REPLIES.

"I have been prayde,To shew mine aide," &c.,

"I have been prayde,

To shew mine aide," &c.,

I am not book-learned enough to know whether it be the same as Tusser'sFive Hundred Poynts of Good Husbandry. Information on any of the above points would oblige.

J.E.

Prebendaries.—When were prebendaries first appointed, and what the nature of their duties generally? What is the rank of a prebendary of a cathedral or other church, whether as a layman or a clerk in orders? Would a vicar, being a prebendary, take precedence as such of a rector not being one? Where is the best account of prebends to be found?

S.S.S.

Luther's Portrait at Warwick Castle.—There is at Warwick Castle a fine half-length portrait of Luther by Holbein, very unlike the ordinary portraits of the great reformer. Is this portrait a genuine one? Has it been engraved?

E.M.B.

Rawdon Papers.—The Rev. Mr. Berwick, in introducing to the public, in 1819, the interesting volume known by the name ofRawdon Papers, says,—

"They are a small part of a correspondence which was left in the Editor's hands after the greater portion had been sent several years before to the Marquis of Hastings, whose absence at this time prevents the Editor's making such additions to his stock as might render it more interesting to the public."

Do these papers still exist in the possession ofthe Hastings family, and is there any chance of a further publication? The volume published by Mr. Berwick contains some very interesting incidental illustrations of the politics, literature, and society of the seventeenth century, and much might be expected from the remaining papers. I may add, that this volume has not been so much used by historians as it should be; but, as was to be expected, it has not escaped Mr. Macaulay. It is not not well edited.

Wellington, Wyrwast, Cokam.—In a MS. letter which I have relating to the siege of Taunton in the Civil war, is the following sentence, describing the movements of the royal army:—

"The enemy on Friday last have quitted their garrisions in Wellington Wyrwast and Cokam houses; the two last they have burnt."

I am not certain about the second name, which seems to be Wyrwast; and hsould be obliged by any information relative to these three houses.

Blockade of Corfe Castle in 1644.—In Martyn'sLife of Shafetesbury(vol. i. p. 148.) it is stated that a parliamentary force, under Sir A.A. Cooper, blockaded Corfe Castle in 1644, after the taking of Wareham. I can find no mention any where else of an attack on Corfe Castle in 1644. The blockade of that castle, which Lady Bankes's defence has made memorable, was in the previous year, and Sir A.A. Cooper had not then joined the parliament. I should be glad if any of your readers could either corroborate Martyn's account of a blockade of Corfe Castle in 1644, or prove it to be, as I am inclined to think it, a mis-statement.

I should be very thankful for any information as to Sir Anthony Asteley Cooper's proceedings in Dorsetshire, Wiltshire, and Somersetshire, during the Civil War and Commonwealth, being engaged upon a life of Lord Shaftesbury.

MSS. of Locke.—A translation, by Locke, of Nicole'sEssayswas published in 1828 by Harvey and Darton, London; and it is stated in the title-page of the book, that it is printed from an autograph MS. of Locke, in the possession of Thomas Hancock, M.D. I wish to know if Dr. Hancock, who also edited the volume, is still alive? and, if so, would let this querist have access to the other papers of Locke's which he speaks of in the preface?

Locke's proposed Life of Lord Shaftesbury.—I perceive that the interesting volume of letters of Locke, Algernon Sidney, and Lord Shaftesbury, published some years ago, by Mr. Foster, is advertised in your columns by your own publisher; and I therefore inquire, with some hope of eliciting information, whether the papers in Mr. Foster's possession, which he has abstained from publishing, contain any notices of the first Earl of Shaftesbury; and I am particularly anxious to know whether they contain any references to the Life of Lord Shaftesbury which Locke meditated, or throw any light upon the mode in which Locke would have become possessed of some suppressed passages of Edmund Ludlow's memoirs.

Theses.—Many German works introduced into Catalogues, arethesesdefended at the universities. The name of thePresidentis generally first, and in larger letters than that of the propounder, who is usually the author. Hence, it often happens, that theThesisis entered as a work written by thePræses. But is not unfrequently happened, that this Præses wasreallythe author; and that, as an easy way of publishing his thought, he entrusted an essay to a candidate for a degree, to be defended by him. The seventh rule of the Museum Catalogue runs thus:—

"The respondent or defender in a thesis to be considered its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses."

Now, I would ask, what are the usual signs of the authorship? Are there any catalogues of Theses? Any bibliographical works which contain hints for guidance in this matter? Any correspondents who can advise generally on the whole matter?

Apocrypha.—What editions of the Biblecontaining the Apocryphaare now on sale at the ordinary way?

J.B.'s Treatise on Art and Nature.—By a scrap of a book, apparently of the sixteenth century, it seems to be a Treatise by J.B. upon Art and Nature: the first book is "of Water-workes." What book is this?

Nursery Games and Rhymes.—In theLetters and Memoir of Bishop Shirley, allusion is made (p. 415.) to a once popular game called "Thread the needle," the first four lines of which are given. Can any of your readers supply the remainder, or refer me to any work where they may be found? I also should feel obliged by any information respecting the age and origin of the popular nursery song, beginning,—

"A frog he would a-wooing go,Heigho, says Rowley."

"A frog he would a-wooing go,

Heigho, says Rowley."

Perhaps some of your readers will state where the correct text may be met with.

B.G.J.

Emancipation of the Jews.—In Francis'History of the Bank of English, p. 24., mention is made of an offer on the part of the Jews to pay 500,000l.to the state on the following conditions;—1. That the laws against them should be repealed; 2. That the Bodleian Library should be assigned to them; 3. That they should have permission to use St.Paul's Cathedral as a Synagogue. It is stated, on the authority of a letter in the Thurloe State Papers, that this proposition was actually discussed. The larger sum of 800,000l.was demanded; but, being refused, the negotiation was broken off. This proposition is said to have been made shortly before the elevation of Cromwell to the Protectorate. The subject is an interesting one in these days, when Jewish disabilities are under discussion.

I wish to offer two queries:—1. Is this story confirmed by any contemporary writer? 2. Is it conceivable that the Jews would have consented to worship in acruciformchurch, such as was old St. Paul's, which was standing at the time this offer is supposed to have been made?

H.M. AUSTEN.

St. Peter's, Thanet.

The Complutensian MSS.—Has not there been an account of these MSS. published in London in 1821? My authority for this Query is to be found in a work of Dr. D. Antonio Puigblanch:—

"En el año 1821 per encargo que hice desde Madridse imprimio mio aca en Londres, de que es falso este rumor2, pues en la biblioteca de la Universidad de Alcala quedaban pocos meses antes en gue estune en ella siete manuscritos biblicos en aquellas dos lenguas3, que son sin duda los mismos siete de que hace mencion en la Vida del Cardenal Cisneros, Alfonso de Castro, doctor téologo de la misma Universidad, i escritor contemporaneo o de poco tiempo después, parte de los cuales manuscritos, es a saber, los caldéos, son de letra de Alfonso de Zamora, que es uno de los tres judíos conversos editores de la Complutense."—Opusculos Gramatico-Satiricos del Dr. D. Antonio Puigblanch, Londres [1832], p. 365.

If the Chaldee and Hebrew MSS. of the Complutensian Polyglot were at Alcala in 1821, when were they removed to Madrid, and in what library at Madrid are they now? The Greek MSS. are supposed to have been returned to the Vatican Library. If the Chaldee MSS. are in the handwriting of one of the editors, as stated by Puigblanch, they cannot be of much value or authority. I shall add another Query:—Are they paper or parchment?

E.M.B.

Footnote 2:(return)That the MSS. were destroyed.

That the MSS. were destroyed.

Footnote 3:(return)Hebrew and Chaldee.

Hebrew and Chaldee.

Latin Names of Towns.—A correspondent who answered the Query as to the "Latin Names of Towns" in titles, referred your readers to the Supplement of Lemprière. I am much obliged to him for the hint, and have obtained the work in consequence; but it is right your readers should know that the information therein given must only be taken as suggestive, and sometimes as dismissible upon reference to the commonest gazetteer. I opened at the letter N; and found, that of three entries, the first my eye lighted upon, two were palpably wrong. The first informs us that "Næostadiumin Palatinatu" is in "France;" the third that "Nellore" is in "Ceylon." I am bound to say that I do not find errors so thickly scattered throughout, and that the list will be useful to me. But, Query, is there any thing extensive of which the accuracy can be depended upon?

Kilkenny.

I incline to think that the testator whose will is referred to in No. 23. p. 336., by "Scala Coeli," meant King Henry the Seventh's Chapel at Westminster.

Margaret Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother to King Henry VII., in the indenture for founding Chantry Monks in the Abbey of Westminster, dated 2. March, 21 Henry VII. (1506-6), states that she had obtained papal bulls of indulgence, that all persons saying and hearing her chantry masses should have as full remission from sin as in the place calledScala Coelibeside Rome, "to the great comfort and relief of the said Monasterie and all Cristen people resorting thereto." (MS. Lansd.444.)

Henry Lord Marney, by his will, dated 22d Dec., 15 Hen. VIII. (1523), directs a trental of masses to be "first at Scala Coeli, in Westminster." (Testamenta Vetusta, 609.)

Blomefield (Hist. of Norfolk, 8vo. edit., iv. 60) speaking of the Church of the Augustine Friars at Norwich, observes,—

"That which brought most profit to the convent, was the chapel of Our Lady in this church, called Scala Celi, to which people were continually coming in pilgrimage, and offering at the altar there; most folks desiring to have masses sung for them here, or to be buried in the cloister of Scala Celi, that they might be partakers of the many pardons and indulgences granted by the Popes to this place; this being the only chapel (except that of the same name at Westminster, and that of Our Lady in St. Buttolph's church at Boston,) that I find to have the same privileges and indulgences as the chapel of Scala Celi at Rome; which were so great as made all the three places aforesaid so much frequented; it being easier to pay their devotions here, than go so long a journey; all which indulgences and pardons may be seen in Fox'sActs and Monuments, fo. 1075."

In Bishop Bale's singular play ofKynge Johan, published by the Camden Society, the King charges the clery with extorting money

"For legacyes, trentalls withscalacelymessysWhereby ye have made the people very assys."(p. 17.)

"For legacyes, trentalls withscalacelymessys

Whereby ye have made the people very assys."

(p. 17.)

And Simon of Swineshead, after drinking the poison, says,—

"To send me to heaven god rynge the holye belle,And synge for my sowle a masse ofScala Celi,That I may clyme up aloft with Enoch and Heli."(p. 82.)

"To send me to heaven god rynge the holye belle,

And synge for my sowle a masse ofScala Celi,

That I may clyme up aloft with Enoch and Heli."

(p. 82.)

There are bulls of indulgence in Scala Coeli in Rymer'sFædera, xii. 565. 591. 672., xiii. 102.; but I can now only give the reference, as I have not that work in hand.

C.H. COOPER.

Cambridge, April 6, 1850

"T.W." (No. 20. p. 218.) will find no end of "Items" for watching the sepulchre, in the "Churchwardens' Accounts" before the Reformation, and during the reign of Queen Mary. At Easter it was the custom to erect a sepulchre on the north side of the chancel, to represent that of our Saviour. This was generally a temporary structure of wood; though in some churches there still remain elaborately ornamented ones of stone. Sometimes the founder's tomb was used for the purpose. In this sepulchre was placed on Good Friday the crucifix, and occasionally the host, with other emblems; and a person was employed to watch it till the morning of Easter Day, when it was taken out with great ceremony, in imitation of our Lord's resurrection. It was the payment for this watching that occurs continually in the Churchwardens' Accounts, and of which, it appears, Fuller could not understand the meaning. A paper on the subject of Easter sepulchres, by Mr. Venables, was read at the meeting of the Cambridge Camden Society in March, 1843, but I am not aware whether it has been printed. Some very curious "Items" on this subject are given in Britton'sRedcliffe Church, which are quoted in theOxford Glossary of Architecture. They are so illustrative, that I subjoin them, to give you an opportunity, if you please, of serving them up to your readers:—

"Item, That Maister Canynge hath deliver'd, this 4th day of July, in the year of Our Lord 1470, to Maister Nicholas Petters, Vicar of St. Mary Redcliffe, Moses Conterin, Philip Barthelmew, Procurators of St. Mary Redcliffe aforesaid, a new sepulchre, well gilt with gold, and a civer thereto."Item, An image of God Almighty rising out of the same sepulchre, with all the ordinance that 'longeth thereto; that is to say, a lathe made of timber and the iron work thereto."Item, Thereto 'longeth Heaven, made of timber and stained clothes."Item, Hell, made of timber, and the iron-work thereto, with Divels to the number of 13."Item, 4 knights, armed, keeping the sepulchre, with their weapons in their hands; that is to say, 2 axes and 2 spears, with 2 pavés."Item, 4 payr of angels' wings for 4 angels, made of timber and well painted."Item, The Fadre, the crown and visage, the ball with a cross upon it, well gilt with fine gould."Item, The Holy Ghost coming out of Heaven into the sepulchre."Item, 'Longeth to the 4 angels 4 chevelers."

"Item, An image of God Almighty rising out of the same sepulchre, with all the ordinance that 'longeth thereto; that is to say, a lathe made of timber and the iron work thereto.

"Item, Thereto 'longeth Heaven, made of timber and stained clothes.

"Item, Hell, made of timber, and the iron-work thereto, with Divels to the number of 13.

"Item, 4 knights, armed, keeping the sepulchre, with their weapons in their hands; that is to say, 2 axes and 2 spears, with 2 pavés.

"Item, 4 payr of angels' wings for 4 angels, made of timber and well painted.

"Item, The Fadre, the crown and visage, the ball with a cross upon it, well gilt with fine gould.

"Item, The Holy Ghost coming out of Heaven into the sepulchre.

"Item, 'Longeth to the 4 angels 4 chevelers."

Ducange (vol. vi. p. 195. new edit.) gives a detailed account of the service performed at the Easter sepulchres on the continent.

E. VEE.

Cambridge, March 27.

"Watching the Sepulchre" (No. 20. p. 318.).—At the present day, in most Roman Catholic countries it is the custom to exhibit in the principal churches at this period, and at Christmas, a kind oftableauof the entombment and of the birth of the Saviour. The figures are sometimes small, and at other times the size of life: generally coloured, and formed of wax, wood, stone, or other materials; and when artistically arranged, and judiciously lighted, form sometimes beautiful objects. I have no doubt the entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts of Waltham Abbey refers to a custom of the same kind, prevailing in the country before the Reformation. If the date of their entry were sought for, I have little doubt but that it would be found to have been about Easter. Thesepulchreitself was often, I believe, a permanent erection of stone, and some of them probably now remain in the churches of England on the north side of the chancel, where they may sometimes be taken for the tombs of individuals there interred.

W.C. TREVELYAN.

Watching the Sepulchre.—In reply to "T.W.'s" Query in No. 20., I have witnessed at Florence the custom of dressing the sepulchre on the Thursday before Good Friday with the most beautiful flowers, many of which are reared especially for the purpose. The devout attend at the sepulchre, and make their prayers there throughout the day, the most profound silence being observed. The convents rival each other in the beauty of their decorations.

Do you think that the Churchwardens' entries in Fuller can refer to a similar custom?

The loveliness of the flowers, and their delightful perfume, which pervades the church, present a most soothing and agreeable type of death and the grave, under their Christian phase. I was always at a loss to understand why this was done on Thursday, instead of on Saturday; the latter being the day on which Our Lord rested in the sepulchre.

A.M.

A newblunderof Mr. Malone.—I love the memory of Edmond Malone, albeit he sometimes committed blunders. He committed a pitiable blunder when he broke his bow in shooting at the worthless Samuel Ireland; and he committed anirreparable blunder when he whitewashed the monumental effigy of the matchless Shakspere. Of the blunder ascribed to him by a reverend querist (No. 14. p. 213) he was quite innocent.

Before we censure an author or editor, we should consult hisownedition. He cannot be answerable for the errors of any other impression. Such, at least, ismynotion of critical equity.

I shall now state the plain facts. Malone, in the first instance, printed the spurious declaration of JohnShakspearin animperfect state. (Plays and Poems of W.S., 1790, vol. i. part ii. p. 162.) He was soon afterwards enabled to complete it. (Ibid.vol. i. part ii. p. 330.) Steevens reprinted it entire, and without comment. (Plays of W.S., 1793, vol. ii. p. 300.) Now the editor of the Irish reimpression, who must have omitted to consult the edition of Steevens, merely committed ablunderin attempting to unite the two fragments as first published by Mr. Malone.

There was noaudacious fabricationon the occasion—there is nomysteryin the case! (No. 24. p. 386.) So, to stop the current of misconception, and economise space on future occasions, I venture to repeat a few words in suggesting as a canon of criticism:—Before we censure an author or editor we should consult hisownedition.

BOLTON CORNEY.

Compendyous Olde Treatyse.—"F.M." (No. 18. p. 277.) will find this tract reprinted (with the exception of the preface and verses) in Foxe'sActs and Monuments; a portion once peculiar to the first edition of 1563, p. 452., but now appearing in the reprint of 1843, vol. iv. p. 671-76., which may be of some service in the absence of the original tract.

NOVUS.

Hordys(No. 5. p. 157.).—I have waited till now in hopes of seeing an answer from some more competent pen than my own to the Query as to the meaning of the word "hordys," by your correspondent "J.G.;" but having been disappointed, I venture a suggestion which occurred to me immediately on reading it, viz. that "hordys" might be some possible or impossible derivation fromhordeum, and applied "irreverently" to the consecrated host, as though it were no better than a common barley-cake.

Whether in those early days and in Ireland, the host was really made of barley, and whether "hordys" was a name given to some kind of barley-cake then in vogue, or (supposing my suggestion to be well founded) a word coined for the occasion, may perhaps be worthy of investigation.

A.R.

Kenilworth, April 5.

Eachard's Tracts.—The Rev. George Wyatt, who inquires (No. 20. p. 320.) about Eachard'sTracts, will probably get all the information he wants from the Life of Eachard prefixed to the collected edition of hisWorksin three volumes, which I am sorry I have not the means at present of referring to.

"I.O.," to whom the last of the tracts is addressed, is Dr. John Owen.

Philatus (what objection is there to Latinising, in the usual way, the Greek termination os?) is, of course, intended for Hobbes; and, to convey Eachard's opinion of him, his opponent in the Dialogue is Timothy, a God-honourer.

Let me add, as you have headed Mr. Wyatt's communication "Tracts attributed to Eachard," thereby casting a doubt upon his authorship, that there is no doubt about Dr. John Eachard being the author of all the tracts which Mr. Wyatt enumerates; nor was there any concealment by Eachard. His authorship of theGrounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergyis notorious. The "Epistle Dedicatory," signed "J.E.," mentioned by Mr. Wyatt as prefixed to the Dialogue on Hobbes'State of Nature, refers also to the five subsequent letters. These were published at the same time with the Dialogue on Hobbes, in one volume, and are answers to attacks on theGrounds and Occasions, &c. The Epistle Dedicatory is addressed to Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, "and," says Eachard, "I hope my dialogue will not find the less acceptance with your Grace for these Letters which follow after."

The second edition of the volume I have by me, published in 1672: the title,Mr. Hobbes's State of Nature considered, &c.; to which are added, Five Letters from the Author of "The Grounds and Occasions of the Contempt of the Clergy."

Masters of St. Cross.—In reply to "H. EDWARDS" (No. 22. p. 352.), A List of the Masters of St. Cross, I believe, is given in Browne Willis'sMitred Abbies, vol. i.; but the most correct and perfect list is in theSketches of Hampshire, by the late John Duthy, Esq. Henry or Humfrey de Milers is the first master whose name is recorded, and nothing further is known of him: between Bishop Sherborne and Bishop Compton there were thirteen masters.

F.J.B.

Has "H. EDWARDS" seen theHistory of St. Cross Hospital, by Mr. Moody, published within the last six months? It may materially assist him.

JOHN R. FOX

A living Dog better than a dead Lion.—Your correspondent "MR. JOHN SANSOM" may, perhaps, accept the following as an answer to the first part of his Query (No. 22. p. 352.). In an ancient MS. preserved in the archives of the see of Ossory, at fol. 66., is entered, in a hand of the latter part of the fourteenth century, a list of ancient proverbs under the following heading:—

"Eux sount les proverbes en fraunceys conferme par auctorite delDibil?

"Chers amys receiuez de moyUn beau present q vo' envoy,Non pas dor ne dargentMais de bon enseignment,Que en escriptur ai troveE de latin translatee, &c. &c."

"Chers amys receiuez de moy

Un beau present q vo' envoy,

Non pas dor ne dargent

Mais de bon enseignment,

Que en escriptur ai trove

E de latin translatee, &c. &c."

Amongst them is the following:—

"Meux valt un chien sein e fortQe un leoun freid e mort;E meux valt povert od bountexQe richeste od malueiste."

"Meux valt un chien sein e fort

Qe un leoun freid e mort;

E meux valt povert od bountex

Qe richeste od malueiste."

Jesus, the Son of Sirak, is not, however, the authority for this proverb; it occurs in the 9th chapter of Ecclesiastes and 4th verse.

And now, to ask a question in turn, what is meant by "auctoritedel Dibil?"

JAMES GRAVES.

Kilkenny.

Monumental Brass(No. 16. p. 247.).—On the floor of the Thorncombe church, in the co. of Devon, is a splendid brass, representing Sir T. Brooke, and Joan, his wife, dated respectively 1419 and 1436. At the lower corner of the lady's robe is engraven a small dog, with a collar and bells. May not these figures be the private mark of the artist?

S.S.S.

The Wickliffite Version of the Scriptures.—I have in my possession a very fair MS. of Wickliff's translation of the New Testament; and should the editors of the Wickliffite Versions like to see my MS., and let me know to whom I may send it, I shall be happy to lend it them.

DANIEL ROCK.

Buckland, Faringdon.

Hever(pp. 269. 342.).—In confirmation of the meaning assigned to this word, there is an estate near Westerham, in Kent, called "Hever's-wood."

S.S.S.

Steward Family(No. 21. p. 335.).—Though not an answer to his question, "O.C." may like to be informed that the arms of the impalement in the drawing which he describes are (according to Izacke'sExeter) those which were borne by Ralph Taxall, Sheriff of Devon, in 1519. Pole calls him Texshall. Modern heralds give the coat to Pecksall of Westminster. If a conjecture may be hazarded, I would suggest that the coat was a modification of the ancient arms of Batishull: a crosslet in saltier, between four owls.

S.S.S.

Gloves(No. 5. p. 72.).—In connection with the subject of the presentation of gloves, I would refer your correspondents to the curious scene in Vicar'sParliamentary Chronicle, where "Master Prynne," on his visit to Archbishop Laud in the Tower in May 1643, accepts "a fair pair of gloves, upon the Archbishop's extraordinary pressing importunity;" a present which, under the disagreeable circumstances of the interview, seems to have been intended to convey an intimation beyond that of mere courtesy.

S.S.S.

Cromlech.—As your learned correspondent "Dr. TODD" (No. 20. p. 319.) queries this word, I think it is very doubtful whether the word was in use, or not, before the period mentioned (16th century). Dr. Owain Pughe considered the word "cromlech" (crwm-llech, an inclined or flat stone,) to be merely a popular name, having no reference to the original purpose of the structure. The only Triadic name that will apply to the cromlechs, ismaen ketti(stone chests, or arks), the raising of which is described as one of "The three mighty labours of the Isle of Britain."

GOMER.

Watewich(pp. 60. 121. 236.).—May not "Watewich" be Waterbeach?

S.S.S.

"By Hook or by Crook."—I imagine that the expression "By hook or by crook" is in very general use throughout England. It was familiar to my ear forty years ago in Surrey, and within these four years its origin was (to my satisfaction at the moment) brought home to my comprehension in the North of Devon, where the tenant of a certain farm informed me that, by an old custom, he was entitled to take wood from some adjoining land "by hook and crook;" which, on inquiry, I understood to include, first, so much underwood as he could cut with thehookor bill, and, secondly, so much of the branches of trees as he could pull down with the aid of acrook.

Whether this crook originally meant the shepherd's crook (a very efficient instrument for the purpose), or simply such acrook-edstickas boys use for gathering hazel-nuts, is not very material. It seems highly probable that, in the vast forests which once overspread this country, the right of taking "fire bote" by "hook or crook" was recognised; and we can hardly wish for a more apt illustration of the idea of gaining a desired object by the ordinary means—"a hook," if it lay close to our hand; or, by a method requiring more effort, "a crook," if it were a little beyond our reach.

J.A.S.

By Hook or by Crook(pp. 205, 237. 281. &c.).—In confirmation of this phrase having reference to forest customs, my hind told me that my plantations were plundered by hook or by crook, and he and I once caught a man inflagrante delicto, with a hook for cutting green wood, and a crook at the end of a long pole for breaking off dry branches, which could not be otherwise reached. For an early use of the term, see Bacon'sFortress of the Faithful, 1550.

"Whatsoever is pleasant or profitable must be theirs by hook or by crook."

S.S.S.

Tablet to Napoleon.—Will it assist "EMDEE's" interpretation of the inscription to Napoleon (No. 17 p. 262.) if I suggest that it may mean—Ægyptiaco bis, Italico semper invicto?

C.I.R.

Feb. 25.

Lines on Pharaoh(No. 19. p. 298.).—I beg to inform "J.T.," that the well-knowncoupletabout Pharaoh, andrascalrhyming topascal, are from a certainHistory of the Bible, orBible History, by the Rev. Dr. Zachary Boyd, of Todrig, who was either Principal or Professor of Divinity at Glasgow in the seventeenth century.

He left considerable property to the College there, on condition that his bust should be placed in the quadrangle, and his great work printed under the care of the Academical Senatus. The bust was placed accordingly, and is, or lately was, to be seen in a niche over the inner doorway. TheHistorywas also printed, it is said, but never published. However, curious visitors have always, I believe, been allowed a peep into it—whether the MS. or the solitary printed book, I am not sure—and a few choice morsels are current. I recollect one stave of the lamentation of Jonah—

"Lord! what a doleful place is this!There's neither coal nor candle;And nothing I but fishes' tripesAnd greasy guts do bandle."

"Lord! what a doleful place is this!

There's neither coal nor candle;

And nothing I but fishes' tripes

And greasy guts do bandle."

I think it a shame that the Maitland Club of Glasgow has not, ere now, volunteered an edition of Zachary's immortal performance. TheSenatuswould hardly object (if the expense were undertaken), as the circulation would be confined to true Scots.

PHILOBODIUS.

[The following communication from a very competent authority, and the very passage quoted by "PHILOBODIUS" himself, quite justify the non-publication of Zachary's doggrel.]

Zachary Boyd(No. 19. p. 298.).—Your notice of Zachary Boyd, and his extraordinary paraphrase of the Bible in the College at Glasgow, has reminded me of my having examined that strange work, and found ample cause for its not being published, though a sufficient sum was bequeathed for that purpose. The whole doggrel is only calculated to bring ridicule and contempt upon the Scriptures; but there are, besides, passages such as refer to Job's "Curse God, and die;" to Jeshuram waxing fat; to Jonah in the whale's belly; and other parts, which utterly unfit the MS. for decent perusal.

W. JERDAN.

Welsh Ambassador.—The origin of the word "Welsh," from the Saxon "Wealh," a stranger, and the use of it in this sense by our old writers (see Brady'sIntrod., p. 5.: Sir T. Smith'sCommonwealth of England, chap. xiii.), sufficiently explain this designation of the Cuckoo, the temporary resident of our cold climate, and the ambassadorextraordinaryin the revolutions of the seasons, in the words of the Nursery Rhymes,—

"She comes as astranger, and stays three months in the year.""Quid tibi vis aliud dicam? mevox mea prodit."Alciati, Emblemalx.Cuculi, Comment.

"She comes as astranger, and stays three months in the year."

"Quid tibi vis aliud dicam? mevox mea prodit."

Alciati, Emblemalx.Cuculi, Comment.

T.J.

Prince Madoc.—I was much gratified on reading "T.T.'s" note, commenting on my observations respecting the Mandan language, as he proves the existence of Celtic words amongst the American Indians. Regarding "T.T.'s" doubts as to the Mandans being descended from the followers of Madoc, I confess that my opinions on the point do not differ very widely from his own. The circumstances attending Madoc's emigration, in the paucity of its numbers and the entire separation from the mother country, with the character of the Indians, would almost ensure the ultimate destruction of the settlement, or the ultimate absorption of its remains by those who might have had friendly relations with the Welsh. In this most favourable view, the evidences of the presence of the Welsh seven centuries since would be few indeed at the present day. The most striking circumstance of this nature that I met with in Mr. Catlin's work, is a description of what he calls a "bull-boat," from its being covered with a bull's hide, which, in construction and form, is perfectly identical with the Welsh "cwrygl." Yet, strong as this resemblance is, it will have but little weight if unsupported by other evidence. In conclusion, I would observe, that I never supposed Prince Madoc to be the discover of America, but that his voyage was induced by the knowledge that other lands existed in the great ocean (seeHumboldt'sExamen critique). The emblems found in America, and said to be crosses, are obviously thetau[cross symbol], or symbol of life, and can have no connection with Christianity.

GOMER.

Poghell(No. 12. p. 186.).—In Cornwall and Devon there are places called Poughill or Poghill,—inDomesday, Pochelle; and in theTaxatio Ecclesiastica, Pockehulle and Pogheheulle. The etymology of the word, I take to be merely the addition (as is often found) of the Anglo-Saxonhill, orhull, to the old Teutonic word Pock, or Pok, an eruption or protrusion. In low Latin, Pogetum is colliculus. (See Ducange.)

S.S.S.

Swingeing Tureen(No. 19. p. 211., and No. 21. p. 340.).—How could "SELEUCUS" "conclude" that Goldsmith's "Poor Beau Tibbs and Kitty his Wife," should have had "asilvertureen" of expensive construction? It is evident that "Kitty's" husband, in the "Haunch of Venison," was the Beau Tibbs of the "Citizen of the World." There can be no doubt that, however the word be spelled,the meaning isswingeing, "huge, great," which I admit was generally, if not always, in those days spelled swinging, as in Johnson—"Swinging, fromswinge, huge, great;" but which ought to be, as it is pronounced,swingeing.

Tureen(pp. 246. 307. 340.).—"And instead of soup in a China terrene." (Knox, Essay 57Works. vol. ii. p. 572.)

S.S.S.

"A" or "An."—Quem Deus vult perdere.—Allow me to refer your correspondents "PRISCIAN" and "E.S. JACKSON" (of No. 22.), to theSelections from the Gentleman's Magazine, London, 1814, vol. ii. pp. 333. and 162., for some interesting papers on the subjects of their respective inquiries.

The paper first referred to, at p. 333., is certainly well worth perusal, as the writer, "KUSTER," has examined the question with considerable care, and proves, by many curious instances, that most of those whom we have been taught to look up to as the greatest authorities in English writing—Dryden, Swift, Pope, Johnson, and others—seem to have had no fixed rule on the subject, but to have used "a" or "an" before the same words with the most reckless inconsistency.

The second paper, at p. 162., gives a more detailed account of the adage, "Quem Deus (potiusJupiter) vult perdere," &c., than "F.C.B." (whose object, of course, was rather to compareresultsthan to tracederivations) has supplied in his interesting communication.

C. FORBES.

Such of our readers as do not possess Halliwell'sDictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, which Mr. Way, a very competent authority, lately designated in our columns as Mr. Halliwell's "useful glossarial collections," will be glad to learn that Mr. Russell Smith has announced a second and cheaper edition of it.

The new number of theArchæological Journalis a very interesting one. That portion if it, more particularly, which relates the Proceedings of the Meetings of the Archæological Institute, contains a great mass of curious and valuable information; made the more available and instructive by means of the admirable woodcuts by which it is illustrated.

We have received several curious communications on the subject of Parish Registers, with reference to the article on "Early Statistics," and the "Registers of Chart, Kent," to which we shall endeavour to give early insertion. We have also received a copy ofA Letter addressed to R. Monckton Milnes, Esq. M.P., on the Condition and unsafe State of Ancient Parochial Registers in England and the Colonies, to which we beg to direct the attention of such of our friends as take an interest in this important subject.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson, of 191. Piccadilly, will sell on Monday, the 29th instant, and three following days, a selection from the valuable library of the Rev. Dr. Maitland. Although only a selection from the library of the learned historian of the Dark Ages, the Catalogue exhibits, in addition to numerous Polyglot and other important editions of the Scriptures, and the great collections of Baronius, Mabillon, Dupin, Martene, and Durand, &c., a vast number of works of the highest value in the departments of Theology and Ecclesiastical History.

We have received the following Catalogues:—Part III. for 1850 of J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street) Catalogue of Books and Autographs, chiefly Old and Curious. Part II. for 1850 of a Catalogue of Choice, Useful, and Interesting Books, in fine condition, on sale by Waller and Son (188. Fleet Street).

SACRED SONGS, DUETS, AND TRIOS, Words by Thomas Moore; Music by Stephenson and Moore. Power, Strand.

SIR PETER PETT'S DISCOURSE OF THE GROWTH OF ENGLAND, &c. (being the 2nd edition of the "Happy Future of England.")

MONK'S LETTERS RELATING TO THE RESTORATION, published by Toland, 1714-15.

LADY RUSSELL'S LETTERS, edited by Miss Berry.

DU QUESNE'S ACCOUNT OF BOURBON, published in Holland about 1689.

VOYAGE DE L'ARABIE HEUREUSE PAR L'OCEAN ORIENTAL ET LE DETROIT DE LA MER ROUGE, 12mo. Paris, 1716.

SOUTH AFRICAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL, 8vo. Cape Town, 1830 (all that is published).

HUMBOLDT'S COSMOS, Nos. forming Vol. I. of Longman's 1st edition, 1847-48.

PERUSSAC'S BULLETIN DES SCIENCES NATURELLES, Vols. XIX. to XXVII., Paris, 1829-31.

SOUTHEY'S POETICAL WORKS, Vols. IX. and X.

LANGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 12mo. edition of 1839. Vols. V. to IX. (both inclusive).

PENNY CYCLOPÆDIA. Monthly Parts 82, 84 to 90 (both inclusive), 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99 to 113 (both inclusive).

Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Adolphus' History of England. "INDACATOR"is informed that the continuation of this work is proceeding with, as fast as Mr. L. Adolphus' professional duties will admit; and we are sure that gentleman would at all times readily explain, to those entitled to ask him what progress has been made in it.

Our numerous Correspondents will, we trust, excuse our specially acknowledging the receipt of their various communications, and agree with us in the propriety of economising our limited room, so as to insert rather than acknowledge the articles with which they have favoured us.

A Third Edition of Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4., forming Part I., is reprinted, so that complete sets of our work may again be had.

Theological and Miscellaneous Library of the Rev. S.R. Maitland, DD., A noble Mahogany Bookcase, &c.

PUTTICK and SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their great Room 191. Piccadilly, on Monday, April 29., and three following days, the Library of the Rev. S.R. Maitland, D.D.; consisting of Versions of the Scared Scriptures, a fine copy of Walton's Polyglott (with the Republican Variations in the Preface), Critical and Expository Works, best editions of the Works of the Fathers of the Church, Ecclesiastical History, Councils Canon Law, and Miscellaneous Literature. Catalogues are now ready, and will be sent on application.

On a large sheet, price 7s.6d.plain; 15s.richly coloured; in case 10s.6d.plain; 18s.coloured.

A CHART of ANCIENT ARMOUR, from the ELEVENTH to the SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES; containing Eighteen Figures, with a Description and a Sketch of the Progress of European Armour. By JOHN HEWITT.

"A graphic outline of the subject of military costume during the period of its greatest interest to the English antiquary. The author has made a judicious selection of the examples, chiefly from the rich series of monumental effigies; and, in the brief text which accompanies these illustrations, a useful resumé will be found of a subject which, not many years since was attainable only through the medium of costly publications."—Archæological Journal.

GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF ENGLAND ILLUSTRATED BY THOSE OF DENMARK.

THE PRIMÆVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, Member of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Copenhagen. Translated and applied to the Illustration of similar Remains in England, by WILLIAM J. THOMS, F.S.A., Secretary of the Camden Society. With numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 10s.6d.

"The best antiquarian handbook we have eve met with—so clear is its arrangement and so well and so plainly is each subject illustrated by well-executed engravings.... It is the joint production of two men who have already distinguished themselves as authors and antiquarians."—Morning Herald.

"A book of remarkable interest and ability.... Mr. Worsaae's book is in all ways a valuable addition to our literature.... Mr. Thoms has executed the translation in flowing an idiomatic English, and has appended many curious and interesting notes and observations of his own."—Guardian.

"This work, which we desire to commend to the attention of our readers, is signally interesting to the British antiquary. Highly interesting and important work."—Archæological Journal.

See alsoGentleman's Magazinefor February, 1850.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford, and 377. Strand. London.

NEARLY READY.

CHOICE EXAMPLES OF THE WORKMANSHIP Selected from the Exhibition of ANCIENT AND MEDIÆVAL ART at the Society of Arts

A Prospectus, containing a Specimen of the Illustrations, will be sent on receipt of two postage stamps.

JOSEPH CUNDALL, 21. Old Bond Street.

THE SHAKESPEARE SOCIETY.—The Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society will be held on FRIDAY NEXT, the 26th inst., at the Rooms of the Royal Society of Literature, No. 4. St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, at which the attendance of Subscribers is earnestly solicited. The Chair will be taken a THREE o'clock precisely.

By Order of the Council,F.G. TOMLINS, SecretaryAgent to the Society, Mr. Skeffington, No. 192. Piccadilly.

THE CHURCH WARDER and DOMESTIC MAGAZINE contains Theological, Historical and Moral Papers, besides amusing and instructive Tales. Price Twopence. Published by GROOMBRIDGE and SONS, Paternoster Row, on the First of every Month.

Royal 32mo., cloth 2s.; morocco (Hayday), 7s.

SELDEN'S TABLE TALK

Royal 32mo., price 2s.6d.cloth, 7s.6d.morocco (Hayday). THE TEMPLE, SACRED POEMS, and PRIVATE EJACULATIONS. By GEORGE HERBERT.

Also, by the same Author, Price 2s.cloth, 7s.morocco (Hayday). A PRIEST TO THE TEMPLE; or, THE COUNTRY PARSON: his Character, and rule of Holy Life, &c.

London: GEORGE BELL, Fleet Street. Leicester: J.S. CROSSLEY.

Next week, 1 vol. 8vo., with etched Frontispiece, by Wehnert, and Eight Engravings, price 15s.

SABRINÆ COROLLA: a Volume of Classical Translations with original Compositions contributed by Gentlemen educated at Shrewsbury School.

Among the Contributors are the Head Masters of Shewsbury, Stamford, Repton, Uppingham, and Birmingham Schools; Andrew Lawson, Esq., late M.P.; the Rev. R. Shilleto, Cambridge; the Rev. T.S. Evans, Rugby; J. Riddell, Esq., Fellow of Baliol College, Oxford; the Rev. E.M. Cope, H.J. Hodgson, Esq., H.A.J. Munro, Esq., W.G. Clark, Esq., Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge, and many other distinguished Scholars from both Universities.

The Work is edited by three of the principal Contributors.

Folio, price 30s.

THE CHORAL RESPONSES AND LITANIES OF THE UNITED CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND IRELAND. Collected from Authentic Sources. By the Rev. JOHN JEBB, A.M., Rector of Peterstow.

The present Work contains a full collection of the harmonized compositions of ancient date, including nine sets of pieces and responses, and fifteen litanies, with a few of the more ancient Psalm Chants. They are given in full score, and in their proper cliffs. In the upper part, however, the treble is substituted for the "cantus" or "medius" cliff: and the whole work is so arranged as to suit the library of the musical student, and to be fit for use in the Choir.

MEMOIRS OF MUSIC. By the Hon. ROGER NORTH, Attorney-General to James I. Now first printed from the original MS. and edited, with copious Notes, by EDWARD F. RIMBAULT, L.L.D., F.S.A., &c. &c. Quarto; with a Portrait; handsomely printed in 4to.; half-bound in morocco, 15s.

This interesting MS., so frequently alluded to by Dr. Burney in the course of his "History of Music," has been kindly placed at the disposal of the Council of the Musical Antiquarian Society, by George Townshend Smith, Esq., Organist of Hereford Cathedral. But the Council, not feeling authorised to commence a series of literary publications, yet impressed with the value of the work, have suggested its independent publication to their Secretary, Dr. Rimbault, under whose editorial care it accordingly appears.

It abounds with interesting Musical Anecdotes; the Greek Fables respecting the origin of Music; the rise and progress of Musical Instruments; the early Musical Drama; the origin of our present fashionable Concerts; the first performance of the Beggar's Opera, &c.

A limited number having been printed, few copies remain for sale: unsold copies will shortly be raised in price to 1l.11s.6d.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.

Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, April 20. 1850.

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