VANDYKE IN AMERICA.

"God, not contented to each kind to give,And to infuse the virtue generative,By His wise power, made many creatures breed,Oflifeless bodieswithout Venus' deed."Sixth Day.

"God, not contented to each kind to give,

And to infuse the virtue generative,

By His wise power, made many creatures breed,

Oflifeless bodieswithout Venus' deed."

Sixth Day.

Pliny, after giving Virgil's receipt for making bees, gives similar instances:

"Like as dead horses will breed waspes and hornets; and asses carrion, turne to be beetle-flies by a certaine metamorphosis which Nature maketh from one creature to another."—Lib. xi. c. xx.

And soon after he says of wasps:

"All the sorte of these live upon flesh, contrarie tothe manner of bees, which will not touch a dead carcasse."

This brings Shakepeare's lines to mind:

" 'Tis seldom when the bee doth leave her combIn thedead carrion."Henry IV., Part II. Act IV. Sc. 4.

" 'Tis seldom when the bee doth leave her comb

In thedead carrion."

Henry IV., Part II. Act IV. Sc. 4.

TheBelfast News Letterof Friday, Aug. 10, 1832, gives one of these rare occurrences:

"A few days ago, when the sexton was digging a grave in Temple Cranney (a burying-place in Portaferry, co. Down), he came to a coffin which had been there two or three years: this he thought necessary to remove. In this operation, he was startled by a great quantity of wild bees issuing forth from the coffin; and upon lifting the lid, it was found that they had formed their combs in the dead man's skull and mouth, which were full. The nest was made of the hair of the head, together with shavings that had been put in the coffin with the corpse."

This quotation is given in an interesting work of Mr. Patterson's,Letters on the Natural History of the Insects mentioned in Shakspeare's Plays: London, 1838.

Your correspondent R. T. shows thatserpentswere supposed to be generated byhumancarcases. Pliny says:

"I have heard many a man say that themarrow of a man's backebonewill breed to a snake."—Hist. Nat., x. 66.

The story of the "fair young German gentleman" reminds me of one of a gentle shepherd and his beloved Amarante, told in De Britaine'sHuman Prudence, 12th edit., Dublin, 1726, Part I. p. 171. The corpse of the "Cæsar," seen by St. Augustine and Monica, was most probably that of Maximus, Emperor of the West, slain by the soldiers of Theodosius,A.D.388.

Sir Thos. Browne—"treating of the conceit that the mandrake grows under gallowses, and arises from the fat, orοὖρον, of the dead malefactor, and hence has the form of a man—says:

"This is so far from being verified of animals in their corruptive mutations into plants, that they maintain not this similitude in their nearer translation into animals. So when the ox corrupteth into bees, or the horse into hornets, they come not forth in the image of their originals. So the corrupt and excrementitious humours in man are animated into lice: and we may observe that hogs, sheep, goats, hawks, hens, and others, have one peculiar and proper kind of vermin."—Works, Bohn's edit., vol. i. p. 197.

The editor furnishes the following note:

"The immortal Harvey, in hisDe Generations, struck the first blow at the root of the irrational system calledequivocal generation, when he laid down his brief but most pungent law,Omnia ex ovo. But the belief transmitted from antiquity, that living beings generated spontaneously from putrescent matter, long maintained its ground, and a certain modification of it is even still advocated by some naturalists of the greatest acuteness. The first few pages of the volume entitledInsect Transformations(inThe Library of Entertaining Knowledge) are occupied by a very interesting investigation of this subject."—See also Sir T. Browne'sWorks, vol. i. p. 378., vol. ii. pp. 523, 524.; and Izaak Walton'sComplete Angler, passim.

The equivocal generation of bees is copiously dwelt on in Bochart'sHierozoicon, London, 1663, fol., Part II. p. 502. Instances of their attaching themselves to dead bodies, in spite of their ordinary antipathy, are given at p. 506.

Eirionnach.

(Vol. viii., pp. 182. 228.)

To your correspondent C. I would say, that his observation—that the Query was as to anengraving, whilst my answer was as to apicture—is not true; as I am sure, from memory, thatMr. Westmacottused the word "portraits." But I plead in extenuation of my pretended grave offence, 1. That the Query was not propounded by C., but by a gentleman to whom the information given might be, as I supposed, of some interest; more particularly as I referred to theTravelsof an Englishman, both of which, author and work, were accessible. 2. That, in common with the American readers of "N. & Q.," I regarded it as "a journal of inter-communication," through whose columns information might be asked for, the request to be treated with the same consideration and courtesy as though addressed to each individual subscriber. I may add thatLord BraybrookeandMr. Wodderspoon(Vol. iv., p. 17.) have urged "the necessity for recording the existence of painted historical portraits, scattered, as we know they are," &c.

Now, as to the expression "worthies, famous in English history." I presume I need do no more concerning its application to Lord Orrery, Sir Robert Walpole, &c., than say, it was used as signifying "men of mark," without intending to endorse their "worth" either morally, mentally, or politically; its application to Colonel Hill and Colonel Byrd, as meaning "men of worth," might, did your limits permit, be defended on high grounds.

Then as to the possibility of Vandyke's having painted the portraits. If C. will have the kindness to look at C. Campbell'sHistory of Virginia, he will find,—

"1654. At a meeting of the Assembly, William Hatchin, having been convicted of having called Colonel Edward Hill 'an atheist and blasphemer,' was compelled to make acknowledgment of his offence upon his knees before Colonel Hill and the Assembly."

This Colonel Hill, generally known as Colonel Edward Hill the Elder, a gentleman of great wealth, built the mansion at Shirley, where his portrait, brought from England, hangs in the same place, in the same hall in which he had it put up. It represents a youth in pastoral costume, crook in hand, flocks in the background. By a comparison of dates, C. will find it possible for Vandyke to have painted it. (See Bryan'sEngravers and Painters.) It has descended, along with the estate, to his lineal representative, the present owner. Its authenticity rests upontraditioncoupled with the foregoing facts, as far as I know (though the family may have abundant documentary proof), and I doubt very much whether many "Vandykes in England" are better ascertained. I would add that several English gentlemen, among them, as I have heard, a distinguished ambassador recently in this country, recognised it as a Vandyke. This picture, amongst others, was injured by the balls fired from the vessels which ascended the James river, under command of General Arnold, then a British officer. On the younger Mr. Hill's tomb at Shirley is a coat of arms, a copy of which, had I one to send, would probably point out his family in England.[2]

As to Colonel Byrd's portrait. There were, I believe, three gentlemen of this name and title, more or less confounded in reputation, the second of whom, generally known as "Colonel Byrd the Elder," by reason of his son's history, was born in 1674. The picture is of hisfather, that is, of "old," or "the first Colonel Byrd," and is in the same style as that of Colonel Hill's, representing a shepherd lad. He was an English gentleman of great wealth, and certainly of some benevolence. In Campbell'sVirginia, p. 104. (see also Oldmixon, vol. i. p. 427.), it is stated, 1690, a large body of Huguenots were sent to Virginia. "The refugees found in Colonel Byrd, of Westover, a generous benefactor. Each settler was allowed a strip of land running back from the river to the foot of the hill (Henrico County). Here they raised cattle," &c. He sent his son to England to be educated under the care of a friend, Sir Robert Southwell. The son became a Fellow of the Royal Society, "was the intimate and bosom friend of the learned and illustrious Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery," was the author of theWestover MSS.(mentioned in Oldmixon's preface, 2nd ed.), portions of which, "Progress to the Mines," "History of the Dividing Line," &c., have been printed, others are in the library of the American Philosophical Society.[3]His portrait is "by Kneller, a fine old cavalier face," says Campbell. The letters received at Westover might prove not uninteresting even to C., seeing that there were so many titled people among the writers; and to a gentleman of education and intelligence, the Westover library would have been a treasure-house. In the Loganian Library in this city is a large MS. folio, whose title-page declares it to be "a catalogue of books in the library at Westover, belonging to William Byrd, Esq.," from which it appears that in Law there were the English reporters (beginning with Y. B.) and text-writers, laws of France, Scotland, Rome (various editions of Pandects, &c.); Canon Law, with numerous approved commentators on each. In Physic a great many works, which, as I am told, were, and some still are, of high repute: I note only one,Poor Planter's Physician interleaved. This, to every one who has been upon a great Virginia plantation, bespeaks the benevolence characteristic of the proprietors of Westover. In Divinity, besides pages of orthodox divines, Bibles in various languages (several in Hebrew, one in seven vols.), are Socinius, Bellarmine, &c. The works on Metallurgy, Natural History, Metaphysics, Military Science, Heraldry, Navigation, Music, &c., are very numerous; and either of the collections of history, or entertainment, or classics, or political science, would form no inconsiderable library of itself.An impression of Colonel Byrd's book-plate, given by a friend, is enclosed. I must add that the pictures at Brandon are at that mansion, through the marriage of Mr. Harrison (a signer of the Declaration of Independence) with the daughter of the third Colonel Byrd.

I have occupied much more space than I intended, but I have said enough I hope to show, 1. That it is possible, from dates, from the character, wealth, and position of Mr. Byrd and Mr. Hill, together with the length of time the pictures have remained in the respective families, for Vandyke to have painted these portraits. 2. That as men who directed the energies, developed the resources, of our infant settlements, who brought hither the products of science, literature, and art, who exhibited the refinements of birth, the graces of good breeding, yet were always ready to serve their country in the field or in the council, Mr. Byrd and Mr. Hill are vastly more worthy of commemoration and reverence than all the Earls of Dredlington that ever sat at his majesty's Board of Green Cloth.

J. Balch.

Philadelphia.

Footnote 2:(return)It is curious to observe how matters of history appear and disappear as it were. "The mighty Tottipottimoy," says Hudibras (part ii. cant. ii. l. 421.),—on which the Rev. Dr. Nash has this note: "I don't know whether this is a real name or only an imitation of North-American phraseology; the appellation of an individual, or a title of office:"—Tottipottimoy was king of the warlike and powerful Parnunkies, and was defeated and slain by the Virginians, commanded by Colonel Hill, in the action from which Bloody Run takes its name.Footnote 3:(return)There is a curious passage in the Westover MSS. concerning William Penn, of which Mr. Macaulay should have a copy, unless one has been already sent to him.

It is curious to observe how matters of history appear and disappear as it were. "The mighty Tottipottimoy," says Hudibras (part ii. cant. ii. l. 421.),—on which the Rev. Dr. Nash has this note: "I don't know whether this is a real name or only an imitation of North-American phraseology; the appellation of an individual, or a title of office:"—Tottipottimoy was king of the warlike and powerful Parnunkies, and was defeated and slain by the Virginians, commanded by Colonel Hill, in the action from which Bloody Run takes its name.

There is a curious passage in the Westover MSS. concerning William Penn, of which Mr. Macaulay should have a copy, unless one has been already sent to him.

Cyanide of Potassium.—It may be interesting to our photographic friends to know that cyanide of potassium is capable of replacing hyposulphite of soda in all collodion processes. If used of the strength of five grains to one ounce of water, no danger need be apprehended from it. Its merits are cleanliness, quickness of operation, and the minute quantity of water required for washing the picture fixed therewith.

J. B. Hockin.

Mode of exciting Calotype Paper.—I forgot inserting this plan of exciting in my paper: it is very clean and convenient, simple and sure. Obtain a piece of plate glass, two or three inches larger than your paper, level it on a table with a few bits of wood, pour on it your exciting mixture (say aceto-nitrate and gallic acid, solution of each 20 minims, distilled water 1 ounce), and spread it evenly over with a scrap of blotting-paper. Float your paper two minutes, remove and blot off; this ensures perfect evenness, especially if the paper is large. You may thus excite half a dozen papers with little more trouble than one.

Thos. L. Mansell.

The Double Iodide Solution—Purity of Photographic Chemicals.—The observations ofMr. Leachmanupon the solvent powers of iodide of potassium (Vol ix., p. 182.) are perfectly correct, but I believe our photographic chemicals are often much adulterated. The iodide of potassium is frequently mixed with the carbonate.Dr. Mansellwrites me word, in a comment upon your note upon his communication, "What I used wasverypure, having been prepared by Mr. Arnold with great care: it was some that had gone to the Great Exhibition as a sample of Guernsey make, and obtained a medal." I have this day used exactly seven ounces avoirdupois to make a pint of the iodizing solution, which, within a few grains, agrees with my former results. Nitrate of silver, I am informed upon a most respectable authority, has been adulterated thirty per cent., and without careful testing has eluded detection; but I am inclined to think our cheapest article has come in for its largest share of mixture. I have lately perfectly failed in the removal of the iodide of silver with asaturatedsolution of what I purchased as hyposulphite of soda, but which could have been little else than common Glauber's salts; for upon applying a similar solution of some which was made by M. Butka of Prague, and supplied me by Messrs. Simpson and Maule, the effect was almost immediate, demonstrating how much we are misled in our conclusions, from believing we are manipulating with the same substances, when in fact they are quite different.

Hugh W. Diamond.

Hyposulphite of Soda Baths.—Is there any objection to using the same bath (saturated solution of hyposulphite) for fixing both paper calotypenegativesand positives printed on albumenized paper from glass collodion negatives?

C. E. F.

Daughters taking their Mothers' Names(Vol. viii., p.586.).—Buriensisasked for instances of temp. Edw. I., II., III., of a daughter adding to her own name that of her mother: as Alice, daughter of Ada, &c. Though I am not able to furnish an instance of a daughter doing so, I can refer him to a few of sons using that form of surname some years earlier, but the practice seems very limited. Thus inLiber de Antiquis Legibus, published by the Camden Society, we have, among the early sheriffs of London in 1193, Willielmus filius Ysabelis, or, as in the appendix 222, Ysabel; in 1200, Willielmus filius Alicie; in 1213, Martinus filius Alicie; and in 1233 and 1246, Simon filius Marie,—the same person that, as Simon Fitz-Mary, is known as the founder of the Hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem Without, Bishopsgate.

W. S. W.

Middle Temple.

The Young Pretender(Vol. ix., p. 177.).—WillCeyrep, or any other correspondent, furnish me with particulars of the Young Pretender's marriage with a daughter of the House of Stolberg; her name, place of burial, &c.? She was descended maternally from the noble House of Bruce, through the marriage of Thomas, second Earl of Aylesbury and third Earl of Elgin, with Charlotte (his second wife) Countess of Sannu, or Sannau, of the House of Argenteau. They had a daughter, Charlotte Maria, I suppose an only child, who was married in the year 1722 to the Prince of Horn. These had issue Mary and Elizabeth, whom also I supposeto have been only children. One of them married the Prince of Stolberg, and the other the Prince of Salm. One of the descendants of this family was an annuitant on the estate of the Marquis of Aylesbury, as recently as twelve or fourteen years ago. Information on any part of this descent would confer an obligation on

Patonce.

A Legend of the Hive(Vol. ix., p. 167.).—With every feeling of gratitude toEirionnach, I cannot receive praise for false metre and erroneous grammar. In the fifth line of the first stanza of the quoted verse, the first of the above legend, "are" is redundant: and in the first line of the next stanza, "bore" should be "bare." I remember that in more cases than one the printer of my published rhymes has perpetrated this latter mistake.

Suffer me to reply to a question of the same courteous criticEirionnach, in Vol. ix., p. 162., about a "Christ-cross-row." This name for the alphabet obtained in the good old Cornish dame-schools when I was a boy. In a book that I have seen, there is a vignette of a monk teaching a little boy to read, and beneath

"A Christ-Cross Rhyme.I."Christ his cross shall be my speed!Teach me, Father John, to read:That in church, on holy-day,I may chant the psalm and pray.II."Let me learn, that I may knowWhat the shining windows show;Where the lovely Lady stands,With that bright Child in her hands.III."Teach me letters one, two, three,Till that I shall able beSigns to know and words to frame,And to spell sweet Jesu's name!IV."Then, dear master, will I lookDay and night in that fair book,Where the tales of saints are told,With their pictures all in gold.V."Teach me, Father John, to sayVesper-verse and matin-lay;So when I to God shall plead,Christ his cross will be my speed!"

"A Christ-Cross Rhyme.

"Christ his cross shall be my speed!Teach me, Father John, to read:That in church, on holy-day,I may chant the psalm and pray.

"Christ his cross shall be my speed!

Teach me, Father John, to read:

That in church, on holy-day,

I may chant the psalm and pray.

II.

"Let me learn, that I may knowWhat the shining windows show;Where the lovely Lady stands,With that bright Child in her hands.

"Let me learn, that I may know

What the shining windows show;

Where the lovely Lady stands,

With that bright Child in her hands.

III.

"Teach me letters one, two, three,Till that I shall able beSigns to know and words to frame,And to spell sweet Jesu's name!

"Teach me letters one, two, three,

Till that I shall able be

Signs to know and words to frame,

And to spell sweet Jesu's name!

IV.

"Then, dear master, will I lookDay and night in that fair book,Where the tales of saints are told,With their pictures all in gold.

"Then, dear master, will I look

Day and night in that fair book,

Where the tales of saints are told,

With their pictures all in gold.

"Teach me, Father John, to sayVesper-verse and matin-lay;So when I to God shall plead,Christ his cross will be my speed!"

"Teach me, Father John, to say

Vesper-verse and matin-lay;

So when I to God shall plead,

Christ his cross will be my speed!"

H. of Morwenstow.

Hoby Family(Vol. viii., p. 244.; Vol. ix., pp. 19. 58.).—Sir Philip Hoby, or Hobbie, who was born in 1505, and died in 1558, was not only Gentleman of the Privy Chamber to Henry VIII., but, while he held that office, was attached to the embassy of Sir Thomas Wyatt to the Emperor Charles V. in 1538. He was himself ambassador to the same Emperor in 1548, being sent by the Protector Somerset to replace the Bishop of Westminster. It may be interesting to state that two volumes of papers containing instructions and other letters transmitted to Sir Philip during these embassies, and copies of his replies, together with his correspondence with some eminent reformers, were in the possession of Wm. Hare, Esq., M.P. for the city of Cork in 1796. An account of them, drawn up by the Rev. T. D. Hincks, was read before the Royal Irish Academy on December 17 in that year, and printed in the sixth volume of itsTransactions. It is probable that these papers had formerly belonged to Rev. Sir Philip Hoby, Bart., who was Dean of Ardfert and Chancellor of St. Patrick's; and died without an heir in 1766. He was descended from Sir Thomas Hoby, younger brother of Sir Philip; who was born in 1530, and died in 1566. The father of these two knights was William Hobbie of Leominster. I presume the two volumes of papers referred to are in the possession of the Earl of Listowel, great-grandson of the gentleman who possessed them in 1796.

E. H. D. D.

Anticipatory Use of the Cross(Vol. viii. passim).—

"It is strange, yet well authenticated, and has given rise to many theories, that the symbol of the Cross was already known to the Indians before the arrival of Cortez. In the island of Cozumel, near Yucatan, there were several; and in Yucatan itself there was a stone cross. And there an Indian, considered a prophet amongst his countrymen, had declared that a nation bearing the same as a symbol should arrive from a distant country! More extraordinary still was a temple, dedicated to the Holy Cross by the Toltec nation in the city of Cholula. Near Tulansingo there is also a cross engraved on a rock with various characters, which the Indians by tradition ascribe to the Apostle St. Thomas. In Oajaca, also, there existed a cross, which the Indians from time immemorial had been accustomed to consider as a divine symbol. By order of the Bishop Cervantes it was placed in a sumptuous chapel in the cathedral. Information concerning its discovery, together with a small cup, cut out of its wood, was sent to Rome to Paul V.; who received it on his knees, singing the hymn 'Vexilla regis,' &c."—Life in Mexico, by Madame Calderon de la Barca, Letter xxxvii.

E. H. A.

Longevity(Vols. vii., viii.,passim).—

"Amongst the fresh antiquities of Cornwall, let not the old woman be forgotten who died about two years since; who was one hundred and sixty-four years old, of good memory, and healthful at that age; living in the parish of Gwithian by the charity of such as came purposely to see her, speaking to them (in default of English) by an interpreter, yet partly understanding it. She married a second husband after she was eighty,and buried him after he was eighty years of age."—Scawens'Dissertation on the Cornish Tongue, written temp. Car. II.

Anon.

As very many, if not all, the instances mentioned in "N. & Q." of those who have reached a very advanced age, were people of humble origin, may we not now refer to those of noble birth? To commence the list, I would name Sir Ralph de Vernon, "who is said to have lived to the age of one hundred and fifty, and thence generally was called the Old Liver." My authority is, Burke'sPeerage and Baronetage, edit. 1848, p. 1009.

W. W.

Malta.

"Nugget" (Vol. viii., pp. 375. 481.).—A note from Mundy'sOur Antipodes:

"The wordnugget, among farmers, signifies a small compact beast, a runt: among gold-miners a lump, in contradistinction to the scale or dust-gold."

Clericus Rusticus.

The fifth Lord Byron(Vol. ix., p. 18.).—I believe it to be an acknowledged fact, that an old man's memory is generally good of events of years past and gone: and as an octogenarian I am not afraid to state that, from the discussions on the subject, I feel myself perfectly correct as to the main point of my observations (Vol. viii., p. 2.), viz. the error committed in the limitation of the ultimate reversion of the estate; but as to the secondary point to whichMr. Wardenalludes, I may perhaps be in error in placing it on the settlement of the son, inasmuch as the effect would be the same if it occurred in the settlement of the father; andMr. Warden'sobservations leave an inference that the mistake may have there occurred; as, in such case, if the error had been discovered,—and by any altercation the son had refused to correct the mistake, which he could and ought to have consented to, after the failure of his own issue,—this alone, between two hasty tempers, would have been sufficient cause of quarrel, without reference to the question of marrying an own cousin, which is often very justly objectionable.

Wm. S. Hesleden.

Wapple, or Whapple-way(Vol. ix., p. 125.).—This name is common in the south, and means a bridle-way, or road in which carriages cannot pass. In Sussex these ways are usually short cuts through fields and woods, from one road or place to another. (See Halliwell'sDictionary, and Cooper'sSussex Glossary.) The derivation is not given by either writer.

In Manning'sSurrey, I find not any mention of this term; but apprehend it to be a corruption of the Norman-French,vert plain, "a green road or alley:" which, as our Saxon ancestors pronounced thevas aw, easily slides intowar plainorwarple. (See Du Cange,Supp.,in voce"Plain.")

C. H.

The Ducking-stool(Vol. viii., p.315.).—As late as the year 1824, a woman was convicted of being a common scold in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Philadelphia County, and sentenced "to be placed in a certain instrument of correction called a cucking or ducking-stool," and plunged three times into the water; but the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, upon the removal of the case by writ of error, decided that this punishment was obsolete, and contrary to the spirit of the age.

Our fathers held the ducking-stool in higher respect, as appears from the following presentments of the grand juries of Philadelphia, the originals of which have been lately discovered. In January, 1717, they say (through William Fishbourne, their foreman),—

"Whereas it has been frequently and often presented by several former grand juries for this city, the necessity of a ducking-stool and house of correction for the just punishment of scolding, drunken women, as well as divers other profligate and unruly persons in this place, who are become a public nuisance and disturbance to this town in general; therefore we, the present grand jury, do earnestly again present the same to this court of quarter sessions for the city, desiring their immediate care, thatthose publick conveniencesmay not be any longer delayed, but with all possible speed provided for the detection and quieting such disorderly persons."

Another, the date of which is not given, but which is signed by the same foreman, presents "Alsoe that a ducking-stoole be made for publick use, being very much wanting for scolding women," &c. And in 1720, another grand jury, of which Benjamin Duffield was foreman, say:

"The Grand Inquest, we taking in consideration the great disorders of the turbulent and ill-behaviour of many people in this city, we present the great necessity of a ducking-stool for such people according to their deserts."

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Double Christian Names(Vol. ix., p. 45.).—It is surely not correct to say that the earliest instance of two Christian names is in the case of a person born in 1635. Surely Henry, Prince of Wales, the son of James I., is an earlier instance. Sir Thomas Strand Fairfax was certainly born before that date. Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey was probably an earlier instance; and Sir Robert Bruce Colton, the antiquary, certainly so. Writing at a distance from my books, I can only appeal to memory; but see Southey'sCommon-Place Book, vol. i. p. 510. Venables, in hisTravels in Russia,tells us that "a Russian has never more than one Christian name, which must be always that of a saint." To these a patronymic is often added of the father's name, with the additionvich, as in the case of the present Czar, Nicholas Paulovich, the son of Paul.

W. Denton.

Torquay.

Pedigree to the Time of Alfred(Vol. viii., p. 586.).—Some ten or twelve years since I was staying at the King's Head Inn, Egham, Surrey (now defunct), when a fresh-looking, respectable man was pointed out to one as Mr. Wapshot, who had held an estate in the neighbourhood from his ancestors prior to the Conquest. He was not represented as a blacksmith, but as farming his own estate. I am not connected with Egham or the neighbourhood, or I would make farther inquiry.

S. D.

Palace of Lucifer(Vol. v., p. 275.).—If R. T. has not observed it, I would refer him to the note in the Aldine edition of Milton, vol. iii. p. 263., where I find "Luciferi domus" is the palace of the sun (seeProlusiones, p. 120.); and not, asT. Wartonconjectured, the abode of Satan.

I. R. R.

Monaldeschi(Vol. viii., p. 34.).—Relation du Meurte de Monaldeschi, poignardé par ordre de Christine, reine de Suède, by Father de Bel, is to be found in a collection of curious papers printed at Cologne, 1664, in 12mo. It is given at length inCristina's Revenge, and other Poems, by J. M. Moffatt, London, printed for the author, 1821.

E. D.

Anna Lightfoot(Vol. vii., p. 595.).—T. H. H. is referred to an elegantly printed pamphlet calledAn Historical Fragment relative to her late Majesty Queen Caroline, printed for J. & N. L. Hunt, London, 1824, which, from p. 44. to p. 50., contains a very circumstantial account of this extraordinary occurrence.

E. D.

Lode(Vol. v., p. 345.).—It would not appear that this word means "an artificial watercourse," at least from its use at Tewkesbury, where there is still theLower Lode, at which a ferry over the Severn still exists; and there was also theUpper Lode, until a bridge was erected over the river at that place. Will this help to show its proper meaning?

I. R. R.

"To try and get" (Vol. ix., p. 76.).—Unedainquires the origin of this erroneous mode of expression? Doubtless euphony, to avoid the alliteration of so many T's: "tothetheatretotry and get," &c. But evidently the wordtois understood, though not supplied after the wordand. Thus, "to try and (to) get," &c.

Celcrena.

Abbott Families(Vol. ix. p. 105.).—In reply toMr. Abbott'sQuery, I have a pedigree of Samuel Abbott, born in 1637 or 1638; second son of Wm. Abbott of Sudbury, who was born 1603, and who was son to Charles Abbott of Hawkden and Sudbury, an alderman, which Charles was son to Wm. Abbott of Hawkden. This Samuel married Margaret, daughter to Thomas Spicer. ShouldMr. Abbottwish it, I would forward him a copy of the pedigree. I can trace no connexion between this family and that of Archbishop Abbott, whose father, Maurice Abbott of Guildford, was son of —— Abbott of Farnham, co. Surrey.

I wish especially to know what became of Thomas Abbott, only son of Robert, Bishop of Sarum; which Thomas dedicated his father's treatise against Bellarmine in 1619 to his uncle the Archbishop, calling himself in the preface, "imbellis homuncio." His sister was wife to Sir Nathaniel Brent, whose younger son Nathaniel left all his property to his cousin Maurice Abbott, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, Gent., in 1688; which Maurice was possibly son to Thomas.

G. E. Adams.

36. Lincoln's Inn Fields.

"Mairdil" (Vol. viii., p. 411.).—Is there any affinity between the wordmairdil, which is used in Forfarshire, to be overcome with fatigue for any oppressive or intricate piece of work, and the wordmardelormardle, which signifies to gossip in Norfolk, as stated byMr. J. L. Sisson? What will H. C. K. say to this subject? Jamieson confinesmairdilto an adjective, signifying unwieldy; but I have often heard work-people in Forfarshire declare they were "perfectlymairdiled" with a piece of heavy work, using the word as a passive verb.Trachledhas nearly the same meaning, but it is chiefly confined to describe fatigue arising from walking a long distance.

Henry Stephens.

Bell at Rouen(Vol. viii., p. 448.).—Your valuable correspondentW. Sparrow Simpson, B.A., has probably taken his account of the great bell in the cathedral at Rouen from a note made before the French Revolution of 1792-3, because the George d'Ambois, which was once considered the largest bell in Europe (it was thirteen feet high, and eleven feet in diameter), excepting that at Moscow, shared the destructive fate of many others at that eventful period, and was melted down for cannon. In 1814 the bulb of its clapper was outside the door of a blacksmith's shop, as you go out of the city towards Dieppe. It was pointed out to me by a friend with whom I was then travelling—a gentleman of the neighbourhood, who was at Rouen at the time it was brought there—and there, if I mistake not, but I cannot find my note, I saw it again within the last ten years.

H. T. Ellacombe.

Rectory, Clyst St. George.

Smiths and Robinsons(Vol. ix., p. 148.).—Arms of Smith of Curdley, co. Lancaster: Argent, a cheveron sable between three roses gules, barbed, vert seeded, or.

Robinson (of Yorkshire): Vert, a cheveron between three roebucks trippant or. Crest, a roebuck as in the arms. Motto, "Virtute non verbis."

Robinson of Yorkshire, as borne by Lord Rokeby: Vert, on a cheveron or, between three bucks trippant of the last, as many quatrefoils gules. Crest, a roebuck trippant or.

Cid.

Churchill's Grave(Vol. ix., p. 123.).—If I am not mistaken, there is a tablet to the memory of Churchill, with a more lengthy inscription, within the church of St. Mary, Dover, towards the western end of the south aisle.

W. Sparrow Simpson.

Before proceeding to notice any of the books which we have received this week, we will call the attention of the publishing world to two important works which we know to be now wanting a publisher, namely, I.A Syriac-English Lexicon to the New Testament and Book of Psalms, arranged alphabetically, with the derivatives referred to their proper roots, and a companion of the principal words in the cognate languages; and II.A Syriac-English Grammar, translated and abridged from Hoffman's larger work.

Samuel Pepys is the dearest old gossip that ever lived; and every new edition of his incomparable Diary will serve but to increase his reputation as the especial chronicler of his age. Every page of it abounds not only in curious indications of the tone and feelings of the times, and the character of the writer, but also in most graphic illustrations of the social condition of the country. It is this that renders it a work which calls for much careful editing and illustrative annotation, and consequently gives to every succeeding edition new value. Well pleased are we, therefore, to receive from Lord Braybrooke a fourth edition, revised and corrected, of theDiary and Correspondence of Samuel Pepys. and well pleased to offer our testimony to the great care with which its noble editor has executed his duties. Thanks to his good judgment, and to the great assistance which he acknowledges to have received from Messrs. Holmes, Peter Cunningham, Yeowell, &c., his fourth edition is by far the best which has yet appeared, and is the one which must hereafter be referred to as the standard one. The Index, too, has been revised and enlarged, which adds no little to the value of the book.

Mr. Murray has broken fresh ground in hisBritish Classicsby the publication of the first volume of Gibbon'sDecline and Fall of the Roman Empire, with Notes and Preface by Dean Milman and M. Guizot, and edited, with Notes, by Dr. Smith. If the publisher showed good tact in selecting Mr. P. Cunningham for editor ofGoldsmith, he has shown no less in entrusting the editing of his new Gibbon to Dr. Smith, whose various Dictionaries point him out as peculiarly fitted for such a task. In such well practised hands, therefore, there can be little doubt as to the mode in which the labour of editing will be conducted; and a very slight glance at the getting up of this first volume will serve to prove that, for a library edition of Gibbon, while this is the cheapest it will be also the handsomest ever offered to the public.

Books Received.—Macaulay'sCritical and Historical Essays, People's Edition, Part I. The first issue of an edition of these admirable Essays, which will, when completed, cost only Seven Shillings! Can cheapness go much lower?—Adventures in the Wilds of North America, by Charles Lanman,editedby C. R. Wild, forming Parts LV. and LVI. of Longman'sTraveller's Library. These adventures, partly piscatorial, are of sufficient interest to justify their publication even without theimprimatur, which they have received, of so good a critic as Washington Irving.—Darling'sCyclopædia Bibliographica, Part XVII., extends from Andrew Rivet to William Shepheard.

London Labour and London Poor.Nos. XLIV. and LXIV. to End of Work.

Mrs. Gore's Banker's Wife.

Tales by a Barrister.

Schiller's Wallenstein, translated by Coleridge. Smith's Classical Library.

Goethe's Faust(English). Smith's Classical Library.

The Circle of the Seasons.London, 1828. 12mo.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent toMr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are given for that purpose:

A Memoir of the Life of James Stanley, Seventh Earl of Derby, by W. H. Whatton, Esq. Published by Fisher, Newgate Street.

History of the Westminster Election.London, 1794. 1 Vol. 4to.

Wanted byG. Cornewall Lewis, Kent House, Knightsbridge.

A Map, Plan, and Representationsof Interesting and Remarkable places connected withAncient London(large size).

A Copy of an early number of "The Times" Newspaper, or of the "Morning Chronicle," "Morning Post," or "Morning Herald." The nearer the commencement preferred.

Copies or Facsimiles of other Old Newspapers.

A Copy ofThe Breechesor other Old Bible.

Wanted byMr. Joseph Simpson, Librarian, Literary and Scientific Institution, Islington, London.

Percy Society's Publications.Nos. XCIII. and XCIV.

Wanted byG. J. Hargreaves, Stretford, near Manchester.

Cambridge Installation Ode, 1835, by Chr. Wordsworth. 4to. Edition.

Kitchener's Economy of the Eyes.Part II.

Brown's Anecdotes of Dogs.

—— —— —— of Animals.

Wanted byFred. Dinsdale, Esq., Leamington.

Enquiry after Happiness.The Third Part. By Richard Lucas, D.D. Sixth Edition. 1734.

Wanted byRev. John James, Avington Rectory, Hungerford.

M. "Scarborough Warning."—This expression has been fully explained in ourFirst Volume, p. 138.

J. C. B.,who writes respectingThe Gregorian Tones,is referred to ourSixth Volume, pp. 99. 178.,and ourSeventh Volume, p. 136.

R. N. (Liverpool).There are many letters of Charles I. among the MSS. in the British Museum. We do not know where the Cabinet taken at Naseby is preserved.

Oxon.Entire,as applied to beer, signifies that it is drawn entirely from one butt. Formerly the favourite beer was a mixture of ale or beer and twopenny, until a brewer named Harwood produced a beer with the same flavour, which he calledentireorentire butt.

G. W. T.Old Rowley was the name of a celebrated stallion belonging to Charles II.

C. H. N.,who writes respectingRoyal Arms in Churches,is referred to ourSixth Volume passim.

Tom Tell-taleis thanked. We are in possession of information respecting the drawings in question; but shall be glad to know of any other purchasers.

Caveat Emptor.We have lately seen a curious pseudo-letter of Cromwell, the history of which we may perhaps lay before our readers.

Francis Beaufort.The copy of theBiblia Sacra Latinato which our Correspondent refers, is now in the possession of Mr. Brown, bookseller, 130. Old Street.

J. O.We have forwarded the book you so kindly sent to the gentleman for whom you intended it.

Comusmay have a copy of theEpitome of Lockeon applying to Mr. Olive Lasbury, bookseller, Bristol.

Hugh Henderson(Glasgow).The fault must be in the quality of your pyrogallic. You need have no difficulty in obtaining it pure of some of the photographic chemists, and whose advertisements appear in our columns.

A. F. G. (March 1st.).All papers for photographic purposes improve by keeping. When you have thoroughly satisfied yourself of the goodness of a sample, secure all you can; it will repay you well by time. Consult our advertising columns for your market, which we prefer not to indicate.

Errata.—Vol. ix., p. 75., col. 1. 9th line, for "previous" read "precious"; p. 136., col. 1. line 3, for "carre" read "cane;" p. 200., col. 1. 12th line from bottom, for "Richard I." read "Henry I."

Our Eighth Volumeis now bound and ready for delivery, price 10s.6d., cloth, boards. A few sets of the whole Eight Volumes are being made up, price 4l.4s.—For these early application is desirable.

"Notes and Queries"is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

TO NERVOUS SUFFERERS.—A retired Clergyman having been restored to health in a few days, after many years of great nervous suffering, is anxious to make known to others the MEANS of a CURE; will therefore send free, on receiving a stamped envelope, properly addressed, a copy of the prescription used.

Direct the REV. E. DOUGLASS, 18. Holland Street, Brixton, London.

PIANOFORTES, 25 Guineas each.—D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square (establishedA.D.1785), sole manufacturers of the ROYAL PIANOFORTES, at 25 Guineas each. Every instrument warranted. The peculiar advantages of these pianofortes are best described in the following professional testimonial, signed by the majority of the leading musicians of the age:—"We, the undersigned members of the musical profession, having carefully examined the Royal Pianofortes manufactured by MESSRS. D'ALMAINE & CO., have great pleasure in bearing testimony to their merits and capabilities. It appears to us impossible to produce instruments of the same size possessing a richer and finer tone, more elastic touch, or more equal temperament, while the elegance of their construction renders them a handsome ornament for the library, boudoir, or drawing-room. (Signed) J. L. Abel, F. Benedict, H. R. Bishop, J. Blewitt, J. Brizzi, T. P. Chipp, P. Delavanti, C. H. Dolby, E. F. Fitzwilliam, W. Forde, Stephen Glover, Henri Herz, E. Harrison, H. F. Hassé, J. L. Hatton, Catherine Hayes, W. H. Holmes, W. Kuhe, G. F. Kiallmark, E. Land, G. Lanza, Alexander Lee, A. Leffler, E. J. Loder, W. H. Montgomery, S. Nelson, G. A. Osborne, John Parry, H. Panofka, Henry Phillips, F. Praegar, K. F. Rimbault, Frank Romer, G. H. Rodwell, R. Roekel, Sims Reeves, J. Templeton, F. Weber, H. Westrop, T. H. Wright," &c.

D'ALMAINE & CO., 20. Soho Square. Lists and Designs Gratis.

HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads, in iron, brass, japanned wood, polished birch, mahogany, rosewood, and walnut-tree woods; also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers, 196. Tottenham Court Road.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

THE EXHIBITION OF PHOTOGRAPHS, by the most eminent English and Continental Artists, is OPEN DAILY from Ten till Five. Free Admission.

A Portrait by Mr. Talbot's Patent Process

Additional Copies (each)

A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (small size)

A Coloured Portrait, highly finished (larger size)

Miniatures, Oil Paintings, Water-Colour, and Chalk Drawings, Photographed and Coloured in imitation of the Originals. Views of Country Mansions, Churches, &c., taken at a short notice.

Cameras, Lenses, and all the necessary Photographic Apparatus and Chemicals, are supplied, tested, and guaranteed.

Gratuitous Instruction is given to Purchasers of Sets of Apparatus.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION,168. New Bond Street.

ARUNDEL SOCIETY.—The Publication of the Fourth Year (1852-3), consisting of Eight Wood Engravings by MESSRS. DALZIEL, from Mr. W. Oliver Williams' Drawings after GIOTTO'S Frescos at PADUA, is now ready: and Members who have not paid their Subscriptions are requested to forward them to the Treasurer by Post-Office Order, payable at the Charing Cross Office.

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