VENTILATION.

Footnote 2:(return)In theBibliotheca Grenvillianathe tractDe Apostasiais not included, although the compilers say, "The present is acomplete Collection of his Tracts, including the folding sheet."Footnote 3:(return)See Good'sNosologia,Helminthia Alvi, andStudy of Medicine, vol. i. p. 336.Footnote 4:(return)Trans. of Assoc. Phys. in Ireland, vols. iv. viii. and v. p. 177. 8vo: Dublin, 1824-1828.Footnote 5:(return)Cooper's edition of Good'sStudy of Medicine, vol. i. p. 358.Footnote 6:(return)Philosophical Transactions, No. 457.

In theBibliotheca Grenvillianathe tractDe Apostasiais not included, although the compilers say, "The present is acomplete Collection of his Tracts, including the folding sheet."

See Good'sNosologia,Helminthia Alvi, andStudy of Medicine, vol. i. p. 336.

Trans. of Assoc. Phys. in Ireland, vols. iv. viii. and v. p. 177. 8vo: Dublin, 1824-1828.

Cooper's edition of Good'sStudy of Medicine, vol. i. p. 358.

Philosophical Transactions, No. 457.

(Vol. ix., p. 415.)

"Airs from heaven or blasts from hell."

The mistake which, it is very respectfully submitted, the professed ventilationists fall into, and which may be considered thefons et origo malorum, is the notion that foul air rises upwards, and that pure air comes from below; which is just the reverse of the fact.

In any room containing animals or vegetables, the air undergoes a change by respiration.

Leaving the vegetables to care for themselves, and considering the animals, if such a title may be reverently given to members of the House and others shut up in confined apartments for the benefit of their species, it is obvious that the pure air of heaven must undergo a change by the respiratory organs of the members, which change is absolutely necessary to preserve their lives, and each such apartment is a manufactory for converting pure into foul air. Its steam-power is seated in the lungs, which, at each inspiration, take up the oxygen (the principle of life and flame) of the air, and at each expiration give out the carbon of the blood, conveyed by the veins from all parts of the body as refuse, and when purged therefrom by oxygen inspired, convert the venous blood into arterial, and bring life out of death.

What, then, becomes of the expired carbon? The professional ventilationists say itascends, and they provide mechanically, but not scientifically, accordingly. On the contrary, it finallydescends; and this is the reason why our beds are always a few feet above the floor. If proof is needed, it may be found by applying a candle to the door, slightly ajar, of a room occupied by a few persons, when it will be found that the flame of the candle will point, when held at the lower part of the door, outwards, and at the upper part of the door inwards, showing how the currents of air pass; and as every one knows carbon to be heavier than air, the lower current is the one charged with carbon. TheGrotto del Canederives its name from the fact, that a dog passing the stream of carbon issuing from the fissure in the rock, dies; whilst a man walking erect, with his mouth above the stream of carbon, escapes. Our lime-kilns furnish a common example of the fact of the density of carbon compared with atmospheric air. Experiments in proof are constantly exhibited in chemical lectures.

The practical inference,experto crede, is that holes in the skirting-boards should be made so as to draw off the foul air, whilst the angelic visits of pure air should be sought from above. Bellows, such as are used in diving-bells, with hot or cold air, might be necessary in an extreme case—long debates in the Commons, for example,—which may require extraordinary ventilation.

T. J. Buckton.

Lichfield.

History of Photographic Discovery.—Without entirely agreeing with the opinion expressed to us a few days since, by an eminent scholar and most original thinker, that photography was destined to change the face of the whole world; we have little doubt it is destined to produce some striking social effects. Its history is, therefore, an interesting one, and the following extract from a paper "On some early Experiments in Photography, being the substance of a Letter addressed to Robert Hunt, Esq., by the Rev. J. B. Reade, M.A., F.R.S.," from thePhilosophical Magazinefor May, 1854, seems, in that point of view, so important, that we have transferred it to "N. & Q."

"I may assume that you are already aware, from my letter to Mr. Brayley of March 9, 1839, and published in theBritish Reviewfor August, 1847, that the principal agents I employed, before Mr. Talbot's processes were known, were infusion of galls as an accelerator, and hyposulphite of soda as a fixer.

"I have no doubt, though I have not a distinct recollection of the fact, that I was led to use the infusion of galls from my knowledge of the early experiments by Wedgwood. I was aware that he foundleathermore sensitive thanpaper; and it is highly probable that the tanning process, which might cause the silversolution to be more readily acted upon when applied to the leather, suggested my application of the tanning solution to paper.

"In your own history of the photographic process," says Mr. Reade, addressing Mr. Hunt, "you say, 'the discovery of the extraordinary property of the gallic acid in increasing the sensibility of the iodide of silver was the most valuable of the numerous contributions which Mr. Talbot has made to the photographic art.' It is nevertheless true, as stated by Sir David Brewster, that 'the first public use of the infusion of nut-galls, which is anessential elementin Mr. Talbot's patented process, is due to Mr. Reade;' and in my letter to Mr. Brayley I attribute the sensitiveness of my process to the formation of a gallate or tannate of silver. I need scarcely say, that among various experiments I tried gallic and tannic acid in their pure state, both separately and mixed; but the colour of the pictures thus obtained with the solar microscope was at that time less pleasing to my eye, than the rich warm tone which the same acids produced when in their natural connexion with solutions of vegetable matter in the gall-nut. This organic combination, however, was more effective with the solar microscope than with the camera, though the lenses of my camera were five inches in diameter. It is probable enough that the richer tone was due to the greater energy of direct solar rays. In using the solar microscope, I employed a combination of lenses which produced a convergence of the luminous and photogenic rays, together with a dispersion of the calorific rays, and the consequent absence of all sensible heat enabled me to use Ross's cemented powers, and to make drawings of objects inclosed in Canada balsam, and of living animalcules in single drops of water. The method I employed was communicated to the Royal Society in December, 1836, and a notice of it is contained in the 'Abstracts.'

"You inform me that some persons doubt whether I really obtaingallate of silverwhen using an infusion of gall-nuts, and that one of Mr. Talbot's friends raises the question. It is sufficient to reply, that though gallic acid is largely formed by a long exposure of an infusion of gall-nuts to the atmosphere, as first proposed by Scheele, yet this acid does exist in the gall-nut in its natural state, and in a sufficient quantity to form gallate of silver as a photogenic agent; for M. Deyeux observes, that 'when heat is very slowly applied to powdered gall-nuts, gallic acid sublimes from them, a part of which, when the process is conducted with great care, appears in the form of small white crystals.' M. Fiedler also obtained gallic acid by mixing together a solution of gall-nuts and pure alumina, which latter combines with the tannin and leaves the gallic acid free in the solution; and this solution is found, on experiment, to produce very admirable pictures. But what is more to the point, Mr. Brayley, in explaining my process in his lectures, showed experimentally how gallate of silver was formed, and confirmed my view of the sensitiveness of the preparation. It is therefore certain that the use of gallate of silver as a photogenic agent had been made public in two lectures by Mr. Brayley at least two years before Mr. Talbot's patent was sealed.

"I employed hyposulphite of soda as a fixer. Mr. Hodgson, an able practical chemist at Apothecaries' Hall, assisted me in the preparation of this salt, which at that time was probably not be found, as an article of sale, in any chemist's shop in London. Sir John Herschel had previously announced the peculiar action of this preparation of soda on salts of silver, but I believe that I was the first to use it in the processes of photography. I also used iodide of potassium, as appears from my letter, as a fixer, and I employed it as well to form iodide of lead on glazed cards as an accelerator. Iodide of lead has of itself, as I form it, considerable photographic properties, and receives very fair impressions of plants, lace, and drawings when placed upon it, but with the addition of nitrate of silver and the infusion of galls the operation is perfect and instantaneous. Pictures thus taken were exhibited at the Royal Society before Mr. Talbot proposed his iodized paper. The microscopic photographs exhibited at Lord Northampton's in 1839 remained in his lordship's possession. I subsequently made drawings of sections of teeth; and one of them, a longitudinal section of a tooth of theLamna, was copied on zinc by Mr. Lens Aldous for Owen's 'Odontography.' I may say this much as to my own approximation to an art, which has deservedly and by universal consent obtained the name of Talbotype."

Photographic Cautions.—Diffused light being one of the most common causes of photographic failures, I beg to call the attention of your readers to the construction of their cameras. Working with a friend, and taking the same localities, using the same paper and chemicals, his pictures have proved comparative failures, a general browning pervading the whole, evidently the effect of light. Every inspection failed to discover it, until the mode was adopted of putting one of the paper-holders in its position as for taking a picture, then removing the lens, and, with the aid of the focussing-bag, looking through the hole where the lens is applied, when light became visible in many spaces, entirely accounting for these failures. As many such cameras are now becoming made upon the same sliding construction, every one should test his apparatus before he commences, for such a one is entirely useless. Lately also the glass corners for collodion plate-holders in the dark slides, have been by some makers replaced by a sort of silverlookingwire, but possessing little of that metal. The most minute portion of the copper in this wire coming in contact with the excited collodion, produces a decomposition sufficient to spoil any picture. These may appear trivial things to "make a note of," but as they have caused much vexation to one who has had some photographic experience, they may still more perplex a novice; and as you have done so much towards making the science plain, I hope you will give them space in your forthcoming Number.

Lux in Camera.

A Query respecting Collodion.—I have been making some collodion by Mr. Tery's process, and have iodized it with a very sensitive medium. The collodion is very clear and properly diluted. The ether I used had a very powerful smell of sulphur, and was likewise very strong and volatile. I diluted it with an equalvolume of alcohol. The ether was then still very strong. The cotton dissolved freely. On mixing the iodizing medium, the colour of the collodion turns immediately to nearly a port-wine colour, but still remains very clear. I obtain a very good film of iodide of silver from the bath, but cannot produce a picture under five or seven minutes, whereas with the same lens, and the same iodizing medium, viz.

I have obtained beautiful pictures in less than one second with collodion prepared by the same (Archer's) process. As I have made a quantity of it, and am unwilling it should be wasted, I have taken the liberty of asking your opinion on the subject. Do you think the collodion is too new, or the ether not good? On pouring the developing solution on the plate (protosulphate of iron), the plate has the appearance of having ink poured on it; but this appearance is removed on the application of the hyposulphite of soda, and the plate remains as clear as when it was taken from the nitrate of silver bath.

J. Cook.

The Céroléine Process.—Have any of your photographic correspondents made such experiments on the céroléine process as to enable them to communicate the results to "N. & Q."?

Is Mr. Crooke's process for preserving the sensitiveness of collodion applicable to all collodions? If not, what collodion is best suited for it?

Silex.

Mr. Fox Talbot's Patents.—-The injunction moved for by Mr. Fox Talbot, as reported inThe Timesof Saturday last, reminds us of a Query which we have been sometimes asked, and which may just now be brought forward with advantage, namely: If Mr. Talbot's patents extend to the collodion process, how comes it that the earliest practisers of the collodion art had to make their own researches? We know one skilful photographer whose experiments were so extensive before he made any tolerable pictures, that his spoiled glass and cuttings were more than a man could lift.

The Olympic Plain(Vol. ix., p. 270.).—I have just seen, in examining the contents of a German periodical, that in May, 1853, a proposal was submitted to the public by Professor Ross, of the University of Halle, for setting on foot a subscription to defray the expense of making excavations in Olympia, thus anticipating, by nearly a year, a recent suggestion to the same effect in "N. & Q." Professor Ross expatiates at considerable length (seeJahrbücher für Philologie und Pädagogik, vol. lxviii. p. 203.) on the advantages to be derived, as regards the arts, the literature, and the history of Greece, from the exploration of so celebrated a spot; but, notwithstanding all his arguments and eloquence, the amount of the subscriptions, after the lapse of nine months, only amounted, in February, 1854, to about 38l.As this sum was so utterly inadequate for the object intended, it was resolved to devote it to excavations in Mykenæ. Professor Ross takes occasion to pay a high tribute of praise to Lord Aberdeen, for the service rendered by his Lordship in discovering the treasury at Mykenæ. The facilities at Olympia for carrying on excavations are stated by Professor Ross to be very great. It is but a few miles distant from the sea, on the banks of a navigable river, and opposite to the very populous island of Zante; so that workmen, and means, and helps of all kinds can easily be procured. It was intended to give the superintendence of the excavations to Professor Alexander Rizo Rangabe, of the University of Athens, who was to be supplied with an adequate staff of artists, &c. Whatever discoveries might be made, were to become the property of the Greek nation. Travellers were to be permitted to visit the excavations during their progress, and to see all that was going on; and it was thought that a considerable number might be attracted to the spot, as the Austrian steamers convey passengers weekly in three or four days from Trieste to the western coast of the Morea.

J. Macray.

Encyclopædia of Indexes, or Table of Contents(Vol. ix., p. 371.).—Your correspondentThinks I to Myselfinquires respecting the desirableness and practicability of forming an "Encyclopædia of Indexes, or Tables of Contents." It was to meet this want (which is very commonly felt) that the publication of theCyclopædia Bibliographicawas undertaken. The work has met your approval, and I have the pleasure of announcing that the volume will be completed on June 1. I think it will meet the desire of your correspondent and many others, who, "in reading up on any subject, wish to know whether any author treats upon it, without being obliged to examine his works, at a great expense of time and labour."

James Darling.

"One New Year's Day" (Vol. ix., p. 467.).—The lines quoted byMr. Skyringare the opening lines of an old ballad, entitled "Richard of Taunton Dean, or Dumble Dum Deary." It may be found inAncient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of England, edited (for the Percy Society) by J. H. Dixon, Esq., who says:

"This song is very popular with the country people in every part of England, but more particularly so with the inhabitants of Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall. There are many different versions."

In the notes to his volume, Mr. Dixon mentions two Irish versions of this ballad, communicated to him by T. C. Croker, Esq., one of which, entitled "Last New Year's Day," is almostverbatimwiththe English ballad. The other version (which is given by Mr. D.) is entitled "Dicky of Ballyman."

J. K. R. W.

[This reference renders it unnecessary to insert the versions kindly supplied by E. L. H. and J. A.]

Unregistered Proverbs(Vol. ix., p. 235.).—The following I find among the poor parishioners of Tor-Mohun in Devonshire, and they were new to me. In answer to some remarks of mine on the necessary infirmities of old age, one of them replied, "You cannot have two forenoons in the same day." And on another occasion, in answer to my saying that somethingoughtto be done, although it was not, there came, "Oughtsare nothings unless they've strokes to them."

Wm. Fraser, B.C.L.

Orange Blossoms(Vol. viii., p. 341.; Vol. ix., p. 386.).—I have seen it stated that the use of these flowers at bridals was derived from the Saracens, or at least from the East, and that they were thus employed as emblems of fecundity.

Wm. Fraser, B.C.L.

Peculiar Use of the Word "Pure"(Vol. viii., p. 125.).—Your correspondent is evidently not a Gloucestershire man. The wordpureis commonly used in that county to express being in good health. I remember an amusing instance, which occurred many years ago. A gentleman, a friend of mine, who resided in an establishment where young ladies were educated, was met one day by an honest farmer; who, after inquiring kindly for his own health, said with equal good nature and simplicity, "I hope, Zur, the ladies be allpure."

Gloucestrensis.

Worm in Books(Vol. viii., p. 412.).—Alethisis presented with the following recipe from a very curious old French book of receipts and secrets for everything connected with arts and trades. Put some powdered colocynth into a phial, and cover the mouth with parchment pierced with holes. With this the books should be powdered, and from time to time beaten to drive out the powder, when the same process must be repeated.

F. C. H.

Chapel Sunday(Vol. vii., p. 527.).—Not having received an answer to my Query of the origin of the celebration of Chapel Sunday in the Lake district, I would venture a surmise which some Cumbrian antiquary will perhaps correct, if wrong. I take it to be the day in honour of the patron saint of the chapel: and now, when such festivals are little observed, it has been changed to the nearest Sunday. In this thinly populated district, and where, from its mountainous and rugged character, travelling before the formation of the present good roads was neither agreeable nor (probably) safe, "at chapel" was the only time many of the inhabitants saw each other. Meeting, therefore, on so auspicious a day as that of the patron saint, might in "merrie time" of old induce a little festivity.

Prestoniensis.

Bishop Inglis of Nova Scotia(Vol. vii., p. 263.).—According to a short biography in theDocumentary History of New York, vol. iii. p. 1066., this prelate was bornA.D.1734. His birth-place is not mentioned. Some letters and other writings by him may be found in the fourth volume of the same work.

Uneda.

Philadelphia.

Gutta Percha made soluble(Vol. ix., p. 350.).—E. B. can procure at any chemist's establishment a solution of gutta percha in chloroform, which may answer the purpose required by him. It is used by medical men as a dressing for abrasion in the skin of bed-ridden persons, and is applied with a camel's-hair brush. It hardens on being applied, and produces an artificial skin, which saves the patient from farther suffering in the place to which it has been applied.

Experto Crede.

Naphtha will render gutta percha soluble; and if needed to be used as a varnish, it is only necessary to make a solution in a closed vessel, and apply it with a brush. The naphtha will evaporate and leave a thin coating of firmly-adhering gutta percha behind.

Shirley Hibberd.

Impe(Vol. viii., pp. 443. 623.).—This epithet has been much discussed, but I think that no reference has been made to the following remarkable instances of its application.

In the Beauchamp Chapel at St. Mary's Warwick is the altar-tomb and effigy of the infant son of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, with a long inscription, which begins:

"Heere resteth the body of the noble impe Robert of Dudley, Baronet of Denbigh, sonne of Robert, Erle of Leycester, nephew and heire unto Ambrose, Erle of Warwike."

In a letter from Edinburgh, dated 5th November, 1578, John Aleyn to the Bishop of Carlisle, writes of "the goodly young Imp their King," who was afterwards our James I.; and the Earl of Shrewsbury in 1585 writes of "my wife and her imps," the lady being his energetic Countess Elizabeth Hardwick, widow of Sir William Cavendish. (See Lodge'sIllustrations of British History, vol. ii. pp. 135. 275.)

R. A.

Melford.

"Bothy" (Vol. ix., p. 305.).—For a very complete account of "the Bothy system" in Scotland, see the able and interesting pamphlet of the Rev. Harry Stuart:Agricultural Labourers as they were, are, and should be(Blackwood).

W. C. Trevelyan.

Work on Ants(Vol. ix., p. 303.).—I presume that the work for whichΣ. inquires is,Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes, par P. Huber, Paris, 1810.[7]

Ἁλιεύς.

Dublin.

Footnote 7:(return)[Our correspondentΣ. begs us to acknowledge the favour of the communication ofἉλιεύς, but his inquiry "on the habits of ants" is by an author, a M. Hauhart, and of a much later date than Huber's. He is informed it is to be found in the Transactions of the University of Basle in Switzerland, published with this title,Die Zeitschrift der Basler Hochschule, 1825, p. 62; but he has not been successful in obtaining a sight of that work.]

[Our correspondentΣ. begs us to acknowledge the favour of the communication ofἉλιεύς, but his inquiry "on the habits of ants" is by an author, a M. Hauhart, and of a much later date than Huber's. He is informed it is to be found in the Transactions of the University of Basle in Switzerland, published with this title,Die Zeitschrift der Basler Hochschule, 1825, p. 62; but he has not been successful in obtaining a sight of that work.]

Jacobite Garters(Vol. viii., p. 586.).—I have lately seen a watch-ribbon, or perhaps garter, with a Jacobite inscription in white letters somewhat like that described by E. L. J., but only about half the length. The middle stripe was red between two blue ones, and yellow edges; there was no attempt at a plaid. The owner had no tradition about it, as connected with any particular incident in Prince Charles' career.

P. P.

"The Three Pigeons" (Vol. ix., p. 423.).—I think Washington Irving, in hisLife of Goldsmith, satisfactorily explains the origin of the song inShe Stoops to Conquer, which your correspondentG. Taylorsupposes was suggested by the inn at Brentford, mentioned byDr. Rimbault. The American biographer says that Goldsmith and his companion Bryanton

"Got up a country club at the inn at Ballymahon, of which Goldsmith soon became the oracle and prime wit; astonishing his unlettered associates by his learning, and being considered capital at a song and story. From the rustic conviviality of the inn at Ballymahon, and the company which used to assemble there, it is surmised that he took some hints in afterlife for his picturing of Tony Lumpkin and his associates, 'Dick Muggins the exciseman, Jack Slang the horse doctor, Little Aminadab that grinds the music-box, and Tom Twist that spins the pewter-platter.' Nay, it is thought that Tony's drinking-song at the 'Three Jolly Pigeons' was but a revival of one of the convivial catches at Ballymahon."

And the author farther remarks, that

"Though Goldsmith ultimately rose to associate with birds of a finer feather, his heart would still yearn in secret after the 'Three Jolly Pigeons.'"

If this be correct, as it most likely is, the song referred to, and the scene it illustrates, were not suggested by the inn at Brentford.

B. M.

Philadelphia.

The alehouse situate at Lishoy in Ireland, where Goldsmith's father was vicar, was, no doubt, "The Three Pigeons" ofShe Stoops to Conquer. There is a sketch of it in theTourist's Handbook for Ireland, p. 175. The author refers to Mr. John Forster'sLife of Goldsmith, which I have not at hand.

Thompson Cooper.

Cambridge.

Corporation Enactments(Vol. ix., p. 300.).—It is an easy, but generally an unsafe thing to quote from quotations.Abhbashould have referred toThe Dublin Penny Journal, vol. i. p. 226., for his extracts from the Town Books of the Corporation of Youghal, co. Cork; and, even then, might have made farther reference to Crofton Croker'sResearches in the South of Ireland, p. 160., whence the paragraph (unacknowledged) was introduced intoThe Dublin Penny Journal. Mr. Croker, moreover, fell into error with respect to the dates of these curious enactments, which were long antecedent to 1680 and 1703. I have seen them in the original (Book A), and vouch for the accuracy of the subjoined:

"1613-14. Thomas Geoffry made a freeman (being a barber), on condition that he should trim every freeman for sixpence per ann."1622. John Bayly made free, on condition to dress the dinners of the several Mayors."

"1613-14. Thomas Geoffry made a freeman (being a barber), on condition that he should trim every freeman for sixpence per ann.

"1622. John Bayly made free, on condition to dress the dinners of the several Mayors."

I may give you some farther extracts from a MS. Note Book relative to this corporation at a future period.

Samuel Hayman, Clk.

South Abbey, Youghal.

The Passion of our Lord dramatised(Vol. ix., p. 373.).—A drama on thePassion of Christ(the first specimen of the kind that has descended to our days) is attributed to St. Gregory of Nazianzum, but is more probably the production of Gregory of Antioch (A.D.572). It is described by most of the ecclesiastical writers: Tillemont, Baillet, Baronius, Bellarmin, Dupin, Vossius, Rivet, Labbæus, Ceillier, Fleury, &c.

In 1486, whenLa Mistère de la Passion, or the Passion of our Saviour, was exhibited at Antwerp, the beholders were astonished byfivedifferent scaffolds, each having several stages rising perpendicularly: paradise was the most elevated, and it had two stages. But even this display was eclipsed by another exhibition ofThe Passion, where no fewer thanninescaffolds were displayed to the wondering gaze of the people.

In 1556, according to Strype (Life of Sir Thos. Pope, Pref. p. vii.), thePassion of Christwas represented at the Grey Friers in London, on Corpus Christi Day, before the Lord Mayor, the Privy Council, and many great persons of the realm. Again, the same historian informs us (Ecclesiastical Memorials, iii. c. xlix.) under the date 1557:

"ThePassion of Christwas acted at the Grey Friers on the day that war was proclaimed against France, and in honour of that occasion."

It is generally considered that the last miracle play represented in England was that ofChrist's Passion, in the reign of James I., which Prynne informs us was—

"Performed at Elie House in Holborne, when Gondomar lay there, on Good Friday at night, at which there were thousands present."

Busby's idea, "that the manner of reciting and singing in the theatres formed the original model of the Church service," is as absurd as it is untenable.

Edward F. Rimbault.

It is said that Apollonarius of Laodicea (A.D.362), and Gregory of Nazianzum not much later, dramatised our Lord's Passion. Many, however, regard theChristus Patiens, ascribed to Gregory, as spurious. The Passion of our Lord was represented in the Coliseum at Rome as much as six centuries ago. The subject was a favourite one in Italy. In France, "The Fraternity of the Passion of our Saviour" received letters patent from Charles VI. in 1402. Their object was to perform moralities or mysteries,i. e.plays on sacred subjects. In 1486, the Chapter of the Church at Lyons gave sixty livres to those who had played the mystery of the Passion of our Lord Jesus Christ. In 1518, Francis I. confirmed by letters patent the privileges of the Confrères de la Passion: one of their pieces, reprinted in 1541, is entitledLe Mystère de la Passion de N. S. J. C.The same subject was common in Spain and Germany. In England the Coventry mysteries, &c. partook of the same character. The Cotton MS. (Vespasian, b. viii.) and the Chester Whitsun plays (Harleian MS. 2013.) would probably afford information which I cannot now give. So late as 1640, Sandys wrote a tragedy, on a plan furnished by Grotius, upon Christ's Passion. A little research would give H. P. a number of similar facts.

B. H. C.

If your correspondent wishes for authority for the fact of our blessed Lord's Passion being dramatised, he will find an example in Gregor. Naz., theeditio princ.of which I have before me, entitledΧρίστος πάσχων, Rom. 1542.

J. C. J.

See the true account and explanation of the service of the Passion, in Cardinal Wiseman'sLectures on the Offices of Holy Week, 1854, 8vo., Dolman.

W. B. T.

Hardman's Account of Waterloo(Vol. ix., pp. 176. 355.).—Lieutenant Samuel Hardman was present with the 7th Hussars at the cavalry actions of Sahagun (Dec. 21, 1808) and Benevente (Dec. 29, 1808), previous to his appointment, May 19, 1813, as Cornet, Royal Waggon Train, "from serjeant-major, 7th Light Dragoons." I was in error in stating that he was appointed "Lieutenant and Adjutant, Dec. 15, 1814, in the 10th Hussars,in which he had commenced his military career." The 10th and 15th Hussars were in action at Sahagun and Benevente, but Mr. Hardman never served in the 10th Hussars until December 1814.

Query, Why is Sahagun not to be found on the appointments of the 10th Hussars, as well as on those of the 15th Hussars, as both regiments were engaged with the enemy on that occasion?

G. L. S.

Aristotle(Vol. ix., p. 373.).—See Aristotle'sEthics, bk. v. ch. iv.

B. H. C.

Papyrus(Vol. ix., p. 222.).—If R. H. means the growing plant, it is to be found in most botanical gardens.

P. P.

Bell at Rouen(Vol. viii., p. 448.; Vol. ix., p. 233.).—A portion of the great George d'Ambois is preserved in the Museum of Antiquities at Rouen, where I saw it four years ago.

Cpl.

Word-minting(Vol. ix., pp. 151. 335.).—Your correspondent J. A. H. cannot have seen Richardson'sDictionary, where he will find the wordderangement, in the sense of madness, illustrated by an instance from Paley,Evidences, prop. 2.

Cpl.

Coleridge's Christabel(Vol. vii., pp. 206. 292.; Vol. viii., pp. 11. 111.; Vol. ix., p. 455.).—My Query relative to Christabel (Vol. vii., p. 292.) seems to have been lost sight of, and has not as yet received a reply. Will you kindly permit me to renew it?

In theEuropean Magazinefor April, 1815, there appeared a poem entitled "Christobell: a Gothic tale. Written as a sequel to a beautiful legend of a fair lady and her father, deceived by a witch in the guise of a noble knight's daughter." It is dated "March, 1815," and signed "V.," and was reprinted inFraser's Magazinefor January, 1835. It commences thus:

"Whence comes the wavering light which fallsOn Langdale's lonely Chapel-walls?The noble mother of ChristobellLies in that lone and drear chapelle."

"Whence comes the wavering light which falls

On Langdale's lonely Chapel-walls?

The noble mother of Christobell

Lies in that lone and drear chapelle."

Query, What is known of the history and authorship of this poem?

It will be observed from the dates, that thesequelappeared in print before Christabel was published by Coleridge.

J. M. B.

Garrick's Funeral Epigram(Vol. vii., p. 619.).—Bishop Horne was, I believe, the author of these verses; at least I have seen them in a volume published by him, entitled (I think)Miscellanies: and I think they are stated to be his in Jones'Life of Horne. But I have neither work at this moment before me to refer to.

Geo. E. Frere.

Roydon Hall, Diss.

WANTED TO PURCHASE.

Particulars of Price, &c. of the following Books to be sent direct to the gentlemen by whom they are required, and whose names and addresses are given for that purpose:

The Church of England Magazine.Vol. XXI. 1846. In good order, and in the cloth case.

Wanted by theRev. B. H. Blacker, 11. Pembroke Road, Dublin.

The Trials of Robert Powell, Edward Burch, and Matthew Martin, for Forgery, at the Old Bailey.London. 8vo. 1771.

Wanted byJ. N. Chadwick, Esq., King's Lynn.

The following Works of Symon Patrick, late Lord Bishop of Ely, &c.:—

A Prayer for Perfecting our late Deliverance.1689.

A Prayer for Charity, Peace, and Unity, chiefly to be used in Lent.

A Prayer for the King's Success in Ireland.1690.

A Letter to the Clergy of the Diocese of Ely, at His Primary Visitation. 1692.

The Dignity of the Christian Priesthood, delivered to his Clergy at His Fourth Triennial Visitation. 1701.

An Exhortation to the Clergy before his Fifth Triennial Visitation.1704. With a discourse on Rev. xvi. 9., upon occasion of the late terrible Storm of Wind.

An Exhortation at his Sixth Triennial Visitation.1707.

Wanted by theRev. Alexander Taylor, 3. Blomfield Terrace, Paddington.

We have this week omitted ourNotes on Booksto make room for the manyReplies to Minor Querieswaiting for insertion.

T. W.will find the line—

"Men are but children of a larger growth"

in Dryden'sAll for Love,Act IV. Sc. 1.

Δ.Has our Correspondent consulted the Rev. J. Blunt'sVestiges of Ancient Customs and Manners in Modern Italy and Sicily, 8vo. 1823?

H. Edwards.The epithet referred to is an obvious corruption of an extremely coarse one, formerly applied to all who refused to wear the oak-apple on the 29th of May.

Tom King.Monsieur Tonsonwas written by the late John Taylor, the well-known editor ofThe Sun,and will be found in the collection of his poems.

Loccan.Bâtman,from Fr.bât,hence corrupted intobawman,an officer's servant.

I. R. R.Valentine Schindler, a learned German, was born at Oedern, in Misnia, and became professor of the Oriental languages at Wittemberg, and at Helmstadt, where he died in 1611.—Rodrigo Sanchez de Arevalo, Lat.Rodericus Sanctius,a learned Spanish prelate, was born in 1404. He was successively promoted to the bishoprics of Zamora, Calahorra, and Palencia. He died in 1470.

W. S., A Topographer, and P. B.For a person to be eligible to the "Antiquarian Photographic Club," he must be a Fellow of the Royal or Antiquarian Societies, or a member of the Royal Institution, and be unanimously elected. This rule, after much consideration, was decided by its promoters. A few others than Photographers are admitted, who join the excursions, and are required to furnish the notes, historical and literary, of the spots visited.

H. H. (Glasgow)is thanked for the kind manner in which he speaks of our services to photography.

L. L.However imperfect the specimens of your skill, we shall be glad to receive them. If all who, like you, have benefited by the photographic articles which have appeared in our columns, would send us, in acknowledgment, some of their productions, our portfolio would be better filled than it is.

Erratum.Vol. ix., p. 474., col. 2, line 25,for"Germansherry wines,"read"Genuinesherry wines."

"Notes and Queries"is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

Now ready, No. VII. (for May), price 2s.6d., published Quarterly.

RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW (New Series); consisting of Criticisms upon, Analyses of, and Extracts from, Curious, Useful, Valuable, and Scarce Old Books.

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1. Oxford, its Past and Present.

2. Something about Grammar.

3. Lloyd's Scandinavian Adventures.

4. Old and New Paris.

5. Life in an American Man-o'-War.

6. Rubini, the King of Tenors.

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9. Notices.

10. Poetry.

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XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, exclusively used at all the Photographic Establishments.—The superiority of this preparation is now universally acknowledged. Testimonials from the best Photographers and principal scientific men of the day, warrant the assertion, that hitherto no preparation has been discovered which produces uniformly such perfect pictures, combined with the greatest rapidity of action. In all cases where a quantity is required, the two solutions may be had at Wholesale price in separate Bottles, in which state it may be kept for years, and Exported to any Climate. Full instructions for use.

Caution.—Each Bottle is Stamped with a Red Label bearing my name, RICHARD W. THOMAS, Chemist, 10. Pall Mall, to counterfeit which is felony.

CYANOGEN SOAP: for removing all kinds of Photographic Stains. The Genuine is made only by the Inventor, and is secured with a Red Label bearing this Signature and Address, RICHARD W. THOMAS, CHEMIST. 10. PALL MALL, Manufacturer of Pure Photographic Chemicals: and may be procured of all respectable Chemists, in Pots at 1s., 2s., and 3s.6d.each, through MESSRS. EDWARDS. 67. St. Paul's Churchyard; and MESSRS. BARCLAY & CO., 95. Farringdon Street, Wholesale Agents.

TO PHOTOGRAPHERS, DAGUERREOTYPISTS, &c.—Instantaneous Collodion (or Collodio-Iodide Silver). Solution for Iodizing Collodion. Pyrogallic, Gallic, and Glacial Acetic Acids, and every Pure Chemical required in the Practice of Photography, prepared by WILLIAM BOLTON, Operative and Photographic Chemist, 146. Holborn Bars. Wholesale Dealer in every kind of Photographic Papers, Lenses, Cameras, and Apparatus, and Importer of French and German Lenses, &c. Catalogues by Post on receipt of Two Postage Stamps. Sets of Apparatus from Three Guineas.

COLLODION PORTRAITS AND VIEWS obtained with the greatest ease and certainty by using BLAND & LONG'S preparation of Soluble Cotton; certainty and uniformity of action over a lengthened period, combined with the most faithful rendering of the half-tones, constitute this a most valuable agent in the hands of the photographer.

Albumenized paper, for printing from glass or paper negatives, giving a minuteness of detail unattained by any other method, 5s.per Quire.

Waxed and Iodized Papers of tried quality.

Instruction in the Processes.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street, London.

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THE SIGHT preserved by the Use of SPECTACLES adapted to suit every variety of Vision by means of SMEE'S OPTOMETER, which effectually prevents Injury to the Eyes from the Selection of Improper Glasses, and is extensively employed by

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, 153. Fleet Street, London.

PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. use in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

IMPROVEMENT IN COLLODION.—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, have, by an improved mode of Iodizing, succeeded in producing a Collodion equal, they may say superior, in sensitiveness and density of Negative, to any other hitherto published; without diminishing the keeping properties and appreciation of half-tint for which their manufacture has been esteemed.

Apparatus, pure Chemicals, and all the requirements for the practice of Photography. Instruction in the Art.

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BEETHAM'S CAPILLARY FLUID is acknowledged to be the most effectual article for Restoring the Hair in Baldness, strengthening when weak and fine effectually preventing falling or turning grey, and for restoring its natural colour without the use of dye. The rich glossy appearance it imparts is the admiration of every person. Thousands have experienced its astonishing efficacy. Bottles, 2s.6d.; double size, 4s.6d.; 7s.6d.equal to 4 small: 11s.to 6 small; 21s.to 13 small. The most perfect beautifier ever invented.

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BEETHAM'S PLASTER is the only effectual remover of Corns and Bunions. It also reduces enlarged Great Toe Joints in an astonishing manner. If space allowed, the testimony of upwards of twelve thousand individuals, during the last five years, might be inserted. Packets, 1s.; Boxes, 2s.6d.Sent Free by BEETHAM, Chemist, Cheltenham, for 14 or 36 Post Stamps.

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Now ready, price 10s.6d., Second Edition, with material additions, INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

This Day, with Woodcuts, fcp. 8vo., 5s.

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ONCE UPON A TIME.

"The old bees die, the young possess the hive."—Shakspeare."They relate to all manner of topics—old folks, old manners, old books; and take them all in all, they make up as charming a pair of volumes as we have seen for many a long day."—Fraser's Magazine."'Once upon a Time' is worth possessing."—Examiner."This varied, pleasant, and informing collection of Essays."—Spectator."Mr. Charles Knight's entertaining little work is full of various knowledge agreeably told."—Quarterly Review."This pleasant gallery of popular antiquarianism."—John Bull.

"The old bees die, the young possess the hive."—Shakspeare.

"They relate to all manner of topics—old folks, old manners, old books; and take them all in all, they make up as charming a pair of volumes as we have seen for many a long day."—Fraser's Magazine.

"'Once upon a Time' is worth possessing."—Examiner.

"This varied, pleasant, and informing collection of Essays."—Spectator.

"Mr. Charles Knight's entertaining little work is full of various knowledge agreeably told."—Quarterly Review.

"This pleasant gallery of popular antiquarianism."—John Bull.

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ESSAYS FROM "THE TIMES:" Being a Selection from the Literary Papers which have appeared in that Journal, reprinted by permission.

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