QUERIES ANSWERED, NO. 8.

During the greater portion of the time just reviewed, Mr. Jeremiah Ainsworth was resident in the neighbourhood of Manchester, and so early as 1761 was in correspondence with the editors of theMathematical Magazine. He subsequently associated with Mr. George Taylor, a gentleman of kindred habits, then resident in the immediate vicinity, and these worthy veterans of science, as time wore on, collected around them a goodly array of pupils and admirers, and hence may truly be said not only to have laid the foundation of the "Oldham Society," but also to have been the fathers of the Lancashire school of geometers. Such then was the state of affairs in the mathematical world at the period of which we are speaking; all the works just enumerated were attracting the attention of all classes of students by their novelty or elegance; Dr. Hutton and the Rev. Charles Wildbore had the management of theDiaries, each vieing with the other in offering inducements for geometrical research; whilst both, in this respect, for a time, had to contend against the successful competition of Reuben Burrow, the talented editor of Carnan'sDiary: correspondents consequently became numerous and widely extended, each collecting around him his own select circle of ardent inquirers; and thus it was, to use the words of Mr. Harvey, and answer the questions proposed, that inquiries which had hitherto been "locked up in the deep, and to them unapproachable recesses of Plato, Pappus, Apollonius and Euclid * * porisms and loci, sections of ratio and of space, inclinations and tangencies,—subjects confined among the ancients to the very greatest minds, (became) familiar to men whose condition in life was, to say the least, most unpropitious for the successful prosecution of such elevated and profound pursuits."

The preceding sketch is respectfully submitted as an attempt to answer the queries ofPen-and-Ink, so far as Lancashire is concerned. It is not improbable that other reasons, equally cogent, or perhaps corrective of several of the preceding, may be advanced by some of your more learned correspondents, whose experience and means of reference are superior to my own. Should any suchbe induced to offer additions or corrections to what is here attempted, and to extend the inquiry into other localities, your pages will afford a most desirable medium through which to comparenoteson a very imperfectly understood but most important subject of inquiry.

T. T. Wilkinson.

Burnley, Lancashire, June 5. 1850.

Passing over various queries of early date, on which it has been my intention to offer some suggestions, I haveendeuoyred me, as Master Caxton expresses it, to illustrate three subjects recently mooted.

Trianon(No. 27.).—The origin of this name is thus stated by M. Dolort, in his excellent work entitledMes voyages aux environs de Paris, ii. 88.

"Le grand Trianon.—Appelé au 13esiècleTriarmun, nom d'une ancienne paroisse, qui était divisée en trois villages dépendant du diocèse de Chartres. Cette terre, qui appartenait aux moines de Sainte-Geneviève, fut achetée par Louis XIV. pour agrandir le parc de Versailles, et plus tard il y fit coustruire le château."

Wood paper(No. 32.).—At the close of the last century a patent was granted to Matthias Koops for the manufacture of paper fromstraw,wood, &c. In September 1800, he dedicated to the king aHistorical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, in small folio. The volume is chiefly printed on papermade from straw; the appendix is onpaper made from wood alone. Both descriptions of paper have borne the test of time extremely well. Murray, in hisPractical remarks on modern paper, speaks of Koops and his inventions with much ignorance and unfairness.

Tobacco in the East(No. 33.).—Relying on the testimony of Juan Fragoso, physician to Felipe II. of Spain, I venture to assert that tobacco is not indigenous to the East. To the same effect writes Monardes. Nevertheless, it was cultivated in Java as early as the year 1603. Edmund Scott, factor for the East India Company at Bantam, thus describes the luxuries of the Javans:—

"They are very great eaters—and they haue a certaine hearbe calledbettailewhich they vsually have carryed with them wheresoeuer they goe, in boxes, or wrapped vp in cloath like a suger loafe: and also a nutt calledpinange, which are both in operation very hott, and they eate them continually to warme them within, and keepe them from the fluxe. They doe likewise take muchtabacco, and alsoopium."—An exact discovrseetc.of the East Indians, London, 1606. 4o. Sig. N. 2.

Bolton Corney.

Bawn(Vol. i, p. 440.) has been explained as "the outer fortification, inclosing the court-yard of an Irish castle or mansion, and was generally composed of a wall with palisadoes, and sometimes flankers."

The wordbawnorbane(theapronounced as in the English wordhat) is still applied in the south of Ireland to the spot of ground used as a place for milking the cows of a farm, which, for obvious reasons, is generally close to the farm-house. Before the practice of housing cattle became general, every country gentleman's house had itsbawnorbane. The necessity for having such a place well fenced, and indeed fortified, in a country and period when cattle formed the chief wealth of all parties, and when the country was infested by Creaghadores and Rapparees, is obvious; and hence the care taken in compelling the "undertakers in Ulster" to have at least "a good bawn after the Irish fashion." In Munster the wordbaneorbawnis used to express land that has been long in grass;tholluff bawnbeing used to signify grass land about to be brought into cultivation; andtholluff breagh, orred land, land which has been recently turned. Toredden landis still used to express either to plough land, or, more generally, to turn land with the spade.

Now themilking fieldwas, and is always kept in grass, and necessarily receiving a good deal of manure, would usually bewhitefrom the growth of daisies and white clover. Hence such a field would be called thewhitefield: and from this to the general application of the phrase to grass land the transition is easy and natural. It may be proper to add, that in Kerry, particularly, the word is pronouncedbawn, in speakingIrish; but the same person will call itbane, if mentioning such land in English. Theain the latter word is, as I said before, pronounced like theain hat.

The Irish for acowbeingbo, the phrase may have had its origin therefrom. On this matter, as on all relating to Irish antiquities, the readers of "Notes and Queries" may be glad to have a sure person to refer to; and they cannot refer to a more accomplished Irish scholar and antiquarian than "Eugene Curry". His address is, "Royal Irish Academy, Grafton Street, Dublin."

Kerriensis.

Births, Marriages, &c., Taxes on(Vol. ii., p. 10.).—The first instance, that I am aware of, of a tax on marriages in this country, occurs in the 5 of Wm. and Mary, c. 21. The war in which William engaged soon rendered it necessary to tax other incidents of humanity; and accordingly the 6 & 7 Wm. III. c. 6. was passed, granting to his Majesty certainrates and duties upon marriages, births, deaths, and burials, and upon bachelors and widowers (a widely-spread net), for the term of five years, "for carrying on the war against France with vigour." The taxes on births, marriages, and burials were continued indefinitely by the 7 & 8 Wm. III. c. 35. I know not when this act was repealed; but by the 23 George III. c. 67., taxes were again imposed on burials, births, marriages, and christenings; and by 25 George III. c. 75. these taxes were extended to Dissenters. By the 34 George III. c. 11., the taxes were repealed, and they ceased on October 1st, 1794. The entries in the parish register noticed byArun, refer to these taxes. Query, Were our ancestors justified in boasting that they were "free-born" Englishmen as long as one of these taxes existed?

C.Ross.

M.orN.(Vol. i., p. 415.).—These must, I think, be the initials of some words, and not originating in a corruption of nom, as suggested. We have in the marriage service:—

"'I publish the banns of marriage between M. of —— and N. of ——.'"The curate shall say unto the man,"M. 'Wilt thou have this woman,' &c."The priest shall say unto the woman,"N. 'Wilt thou have this man,' &c."The man says: 'I, M. take thee N. to my wedded wife,' &c."The woman says: 'I, N. take thee M. to my wedded husband,'" &c.Again, "Forasmuch as M. and N. have consented together," &c.

"'I publish the banns of marriage between M. of —— and N. of ——.'

"The curate shall say unto the man,

"M. 'Wilt thou have this woman,' &c.

"The priest shall say unto the woman,

"N. 'Wilt thou have this man,' &c.

"The man says: 'I, M. take thee N. to my wedded wife,' &c.

"The woman says: 'I, N. take thee M. to my wedded husband,'" &c.

Again, "Forasmuch as M. and N. have consented together," &c.

All these passages would go to show that the letters are initials either of some word by which the sex was denoted, or of some very common Christian names of each sex, which were formerly in use.

I grant that, in the baptismal service, N. may possibly stand for nomen.

Thos. Cox.

Preston.

Arabic Numerals.—I am not entitled to question either the learning or the "acumen" of the Bishop of Rochester; but I am entitled to question theinterpretationwhich E. S. T. tells us (Vol. ii., p.27.) he puts upon the Castleacre inscription. My title to do so is this:—that in the year of grace 1084 the Arabic numerals were not only of necessity unknown to the "plaisterers" of those walls, but even (as far as evidence has been yet adduced) to the most learned of England's learned men.

As to the regular order in crossing himself, that will entirely depend upon whether the plaister was considered to be a knight's shield, and the figures the blazonry, or not. Is it not, indeed, stated in one of your former numbers, that this very inscription was to be read 1408, and not 1048? I have already hinted at the necessity ofcautionin such cases; and Mr. Wilkinson of Burnley has given, in a recent number of your work, two exemplifications. The Bishop of Rochester certainly adds another; though, of course, undesignedly.

T. S. D.

Shooter's Hill, June 7.

Comment. in Apocalypsin(Vol. i., p. 452.).—There was a copy of this volume in the library of the Duke of Brunswick; and in the hope that Sir F. Madden may succeed in obtaining extracts, or a sight of it, I intimate just as much, though not in this kingdom. (See Von der Hardt'sAutographa Lutheri et Coætaneorum, tom. iii. 171.) You do not seem to have any copy whatever brought to your notice. This collection was, it appears from theCentifolium Lutheranumof Fabricius (p. 484.), bequeathed by the Duke to the library at Helmstad.

Novus.

Robert Deverell(Vol. i., p. 469.).—If my information is too scanty to deserve a place among the Replies, you may treat it as a supplement to Dr. Rimbault's Query. Mr. Deverell also published (according to Lowndes)A New View of the Classics and Ancient Arts, tending to show the invariable Connexion with the Sciences, 4to. Lond. 1806; andDiscoveries in Hieroglyphics and other Antiquities, 6 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1813,—which was suppressed by the author after a few copies had been sold. I have the second and third volumes, being all that relates to Shakspeare. They consist of an edition of Hamlet, Lear, Othello, Merchant of Venice, and the third satire of Horace, copiously illustrated with notes and woodcuts, intended to prove that in the works in question, in common with "all the classics and the different specimens of the arts which have come down to us from the ancients, no part of them is to be understood without supposing that they were mere vehicles of knowledge, not intended to meet the eye or the understanding on the first inspection or perusal;" in short, that all the phrases, characters, and incidents are merely allusions to the appearances of the moon! a representation of which, and of Shakspearian characters, &c., bearing supposed resemblance to its lights and shadows, form the staple of the illustrations. I collect from passages in these volumes, that the first was devoted to a similar illustration of Hudibras. The whole affair seems to afford indications of insanity. In theBiographical Dictionary of Living Authors, 8vo., Lond. 1816, I find that in 1802 he was returned to Parliament by the borough of Saltash, in Cornwall: and from the same authority it also appears that, in addition to the works above noticed, he was the author ofA Guide to the Knowledge of the Ancients, 1803, andA letter to Mr. Whitbread on two Bills pending in Parliament, 8vo. 1807.

J. F. M.

The Hippopotamus.—The Scotch Kilt.—I was on the point of addressing a Minor Query to you, when No. 33. arrived, and therein I saw a Major Query from L. (p.36.), which prompts an immediate answer. He asks, "Has there been a live hippopotamus in Europe since the reign of Commodus?" To be sure there has, and Capitolinus would have set him right. A goodly assemblage of animals of all sorts was collected by Gordianus Pius, but used by the elder Philip, for the celebration of the secular games on the 1000th anniversary of the building of Rome, or A.D. 248. Among them were 32 elephants, 10 tigers, 10 elks, 60 lions, 30 leopards, 10 hyænas, 1 hippopotamus, 1 rhinoceros, 40 wild horses, 20 wild asses, and 10 giraffes, with a vast quantity of deer, goats, antelopes, and other beasts. "And," it is added in Captain Smyth's Roman Catalogue, "still further to increase the publichilarity, 2000 gladiators were matched in mortal affray."

The portrait of the hippopotamus exhibited on that splendid occasion is well represented upon the large brass medals of Otacilia Severa, Philip's wife, and on those of their son, Philip Junior. That of Otacilia is described at length in Captain Smyth's work.

Now for my Minor Query. Can you, Sir, or any of your intelligent correspondents, oblige me by saying who introduced the kilt into Scotland and when? However it may wound local prejudice, I fear our northern brethren will find its use to be much more recent than they seem willing to be aware of. At present I will not put a rider on the question, by asking, whether an Englishman first gave it them: but perhaps you, Sir, will sift it thoroughly, even although a whole corps of rabid MacNicolls should enter the field against you.

Ashes to Ashes(Vol. ii., p. 22.).—The word is taken from Genesis, xviii. 27.:

"I have taken upon me to speak unto theLord, which am but dust and ashes."

It is plain that this has nothing to do with the treatment of the corpse; but that whatever the exact meaning of the word in Hebrew may be, it is synonymous with dust. As to dust, this is perfectly plain in Genesis, iii. 19.:

"Till thou return unto the ground; for out of it wast thou taken; for dust thou art, and unto dust shalt thou return."

Here burial seems to be distinctly meant.

The Latin wordcinis, which denotes ashes produced by burning, is derived from the Greek, which denotes natural dust, I forget whether burnt ashes also.

C. B.

Dr. Maginn's Miscellanies(Vol. i., p. 470.).—Mr. Tucker Hunt (brother of Mr. F. Knight Hunt, author ofThe Fourth Estate, a History of Newspapers, &c. &c.) showed me some years since a collections of these papers from various sources, which he proposed to publish, and which I was very glad to learn, as I had always regretted that Dr. Maginn had left no memorial of his splendid talents in a seperate publication, but frittered away his genius in periodicals. As "J. M. B." appears very anxious to obtain an authentic reference to any article contributed by the Dr., I think if he could communicate with Mr. Tucker Hunt, it might be of great assistance. I have not the latter's address, but probably a note to the care of his brother's publisher, "D. Bogue, Fleet Street", might lead to a communication.

W. H.Lammin.

Fulham, June 5. 1850

Living Dog better than a dead Lion.—For an answer to my Query at Vol. i., pp. 352. 371., where I asked for the authority upon which Baunez gaveHomercredit for the expression (which is evidently none of his), "quod leoni mortuo etiam lepores insultant," a friend has referred me toAntholog. Græc.. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1794, tom. iv. p. 112.; out of which you may, perhaps, think it not too late to insert the following Epigr. xi.

"Ὡς ἀπὸ Ἕκτορος τιτρωσκομένου ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων,Βάλλετε νῦν μετὰ πότμον ἐμὸν δέμας. ὅττι καὶ αὐταὶΝεκροῦ σῶμα λέοντος ἐφυβρίζουσι λαγωοί."

"Ὡς ἀπὸ Ἕκτορος τιτρωσκομένου ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων,

Βάλλετε νῦν μετὰ πότμον ἐμὸν δέμας. ὅττι καὶ αὐταὶ

Νεκροῦ σῶμα λέοντος ἐφυβρίζουσι λαγωοί."

J.Sansom.

Gaol Chaplains(Vol. ii., p. 22.) were made universal by act of parliament in the fourth year of George IV. Before that they may have existed in some places. In Gloucestershire from 1786.

C. B.

Rome Ancient and Modern(Vol. ii., p. 21.)—Such a map as your correspondent A. B. M. describes, was at Rome in 1827. It was by Vasi. I got it, but never saw it in England.

C. B.

Trianon(Vol. ii., p. 47.).—In justice to myself, and in reply to your correspondent C., who believes I have "not the slightest authority" for my explanation of the wordTrianon, I beg to refer him to the French dictionaries, in some of which, at all events, he will find it thus written:Trianon, subst. masc.,a pavilion.

J. K. R. W.

Aboriginal Chambers near Tilbury(Vol. i., p. 462.).—Mr. Cook, of Abeley, Essex, having seen this Query, which had been kindly quoted intoThe Athenæumof the 25th ultimo, communicated to that journal on Saturday, June 1st, the following information respecting two of these caves, the result of a personal examination of them:—

"The shafts are five in number; and are situated atthe edge of Hanging Wood, in the parish of Chadwell, about three miles from Grays Pier. I descended two of them in 1847, by means of a rope and pulley fixed to the branch of a neighbouring tree,—taking the precaution to have a lighted lanthorn swinging a few yards beneath me. They were between eighty and ninety feet in depth,—their diameter at the top six feet, gradually diminishing to three feet at the bottom. There was a great deal of drift sand at the bottom of the shaft, extending a considerable way up, which nearly blocked up the entrance to the chambers. By treading down the sand I soon gained an entrance, and found five chambers communicating with the shaft—three on one side and two on the other. In form they were nearly semicircular. Their dimensions were small, not exceeding thirty feet in length by fifteen in width, but very lofty; they were quite dry and free from foul air. The chambers in both shafts corresponded exactly with each other in size, form, and number. I trust this brief account may be of some service to those gentlemen who intend to explore them, and should be most happy to afford any assistance in my power."

Mistake in Conybeare and Howson's Life of St. Paul.—In the splendid and learnedLife of St. Paul, now publishing by Messrs. Longmans, there occurs in a note a broad assertion, but quite erroneous, which may mislead those who would be inclined to take it without examination, induced by the general accuracy and learning of the work. At page 35, note 1., the writer says, "It is remarkable that the Sadducees are mentioned in no other books of the New Testament, except St. Matthew and the Acts." I mentioned this as afactto a friend, who immediately remembered a passage in St. Luke, chap. xx. v. 27.: "Then came to him certain of the Sadducees," &c. I then turned out Sadducees in Cruden, and there found only Matthew and Acts referred to. On looking at the passage of St. Mark parallel to the abovementioned of St. Luke, I read, "Then came unto him the Sadducees," &c. (xii. 18.) The note, therefore, should end, "except the first three Gospels and the Acts."

E. S.Jackson.

The Rev. W. Haslam, the author ofPerran Zabuloe, has just issued a little volume entitledThe Cross and the Serpent, being a brief History of the Triumph of the Cross through a long Series of Ages in Prophecy, Types, and Fulfilments. Though the present work belongs to one of the two classes which, for obvious reasons, we do not undertake to notice in our columns, there is so much of curious matter illustrative of Folk Lore, early remains, and old-world customs, in the third part of it, as to justify our directing the attention of our antiquarian readers to the archæology of the volume. The Druidic Beltein or Midsummer Fire still burns brightly, it appears, in Cornwall. We shall endeavour to transfer to our Folk Lore columns some passages on this and other cognate subjects.

Mr. Russell Smith announces a series ofCritical and Historical Tractson the subject of, I.Agincourt; II.First Colonists of New England(this is already issued); and III. Milton, aSheaf of Gleanings after his Biographers and Annotators. The name of Joseph Hunter, F.S.A., which figures upon their title-pages, is a sufficient warrant that they will deserve the attention of the historical student.

Mr. M. A. Denham, the author of the interestingCollection of Proverbs and Popular Sayings relating to the Seasons, Weather, &c., published by the Percy Society, also intends to issue some Tracts (limited to fifty copies of each) illustrative of the antiquities of the northern parts of the kingdom. The first is to be onThe Slogans or Slughorns of the North of England; the second, on"Some of the Manners and Customs"of the North.

We have received the following Catalogues:—Joseph Lilly's (7. Pall Mall) Catalogue of a Choice and Valuable Collection of Rare, Curious, and Useful Books; William Andrews' (7. Corn Street, Bristol) Catalogue, Part IV., 1850, Books just bought from the Deanery, Armagh, &c.; and J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Bibliotheca Historica et Topographica; Books illustrating the History, Antiquities, and Topography of Great Britain and Ireland.

(In continuation of Lists in former Nos.)

Grey's Method of Learning Hebrew.

[The edition that contains theHistory of Josephas a Praxis,notthat which contains the Proverbs.]

Oakley on Our Lord's Passion.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent to Mr.Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Title and Index to Volume the First.A Double Number will be published next week, containing Title and copious Index to the First Volume, price 9d., or stamped to go post free,11d.

The Monthly Part will be ready at the same time, price 1s.9d.,including the Title and Index.

Delta.The following appears to us the true reading of the legend of the seal transmitted:—

+MINATIVS. T. MRRIS. PPOx.ECCLExIES:SCE:MRIE. D′.GALLATE.

+MINATIVS. T. MRRIS. PPOx.ECCLExIES:SCE:

MRIE. D′.GALLATE.

There appears little doubt as to the last word, whatever may be the locality intended. "Gallatum" has been used for "Wallop" in Hampshire, but it is doubtful if this seal applies to that place.

C. F. O.The Phigaleian Marbles are in the British Museum. The casts described were modelled from them by an accomplished London Artist.

Errata.—No. 33., p. 39, 40., in the articleCosas de España, Tereda should be Texeda; and for Carrascon, which recentlyhadbeen reprinted, readhas.

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Prayers for a Week, 2d.... Sorocold.

The above may also be had, bound together in cloth, as "Helps to Daily Devotion," price 8d.cloth.

The Crucified Jesus, 3d.... Horneck.The Retired Christian,d.... Ken.Holy Thoughts and Prayers, 3d.... Original.The Sick Man Visited, 3d.... Spinckes.Short Meditations for Every Day in the Year,Two Vols. 1260 pp. cloth, 5s.... Original.Ditto, Two Vols., calf, gilt edges, 9s.... Original.The separate Parts may still be had.The Christian Taught by the Church Services,Cloth, 2s.6d.... Original.Ditto ditto, calf, gilt edges, 4s.6d.... Original.The separate Parts may still be had.Penitential Reflections for Days of Fasting andAbstinence. (Tracts for Lent), 6d.... Compiled.Rules for the Conduct of Human Life, 1d.... Abp. Synge.Ejaculatory Prayers, 2d.... A. Cook.Pastoral Address to a Young Communicant, ½d.... Original.Litanies for Domestic Use, 2d.... Compiled.Family Prayers. Cloth, 6d.... Original.Companion to the Altar. Cloth, 6d.... Unknown.Aphorisms by Bishop Hall. Cloth, 9d.... Original.Devout Musings on the Psalms. Parts I. andII. cloth, 1s.each. ... Original.The Evangelical History of our Lord and SaviourJesus Christ. Part I., 4d.Part II., 8d.... Reading.The Common Prayer Book the Best Companion, 3d.... Unknown.Church School Hymn Book. Cloth, 8d.

The Crucified Jesus, 3d.... Horneck.

The Retired Christian,d.... Ken.

Holy Thoughts and Prayers, 3d.... Original.

The Sick Man Visited, 3d.... Spinckes.

Short Meditations for Every Day in the Year,

Two Vols. 1260 pp. cloth, 5s.... Original.

Ditto, Two Vols., calf, gilt edges, 9s.... Original.

The separate Parts may still be had.

The Christian Taught by the Church Services,

Cloth, 2s.6d.... Original.

Ditto ditto, calf, gilt edges, 4s.6d.... Original.

The separate Parts may still be had.

Penitential Reflections for Days of Fasting and

Abstinence. (Tracts for Lent), 6d.... Compiled.

Rules for the Conduct of Human Life, 1d.... Abp. Synge.

Ejaculatory Prayers, 2d.... A. Cook.

Pastoral Address to a Young Communicant, ½d.... Original.

Litanies for Domestic Use, 2d.... Compiled.

Family Prayers. Cloth, 6d.... Original.

Companion to the Altar. Cloth, 6d.... Unknown.

Aphorisms by Bishop Hall. Cloth, 9d.... Original.

Devout Musings on the Psalms. Parts I. and

II. cloth, 1s.each. ... Original.

The Evangelical History of our Lord and Saviour

Jesus Christ. Part I., 4d.Part II., 8d.... Reading.

The Common Prayer Book the Best Companion, 3d.... Unknown.

Church School Hymn Book. Cloth, 8d.

The Clergy and others purchasing for distribution, are informed that a reduction of twenty per cent. will be made on all orders of not less than 10s. in amount, if addressed direct to the Publisher, Mr.Slocombe, Leeds, or to Mr.Bell, Fleet Street, London, and payment made on delivery.

Leeds: R.Slocombe. London: G.Bell.

Printed byThomas Clark Shaw, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published byGeorge Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, June 22. 1850.

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