Queries.

"J. H.He was universally beloved in the circle ofHis acquaintance; but unitedIn his death the esteem of all,Namely, by bequeathing his remains."

"J. H.

He was universally beloved in the circle of

His acquaintance; but united

In his death the esteem of all,

Namely, by bequeathing his remains."

J. K. R. W.

Numbers.—We occasionally see calculations of how often a given number of persons may vary their position at a table, and each time produce a fresh arrangement. I believe the result may be arrived at by progressive multiplication, as thus:

and soon. Probably also change-ringing is governed by the same mode of calculation.

J. D. Allcroft.

Celtic Language.—Asfraus latet in generalibusin linguistics as in law, I beg to suggest that, instead of using the wordCeltic, the wordsGaelic,Cymbric,Breton,Armorican,Welsh,Irish, &c. might be properly appropriated. The mother Celtic is lost,—her remains are to be found only in the names of mountains, rivers, and countries; and our knowledge of this tongue is derived from an acquaintance with her two principal daughters, the Gaelic and Cymbric (=Kymric). The Gaelic tongue has been driven by Germanic invasion into Ireland (Erse), and into the Highlands of Scotland (Gaelic). The Cymbric tongue first took refuge in Belgium, known afterwards as Breton, and still lives as Welsh and Bas-Breton, which (and not the Gaelic) is nearest of kin in some words to the Latin and Italian.

To understand this subject, the profound induction of Eichhoff must be studied carefully.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

Illustration of Longfellow—"God's Acre."—Longfellow's very beautiful little poem, commencing:

"I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which callsThe burial-ground God's acre."

"I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls

The burial-ground God's acre."

is doubtless familiar to all your readers. It may interest some of them to know, that the "ancient Saxon phrase" has not yet become obsolete. I read the words "GOTTES ACKER," when at Basle last autumn, inscribed over the entrance to a modern cemetery, just outside the St. Paul's Gate of that city.

W. Sparrow Simpson.

I shall be much obliged if any gentleman who has the power of access to the registers of Wrington, Somerset, or who may otherwise take an interest in the descent of John Locke the philosopher, will kindly assist me to prove that the parents of that eminent man were as supposed to be in the accompanying pedigree.

Edmund Keene of Wrington, = Mary, daughter of ... described as a widow,county Somerset. | October 15, 1631. (Court Roll.)________________________|_____________________________________________________________________| | | : |Edmund Keene of = Frances, daughter John. Richard (?). Agnes Keene, married = John Locke ... = ... Morris.Wrington. Yeoman.| of ... at Wrington, July 15,: /|\Will dated | Locke(?). Executrix 1630. :September 12, | of her ______________________________:1667 (in which | husband's will. :he mentions his | John Locke the philosopher, baptized August 29, 1632."loving brother |Peter Locke." |Who was he?) |_____________|__________________________________| | | | |Samuel Keene. John, baptized Peter. Sarah. Mary, baptized at Wrington, February 27, 1633, = John Darbie of: October 8, Both baptized by her father's will had lands at Wrington Shirbourne,: 1635. October 24, and Ley. Will dat. August 16, 1717. by co. Dorset,: : 1639. which she devised her estate at Wrington Mercer.: : to her niece Frances Watkins of Abingdon, (Deed, August_:_________________: widow, remainder to her son Joseph. Died 16, 1676.)| November 27, 1717.Frances Keene. (Daughter of = Joseph Watkins ofSamuel or John?) | Abingdon.___________||Joseph Watkins of Clapton, Middlesex, Esq. = Magdalen, daughter of ... Gibbes./|\

I observe that in Chalmers' Dictionary the mother of Locke is called Anne, whereas, in the Wrington register, I am informed that it appears as Agnes,—"1630, July 15, (married) John Locke and Agnes Keene." I believe, however, that in former days Anne and Agnes were not unfrequently confounded, so that the apparent discrepancy may not be material.

The best evidence that is at present within my reach, in support of the connexion here given, is a letter from Mrs. Frances Watkins, a daughter of either Samuel or John Keene, dated "Abingdon, January, 1754," addressed to her son "Joseph Watkins, Esq., at John's Coffee House, Cornhill, London," and from which I make the following extract for the information of those who may be disposed to look into this question. She says,—

"I am allied to Mr. Lock thus: His father and my grandmother were brother and sister, and his mother and my grandfather were also sister and brother, consequently my father and the great Lock were doubly first cousins. My grandfather's sister and my grandmother's brother produced this wonder of the world. To make you more sensible of it, a Lock married a Keen, and a Keen married a Lock. My aunt Keen was a most beautiful woman, as was all the family; and my uncle Lock an extream wise man. So much for genealogy. My Lord Chancellor King was allied thus near. I forgett whether his mother was a Keen or Lock. I had this information from my aunt Darby. Mr. Lock had no advantage in his person, but was a very fine gentleman. From foreign Courts they used to write, 'For John Lock, Esq., in England.'"

C. J.

"The Village Lawyer."—Can you inform me who is the author of that very popular farce,The Village Lawyer? It was first acted about the year 1787. It has been ascribed to Mr. Macready, the father of Mr. W. C. Macready, the eminent tragedian. The real author, however, is said to have been a dissenting minister in Dublin, and I would be obliged to any of your readers who could give me his name.

Sigma.

Richard Plantagenet, Earl of Cambridge.—In a note in the first volume of Miss Strickland'sLives of the Queens of Scotland, she remarks that Bourchier, Earl of Essex, "was near of kin to the royal family, being grand-nephew to Richard, Duke of York, father of Edward IV., but did not share the blood of the heiress of March,JaneMortimer." I quote from memory, not having the book at hand; but allowing that Jane for Anne may be a slip of the pen, or a mistake of the press, where did Miss Strickland discover any second marriage of Richard, Earl of Cambridge? All pedigrees of the royal family that I have seen agree in giving him only one wife, and in expressly stating her to be mother to Isabel, Countess of Essex.

J. S. Warden.

Highland Regiment.-Can any of your Gaelic or military correspondents inform me whether it is at present the custom for the officers in the Highland regiments to wear a dirk in addition to the broadsword? Also whether the Highland regiments were ever armed with broadswords, andwhether their drill is different to that of the other troops of the line? I have somewhere heard it said that the 28th (an English regiment) were once armed with swords, whence their name of "The Slashers?" Is this the real origin of the name? and if not, what is? I should also like to know the origin of the custom of wearing undresswhiteshell jackets, which are now worn by the Highlanders?

Arthur.

Ominous Storms.—A remark by a labouring man of this town (Grantham), which is new to me, is to the following effect. In March, and all seasons when the judges are on circuit, and when there are any criminals to be hanged, there are always winds and storms, and roaring tempests. Perhaps there are readers of "N. & Q." who have met with the same idea.

John Hawkins.

Edward Fitzgerald, born 17th January, 1528, son of Gerald, ninth Earl of Kildare, and brother of the celebrated "Silken Thomas," an ancestor of the Duke of Leinster, married Mary, daughter and heiress of Sir John Leigh of Addington, and widow of Sir Thomas Paston (called improperly Sir John). There are contradictory pedigrees of the Leigh family in theSurrey Visitations,e. g.Harl. MSS. 1147. and 5520. Could one of your correspondents oblige me with a correct pedigree of this Mary Leigh; she is sometimes called "Mabel?"

Y. S. M.

Boyle Family.—Allow me to repeat the Query regarding Richard Boyle (Vol. vii., p. 430.). Richard Boyle, appointed Dean of Limerick 5th Feb. 1661, and Bishop of Leighlin and Ferns in 1666, died in 1682. Roger Boyle, the youngest brother of Richard, was born in 1617, and educated in Trinity College, Dublin, of which he became a Fellow. On the breaking out of the rebellion of 1641 he went to England, and having become tutor to Lord Paulet, he continued in that family till the Restoration, when he returned to Ireland, and was presented with the Rectory of Carrigaline, diocese of Cork. He was made Dean of Cork in 1662, and promoted to the Bishopric of Down and Connor 12th Sept. 1667. He was translated to Clogher, 21st September, 1672, and died 26th November, 1687. The sister of these prelates was wife to the Rev. Urban Vigors (Vol. viii., p. 340.). They were near relatives of the great Earl of Cork, and many of their descendants have been buried in his tomb, in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. I have not seen any reply to my Query about Mr. Vigors. May I ask is there any list of the chaplains of King Charles I.?

Y. S. M.

Inn Signs.—As the subject of inns is being discussed, can any of your readers tell the origin of "The Green Man and Still?" And is there any foundation for a statement, that "the chequers" have been found on Italian wine-shops, and were imported from Egypt, having there been the emblem of Osiris.

S. A.

Oxford.

Demoniacal Descent of the Plantagenets.—In "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 73., I asked for information as to the demoniacal ancestor of Henry II., confessing my own ignorance of the tradition. I received no answer, but was induced to inquire farther by a passage in the article on "A'Becket" in theQuarterly Review, xciii. 349.

"These words goaded the king into one of those paroxysms of fury to which all the earlier Plantagenet princes were subject, and which was believed by them to arise from a mixture of demoniacal blood in their race."

The following is from Thierry, tom. iii. p. 330., Paris, 1830:

"L'on racontait d'une ancienne Comtesse d'Anjou, aieule du père de Henri II., que son mari ayant remarqué avec effroi, qu'elle allait rarement à l'église, et qu'elle en sortait toujours à la sacre de la messe, s'avisa de l'y faire retenir de force par quatre écuyers; mais qu'à l'instant de la consécration, la Comtesse, jettant le manteau par lequel on la tenait, s'était envolée par une fenêtre, et n'avait jamais reparu. Richard de Poictiers, selon un contemporain, avait coutume de rapporter cette aventure, et de dire à ce propos: 'Est-il étonnant que, sortis d'une telle source, nous vivions mal, les uns avec les autres? Ce qui provient du diable doit retourner au diable.'"

Thierry quotesBrompton apud Scriptores Rerum Francorum, tom. xiii. p. 215.:

"Istud Ricardus referre solebat, asserens de tali genere procedentes sese mutuo infestent, tanquam de diabolo venientes, et ad diabolum transeuntes."

I shall be glad of any assistance in tracing the story up or down.

H. B. C.

U. U. Club.

Anglo-Saxon Graves.—The world is continually hearing now of researches in Anglo-Saxon graves. I beg to inquire whether Anglo-Saxon coins or inscriptions have been found in any of these, so as to identify them with the people to whom these interments are ascribed? or upon what other proof or authority these graves are so assigned to the Anglo-Saxons?

H. E.

Robert Brown the Separatist.—Robert Brown the Separatist, from whom his followers were called "Brownists." Whom did he marry, and when? In theBiog. Brit.he is said to have been the son of Anthony Brown of Tolthorp, Rutland, Esq. (though born at Northampton, according to Mr. Collier), and grandson of Francis Brown, whom King Henry VIII., in the eighteenth year of his reign, privileged by charter to wear hiscap in the royal presence. He was nearly allied to the Lord Treasurer Cecil Lord Burleigh, who was his friend and powerful protector. Burleigh's aunt Joan, daughter of David Cyssel of Stamford (grandfather of the Lord Treasurer) by his second wife, married Edmund Brown. She was half-sister of Richard Cyssel of Burleigh, the Lord Treasurer's father. What connexion was there between Edmund Brown and Anthony Brown of Tolthorp?

Fuller (Ch. Hist., b. ix. p. 168.) says, he had a wife with whom he never lived, and a church in which he never preached. His church was in Northamptonshire, and he died in Northampton Gaol in 1630.

From 1589 to 1592 he was master of St. Olave's Grammar School in Southwark.

G. R. Corner.

Eltham.

Commissions issued by Charles I. at Oxford.—In Lord Campbell'sLives of the Chancellors, vol. ii. p. 604., it is stated that a commission was granted to Lord Keeper Littleton to raise a corps of volunteers for the royal service among the members of the legal profession, "and that the docquet of that commission remains among the instruments passed under the great seal of King Charles I. at Oxford." P. C. S. S. is very desirous to know where a list of these instruments can be consulted?

P. C. S. S.

Hogmanay.—This word, applied in Scotland to the last day of the year, is derived by Jamieson (I believe, but have not hisDictionaryto refer to) from the Greekἁγία μήνη.

Can any of your correspondents north of the Tweed, or elsewhere, give the correct source?

W. T. M.

Hong Kong.

[Our correspondent is probably not aware that Brand, in hisPopular Antiquities, vol. i. pp. 457-461. (Bohn's edit.), has devoted a chapter to this term. Among other conjectural etymologies he adds the following: "We read in theScotch Presbyterian Eloquence Displayed, that it is ordinary among some plebeians in the South of Scotland to go about from door to door on New Year's Eve, cryingHagmena, a corrupted word from the Greekαγια μηνηi. e.holy month. John Dixon, holding forth against this custom once, in a sermon at Kelso, says: 'Sirs, do you know what hagmane signifies? It is,the devil be in the house!that's the meaning of itsHebreworiginal,' p. 102. Bourne agrees in the derivation of Hagmena given in theScotch Presbyterian Eloquence Displayed. 'Angli,' says Hospinian, 'Haleg-monath, quasi sacrum mensem vocant.'De Origine Ethn., p. 81." See also an ingenious essay on Hagmena in theCaledonian Mercuryfor Jan. 2, 1792, from which the most important parts have been extracted by Dr. Jamieson in his art. "Hogmanay."]

Longfellow's "Hyperion."—Can any of your readers tell me why that magnificent work of Longfellow's, which though in prose contains more real poetry than nine-tenths of the volumes of verse now published, is calledHyperion?

Mordan Gillott.

[Hyperion is an epithet applied to Apollo, and is used by Shakspeare,Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 2.:"Hyperion to a satyr."Warburton says, "This similitude at first sight seems to be a little far-fetched, but it has an exquisite beauty. By the satyr is meant Pan, as by HyperionApollo. Pan and Apollo were brothers, and the allusion is to the contention between those gods for the preference in music." Steevens, on the other hand, believes that Shakspeare "has no allusion in the present instance, except to the beauty of Apollo, and its immediate opposite, the deformity of a satyr." Hyperion or Apollo is represented in all the ancient statues as exquisitely beautiful, the satyrs hideously ugly.]

[Hyperion is an epithet applied to Apollo, and is used by Shakspeare,Hamlet, Act I. Sc. 2.:

"Hyperion to a satyr."

Warburton says, "This similitude at first sight seems to be a little far-fetched, but it has an exquisite beauty. By the satyr is meant Pan, as by HyperionApollo. Pan and Apollo were brothers, and the allusion is to the contention between those gods for the preference in music." Steevens, on the other hand, believes that Shakspeare "has no allusion in the present instance, except to the beauty of Apollo, and its immediate opposite, the deformity of a satyr." Hyperion or Apollo is represented in all the ancient statues as exquisitely beautiful, the satyrs hideously ugly.]

Sir Hugh Myddelton.—Where was Sir Hugh Myddleton buried? and has a monument been erected to his memory? I have searched several encyclopædias and other works, but they make no mention of his place of sepulture.

Hughson, I think, states it to be St. Matthew's, Friday Street; but I believe this is not correct.

J. O. W.

[There is a statue of Sir Hugh Myddelton, by Carew, in the New Royal Exchange. See Cunningham'sHandbook of London, from which work we learn (p. 327.) that "the register of St. Matthew's, Friday Street, abounds in entries relating to the family of Sir Hugh Myddleton." Cunningham does not mention his burial-place; but in the pedigree of the family given in Lewis'sHistory of Islington, it is stated that he was buried in the churchyard of St. Matthew, London.]

Sangarede.—The expression "sangarede," or "sangared," occurs in two ancient wills, one dated 1504, in which the testator bequeathed—

"To the sepulkyr lyght vi hyves of beene to pray ffor me and my wyffe in yecomonsangered."—Lib. Fuller, f. 70.

In the other, dated 1515, this passage occurs:

"I wyll ytIone my wyff here a yeere daye for me yeerly terme of her lyfe in the church of Mendlshm, and after here decesse yetowne of Mendelyshm here asangaredefor me and my wyfe in the church of Mendlshm perpetually."

I should be much obliged if you or one of your correspondents could furnish me with an intimation of the meaning of the term.

Laicus.

[Sangared,i. e.the chantry, or chanting, from the Saxonsangere, a singer.]

Salubrity of Hallsal, near Ormskirk, Lancashire.—Between the 19th of February and the 14th ofMay, 1800, ten persons died in this parish whose ages, as recorded on their tombs in the order of their departure, were 74, 84, 37, 70, 84, 70, 72, 62, 80, 90. This year must have been a fatal one to old people. Can any of the correspondents of "N. & Q." tell anything about the season?

W. J.

Bootle.

[The beginning of the year 1800 was unusually severe; in February, ice covered the ground so completely, that people skaited through the streets and roads; and in March, easterly winds prevailed with extraordinary violence. For the verification of these facts, consult the Meteorological diaries in theGentleman's Magazineof the above period.]

Athens.—What is the origin of the term "violet-crowned city," as applied to Athens? Macaulay uses the expression in hisHistory of England, but does not state how it was acquired.

E. A. T.

[The ancient Greeks and Romans, at their festive entertainments, wore garlands of flowers, and the violet was the favourite of the Athenians, than whom no people were more devoted to mirth, conviviality, and sensual pleasure. Hence the epithet was also given to Venus,Κύπρις ἰοστέφανος, as in someversesrecorded by Plutarch, in hisLife of Solon. Aristophanes twice applies the word to his sybarite countrymen:Equites, v. 1323., andAcarn.i. 637.]

James Miller.—Who was Miller, mentioned by Warburton as a writer of farces about 1735?

I. R. R.

[James Miller, a political and dramatic writer, was born in Dorsetshire in 1703. He received his education at Wadham College, Oxford; and while at the university, wrote a satiric piece calledThe Humours of Oxford, which created him many enemies, and hindered his preferment. He also published several political pamphlets against Sir Robert Walpole; and also the tragedy ofMahomet, and other plays. He died in 1744.]

(Vol. ix., pp 138. 255. 305. 432.)

Travellerhaving honoured me by alluding to a little work of mine, written thirty-five years ago, I may perhaps be permitted to correct a few errors (trifling, because personal) in his notice. My affinity was that of a cousin, not uncle, to the late lord my predecessor. I never had the military rank assigned to me, but was at the time likeTravellerhimself, a "youngster" freshly emancipated from Oxford to the Continent: and had little more pretension in printing the extracts from my Journal, than to comply with the kind wishes of many friends and relatives.

But to pass to what is more important, the character of Brydone, at the time I speak of there were no usefulhandbooksin existence; and tourists took for the purpose such volumes of travels as they could carry. Brydone, for this, was unfit. The French criticism (quoted Vol. ix., 306.) rightly says, that he sacrificed truth to piquancy in his narrations. Still it is a heavy charge to suspect so gross a deviation, as that of inventing the description of an ascent which he never accomplished; especially when the ascent is a feat not at all difficult. The evidence for this disbelief must be derived from a series of errors in the account, which I do not remember to have observed while reading him on the spot. The charitable supposition ofMr. Macray, that he mistook the summit, is hardly compatible with so defined a cone as that of Etna; but all must agree with his just estimate of that description, and which theBiographie Universelleitself terms "chef d'œuvre de narration." Brydone, no doubt, is as unsafe for the road as he is amusing for the study, and perhaps from that very reason.

Monson.

Gatton Park.

(Vol. iv., p. 411.; Vol. vi., p. 533.; Vol. viii., p. 43.)

When I sent you my Note on this subject at the last of the above references, I had not readLetters, Conversations, and Recollections of S. T. Coleridge, Moxon, 1836. The subjoined extracts from that work confirm that note, vol. i, pp. 104. 156. 162.

August 8, 1820. Coleridge:

"I at least am as well as I ever am, and my regular employment, in which Mr. Green is weekly my amanuensis, [is] the work on the books of the Old and New Testaments, introduced by the assumptions and postulates required as the preconditions of a fair examination of Christianity as a scheme of doctrines, precepts, and histories, drawn or at least deducible from these books."

January, 1821. Coleridge:

"In addition to these —— of myGREAT WORK,to the preparation of which more than twenty years of my life have been devoted, and on which my hopes of extensive and permanent utility, of fame, in the noblest sense of the word, mainly rest, &c. Of this work, &c., the result must finally be revolution of all that has been calledPhilosophyor Metaphysics in England and France since the era of the commencing predominance of the mechanical system at the restoration of our second Charles, and with the present fashionable views, not only of religion, morals, and politics, but even of the modern physics and physiology.... Of this work, something more than a volume has beendictated by me, so as to exist fit for the press, to my friend and enlightened pupil, Mr. Green; and more than as much again would have been evolved and delivered to paper, but that for the last six or eight months I have been compelled to break off our weekly meeting," &c.

Vol. ii. p. 219. Editor:

"The prospectus of these lectures (viz. on Philosophy) is so full of interest, and so well worthy of attention, that I subjoin it; trusting that the Lectures themselves will soon be furnished by, or under the auspices of Mr. Green, the most constant and the most assiduous of his disciples. That gentleman will, I earnestly hope—and doubt not—see,feel, the necessity of giving the whole of his great master's views, opinions, and anticipations; not those alone in which he more entirely sympathises, or those which may have more ready acceptance in the present time. He will not shrink from the great, thesacred dutyhe has voluntarily undertaken, from any regards of prudence, still less from that most hopeless form of fastidiousness, the wish to conciliate those who are never to be conciliated,inferior mindssmarting under a sense of inferiority, and the imputationwhich they are conscious is just, that but for Himtheynever could have been; that distorted, dwarfed, changed, as are all his views and opinions, by passingathwartminds with which they could not assimilate, they are yet almost the only things which give such minds astatusin literature."

How has Mr. Green discharged the duties of this solemn trust? Has he made any attempt to give publicity to theLogic, the "great work" onPhilosophy, the work on the Old and New Testaments, to be calledThe Assertion of Religion, or theHistory of Philosophy, all of which are in his custody, and of which the first is, on the testimony of Coleridge himself, a finished work? We know from theLetters, vol. ii. pp. 11. 150., that theLogicis an essay in three parts, viz. the "Canon," the "Criterion," and the "Organon;" of these the last only can be in any respect identical with theTreatise on Method. There are other works of Coleridge missing; to these I will call attention in a future Note. For the four enumerated above Mr. Green is responsible. He has lately received the homage of the University of Oxford in the shape of a D.C.L.; he can surely afford a fraction of the few years that may still be allotted to him in re-creating the fame of, and in discharging his duty to, his great master. If, however, he cannot afford the time, trouble, and cost of the undertaking, I make him this public offer; I will, myself, take the responsibility of the publication of the above-mentioned four works, if he will entrust me with the MSS.

The Editor will, I doubt not, be good enough to forward to the learned Doctor a copy of the Number in which this appeal is published.

C. Manfield Ingleby.

Birmingham.

(Vol. ix., p 393.)

There is so much similarity of character, in respect of sympathy for the humbler position and the well-being of others, between this lamented judge and that of the professor who is depicted by his biographer in the following extract, that I hope you will agree with me in thinking it worthy of being framed, and hung up as a companion-sketch in your pages:

"As a Professor, not his own class only, but the whole body of students at the University, looked up to him with esteem and veneration. The profound piety of the public prayers, with which he began the business of each day, arrested the attention of the youngest and most thoughtless; the excellence of his moral character; his gravity blended with cheerfulness, his strictness joined with gentleness, his favour to the virtuous and diligent, and even the mildness of his reproofs to those who were less attentive, rendered him the object of their respect and admiration. Never was more exact discipline preserved than in his class, nor ever anywhere by more gentle means. His sway was absolute, because it was founded in reason and affection. He never employed a harsh epithet in finding fault with any of his pupils; and when, instead of a rebuke which they were conscious they deserved, they met merely with a mild reproof, it was conveyed in such a manner as to throw not only the delinquent, but sometimes the whole class into tears. To gain his favour was the highest ambition of every student; and the gentlest word of disapprobation was a punishment, to avoid which, no exertion was deemed too much. His great object was not merely to make his pupils philosophers, but to render them good men, pious Christians, loyal to their king, and attached to the British constitution; pure in morals, happy in the consciousness of a right conduct, and friends to all mankind."

This is the language of Dr. Beattie's biographer, who knew him intimately. Cowper, the poet, thus writes of him to the Rev. W. Unwin, from a knowledge of his works:

"I thanked you in my last for Johnson; I now thank you with more emphasis for Beattie—the most agreeable and amiable writer I ever met with—the only author I have seen whose critical and philosophical researches are diversified and embellished by a poetical imagination, that makes even the driest subject, and the leanest, a feast for an epicure in books. He is so much at his ease too, that his own character appears in every page; and, which is rare, we see not only the writer, but the man; and that man so gentle, so well-tempered, so happy in his religion, and so humane in his philosophy, that it is necessary to love him, if one has any sense of what is lovely."—Life of Dr. Beattie, by Sir William Forbes, Bart.

J. M.

Oxford.

(Vol. ix., p. 325.)

The following is a translation of this Greek doxology, as contained in the Prayer-Book of the Greek Church, under the title 'Ὡρολόγιον τό μεγα, Βενατίᾳ, Τυπογ. Νικυλάου Γλυκή, 1845, p. 75.:

1. Glory to Thee, the Giver of light.2. Glory to God on high, and on earth peace, good-will towards men.3. We praise Thee, we bless Thee, we worship Thee, we glorify thee, we give thanks to Thee for Thy great glory;4. O Lord King, heavenly God, Father Almighty, O Lord, only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and Holy Spirit.5. O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that taketh away the sin of the world; have mercy upon us, Thou that takest away the sins of the world.6. Accept our prayer; Thou that sittest at the Father's right hand, have mercy on us:7. For Thou only art holy; Thou only, Lord Jesus Christ, art in the glory of God the Father. Amen.8. Day by day I bless Thee, and I praise Thy name for ever, and for all eternity.9. Vouchsafe, Lord, this day to keep me sinless.10. Blessed art Thou, Lord, the God of our fathers; and praised and glorified be Thy name for ever. Amen.11. Lord, let Thy mercy be on us, as we trust in Thee.12. Blessed art Thou, Lord; teach me Thy statutes.13. Lord, Thou hast been our refuge from one generation to another.14. I said, Lord be merciful unto me; heal my soul, for I have sinned against Thee.15. Lord, I fly to Thee; teach me to do Thy will, for Thou art my God;16. For with Thee is a well of life, in Thy light shall we see light.17. Extend Thy mercy to them that know Thee.18. O holy God, holy Strength, holy Immortal, have mercy on us. Amen.

1. Glory to Thee, the Giver of light.

2. Glory to God on high, and on earth peace, good-will towards men.

3. We praise Thee, we bless Thee, we worship Thee, we glorify thee, we give thanks to Thee for Thy great glory;

4. O Lord King, heavenly God, Father Almighty, O Lord, only begotten Son Jesus Christ, and Holy Spirit.

5. O Lord God, Lamb of God, Son of the Father, that taketh away the sin of the world; have mercy upon us, Thou that takest away the sins of the world.

6. Accept our prayer; Thou that sittest at the Father's right hand, have mercy on us:

7. For Thou only art holy; Thou only, Lord Jesus Christ, art in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

8. Day by day I bless Thee, and I praise Thy name for ever, and for all eternity.

9. Vouchsafe, Lord, this day to keep me sinless.

10. Blessed art Thou, Lord, the God of our fathers; and praised and glorified be Thy name for ever. Amen.

11. Lord, let Thy mercy be on us, as we trust in Thee.

12. Blessed art Thou, Lord; teach me Thy statutes.

13. Lord, Thou hast been our refuge from one generation to another.

14. I said, Lord be merciful unto me; heal my soul, for I have sinned against Thee.

15. Lord, I fly to Thee; teach me to do Thy will, for Thou art my God;

16. For with Thee is a well of life, in Thy light shall we see light.

17. Extend Thy mercy to them that know Thee.

18. O holy God, holy Strength, holy Immortal, have mercy on us. Amen.

Verses 2. to 7. are identical with theGloria in Excelsis, or the Angelic Hymn, sung at the conclusion of the Lord's Supper in the Anglican Church, but which commences the Mass in the Romish Church. It is of great antiquity, being attributed to Telesphorus, A.D. 139, and is found in theApostolic Constitutions, vii. c. 48.

Verses 8, 9. 11. are the same as in the LatinTe Deum.

Verse 12. is from Psalm cxix. 12.

Verse 13. is from Psalm xc. 1.

Verse 14. is from Psalm xli. 4.

Verse 15. is from Psalm cxliii. 9, 10.

Verse 16. is from Psalm xxxvi. 9.

Verse 17. is from Psalm xxxvi. 10.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

In answer to your correspondentHonoré de Marevelle'sQuery regarding theTe Deumas sung in Russia, I beg to inform him that in whatever language the Emperor Nicholas is most familiar with this hymn, it is sung in all their churches in Sclavonic, which is only intelligible to the priests and avery smallnumber of the laity, the mass of the people being quite ignorant of this old language. All the services in Russian churches are performed in Sclavonic.

TheOldTestament is not permitted to be read by the people in modern Russ, by command of the Emperor; it is circulated sparingly in Sclavonic, which is of course useless to most of the people, for the reason named above. TheNewTestament is, however, allowed to circulate in modern Russ, and nothalfthe population read that, perhaps not more than a third.

With regard to their images or pictures (alluded to by me in Vol. viii., p. 582.), I had not only perused the works mentioned by G. W. (Vol. ix., p. 86.) before I wrote about the Russian religion, &c., but several other works besides.[1]

Having been in the country for some little time, and paid some attention to the subject, I was certainly surprised to find little, if any, mention made of their manner of worship or superstitious customs in Dr. Blackmore's works, and wished to contribute my mite towards giving your readers some information as to the state of this semi-civilised race.

FromTranslations of Russian Worksyou can glean nothing but what the Russian government chooses, as every work goes through a severe censorship before it is allowed to be printed for circulation; and if there is anything in it that is not liked, it is not permitted to be published unless those parts are suppressed.

It is perhaps only partially known that there is some difficulty in getting English books and newspapers into Russia, as all must go through the censor's office.The Times(which is however all but, if not quite, prohibited at St. Petersburg, and has been so a long time),Punch, and other of our papers, possess a ludicrous appearance after having passed through the hands of the worthies in the censor's office, sometimes there being very little left of them to read.

Whilst writing about images, I omitted to name one or two other circumstances that have come under my own notice, showing still farther the superstitious veneration in which they are held by the Russians.

In the case of a house on fire, one of the inmates, with his head uncovered, carries the image three times round the burning house, under thebelief that it will cause the fire to cease, never attempting to put it out by any other means.

At Moscow there is a very noted image of the Virgin Mary; it is deposited in a recess at one side of an archway leading to the Kremlin. Every person passing through this archway isobligedto uncover his head. I had to do so whenever I passed through. The belief of the efficacy of this image in healing diseases is universal. When any person is ill, by paying the priests handsomely, they will bring it with great pomp, in a carriage and four horses, to the sick person's house, whomustrecover, or else, if death ensues, they say it isso fated.

Instances of other images in various parts of the empire, some believed to have fallen from heaven, might be multiplied to any extent. I mention these to show that, whatever these representations of the Deity may be called, I had not written unadvisedly previously, as might be surmised by G. W.'s remarks. Everybody must deplore the wretched condition of these people; and the Czar, well knowing their superstitious ideas, works upon their fanatical minds with such letters as we all have had the sorrow of seeing a specimen of inThe Timesof to-day.[2]

J. S. A.

May 15, 1854.

Footnote 1:(return)Owing to an error in my original MS., or of the printers, they were calledthe "gods,"instead oftheir gods, answering to the ancientpenates.Footnote 2:(return)Vide Nicholas to the Commandant of Odessa.

Owing to an error in my original MS., or of the printers, they were calledthe "gods,"instead oftheir gods, answering to the ancientpenates.

Vide Nicholas to the Commandant of Odessa.

(Vol. ix., p. 222.)

Your correspondentStylitesis strongly advised not to set about making, or rather endeavouring to make, a well of this description till he has been well advised of the feasibility of the scheme in his particular locality. The old adage will apply in this case, "Ex quovis ligno," &c. It is not everywhere that an artesian well can be obtained with any depth of bore; that is, a well which shall bring its water to or above the surface of the ground. But if, on sufficient knowledge of the mineralogical structure of the country, it be declared that a well of the true artesian sort cannot be obtained,Stylitesshould dig his well, say fifteen or twenty feet deep, and "stein" it, and then bore in search of a spring, unless a sufficient supply is already obtained from the surface drainage. A moderate outlay in this way, unless the impervious stratum be of very great thickness indeed, will generally bring up water, with a natural tendency to rise within reach of a common pump, or of a well-bucket at the least.

But it may still happen that the water of the bore has not this natural tendency. In that case the sinking of the well may be continued till the water is reached, and a sufficient depth of reservoir obtained at the bottom.

M. (2)

As practical answers to the inquiries ofStyliteson this subject, I have to say, that common wells are preferable to artesian in all cases where abundance of water is obtained at a depth not exceeding thirty feet. I need not tellStylitesthat the common sucking-pump will not draw up water from a depth exceeding thirty feet. The convenience of common wells is one reason why artesian ones are not universally adopted; and a greater reason is that artesian wells are very much more expensive to make than common ones. When artesian wells are preferable to common ones is, when water cannot be obtained at a depth beyond the reach of the force-pump. Two of my friends have made artesian wells; one a mill-spinner at Dundee, at a time when that town was very ill supplied with water. He sunk a well 150 feet in depth and found no water. A bore was then made through trap rock for upwards of 150 feet, and water was found in abundance on reaching the underlying sandstone. The water ultimately reached near to the top of the well. The other well was made by a bleacher in the neighbourhood of Lisburn in Ireland. All the surface springs in his bleaching-grounds, which are extensive, did not supply a sufficient quantity for his purposes. The subsoil being boulder clay, he had to bore through it to about 300 feet before the water was met with; when it rose as near the top of the bore as to permit the use of a common pump being worked by power. The theory of the action of artesian wells has been explained byMr. Buckton(Vol. ix., p. 283.), but I have no hesitation in tellingStylitesthat he will find water almost anywhere in this country by means of an artesian bore.

Henry Stephens.

(Vol. ix., p. 349.)

The following Notes may contain information for your correspondent C. F. W. on the subject of dog-whippers.

Richard Dovey, of Farmcote in Shropshire, in the year 1659, charged certain cottages with the payment of eight shillings to some poor man of the parish of Claverley, who should undertake to awaken sleepers, andwhip dogs from the churchduring divine service. Ten shillings and sixpence per annum is now paid for the above service.

John Rudge by his will, dated in 1725, gave five shillings a quarter to a poor man to go about the parish church of Trysull, in Staffordshire, during sermon, to keep people awake, andkeep dogs out of the church. This sum is still paid for that purpose.

At Chislet, in Kent, is a piece of land called "Dog-whipper's Marsh," about two acres, out ofwhich the tenants pay ten shillings a year to a person forkeeping order in the churchduring divine service.

There is an acre of land in the parish of Peterchurch, Herefordshire, appropriated to the use of a person forkeeping dogs out of the church.

In the parish of Christchurch, Spitalfields, there is a charity fund called "cat and dog money," the interest on which is now divided annually amongst six poor widows of weavers of the names of Fabry or Ovington. There is a tradition in the parish that this money was originally left for the support of cats and dogs, but it is more probable that it was originally intended, as in the cases above mentioned, to "whip dogs and cats" out of the church during divine service, and that on the unforeseen increase in the fund after a lapse of years, it became appropriated in the present way. This money was the subject of a chancery suit in the last century, and the decree therein directed the present division.

Many of your readers will call to mind the yelp of some poor cur who had strolled through the open door of a country church on some sultry day, and been ejected by the sexton. I myself have often listened to the pit-a-pat in the quiet aisle, and I once remember a disturbance in church caused by the quarrel of two dogs. Such scenes, and the fact that dogs were considered unclean animals, most likely gave rise to the occupation of dog-whipper as a function of the sexton. It will also be remembered that some dogs cannot forbear a howl at the sound of certain musical instruments; and besides the simple inconvenience to the congregation, this howl may have been considered a manifestation of antipathy to holy influences, as the devil was supposed to fear holy water.

Landseer's well-known picture of "The Free Church" proves to us that amongst the Highland shepherds the office does not now at least exist: and amongst other instances of the regular attendance at church of these "unclean animals," I know one in Wales where a favourite dog always accompanied his master to church, and stood up in the corner of the pew, keeping watch over the congregation with the strictest decorum.

A Notary.

That persons bearing an office described by such a name were attached to great houses in the sixteenth century, is clear from the well-known passage inThe Two Gentlemen of Verona, Act IV. Sc. 4., where Launce says,—

"I, having been acquainted with the smell before, knew it was Crab; and goes me to thefellow that whips the dogs: 'Friend,' quoth I, 'you mean to whip the dog?' 'Ay, marry do I,' quoth he," &c.

W. B. R.

Derby.

(Vol. ix., p. 368.)

I hope you will allow me to give a few reasons for dissenting fromMr. Margoliouth. I will promise to spare your space and avoid controversy.

1. The Hebrew wordCaphisis only to be found in Hab. ii. 11. Hence it has been regarded as of somewhat uncertain signification. However, by comparison with the Syrian verbכפס‎ (c'phas), we infer that it may denote that whichgrasps,gathers, orholds together; it is therefore not synonymous withδέω, which is tobind, and is used in Matt. xvi. 19.

2. Proper names from the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac, are generally written in Greek, with the terminations of that language, ase. g.Jesus, John, James, Thomas, Judas, &c., and these terminations areaddedto the radical letters of the name, which are all retained. It is easy to see thatCaphiswould becomeCaphisus, whileCepho(Syriac forrock) would becomeCephas, just asEhudo(Syriac,Jude) becomesJudas.

3. Still less likely would the nameCaphisbe to lose a radical in its transfer to the Syriac, where Cephos is represented byCepho, withouts.

4. The paronomasia exhibited in the Latin, "Tu esPetrus, et super hancpetram," also appears both in the Greek and the Syriac.

5. The difference of gender between the wordsPetrusandpetra, moreover, is preserved in the Syriac and appears in the Greek.

6. The figure of binding and loosing (v. 19.) is one which was common to the three languages, Greek, Chaldee, and Syriac, in all of which it denotes "to remit or retain" sins, "to confirm or abolish" a law, &c.

7. The occurrence of this figure in ch. xviii. 18., where the reference is not special to Peter, but general to all the apostles. (Compare John xx. 23.)

8. The Syriac uniformly translates the name Peter by Cepho (i. e.Cephas), except once or twice in Peter's epistles. This at least indicates their view of its meaning.

On the whole I see no reason to suppose that Cephas means anything butstone; certainly there is much less reason for the proposed signification ofbinder.

In John i. 42., the clause which explains the name Cephas is absent from the Syriac version in accordance with the regular and necessary practice of the translators to avoid tautology: "Thou shalt be calledStone; which is by interpretationStone!" (See theJournal of Sacred Literaturefor January last, p. 457., for several examples of this.) There is here surely sufficient reason to account for the omission of this clause, which, itappears, is supported by universal MS. authority, as well as by that of the other versions.

B. H. C.

The paronomasia ofKipho(=Rock) was made in the Syro-Chaldaic tongue, the vernacular language of our Lord and his disciples. The apostle John, writing in Greek (i. 43.), explains the meaning ofKipho(Κηφᾶς) by the usual Greek phraseὅ ἑρμηνεύεται Πέτρος, which phrase was necessarily omitted in the Syriac version, where this wordKiphowas significant, in the original sense, as used by our Lord, and therefore needed no such hermeneutic explanation. Had our Lord spoken in Greek, and had the nameΚηφᾶςbeenidem sonanswithכפיס‎ (Hab. ii. 11.)—which, however, is not the case,—some slender support might have been thereby afforded toMr. Margoliouth'sargument; but as he admits that our Lord didnotspeak in the Greek tongue, such argument falls to the ground as void of all probability.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

(Vol. ix., p. 397.)

The disappearance of this celebrated memorial of a questionable legend, seems to have been satisfactorily accounted for. The newspapers inform us that it has been taken to a mason's yard for the purpose of reparation.

Those who lament the removal of the stone on which, as they imagine, the runaway apprentice sat listening to the bells of Cheap, will perhaps be surprised to hear that the object of their regret is at least thethirdof the stones which have successively stood upon the spot long since the days of Whittington.

1. In a learned and interesting paper communicated to the pages ofSylvanus Urban(G. M. Dec. 1852) by T. E. T. (a well-known and respected local antiquary, who will yet, it is sincerely hoped, enrich our libraries with a work on the ancient history of the northern suburbs, a task for which he is pre-eminently qualified), it is shown that in all probability the site in question was once occupied by a wayside cross, belonging to the formerly adjacent lazar-house and chapel of St. Anthony. A certain engraving of 1776, mentioned by Mr. T., and which is now before me, represents a small obelisk or pyramid standing upon a square base, and surmounted by a cross, apparently of iron. The stone (popularly regarded as the original) was removed in 1795 by "one S——," the surveyor of the roads. Having been broken, or as another account states, sawn in two, the halves were placed as curb-stones against the posts on each side of Queen's Head Lane in the Lower Street. (Nelson'sHist. of Islington, 1811, p. 102.;Gent. Mag., Sept. and Oct. 1824, pp. 200. 290.; Lewis'sHist. of Islington, 1841, p. 286.) InAdams's Picturesque Guide to the Environs of London, by E. L. Blanchard (a recent but dateless little work, which I chanced to open at a book-stall a day or two ago), the present Queen's Head tavern in the Lower Street is mentioned as containing certain relics of its predecessor, "with the real Whittington stone (it is said) for a threshold."

2. Shortly after the removal of this supposed "original," a new memorial was erected, with the inscription "Whittington's Stone." This was, for some cause, removed by order of the churchwardens in May, 1821.

3. In his second edition, 1823, Nelson says, "The present stone was set up in 1821, by the trustees of the parish ways." This is the stone which has lately been removed.

H. G.

Photographic Experience.—I send you the Rev. W. Le Mottée's and mine:

I have given the development according to the plan usually followed, for the sake of comparison; but where it is desirable to work out the shadows fully, it is far better to give longer exposure in the camera (three times that above given), and develop with gallo-nitrate of the strength used to excite, finishing with gallic acid. The time varies with the subject; a cottage among trees requiring 12 to 14 minutes. Almost all the statements I have seen, giving the time, do so absolutely; it is well to remind photographers, that these convey noinformation whatever, unless the focal length for parallel rays, and the diameter of the diaphragm, are also given: the time, in practice as well as in theory, varying (cæteris paribus) directly as thesquare of the former, and inversely as the square of the latter; and, without these corrections, the results of one lens are not comparable with those of another.

When shall we get a good structureless paper? Thetextureof Turner's, especially his new paper, is a great defect; and its skies are thin,veryinferior to the dense velvety blacks obtained with Whatman's of old date—a paper now extinct, and one which, unfortunately for us, it seems impossible to reproduce.

T. L. Mansell.

Guernsey.

Conversion of Calotype Negatives into Positives.—At the second meeting of the British Association at York, Professor Grove described a process by which a negative calotype might be converted into a positive one, by drawing an ordinary calotype image over iodide of potassium and dilute nitric acid, and exposing to a full sunshine. Not being able to find the proportions in any published work, can any of your numerous readers give me the required information; and whether the photograph should be exposed in its damp state, or allowed to dry?

G. Grantham.

Albumenized Paper.—Mr. Spencer, in the last number of thePhotographic Journal, in describing a mode of preparing albumenized paper, states he has never found it necessary to iron it, as the silver solution coagulates the albumen the moment it comes in contact with it, "and I fancy makes it print more evenly than when heat has been employed." But Mr. Spencer uses a nitrate of silver solution of 90 or 100 grains to the ounce, whileDr. Diamondrecommends 40 grains. Now as it is very desirable to get rid of the ironing if possible, my Query is, Will the 40-grain solution coagulate the albumen so as to do away with that troublesome process?

P. P.

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