REPLIES

"To write worthy things of worthy men,Is the peculiar talent of your pen."

"To write worthy things of worthy men,

Is the peculiar talent of your pen."

I would further inquire if a reason can be assigned for the omission from Sir Robert Howard's collected plays ofThe Blind Lady, the only dramatic piece given in the volume of poems of 1660. My copy is the third edition, published by Tonson, 1722.

A.B.R.

Crozier and Pastoral Staff.—What is the real difference between a crozier and a pastoral staff?

I.Z.P.

Marks of Cadency.—The copious manner in which your correspondent E.K. (Vol. ii., p. 221.) has answered the question as to the "when and why" of the unicorn being introduced as one of the supporters of the royal arms, induces me to think that he will readily and satisfactorily respond to an heraldic inquiry of a somewhat more intricate nature.

What were the peculiar marks of cadency used by the heirs to the crown, apparent and presumptive, after the accession of the Stuarts? For example, what were the changes, if any, upon the label or file of difference used in the coat-armour of Henry, Prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., and of his brother Charles, when Prince of Wales, and so on, to the present time?

Miniature Gibbet, &c.—A correspondent of theTimesnewspaper has recently given the following account of an occurrence which took place about twenty-five years ago, and the concluding ceremony of which he personally witnessed:—

"A man had been condemned to be hung for murder. On the Sunday morning previous to the sentence being carried into execution, he contrived to commit suicide in the prison by cutting his throat with a razor. On Monday morning, according to the then custom, his body was brought out from Newgate in a cart; and after Jack Ketch had exhibited to the people a small model gallows, with a razor hanging therefrom, in the presence of the sheriffs and city authorities, he was thrown into a hole dug for that purpose. A stake was driven through his body, and a quantity of lime thrown in over it."

Will any correspondent of "NOTES AND QUERIES" give a solution of this extraordinary exhibition? Had the sheriffs and city authorities any legal sanction for Jack Ketch's disgusting part in the performances? What are the meaning and origin of driving a stake through the body of a suicide?

A.G.

Ecclesfield

If you desire proof of the great utility of your publication, methinks there is a goodly quantum of it in the very interesting and valuable information on the Collar of SS., which the short simple question of B. (Vol. ii., p. 89.) has drawn forth; all tending to illustrate a mooted historical question:—first, in the reply of [Greek: Phi.] (Vol. ii., p. 110.), giving reference to theGentleman's Magazine, with tworider-Queries; then MR. NICHOLS'S announcement (Vol. ii., p. 140.) of a forthcoming volume on the subject, and a reply in part to the Query of [Greek: Phi.]; then (Vol. ii, p. 171.) MR. E. FOSS, as to therankof the legal worthies allowed to wear this badge of honour; and next (Vol. ii., p. 194.) an ARMIGER, who, though he rides rather high on the subject, over all the Querists and Replyists, deserves many thanks for his very instructive and scholarlike dissertation.

What the S. signifies has evidently been a puzzle. That a chain is a badge of honour, there can be no doubt; but may not theEsses, after all, mean nothing at all? originating in the simple S. link, a form often used in chain-work, and under the name of S. A series of such, linked together, would produce an elegant design, which in the course of years would be wrought more like the letter, and be embellished and varied according to the skill and taste of the workman, and so, that which at first had no particular meaning, and was merely accidental, would, after a time, besupposedto be theinitial lettersof what is now only guessed at, or be involved in heraldic mystery. As for [Greek: Phi.]'s rider-Query (Vol ii., p. 110.), repeated by MR. FOSS (Vol. ii., p. 171.), as to dates,—it may be one step towards a reply if I here mention, that in Yatton Church, Somerset, thereis a beautifully wrought alabaster monument, without inscription, but traditionally ascribed to judge Newton, alias Cradock, and his wife Emma de Wyke. There can be no doubt, from the costume, that the effigy is that of a judge, and under his robes is visible the Collar of Esses. The monument is in what is called the Wyke aisle or chapel. That it is Cradock's, is confirmed by a garb or wheat-sheaf, on which his head is laid. (The arms of Cradock are, Arg. on a chevron az. 3garbsor.) Besides, in the very interesting accounts of the churchwardens of the parish, annis 1450-1, among the receipts there is this entry:

"It.: Recipim. de Dnà de Wyke p. man. T. Newton filii sui de legato Dni. Riei. Newton ad —— p. campana ... xx."

Richard Cradock was the first of his family who took the name of Newton, and I have been informed that the last fine levied before him was, Oct. Mart. 27 Hen. VI. (Nov. 1448), proving that the canopied altar tomb in Bristol Cathedral, assigned to him, and recording that he died 1444, must be an error. It is stated, that the latter monument was defaced during the civil wars, and repaired in 1747, which is, probably, all that is true of it. But this would carry me into another subject, to which, perhaps, I may be allowed to return some other day. However, we have got a date for the use of the collar by thechiefjudges,earlierthan that assigned by MR. FOSS, and it is somewhat confirmatory of what he tells us, that it was not worn by any of thepuisneorder.

H.T. ELLACOMBE.

Bitton, Aug. 1850.

The Livery Collar of SS.—Though ARMIGER (Vol. ii., p. 194.) has not adduced any facts on this subject that were previously unknown to me, he has advanced some misstatements and advocated some erroneous notions, which it may be desirable at once to oppose and contradict; inasmuch as they are calculated to envelope in fresh obscurity certain particulars, which it was the object of my former researches to set forth in their true light. And first, I beg to say that with respect to the "four inaccuracies" with which he charges me, I do not plead guilty to any of them. 1st. When B. asked the question, "Is there any list of persons who were honoured with that badge?" it was evident that he meant, Is there any list of the names of such persons, as of the Knights of the Garter or the Bath? and I correctly answered, No: for there still is no such list. The description of the classes of persons who might use the collar in the 2 Hen. IV. is not such a list as B. asked for. 2dly. Where I said "That persons were not honoured with the badge, in the sense that persons are now decorated with stars, crosses, or medals," I am again unrefuted by the statute of 2 Hen. IV., and fully supported by many historical facts. I repeat that the livery collar was not worn as a badge of honour, but as a badge of feudal allegiance. It seems to have been regarded as giving certain weight and authority to the wearer, and, therefore, was only to be worn in the king's presence, or in coming to and from the king's hostel, except by the higher ranks; and this entirely confirms my view. Had it been a mere personal decoration, like the collar of an order of knighthood, there would have been no reason for such prohibition; but as it conveyed the impression that the wearer was especially one of the king's immediate military or household servants, and invested with certain power or influence on that ground, therefore its assumption away from the neighbourhood of the court was prohibited, except to individuals otherwise well known from their personal rank and station. 3dly. When ARMIGER declares I am wrong in saying "That the collar wasassumed," I have every reason to believe I am still right. I may admit that, if it was literally a livery, it would be worn only by those to whom the king gave it; but my present impression is, that it was termed the king's livery, as being of the pattern which was originally distributed by the king, or by the Duke of Lancaster his father, to his immediate adherents, but which was afterwardsassumedby all who were anxious to assert their loyalty, or distinguish their partizanship as true Lancastrians; so that the statute of 2 Hen. IV. was rendered necessary to restrain its undue and extravagantassumption, for sundry good political reasons, some notion of which may be gathered by perusing the poem on the deposition of Richard II. published by the Camden Society. And 4thly, Where ARMIGER disputes my conclusion, that the assumers were, so far as can be ascertained, those who were attached to the royal household or service, it will be perceived, by what I have already stated, that I still adhere to that conclusion. I do not, therefore, admit that the statute of 2 Henry IV. shows me to be incorrect in any one of those four particulars. ARMIGER next proceeds to allude to Manlius Torquatus, who won and wore the golden torc of a vanquished Gaul: but this story only goes to prove that the collar of the Romantorquatioriginated in a totally different way from the Lancastrian collar of livery. ARMIGER goes on to enumerate the several derivations of the Collar of Esses—from the initial letter ofSoverayne, fromSt. Simplicius, fromSt. CrispinandSt. Crispinian, the martyrs of Soissons, from theCountess of Salisbury, from the wordSouvenez, and lastly, from the office ofSeneschalus, or Steward of England, held by John of Ghent,—which is, as he says, "Mr. Nichols's notion," but the whole of which he stigmatises alike "as mere monkish or heraldic gossip;" and, finally, he proceeds to unfold his own recondite discovery, "viz. that it comes from the S-shaped lever upon the bitof the bridle of the war steed,"—a conjecture which will assuredly have fewer adherents than any one of its predecessors. But now comes forth the disclosure of what school of heraldry this ARMIGER is the champion. He is one who can tell us of "many more rights and privileges than are dreamt of in the philosophy either of the court of St. James's or the college of St. Bennet's Hill!" In short, he is the mouthpiece of "the Baronets' Committee for Privileges." And this is the law which he lays down:—

"The persons now privileged to wear the ancient golden collar of SS. are theequites aurati, or knights (chevaliers) in the British monarchy, a body which includes all the hereditary order of baronets in England, Scotland, and Ireland, with such of their eldest sons, being of age, as choose to claim inauguration as knights."

Here we have a full confession of a large part of the faith of the Baronets' Committee,—a committee of which the greater number of those who lent their names to it are probably by this time heartily ashamed. It is the doctrine held forth in several works on the Baronetage compiled by a person calling himself "Sir Richard Broun," of whom we read in Dodd'sBaronetage, that "previous to succeeding his father, he demanded inauguration as a knight, in the capacity of a baronet's eldest son; but the Lord Chamberlain having refused to present him to the Queen for that purpose, he assumed the title of 'Sir,' and the addition of 'Eques Auratus,' in June, 1842." So we see that ARMIGER and the Lord Chamberlain are at variance as to part of the law above cited; and so, it might be added, have been other legal authorities, to the privileges asserted by the mouthpiece of the said committee. But that is a long story, on which I do not intend here to enter. I had not forgotten that in one of the publications of Sir Richard Broun the armorial coat of the premier baronet of each division is represented encircled with a Collar of Esses; but I should never have thought of alluding to this freak, except as an amusing instance of fantastic assumption. I will now confine myself to what has appeared in the pages of "NOTES AND QUERIES;" and, more particularly, to the unfounded assertion of ARMIGER in p. 194., "that the golden Collar of SS. was the undoubted badge or mark of a knight,eques auratus;" which he follows up by the dictum already quoted, that "the persons now privileged to wear the ancient golden Collar of SS. are theequites aurati." I believe it is generally admitted that knights wereequites auratibecause they wore golden or gilt spurs; certainly it was not because they wore golden collars, as ARMIGER seems to wish us to believe; and the best proof that the Collar of Esses was not the badge of a knight, as such, at the time when such collars were most worn, in the fifteenth century, is this—that the monumental effigies and sepulchral brasses of many knights at that time are still extant which have no Collar of Esses; whilst the Collar of Esses appears only on the figures of a limited number, who were undoubtedly such as wished to profess their especial adherence to the royal House of Lancaster.

JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.

The creation of the baronetcy ofNorton, of Rotherfield, in East Tysted, co. Hants, took place in the person of Sir Richard Norton, of Rotherfield, Kt., 23d May, 1622, andexpiredwith him on his death without male issue in 1652.

The style of Baronet, in the case ofSir Gregory Norton, theregicide, was an assumption not uncommon in those days; as in the case ofPrettymanof Lodington, and others.

The regicide in his will styles himself "Sir Richard Norton, of Paul's, Covent Garden, in the county of Middlesex, Bart." It bears date 12th March, 1651, and was proved by his relict, Dame Martha Norton, 24th Sept., 1652. He states that his land at Penn, in the county of Bucks, wasmortgaged, and mentions his "disobedient son, Henrie Norton;" and desires his burial-place may be at Richmond, co. Surrey.

The descent of Gregory Norton is not known. There is no evidence of his connexion with the Rotherfield or Southwick Nortons. His assumption of the title was not under any claim he could have had, real or imaginary, connected with the Rotherfield patent; for he uses the title at the same time with Sir Richard of Rotherfield, whose will is dated 26th July, 1652, and not proved till 5th Oct, 1652, when Sir Gregory was dead; and, what is singular, the will of Sir Richard was proved by his brother, John Norton, by the style ofBaronet, to which he could have had no pretension, as Sir Richard died without male issue, and there was no limitation of the patent of 1622 on failure of heirs male of the body of the grantee.

That the Shakspearian worddelightedmight, as far as its form goes, mean "endowed with delight," "full of delight," I should readily concede; but this meaning would suit neither the passage inMeasure for Measure,—"the delighted spirit,"—nor (satisfactorily) that inOthello,—"delighted beauty." Whether, therefore,delightedbe derived from the Latindelectusor not, I still believe that it means "refined," "dainty," "delicate;" a sense which is curiously adapted to each of the three places. This will not be questioned with respect to the second and third passages cited byMR. HICKSON: and the following citations will, I think, prove the point as effectually for the passage ofMeasure for Measure:

1. "Fineapparition".—Tempest, Act i. sc. 2.2. "Spirit,finespirit."—Ditto.3. "DelicateAriel."—Ditto.4. "And, for thou wast a spirit toodelicate,To act herearthyand abhorred commands."Ditto.5. "FineAriel."—Ditto.6. "MydelicateAriel."—Ditto. Act iv. sc. 1.7. "Why that's mydaintyAriel."—Ditto. Act v.sc. 1.

1. "Fineapparition".—Tempest, Act i. sc. 2.

2. "Spirit,finespirit."—Ditto.

3. "DelicateAriel."—Ditto.

4. "And, for thou wast a spirit toodelicate,To act herearthyand abhorred commands."Ditto.

4. "And, for thou wast a spirit toodelicate,

To act herearthyand abhorred commands."

Ditto.

5. "FineAriel."—Ditto.

6. "MydelicateAriel."—Ditto. Act iv. sc. 1.

7. "Why that's mydaintyAriel."—Ditto. Act v.sc. 1.

7. "Why that's mydaintyAriel."—Ditto. Act v.

sc. 1.

I do not know the precise nature of the "old authorities" which MR. SINGER opposes to my conjecture: but may we not demur to the conclusiveness of any "old authorities" on such a point? Etymology seems to be one of the developing sciences, in which we know more, and better, than our forefathers, as our descendants will know more, and better, than we do.

To end with a brace of queries. Are notdelicioe,delicatus, more probably fromdeligerethan fromdelicere? And whence comes the worddainty? I cannot believe in the derivation fromdens, "a tooth."

B.H. KENNEDY.

Your correspondent C.B.M. (Vol. ii., p 199.) will find a long article onAërostationin Rees'Cyclopædia; but his inquiry reminds me of a conversation I had with the late Sir Anthony Carlisle, about a year before his death. He wished to consult me on the subject of flying by mechanical means, and that I should assist him in some of his arrangements. He had devoted many years of his life to the consideration of this subject, and made numerous experiments at great cost, which induced him to believe in the possibility of enabling man to fly by means of artificial wings. However visionary this idea might be, he had collected innumerable and extremely interesting data, having examined the anatomical structure of almost every winged thing in the creation, and compared the weight of the body with the area of the wings when expanded in the act of volitation as well as the natural habits of birds, insects, bats, and fishes, with reference to their powers of flying and duration of flight.

These notes would form a valuable addition to natural history, whatever might be thought of the purpose for which they were collected, during a period of thirty years; and it is much to be regretted they were never published. His own opinion was, that the publication, during his life would injure his practice as a physician. It would be impossible without the aid of diagrams, and I do not remember sufficient, to explain his mechanical contrivances; but the general principle was, to suspend the man under a kind of flat parachute of extremely thinfeather-edgeboards, with a power of adjusting the angle at which it was placed, and allowing the man the full use of his arms and legs to work any machinery placed beneath; the area of the parachute being proportioned, as in birds to the weight of the man, who was to start from the top of a high tower, or some elevated position, flying against the wind.

HENRY WILKINSON.

Brompton.

Long Lonkin(Vol. ii., p. 168.).—If SELEUCUS will refer to Mr. Chamber'sCollection of Scottish Ballads, he will find there the whole story under the name of Lammilsin, of which Lonkin appears to me to be a corruption. In the 6th verse it is rendered:

"He said to his ladye fair,Before he gaed abuird,Beware, beware o, Lammilsin!For he lyeth in the wudde."

"He said to his ladye fair,

Before he gaed abuird,

Beware, beware o, Lammilsin!

For he lyeth in the wudde."

Then the story goes on to state that Lammilsin crept in at a little shot window, and after some conversation with the "fause nourrice" they decide to

"Stab the babe, and make it cry,And that will bring her down."

"Stab the babe, and make it cry,

And that will bring her down."

Which being done, they murder the unhappy lady. Shortly after, Lord Weirie comes home, and has the "fause nourrice" burnt at the stake. From the circumstance that the name of the husband of the murdered lady was Weirie, it is conjectured that this tragedy took place at Balwearie Castle, in Fife, and the old people about there constantly affirm that it really occurred. I am not aware that there exists any connection between the hero of this story and thenursery rhyme; for, as I before stated, I think Lonkin a corruption of Lammilsin.

H.H.C.

Rowley Powley(Vol. ii., p. 74.).—Andre Valladier, who died about the middle of the sixteenth century, was a popular preacher and the king's almoner. He gained great applause for his funeral oration on Henry IV. In his sermon for the second Sunday in Lent (Rouen, 1628), he says;—

"Le paon est gentil et miste, bien que par la parfaite beauté de sa houppe, par la rareté et noblesse de sa teste, par la gentilesse et netteté de son cou, par l'ornement de ses pennes et par la majesté de tout le reste de son corps, il ravit tous ceux qui le contemplent attentivement; toutefois au rencontre de sa femelle, pour l'attirer à son amour, il déploye sa pompe, fait montrer et parade de son plumage bizarré, et RIOLLÉ PIOLLÉ se presente à elle avec piafe, et luy donne la plus belle visée de sa roue. De mesme ce Dieu admirable, amoreux des hommes, pour nous ravir d'amour à soy, desploye le lustre de ses plus accomplies beautez, et comme un amant transporté de sa bienaimée semontre pour nous allecher à cetter transformation de nous en luy, de nostre misère en sa gloire."—Ap.Predicatoriunap. 132-3: Dijon, 1841.

H.B.C.

Guy's Armour(Vol. ii., pp. 55. 187.).—With respect to the armour said to have belonged to Guy, Earl of Warwick, your correspondent NASO is referred to Grose'sMilitary Antiquities, vol. ii. pl. 42., where he will find an engraving of a bascinet of the fourteenth century, much dilapidated, but having still a fragment of the moveable vizor adhering to the pivot on which it worked. Whether this interesting relic is still at Warwick Castle or not, I cannot pretend to say, as I was unfortunately prevented joining the British Archæological Association at the Warwick congress in 1847, and have never visited that part of the country; but the bascinet which was there in Grose's time was at least of the date of Guido de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, the builder of Guy's Tower, who died in 1315, and who has always been confounded with the fabulous Guy: and if it has disappeared, we have to regret the loss of the only specimen of an English bascinet of that period that I am aware of in this country.

J.R. PLANCHÊ

Alarm(Vol. ii., pp. 151. 183.).—The origin of this word appears to be the Italian cry,all'arme; gridare all'armeis to give the alarm. Hence the Frenchalarme, and from the French is borrowed the English word.Alarumforalarm, is merely a corruption produced by mispronunciation. The letterslandrbeforemare difficult to pronounce; and they are in general, according to the refined standard of our pronunciation, so far softened as only to lengthen the preceding vowel. In provincial pronunciation, however, the force of the former letter is often preserved, and the pronunciation is facilitated by the insertion of a vowel before the finalm. The Irish, in particular, adopt this mode of pronouncing; even in public speaking they saycallum,firrum,farrum, forcalm,firm,farm. The old wordchrisomforchrism, is an analogous change: the Italians have in like manner lengthenedchrismaintocresima; the French have softened it intochrême.

Alarm.—It is in favour of the derivationà l'armethat the Italian isallarme; some dictionaries even havedare all'arme, with the apostrophe, for to give alarm. It is against it that the German wordLärmis used precisely as the Englishalarm. Your correspondent CH. thinks the French derivation suspiciously ingenious: here I must differ; I think it suspiciously obvious. I will give him a suggestion which I think really suspiciously ingenious: in fact, had not the opportunity occurred for illustrating ingenuity, I should not have ventured it. May it not be thatalarmeandallarmeis formed in the obvious way, asto arms; whilealarumandLärmwholly unconnected with them? May it not sometimes happen that, by coincidence, the same sounds and meanings go together in different languages without community of origin? Is it not possible thatlarumandLärmare imitations of the stroke and subsequent resonance of a large bell? Denoting the continued sound ofmbym-m-m, I think thatlrm-m-m-lrm-m-m-lrm-m-m&c., is as good an imitation of a large bell at some distance as letters can make. And in the old English use of the word, the alarum refers more often to a bell than to any thing else.

The introduction of the military word into English can be traced, as to time, with a certain probability. In 1579, Thomas Digges published hisArithmeticall Militare Treatise named Stratioticos, which he informs us is mainly the writing of his father, Leonard Digges. At page 170. the father seems to finish with "and so I mean to finishe this treatise:" while the son, as we must suppose, adds p. 171. and what follows. In the father's part the wordalarmis not mentioned, that I can find. If it occurred anywhere, it would be in describing the duties of thescout-master; but here we have nothing butwarningandsurprise, neveralarm. But in the son's appendix, the wordalarmedoes occur twice in one page (173.). It also occurs in the body of thesecondedition of the book, when of course it is the son who inserts it. We may say then, that, in all probability, the military technical term was introduced in the third quarter of the sixteenth century. This, I suspect, is too late to allow us to suppose that the vernacular force which Shakspeare takes it to have, could have been gained for it by the time he wrote.

The second edition was published in 1590; about this time the spelling of the English language made a very rapid approach to its present form. This is seen to a remarkable extent in the two editions of theStratioticos; in the first, the commanding officer of a regiment is alwayscorronel, in the secondcollonel. But the most striking instance I now remember, is the following. In the first edition of Robert Recorde'sCastle of Knowledge(1556) occurs the following tetrastich:—

"If reasons reache transcende the skye,Why shoulde it then to earthe be bounde?The witte is wronged and leadde awrye,If mynde be maried to the grounde."

"If reasons reache transcende the skye,

Why shoulde it then to earthe be bounde?

The witte is wronged and leadde awrye,

If mynde be maried to the grounde."

In the second edition (1596) the above is spelt as we should now do it, except in havingskieandawrie.

Prelates of France(Vol. ii., p. 182.).—In answer to a Minor Query of P.C.S.S., I can inform him that I have in my possession, if it be of any use to him, a manuscript entitledTableau de l'Ordre religieux en France, avant et depuis l'Edit de 1768,containing the houses, number of religions, and revenues, and the several dioceses in which they were to be found.

Midgham House, Newbury, Berks.

Haberdasher(Vol. ii., p. 167.).—

"Haberdasher, a retailer of goods, a dealer in small wares; T.haubvertauscher, fromhaab; B.have; It.haveri,haberi, goods, wares; andtauscher,vertauscher, a dealer, an exchanger; G.tuiskar; D.tusker; B.tuischer."

This derivation of the termhaberdasheris fromThomson's Etymons, and seems to be satisfactory.

Haberdascherwas the name of a trade at least as early as the reign of Edward III.; but it is not easy to decide what was the sort of trade or business then carried on under that name. Any elucidation of that point would be very acceptable.

"Rapido contrarius orbi" (Vol. ii., p. 120.).—No answer having appeared to the inquiry of N.B., it may be stated that, in Hartshorne'sBook-Rarities of Cambridge, mention is made of a painting, in Emanuel College, of "Abp. Sancroft, sitting at a writing-table with arms, and motto,Rapido contrarius orbi. P.P. Lens, F.L."

Brayley, in hisConcise Account of Lambeth Palace, describes a portrait, in the vestry, of "A young man in a clerical habit, or rather that of a student, with a motto beneath, 'Rapido contrarium orbo'" (whether the motto, as thus given, is the printer's or the painter's error does not appear), "supposed to be Abp. Sancroft when young.—Date 1650."

G.A.S.

Robertson of Muirtown(Vol. ii., p. 135.).—C.R.M. will find a pedigree of the family of Robertson ofMuirtonin a small duodecimo entitled:

"The History and Martial Atchievements of the Robertsons of Strowan. Edinburgh: printed for and by Alex. Robertson inMorison'sClose; where Subscribers may call for their copies."

The date of publication is not given; I think, however, it must have been printed soon after 1st January 1771, which is the latest date in the body of the work.

The greater portion of the volume is occupied with the poems of Alexander Robertson of Strowan who died in 1749.

A.R.X.

Paisley.

"Noli me tangere" (Vol. ii., p. 153.)—The following list of some of the painters of this subject may assist B.R.:—

Timoteo delle Vite—for St. Angelo at Cogli.

Titian—formerly in the Orleans collection, and engraved by N. Tardieu, in the Crozat Gallery.

Ippolito Scarsella(Lo Scarsellino)—for St. Nicolo Ferrara.

Cristoforo Roncalli(Il Cav. delle Pomarance)—for the Eremitani at St. Severino.

Lucio Massari—for the Celestini, Bologna.

Francesco Boni(Il Gobbino)—for the Dominicani, Faenza.

I.Z.P.

Clergy sold for Slaves(Vol. ii., p. 51.),—MR. SANSOM will find in theCromwellian Diary of Thomas Burton, iv. 255. 273. 301-305., ample material for an answer to his question respecting the sale of any of the loyal party for slaves during the rebellion.

There is no evidence of anyclergymenhaving been sold as slaves to Algiers or Barbadoes. Drs. Beale, Martin, and Sterne, heads of colleges, were threatened with this outrage (seeQuerela Cantabrigiensisappended to theMercurius Rusticusp. 184). In the life of Dr. John Barwick, one of the authors of theQuerela(in the Eng. transl. p. 42.), the story is thus told:

"The rebels at that time threatened some of their greatest men and most learned heads (such as Dr William Beale, Dr. Edward Martin, and Dr. Richard Sterne) transportation into the isles of America, or even to the barbarian Turks: for these great men, and several other very eminent divines, were kept close prisoners in a ship on the Thames, under the hatches, almost killed with stench, hunger, and watching; and treated by the senseless mariners with more insolence than if they had been the vilest slaves, or had been confined there for some infamous robbery or murder. Nay, one Rigby, a scoundrel of the very dregs of the parliament rebels, did at that time expose these venerable persons to sale, andwould actually have sold them for slaves, if any one would have bought them."

In a note, it is added that Rigby moved twice in the Long Parliament,

"That those lords and gentlemen who were prisoners, should be sold as slaves to Argiere, or sent to the new plantations in the West Indies, because he had contracted with two merchants for that purpose."

Col. Rigby, so justly denounced by Barwick, sat in the Long Parliament for the borough of Wigan, and in the Parliarment of 1658-9 represented Lancashire. He was a native of Preston, was bred to the law, and held a colonel's rank in the parliamentary army. He was one of the committee of sequestrators for Lancashire, served at the siege of Latham House, and in 1649 was created Baron of the Exchequer, but was superseded by Cromwell.

Calamy, the historian and chaplain of the Nonconformists, treated Walker's statement quoted by MR. SANSOM as a fiction, and advised him to expunge the passage. See hisChurch and Dissenters compared as to Persecution, 1719, pp. 40, 41.

A.B.R.

North Side of Churchyards(Vol. ii., pp. 55. 189).—One of your writers has recently endeavoured to explain the popular dislike to burial on the north side of the church, by reference to the place of the churchyard cross, the sunniness, and the greater resort of the people to the south.These are not only meagre reasons, but they are incorrect.

The doctrine of regions was coeval with the death of Our Lord. The east was the realm of the oracles; the especial Throne of God. The west was the domain of the people; the Galilee of all nations was there. The south, the land of the mid-day, was sacred to things heavenly and divine. The north was the devoted region of Satan and his hosts; the lair of demons, and their haunt. In some of our ancient churches, over against the font, and in the northern walls, there was a devil's door.

It was thrown open at every baptism for the escape of the fiend, and at all other seasons carefully closed. Hence came the old dislike to sepulture at the north.

R.S. HAWKER.

Morwenstow, Cornwall.

Sir John Perrot(Vol. ii., p. 217.).—This Query surprises me. Sir John Perrot was not governor of Irelandin the reign of Henry VIII., and your correspondent E.N.W. is mistaken in his belief that Sir John wasbeheadedin the reign of Elizabeth. He was convicted of treason 16th June, 1592, and died in the Tower in September following. In theBritish Plutarch, 3rd edit., 1791, vol. i. p. 121., isThe Life of Sir John Perrot. The authorities given are Cox'sHistory of Ireland; Life of Sir John Perrot, 8vo., 1728;Biographia Britannica; Salmon'sChronological History; to which I may add the following references:—

Howell'sState Trials, i. 1315; Camden'sAnnals; Naunton'sFragmenta Regalia; Lloyd'sState Worthies; Nash'sWorcestershire; Strype'sEcclesiastical Memorials, iii. 297.; Strype'sAnnals, iii. 337, 398-404.;Stradling Letters, 48-50.; Nare'sLife of Lord Burghley, iii. 407.;Fourth Report of Deputy Keeper of Public Records, Appendix, ii. 281. Dean Swift, in hisIntroduction to Polite Conversation, says,—

"Sir John Perrot was the first man of quality whom I find upon the record to have sworn byGod's wounds. He lived in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and was supposed to be a natural son of Henry VIII., who might also have been his instructor."

C.H. COOPER

Cambridge, August 31. 1850.

Coins of Constantius II.—The coins of this prince are, from their titles being identical with those of his cousin, very difficult to be distinguished.Myonly guide is the portrait. Gallus died at twenty-nine; and we may suppose that his coins would present a more youthful portrait than Constantius II. The face of Constantius is long and thin, and is distinguished by the royal diadem. The youthful head resembling Constantius the Great with the laurel crown,Rev. Two military figures standing, with spears and bucklers, between them two standards,Ex.S M N B., I have arranged in my cabinet, how far rightly I know not, as that of Gallus.

E.S.T.

"She ne'er with treacherous Kiss" (Vol. ii., p. 136.).—C.A.H. will find the lines,—

"She ne'er with trait'rous kiss," &c.

in a poem named "Woman," 2nd ed. p. 34., by Eaton Stannard Barrett, Esq., published in 1818, by Henry Colburn, Conduit street.

E.D.B.

California(Vol. ii, p. 132.).—Your correspondent E.N.W. will find earlier anticipations of "the golden harvest now gathering in California," in vol. iii. ofHakluyt's Voyages, p. 440-442, where an account is given of Sir F. Drake's taking possession of Nova Albion.

"There is no part of earth here to bee taken up, wherein there is not speciall likelihood of gold or silver."

In Callendar'sVoyages, vol. i. p. 303., and other collections containing Sir F. Drake's voyage to Magellanica, there is the same notice. The earth of the country seemed to promise very rich veins of gold and silver, there being hardly any digging without throwing up some of the ores of them.

T.J.

Bishops and their Precedence(Vol. ii., pp. 9. 76.)—The precedence of bishops is regulated by the act of 31 Hen. VIII. c. 10., "for placing of the Lords." Bishops are, in fact, temporal barons, and, as stated in Stephen'sBlackstone, vol. iii. pp. 5, 6., sit in the House of Peers in right of succession to certain ancient baronies annexed, or supposed to be annexed, to their episcopal lands; and as they have in addition high spiritual rank, it is but right they should have place before those who, in temporal rank only, are equal to them. This is, in effect, the meaning of the reason given by Coke in part iii. of the Institutes, p. 361. ed. 1670, where, after noticing the precedence amongst the bishops themselves, namely, 1. The Bishop of London, 2. The Bishop of Durham, 3. The Bishop of Winchester, he observes:

"But the other bishops have place above all the barons of the realm, because they hold their bishopricks of the king per baroniam; but they give place to viscounts, earls, marquesses, and dukes."

ARUN.

Elizabeth and Isabel(Vol. i., pp. 439. 488.).—The title of Ælius Antonius Nebressengis's history is,Rerum a Fernando et Elisabe Hispaniaram fælicissimis regibus gestarum Decades duæ.

J.B.

Dr. Thomas Bever's Legal Polity of Great Britain(Vol. i., p. 483.).—Is J.R. aware that the principal part of the parish of Mortimer, near Reading, as well as the manorial rights, belongs to a Richard Benyon de Beauvoir, Esq., residing not very far from that spot, at Englefield House, about five miles on the Newbury Road from Reading.This gentleman, whose original name was Powlett Wright, took the name of De Beauvoir a few years back, as I understand, from succeeding to the property of his relative, a Mr. Beevor or Bever. This gentleman may, perhaps, be enabled to throw some light upon the family of Dr. Bever.

WP.

Eikon Basilike(Vol. ii., p. 134.).—I would suggest to A.C. that the circumstance of his copy of this work bearing on its cover "C.R.," surmounted by a crown, may not be indicative of its having been in the possession of royalty. It may have been, perhaps, not unusual to occasionally so distinguish words of this description published in or about that year (1660). I have a small volume entitled—

"The History of His Sacred Majesty Charles II. Begun from the Murder of his royal father of Happy Memory, and continued to this present year, 1660, by a person of quality. Printed forJames Davies, and are to be sold at theTurk's Head in IoyLane, and at theGreyhoundinSt. Paul'sChurch Yard, 1660."

This volume is stamped in gold on both covers with C.R., surmounted by a crown.

E.B. PRICE.

Earl of Oxford's Patent(Vol. ii., PP. 194. 235.).—LORD BRAYBROOKE no doubt knows, that the preamble to the patent was written by Dean Swift. (SeeJournal to Stella.) I would add, in reply to O.P.Q., that there is no doubt thatassassinandassassinateare properly used even when death does not ensue. Not somurderandmurderer, which are strict terms oflawto whichdeathis indispensable.

Cave's Historia Litteraria(Vol. ii., p. 230.).—Part I. appeared at London, 1688. An Appendix, by Wharton, followed, 1689. These were reprinted, Geneva, 1693. Part II., Lond., 1698; repr. Genev., 1699. The whole was reprinted, Genev., 1708 and 1720. After the author's death a new and improved edition appeared, Oxon., 1740-43; rep. Basil, 1741-45. I give the date 1708, not 1705, to the second Geneva impression, on the authority of Walch.

J.E.B. MAYOR.

Collections of Wills have always been regarded, and very justly so, as among the most valuable materials which exist for illustrating the social condition of the people at the period to which they belong. Executed, as they must be, at moments the most solemn displaying, as we cannot but believe they do, the real feelings which actuate the testators; and having for their object the distribution of existing property, and that of every possible variety of description, it is obvious that they alike call for investigation, and are calculated to repay any labour that may be bestowed upon them. It is therefore, perhaps, somewhat matter of surprise that the Camden Society should not hitherto have printed any of this interesting class of documents; and that only in the twelfth year of its existence it should have given to its members the very interesting volume ofWills and Inventories from the Registers of the Commissary of Bury St. Edmunds and the Archdeacon of Sudbury, which has been edited for the Society by Mr. Tymms, the active and intelligent Treasurer and Secretary of the Bury and West Suffolk Archæological Institute. The selection contains upwards of fifty Wills, dated between 1370 and 1649, and the documents are illustrated by a number of brief but very instructive notes; and as the volume is rendered more useful by a series of very complete indices, we have no doubt it will be as satisfactory to the members as it is creditable to its editor. Mr. Tymms acknowledges his obligations to Mr. Way and Mr. J. Gough Nicols: we are sure the Camden Society would be under still greater obligations to those gentlemen if they could be persuaded to undertake the production of the series of Lambeth Wills which was to have been edited by the late Mr. Stapleton, with Mr. Way's assistance.

When the proprietors of theGentleman's Magazineat the commencement of the present year announced their projected improvements in that periodical, we expressed our confidence that they would really and earnestly put forth fresh claims to the favour of the public. Our anticipations have been fully realised. Each succeeding number has shown increased energy and talent in the "discovery and establishment of historical truth in all its branches," and that the conductors of this valuable periodical, the only "Historical Review" in the country, continue to pursue these great objects faithfully and honestly, as in times past, but more diligently and more undividedly. No student of English history can now dispense with, no library which places historical works upon its shelves can now be complete withoutThe Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review.

We have received the following Catalogues:—G. Willis's (Great Piazza, Covent Garden) Catalogue No. 41. New Series of Second-hand Books, Ancient and Modern; W.S. Lincoln's (Cheltenham House, Westminster Road) Sixtieth (catalogue of Cheap Second-hand English and Foreign Books); C. Hamilton's (4. Budge Place, City Road) Catalogue No. 41. of an important Collection of the Cheapest Tracts, Books, Autographs, Manuscripts, Original Drawings, &c. ever offered for sale.

MARTENS OR MERTENS THE PRINTER.Will D.L. kindly furnish us with a copy of the Note alluded to in his valuable communication inNo. 42.?

JUNIUS IDENTIFIED. MR. TAYLOR'SLetter on his authorship of this volume is unavoidably postponed until next week.

M.,who writes on the subject ofMr. Thomas's Account of the State Paper Office,will be glad to hear that a Calendar of the documents contained in that department is in the press.

SECOND PART OF MR. ARNOLD'S GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION.

Now Ready, in 8vo., price 6s.6d.

A PRACTICAL INTRODUCTION TO GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION. Part Second. (On the PARTICLES.) In this Part the Passages for Translation are of considerable length.

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RIVINGTON, St. Paul's Church Yard, and Waterloo Place.

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ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The Central Committee of the Institute have considered a Resolution, passed at a recent meeting of the British Archæological Association at Manchester, August 24th, in reference to the expediency of promoting a union between the Association and the Institute. The Committee desire to give this public notice, that they are ready, as they have always been, to admit members of the Association desirous of joining the Institute. They have determined accordingly, that, in order to offer reasonable encouragement to the members of the Association, they shall henceforth be eligible without the payment of the customary entrance fee, on the intimation of their wish to the Committee to be proposed for election. Life-members of the Association shall be eligible as life-members on payment of half the usual composition. All members of the Association thus elected shall likewise have the privilege of acquiring the previous publications of the Institute at the price to original subscribers.

Apartments of the Institute, 26. Suffolk Street, Pall Mall, Sept. 9, 1850. By order of the Central Committee, H. BOWYER LANE,Secretary.

HANDBOOKS FOR THE CLASSICAL STUDENT (WITH QUESTIONS). under the General Superintendence and Editorship of the Rev. T.K. ARNOLD.

I. HANDBOOKS of HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY. From the German of PÜTZ. Translated by the Rev. R.B. PAUL.

1. Ancient History, 6s.6d.: 2. Mediæval History, 4s.6d.; 3. Modern History, 5s., 6d.These works have been already translated into the Swedish and Dutch languages.

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Just Published, price 1s.6d.THE TIPPETS OF THE CANONS ECCLESIASTICAL. With illustrative Woodcuts, by G.J. FRENCH.

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Illustrated with numerous Woodcuts, 8vo, 10s.6d.THE PRIMEVAL ANTIQUITIES OF DENMARK. By J.J.A. WORSAAE, M.R.S.A., of Copenhagen.

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In a few days, in 8vo., AN EXAMINATION OF THE CENTURY QUESTION: to which is added, A Letter to the Author of "Outlines of Astronomy," respecting a certain peculiarity of the Gregorian System of Bissextile compensation.

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