Sermon on 1 Cor. ix. 16. (1609) is chained to a small lectern.

At Suckley Church, also in Worcestershire, there is a black-letter copy of the Homilies, 1578.

Cuthbert Bede, B.A.

There is a copy of Foxe'sMonumentsso chained in the chancel of Luton Church, Bedfordshire.

Mackenzie Walcott, M.A.

(Vol. viii., p. 493.)

This place is not "an old out-of-the-way place," as described to F. M., but stands in a paddock adjoining the churchyard, in the town of "Painswick, in Gloucestershire." It is a respectable old stone-built house in the Elizabethan style; and stands on an eminence commanding a view of one of the pleasant valleys which abound in this parish. I do not know of, and do not believe that there is, any "full description of it." Neither of the county histories, of Atkyns (1712), Rudder (1779), Rudge (1803), or Fosbrook (1807), mentions the court-house, though probably it is referred to by Atkyns as "a handsome pleasant house adjoining the town, [then] lately the seat of Mr. Wm. Rogers."

If either Charles I. or II. slept there, it was doubtless King Charles I., on the night of the 5th of September, 1643, on which day he raised the siege of Gloucester, and

"Thousands of the royalist army marched in the rain up Painswick hill, on the summit of which they encamped in the ancient entrenchment of the part called Spoonbed hill. On this hill, tradition says, as Charles was sitting on a stone near the camp, one of the princes, weary of their present life, asked him 'When should they go home?' 'I have no home to go to,' replied the disconsolate king. He went on to Painswick, and passed the night there."—Bibliotheca Gloucestriensis(Webb), Introduction, p. 68., referring to Rudder (p. 592.) for the tradition as to the colloquy.

The lodge, an old wooden house, in this parish more properly deserves the character of an "old out-of-the-way house." I remember it many years ago, when it contained a court, in which were galleries approached by stairs, and leading to the sleeping-rooms of the mansion; such as were formerly in the court-yard of the Bull and Mouth Inn, London, and are now in the yard of the New Inn, Gloucester.

P. H. Fisher.

Stroud.

(Read before the Photographic Society, Nov. 3, 1853.)

I feel that some few words are required to explain to the Society the reasons which have induced me to call their attention to a branch of photography, which of all others has been dwelt upon most fully, and practised with such success by so many eminent photographers.

The flourishing state of this Society, which is constantly receiving an accession of new Members, indicates the great number that have lately commenced the practice of photography, and to those I hope my observations will not prove unacceptable, because of all others the calotype process is undoubtedly the simplest, and the most useful; not only from that simplicity, but from its being available when other modes could not be used.[2]

I am also induced to urge on the attention of the Society the advantages of this, one of the earliest processes, because I think that there has been lately such an eager desire for something new, that we all have more or less run away from a steady wish to improve if possible the original details of Mr. Fox Talbot; and have been tempted to practise new modes, entailing much more care and trouble, without attaining a correspondingly favourable result.

Amongst antiquaries I have long noticed, that many who have especially studied one particularbranch of archæology, think and speak slightingly of those departments in which they are not much interested. One fond of research in the early tumuli is esteemed to be a mere "pot and pan antiquary" by one who, in his turn, is thought to waste his time on "mediæval trash;" and this feeling pervades its many sections.

I hope I shall not give offence in saying, that amongst photographers I have noticed somewhat of a similar spirit, namely, an inclination to value and praise a production, from the particular mode of operation adopted, rather than from its intrinsic merits. The collodion, the waxed paper, or the simple paper processes have merits pertaining to themselves alone; and those who admire each of these several processes are too apt to be prejudiced in favour of the works produced by them.

Before proceeding farther, permit me to observe, that if some of my remarks appeartooelementary, andtoowell known by many assembled here, my reason for making them is, that I have myself experienced the want ofplain simple rules, notwithstanding the many able treatises upon the subject which have already been written: I hope, therefore, I shall receive their pardon for entering fully into detail, because a want of success may depend upon what may appear most trivial.

I think the greatest number of failures result from not having good iodized paper; which may be caused by

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