Replies.

"Peace, railer, bridle your licentious tongue,And let this presence teach you modesty."

"Peace, railer, bridle your licentious tongue,

And let this presence teach you modesty."

B. R. I.

St. John's Bridge Fair.—In what county in England was St. John's Bridge Fair held in the year 1614, and in what town in the county?

Josephus.

Queries on Costume.—In Wilson'sLife of De Foethere is an anecdote of Charles II. concealing himself, when a fugitive from Worcester, beneath a lady's hoop, while his pursuers searched the house in which he had taken refuge. Were hoops worn so early as the year 1651? In theBook of CostumeI find no mention of them before the beginning of the eighteenth century; but I do not think this circumstance conclusive, as the "Lady of Rank" is not always very accurate.

Writing in the reign of Anne, she says, "Fans were now very much used," but omits to mention that they were in fashion long before, having been indispensable to Catherine of Braganza and her ladies at home and abroad, in the church and the theatre.

"Long gloves," says the Lady of Rank, "began to be worn by the ladies in this reign." (Queen Anne's).

"Twelve dozen Martial,[2]whole and half," says Evelyn:—were notwholeMartial gloves, long?

Wedsecnarf.

Footnote 2:(return)"Martial.—The name of a famous French perfumer, emulating the Frangipani of Rome."—Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn, pp. 705. 711. 4to. edit. 1825.

"Martial.—The name of a famous French perfumer, emulating the Frangipani of Rome."—Miscellaneous Writings of John Evelyn, pp. 705. 711. 4to. edit. 1825.

Cum Grano Salis.—Sometime ago I asked from what figure is borrowed the expression of "Cum grano salis," and have had no reply. I can't find it in Erasmus. Once a very clever Cambridge man said that it meant "the thing must be swallowed with a little Attic salt to make it go down pleasantly." I don't think that he was right.

E. H.

Earl of Clarendon's Daughter, Lucretia.—I should be very glad to learn whether the great Earl of Clarendon had a daughter named Lucretia. A friend of mine is descended from Dr. Marsh, archbishop of Armagh, who (it is said) married Lucretia, daughter of the Earl of Clarendon, and was the father of Lucretia, wife of Dr. McNeil, Dean of Down and Connor.

Wedsecnarf.

Vandyke's Portrait of Lord Aubigny.—Can any of your correspondents give any information respecting a portrait, by Vandyke, of George Lord Aubigny, brother to the Duke of Richmond and Lennox? There is no doubt that such a picture once existed.

Foundation Stone of St. Mark's, Venice.—In vol. xxvi. of theArchæologiais a paper by the late Mr. Douce, "On the foundation stone of the original church of St. Mark, at Venice," &c., accompanied by an engraving of the mutilated object itself, which also appears to have been submitted to the inspection of the Society of Antiquaries at the time the paper was read. The essay contains, in reality, very little information relating to the stone, and that little is of no very satisfactory kind; and I have never been able to divest myself of the idea that it bears somewhat the semblance of a hoax. Were I inclined to discuss the points which have suggested this notion, the necessity there is for brevity in corresponding with the Editor of "Notes and Queries" would preclude my doing it; but I must quote the following passage, which comes immediately after the statement that the original church, in the foundation of which this stone was deposited, was destroyed in 976.

"It is very possible that, in clearing away the rubbish of the old church, the original foundation stone was discovered, and, in some way or other, at present not traceable, preserved."

If the fact is so, this stone, "of a circular form, the diameter six inches and a quarter, its thickness half an inch," must have been loose in the world for 858 years from its exhumation to 1834, when Mr. Douce's essay was read, and during that time has lost only the least important part of its inscription and ornaments.

Can any one say where this stone now is? When and where Mr. Douce obtained it? And, I must add, what history was attached to it when in his possession? for he was not a person likely to possess such an object without, at least, endeavouring to trace its history. On these points the essay contains not a word.

H. C. R.

Coins of Richard Cromwell.—Will any of your numismatical readers inform me whether there are any coins or medals known of Richard Cromwell, either during his chancellorship of Oxford, or his short protectorate of these realms?

Blower.

Cataracts of the Nile.—Seneca (Nat. Quæst.iv. 2.) tells a story of the natives suffering themselves to be carried down in sport, which Rollin says is confirmed by modern travellers; but can this be so? Can any one give the names of any of these travellers, and supply the blank thus left by the historian?

S. G.

Paternoster Tackling.—Dancing Trenchmore.—What is the origin and meaning of this term? also of the phrase "Dancing Trenchmore?"

S. G.

Hymns.—Will some of your correspondents favour me with a copy of "Queen Mary's Lament," a translation of which appeared in Coxe's delightfulChristian Ballads. Also Adam of St. Victor's "exquisite poem" on the Cross, referred to by Mr. Trench in hisSacred Latin Poetry?

Jarltzberg.

Camden and Curwen Families.—Camden, in hisBritannia, art. "Cumberland," mentions his descent, by the mother's side, from the Curwens of Workington. Should any of your numerous correspondents be able to trace their descent, he would much oblige a member of that family.

H. C.

Jartuare.—Can any of your readers oblige me with any account of a printed book calledJartuare?Its date would be early in the sixteenth century, if not earlier.

W.(1.)

(Vol. ii., pp. 476. 518.; Vol. iii., p. 70.)

The best portrait of John Bunyan was drawn and engraved by White, to theHoly War, 1682. The original drawing, and a fine impression of the engraving, is preserved in the illustrated Grainger'sHistory of England, in the print-room at the British Museum. It was copied in folio for Bunyan'sWorks. It has been recently copied for Mr. Bogue's elegant edition of thePilgrim, and for the first complete edition of Bunyan'sWorks, now publishing by Messrs. Blackie and Sons, Glasgow. A fac-simile was engraved for an edition of thePilgrim, by Mr. Pickering, 8vo. 1849.

That the great allegorist was not the author ofHeart's EaseinHeart Troubleis perfectly clear, not only that the style is very different, but from the author being known. It was first published in 1690, under the initials of J. B., and the Epistle is dated "From the house of my pilgrimage, March, 1690." Bunyan died in August, 1688. Mr. Palmer, in hisCalamy, vol. ii. p.16., states that the author was James Birdwood.

Whether Bunyan was acquainted with Hobbes depends upon the authority of a small volume ofVisions of Heaven and Hell, published under the name of Bunyan. In this it is represented that he saw poor Hobbes in hell, and recognised an old acquaintance.

The earliest edition ofThe Visionswhich I have been able to discover, is at "London: printed for Edward Midwinter, at the Looking Glass upon London Bridge, price, bound, one shilling;" without date. It was printed early in the reign of George I.; this is seen in an advertisement of books at the end, among which isThe Lives of the Monarchs of England to his present Majesty King George. It is entitled,The Visions of John Bunyan, being his last remains. There is no account of either of this, or theHeart's Ease, inThe Struggler for the Preservation of Mr. John Bunyan's Labours. This gives a list of forty-three works published by him, and of seventeen left by him at his decease for publication. IfThe Visionswere written by him, it must have escaped the search of his widow and surviving friends; but the style at once proves that it was not a production of his prolific pen. Bunyan's style was remarkably simple and plain. The following phrases extracted fromThe Visionswill carry conviction to every reader:—

"Mormo's of a future state," "metempsychosis of nature," "nefandous villanies," "diurnal and annual," "my visive faculty," "soul-transparent and diaphonous," "translucid ray," "terrene enjoyments," "our minds are clarified," "types both of the ante and post-diluvian world," "the tenuity thereof," "the aereal heavens," "effluxes of divine glory," "all ænigmas," "corruscations of his divine nature," "Solomon's mystick epithalamium," "the epiphonema," "propinquity in nature," "diversified refractions," "too bright and too diaphonous," "sweet odes and eniphalamics," "amarantine crown," "bright corruscancy," "palinodies and elegies," "no cataplasm," "eccentricks quite exterminate," "mutual assassinates," &c. &c.

Such phrases and terms plain John Bunyan utterly despised. They prove, as does the whole plan of the treatise, that it must have been a very different man to the author of thePilgrim's Progresswho wrote theseVisions.

It is not likely that Hobbes and Bunyan were acquainted; they lived in distant parts of the country. Bunyan'sPilgrim, which was the foundation of his wide-spread fame, was not published till 1678, when the Leviathan philosopher was ninety years of age; he died in 1679. Hobbes' company were the learned and illustrious among men,—the Des Carteses, Gassendis, and Wallises of his age; while Bunyan associated with the despised Nonconformists. Nor is is likely that Bunyan read theLeviathan; Dent'sPlain Man's Pathway to Heaven, The Practice of Piety, Fox'sMartyrs, and, above all, his Bible, constituted his library during his imprisonment for conscience-sake, which lasted from 1660 to 1672. Had he suffered from Hobbes's philosophy, he would have proclaimed it upon the house-tops, especially in hisGrace Abounding, that others might have been guarded from such dangerous scepticism. TheVisionof Hobbes was doubtless intended to render the forgery more popular.

George Offor.

Hackney, Jan. 1851.

In "Notes and Queries" (Vol. ii., p. 478.)Sir Henry Ellisobserves, that—

"Although St. Martin's, Canterbury, is commonly called the mother church of England on account of its having been the first used here by Augustine, tradition represents, that when this missionary arrived in Kent, he found an ancient church on the site of what is now called St. Martin's."

Sir H. Ellisadds, that—

"A charter of King Canute's styles Saviour's church, Canterbury, the mother and mistress of all churches in the kingdom of England."-Æcclesia Salvatoris, &c.

I conceive these accounts to be perfectly reconcilable. From Bede'sEcclesiastical History(b. i., caps. 25, 26.), we learn that, on the east side of Canterbury, in the year 597, there was a church dedicated to the honour of St. Martin, that was "built while the Romans were still in the island," some two hundred years before this date. St. Martin's was the church wherein Bertha, Queen of Kent, used to pray; she having been a Christian of the Royal Family of the Franks.

It will, of course, be allowed that during the sixth, seventh, and eighth centuries, different saints were held in especial honour in different countries. For instance, not long after the arrival of the Roman missionaries in England, various churches and monasteries,—at Canterbury, Lindisfarne, Bamborough, Lichfield, Weremouth, and Jarrow, and the capital city of the Picts,—were wholly or partially named after St. Peter. When Naitan, King of the Picts, was about to build his church, he sought the assistance of the Abbot of Weremouth, a strong supporter of Roman observances, and "promised to dedicate the same in honour of St. Peter," and to follow the custom of the Roman church, in certain matters, which the subjects of his kingdom had protested against, for more than a hundred years.

Now, on the occasion of Queen Bertha's leaving France, she was accompanied to England by a bishop of her native country, named Luidhard; and when it is remembered that they settled in Kent, amongst heathens of great superstition,—an example of which is recorded on the part of her own husband,—it is natural to suppose they would, in some public manner, seek the especial protection of the popular saint of France; and that saint was Martin. For so profound was the popular veneration which the Franks at one period offered to the power of Saint Martin, that they even computed ordinary occurrences and national events, by an era which commenced with the year of his death.[3]

It is therefore very probable that the public act of reverence just alluded to, consisted in a new dedication of the repaired church, by adding to the ancient name that of St. Martin.

That a practice of altering the names of sacred edifices in this manner was common at the date under consideration, cannot be questioned. For example, Bishop Aidan, about the year 652, built a church in the island of Lindisfarne, the name of which is now unknown. This structure, however, having been destroyed by a fire, his successor, Finan, erected another on the same site, and apparently of the same name. But when a second fire destroyed this church also, in some five and twenty or thirty years, "a larger church" was erected on the old site, and gratefully "dedicated in honour of St. Peter," by Theodore of Roman appointment, "the first archbishop whom all the English church obeyed." (Bede, iii. 17. and 25., and iv. 2.) Here, then, a new name was given to a church on the site of a former one of different appellation; and in Lichfield, we have two examples of similar alterations in the names of churches; one St. Chad's Church, Stow, and the other, the cathedral. On the site of the former, according to Bede, Bishop Chad built a St. Mary's Church, hard by which he was buried; "but afterwards, when the church of the most holy prince of the apostles, Peter, was built, his bones were translated into it." (Ecc. History, iv. 3.) That is to say, when Chad was canonised, his remains were removed to the site of the present cathedral, as relics over which the principal church of the Mercian kingdom was to be erected.

Throughout the various documents relating to this church, which are preserved in Dugdale'sMonasticon, vol. iii. pp. 219-255, Savoy edition,the cathedral is generally styled the church of St. Mary and St. Chad. And again, on a recently discovered seal of the dean and chapter, engraved some two hundred years after Stephen's reign, the inscription is this:

"S' DECANI ET CAPL'I ECCLE'IE SCE MARIE ET SCI CEDDE LYCHFELD' AD CAS."[4]

But in a grant from King Stephen to Bishop Roger de Clinton, who commenced the present fabric, it is simply styledecclesia Sancti Ceddæ de Lichfield; and in the year 1341 a document was addressedDecano et Capitulo ecclesiæ Sancti Ceddæ Lych', as may be learned from theFœdera, vol. ii. p. 2.

We thus perceive, that the original name of Lichfield Cathedral has been dropped for centuries, and so has that of the church which Bishop Chad built in honour of the Virgin Mary at Stow; for this Church has, for a long time, been known only by the name of Stow Church, or by that of St. Chad's, Stow.

And in this manner, I fancy, may be reconciled the different names of Saviour's, or St. Saviour's, Canterbury, and St. Martin's, Canterbury; both alluding to the same church,THE MOTHER CHURCHofSaxonEngland.

J. Rawson, M.D.

Lichfield.

Footnote 3:(return)See Brady'sClavis Calendaria, November 12.Footnote 4:(return)See theGentleman's Magazinefor August 1848; in which an accurate representation of this seal is given.

See Brady'sClavis Calendaria, November 12.

See theGentleman's Magazinefor August 1848; in which an accurate representation of this seal is given.

The Frozen Horn(Vol. ii., p. 262.; Vol. iii., p. 25.).—In an old edition ofHudibrasnow before me, I find the following note on the lines quoted by J. M. G.:—

"Some report that in Nova Zembla and Greenland men's words are wont to be frozen in the air, and at the thaw may be heard."

The application of the idea by Charles Dickens, in hisOld Curiosity Shop, is also, I think, extremely felicitous.

"'Don't be frightened, mistress,' said Quilp, after a pause. 'Your son knows me: I don't eat babies; I don't like 'em. It will be as well to stop that young screamer though, in case I should be tempted to do him a mischief. Holloa, Sir! will you be quiet?'Little Jacob stemmed the course of two tears which he was squeezing out of his eyes, and instantly subsided into a silent horror.... The moment their[Quilp and Swiveller]backs were turned, little Jacob thawed, and resumed his crying from the point where Quilp had frozen him."—Vol. i. pp. 207-9.

J. B. Colman.

To Pose.—In Vol. ii., p. 522., your correspondent F. R. A. points out some passages in which the word "posing" appears to be used in a sense equivalent to "parsing." Neither the etymology nor the exact meaning of the word "to pose," are easy to determine. It seems to be abbreviated from the old verb "to appose;" which meant, to set a task, to subject to an examination or interrogatory; and hence to perplex, to embarrass, to puzzle. The latter is the common meaning of the wordto pose; thus in Crabbe'sParish Register:—

"Then by what name th' unwelcome guest to call,Was long a question, andit posed them all."

"Then by what name th' unwelcome guest to call,

Was long a question, andit posed them all."

Hence, too, the common expression, that a question which it is difficult to answer, or an argument which seems to decide the controversy, is aposer. The word "posing" in the passages cited by F. R. A. may refer to the examination of the pupil by the teacher of grammar. Thus, Fuller, in hisWorthies, art. Norfolk, says that—

"The University appointed Dr. Cranmer, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, to be theposer-generalof all candidates in divinity."

Roquefort,Gloss. de la Langue Romaine, has "apponer, appliquer, poser, plaier." See Richardson inapposeandpose.

Culprits torn by Horses(Vol. ii., p. 480.).—In reply toMr. Jackson'squestion respecting culprits torn by horses, I beg to inform him that Robert François Damiens was the last criminal thus executed in France. He suffered on the 28th March, 1757, for an attempt on the life of Louis XV. The awful penalty of the law was carried out in complete conformity with the savage precedents of former centuries. Not one of the preparatory barbarities of question, ordinary and extraordinary, or of the accompanying atrocities of red-hot pincers, melted lead, and boiling oil, was omitted. The agony of the wretched man lasted for an hour and a half, and was witnessed, as Mercier informs us, by all the best company in Paris.

The men amused their leisure with cards, while waiting, as he says, for the boiling oil; and the women were the last to turn their eyes from the hideous spectacle. Your correspondent may be glad to be informed that the same punishment was inflicted on Poltrot de Méré for the murder of the Duke of Guise, in 1563; on Salcède, in 1582, for conspiring against the Duke of Alençon; on Brilland, in 1588, for poisoning the Prince de Condé; on Bourgoing, Prior of the Jacobins, as an accessory to the crime of Jaques Clément, in 1590; and on Ravaillac, for the murder of Henry IV. in 1610. These, with the case of Jean Chastel, are all of which I am aware. If any of your readers can add to the list, I shall feel obliged.

As I am upon the subject of judicial horrors, I would ask, whether any of your correspondents can supply me with a reference to the case of awoman executed, I think in Paris, and, if my recollection serves, for a systematic series of infanticides.

She was put to death by being suspended over a fire in an iron cage, in which a number of wild cats were shut up with her.

I read the story many years ago, and for some time have been vainly endeavouring to recover it.

J. S.

Torn by Horses(Vol. ii., p. 522.).—This cruel mode of execution was practised both in antiquity and the middle ages. Livy, speaking of Tullus Hostilius, says:—

"Exinde, duabus admotis quadrigis, in currus earum distentum illigat Mettum; deinde in diversum iter equi concitati, lacerum in utroque curru corpus, qua inhæserant vinculis membra, portantes. Avertere omnes a tantâ fœdidate spectaculi oculos."—L. i., c. 28.

Livy adds, that this was the first and last example of so savage a punishment among the Romans. The punishment, however, must have been well-known in antiquity, as it is alluded to by Seneca among the tortures which accompanied death.

"Cogita hoc loco carcerem, et cruces, et equleos, et uncum; et adactum per medium hominem, qui per os emergat, stipitem;et distracta in diversum actis curribus membra."—Epist. xiv. 4.

Grimm (Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer, p. 692.) quotes the following instance of this punishment from Gregory of Tours,Hist. France, iii. 7.:

"Puellas crudelinece interfecerunt ita ut ligatis brachiis super equorum cervicibus, ipsique acerrimo moti stimulo per diversa petentes diversas in partes feminas diviserunt"

He adds that it occurs frequently in the legends of the Carolingian period. Thus Turpin, c. 26., describes as follows the punishment of the traitor Gannalon:—

"Jussit illum Carolus quatuor equis ferocissimis totius exercitus alligari, et super eos quatuor sessores agitantes contra quatuor plagas cœli, et sic dignâ morte discerptus interiit."

Almost all cruel punishments have been used in the East, and it is not improbable that execution by means of horses may be mentioned in some oriental narrative.

The Conquest(Vol. ii., p. 440.).—InCambria Triumphans, by Percy Enderbie, at p. 283, will be found a copy of a deed, the conclusion of which runs thus:—

"Sigilla nostra apposuimus in Castro nostro de Burgavenny vicessimo secundo die Julii, anno regni Regis Henrici sexti, postConquestumvicessimo septimo."

The word is here used for the accession of the King.

S. K.

Mayors—their correct Prefix(Vol. i., p. 380.).—Since propounding my Query in Vol. i., p. 380., relative to this subject, I have to inform your readers, that I have been favoured with the opinion of gentlemen very high in official authority on all points connected with heraldry and the rules of precedence; which is, that the proper style of the mayor of a borough is "the worshipful;" and they are further of opinion, that there can be no ground for styling the mayor of a city "the right worshipful."

True Blue(Vol. iii., p. 27.).—On the origin of this expression, I must claim the right to dissent from your correspondent G. F. G., who appears to have fallen into the error of confining a form of very wide application to one particular case, in which he discovers a trifling coincidence of fact. The connexion of the colour blue with truth is of very ancient date, of which the following may for the present suffice as an example:—

"And by hire beddes hed she made a mewAnd covered it with velouettes blew,In signe of trouth, that is in woman sene."Chaucer,Squiere's Tale.

"And by hire beddes hed she made a mew

And covered it with velouettes blew,

In signe of trouth, that is in woman sene."

Chaucer,Squiere's Tale.

Blue, in the early practice of the tinctorial art, appears to have been the most humble of the colours in use, and the least affected by any external influence; and, down to the present day, if certain tints of recent invention be excepted, the same character may be claimed for it. What then more natural, than that it should be taken as the type of immutability, or that every party, political or religious, should in turn assume it as the badge of honesty of purpose, and of firm adherence to their principles?

F. S. Q.

Modum Promissionis(Vol. ii., pp. 279, 347, 468.).—This phrase is perhaps connected with the promissivus modus,i.e.tempus promissivum or futurum of Diomedes and other mediæval grammarians.

T. J.

Fronte capillatâ, &c.(Vol. iii., pp. 8. 43.).—The representation of "Occasio," or "Opportunity," with hair in front, and bald behind, is far more ancient than the drama referred to by your correspondent G. A. S.

In theAnthologia(Brunck's edition, vol. ii. p. 49.) the following beautiful epigram is the 13th by Posidippus:—

"Ἐις Ἄγαλμα τοῦ Καιροῦ.Τίς, πόθεν ὁ πλάστης; Σικυώνιος. Οὔνομα δὴ τίς;Λύσιππος. Σὺ δὲ, τίς; Καιρὸς ὁ πανδαμάτωρ.Τίπτε δ' ἐπ' ἄκρα βέβηκας; Ἀεὶ τροχάω. Τί δὲ ταρσοὺςΠοσσὶν ἔχεις διφυεῖς; Ἵπταμ' ὑπηνέμιος.Χειρὶ δὲ δεξιτερῇ τί φέρεις ξυρόν; Ἄνδρασι δεῖγμαὯς ἀκμῆς πάσης ὀξύτερος τελέθω.Ἡ δὲ κόμη, τί κατ' ὄψιν; Ὑπαντιάσαντι λαβέσθαι,Νὴ Δία. Ταξόπιθεν πρὸς τί φαλακρὰ πέλει;Τὸν γὰρ ἅπαξ πτηνοῖσι παραθρέξαντά με ποσσὶνΟὔ τις ἔυ' ἱμείρων δράξεται ἐξόπιθεν.Τούνεχ' ὁ τεχνίτης σε διέπλασεν; Εἵνεκεν ὑμέων,Ξεῖνε, καὶ ἐν προθύροις θῆκε δικασκαλίην."

"Ἐις Ἄγαλμα τοῦ Καιροῦ.

Τίς, πόθεν ὁ πλάστης; Σικυώνιος. Οὔνομα δὴ τίς;

Λύσιππος. Σὺ δὲ, τίς; Καιρὸς ὁ πανδαμάτωρ.

Τίπτε δ' ἐπ' ἄκρα βέβηκας; Ἀεὶ τροχάω. Τί δὲ ταρσοὺς

Ποσσὶν ἔχεις διφυεῖς; Ἵπταμ' ὑπηνέμιος.

Χειρὶ δὲ δεξιτερῇ τί φέρεις ξυρόν; Ἄνδρασι δεῖγμα

Ὧς ἀκμῆς πάσης ὀξύτερος τελέθω.

Ἡ δὲ κόμη, τί κατ' ὄψιν; Ὑπαντιάσαντι λαβέσθαι,

Νὴ Δία. Ταξόπιθεν πρὸς τί φαλακρὰ πέλει;

Τὸν γὰρ ἅπαξ πτηνοῖσι παραθρέξαντά με ποσσὶν

Οὔ τις ἔυ' ἱμείρων δράξεται ἐξόπιθεν.

Τούνεχ' ὁ τεχνίτης σε διέπλασεν; Εἵνεκεν ὑμέων,

Ξεῖνε, καὶ ἐν προθύροις θῆκε δικασκαλίην."

The same epigram, with an inconsiderable alteration, is given in Bosch'sAnthologia Græca, vol. ii. p. 478., with a close Latin translation by Grotius.

The following English version of the Greek is as nearly literal as the idioms of the two languages will allow.

"Who is the sculptor, say, and whence?From Sicyon. What is heBy name? Lysippus. Who art thou?I am Opportunity."Why is thy step so high and light?I am running all the day.Why on each foot hast thou a wing?I fly with the winds away."Why is a razor in thy hand?More keen my edge is set.Why hast thou hair upon thy brow?To seize me by, when met."Why is thy head then bald behind?Because men wish in vain,When I have run past on wingèd feetTo catch me e'er again."Why did the artist form thee so?To place me in this hall,That I a lesson thus might giveTo thee, friend, and to all."

"Who is the sculptor, say, and whence?From Sicyon. What is heBy name? Lysippus. Who art thou?I am Opportunity.

"Who is the sculptor, say, and whence?

From Sicyon. What is he

By name? Lysippus. Who art thou?

I am Opportunity.

"Why is thy step so high and light?I am running all the day.Why on each foot hast thou a wing?I fly with the winds away.

"Why is thy step so high and light?

I am running all the day.

Why on each foot hast thou a wing?

I fly with the winds away.

"Why is a razor in thy hand?More keen my edge is set.Why hast thou hair upon thy brow?To seize me by, when met.

"Why is a razor in thy hand?

More keen my edge is set.

Why hast thou hair upon thy brow?

To seize me by, when met.

"Why is thy head then bald behind?Because men wish in vain,When I have run past on wingèd feetTo catch me e'er again.

"Why is thy head then bald behind?

Because men wish in vain,

When I have run past on wingèd feet

To catch me e'er again.

"Why did the artist form thee so?To place me in this hall,That I a lesson thus might giveTo thee, friend, and to all."

"Why did the artist form thee so?

To place me in this hall,

That I a lesson thus might give

To thee, friend, and to all."

Ausonius, in the fourteenth century of the Christian era, imitates this in his 12th epigram.

Phædrus (lib. v., fab. 8), in the Augustine age, speaks of the same representation as already sanctioned by antiquity:—

"Occasio depicta."Cursu veloci pendens in novaculâ,Calvus, comosâ fronte, nudo corpore;Quem si occuparis, teneas: elapsum semelNon ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere;Occassionem rerum significat brevem.Effectus impediret ne segnis mora,Finxere antiqui talem effigiem temporis."

"Occasio depicta.

"Cursu veloci pendens in novaculâ,

Calvus, comosâ fronte, nudo corpore;

Quem si occuparis, teneas: elapsum semel

Non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere;

Occassionem rerum significat brevem.

Effectus impediret ne segnis mora,

Finxere antiqui talem effigiem temporis."

T. C.

Durham, Jan. 20. 1851.

Cross between a Wolf and a Hound(Vol. iii., p. 39.).—There is no doubt that a dog and a wolf are capable of breeding together. The fact is well known, and has been long ascertained. SeePenny Cyclopædia, art. "Dog." The only question is whether the offspring of this cross is a mule, and, like other mules, incapable of continuing its race; or whether it is prolific? The latter position is maintained by Mr. Bell, in hisHistory of British Quadrupeds. "The dog and wolf will readily breed together (he says),and their progeny is fertile." But query, can any authentic instance be produced of a cross between a dog and a wolf, which has produced a prolific animal?

Professor Thomas Bell states that the dog and wolf will readily breed with each other, and that their progeny thus obtained will again mingle with the dog.

W. J. Bernard Smith.

Temple, Jan. 19. 1851.

I have read somewhere (in Kohl'sRussia, if I mistake not) that this cross is not uncommon in the southern portions of European Russia, but I have not the book at hand to refer to.

Diss.

Your correspondent,T——n, will find this fact referred to in Sir John Franklin'sNarrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, vol. i., p. 268., 2nd edition, London. Murray, 1824. Lieutenant Hood says—

"On our way to the tent a black wolf rushed out upon an Indian, who happened to pass its den. It was shot, and the Indians carried away three black whelps, to improve the breed of their dogs."

W. H. H. K.

Drayton Beauchamp, Jan. 22. 1851.

Touching for the Evil(Vol. iii., p. 42.).—I have seen an illuminated MS. containing the form of prayer in use previous to the Reformation. As far as I remember, the MS. in question must have been of the fifteenth century. Where it may now be found I am not aware. At the time of my seeing it, it was in the possession of Mr. Toovey of Piccadilly.

A somewhat curious field for inquiry on this subject is opened by a passage in Voltaire'sSiècle de Louis XIV. Speaking of James II. touching for the evil while in exile at the French court, he says—

"Soit que les Rois Anglais se soient attribué ce singulier privilège, comme prétendans à la couronne de la France; soit que cette cérémonie soit établie chez eux depuis le temps du premier Edouard."

Have we any evidence of the ceremony having been performed by any French monarchs? I am not aware of any.

J. Sn.

Old Booty(Vol. iii, p. 40.).—In 1830 there appeared a humorous versification, by W. T. Moncrieff, of this story, for the authenticity of which he prudently says he cannot vouch. He furnishes a sort of account of the affair, and of an action at the suit of Booty's widow, the records of which, it says, are at Westminster, Jan. 2. 1687.

Notwithstanding this apparent circumstantial account, we find in a very entertaining anonymous work, entitledThe History of Man; or, the Wonders of Human Nature, 2nd edit. Edinb. 1790, 8vo., vol. i. p. 376., a similar incident related of a Mr. Gresham, an eminent merchant of London, which happened in the reign of Hen. VIII., the authorities for which are cited,Sandy's Trav.l. 4. p. 248.Clark's Mir.c. 33. p. 115.

F. R. A.

Breeches Bible(Vol. iii., p 17.).—The first edition of this Bible is now before me. The title-page and portions of the addresses to Queen Elizabeth and to the reader are unfortunatelywanting, as is also the first leaf of Genesis. But the title of the New Testament as follows:—

"The Newe Testament of ovr Lord Jesus Christ [***] Conferred diligently with the Greke, and best approued translacions in divers languages. At Geneva: Printed by Rouland Hull.M.D.LX."

There is a woodcut of the Egyptians pursuing the Israelites on the shore of the Red Sea, surrounded with texts from scripture. It is a small quarto in Roman type, and divided into verses.

Echo.

Separation of Sexes in Church(Vol. ii., p. 94.).—This custom appears to be of considerable antiquity. Sir Thomas More, in hisUtopia(p. 285. of the edition of 1639), says—

"When they be come thither, the men goe into the right side of the church, and the women into the left side."

J. Sn.

Defender of the Faith(Vol. iii., p. 9.).—By a hasty perusal of the letter ofCol. Anstrutherin your number of the 4th of January, I perceive that some doubt has been raised whether any of our sovereigns have used the title of Defender of the Faith, prior to the time of King Henry VIII.

If you will refer to the forth part of Prynne'sInstitutes, pp. 229-30, and 295-6-7, you will find set out at full length divers letters close and patent from King Richard II. in the 6th, 11th, and 19th years of his reign, for suppressing the heresies of Wickliff and his followers. These letters are addressed to the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, William Archbishop of Canterbury (Courtney), and to Ralfe Crombewell, Chivalier, and John Lekyll, and the Mayor and Bailiffs of Nottingham, in which King Richard II. styles himself thus—"Nos Zelo Fidei Catholicæ, Cujus Sumus Et Esse Volumus Defensores," &c.

H. Witham.

Lincoln Chambers, Chancery Lane, Jan. 14. 1851.

Epigram on Synod of Dort(Vol. iii., p. 23.).—The statement in theBiographie Universelle, that this epigram was madein England, is probably taken from Mosheim (Eccl. Hist.), who says the same; but his authority Neal (Hist. of the Puritans) does not say that it was madein England; and one can hardly read the sentence in which he quotes it without feeling satisfied that he did not knowwhomade it. After stating that the proceedings of the synod were much approved of by the English divines, and quoting expressions of Mr. Baxter and the learned Jacobus Capella in its favour, he proceeds—

"P. du Moulin, Paulus Servita, and the author of the life of Waleus, speak the same language. Butotherspoured contempt upon the Synod, or burlesqued their proceedings in the following lines:'Dordrechti Synodus, nodus; chorus integer, æger;Conventus, ventus; sessio stramen. Amen.'Lewis du Moulin, with all the favourers of the Arminian doctrine, as Heylin, Womeck, Brandt, &c., charge them with partiality and unjustifiable severity."

"P. du Moulin, Paulus Servita, and the author of the life of Waleus, speak the same language. Butotherspoured contempt upon the Synod, or burlesqued their proceedings in the following lines:

'Dordrechti Synodus, nodus; chorus integer, æger;Conventus, ventus; sessio stramen. Amen.'

'Dordrechti Synodus, nodus; chorus integer, æger;

Conventus, ventus; sessio stramen. Amen.'

Lewis du Moulin, with all the favourers of the Arminian doctrine, as Heylin, Womeck, Brandt, &c., charge them with partiality and unjustifiable severity."

When a writer, in the midst of a shower of authorities, refers a particular expression to "others," it may almost be laid down as a rule, that he does not know whose property it is. Here, therefore, the inquiry seems brought to a dead stop, in this tract at least.

B. R. I.

Parish Register Tax(Vol. ii., p. 10.).—In our register, Hawarden, I find the following entry:

"October, 1783. On the 2nd of this month the Act commenced which layeth a duty of threepence upon every Registry of a Burial, except aPauper's."

And again:

"Oct. 1. 1794. The duty of threepence on each Registry of Births, Deaths, and Marriages, imposed by Act of Parliament, commencing October 2. 1783, ceased this day."

During this interval many burials are markedpaupers.

Waldegrave Brewster.

Hawarden, Flints.

Clergy sold for Slaves(Vol. ii., p. 41.).—Walker says:

"Mr. Dugdale, in relating the same matter, adds that Rigby not only exposed them to sale, butfound purchasersalso; and what is more, had actually contracted with two merchants for them; and for that reason moved it twice (in the House, as I understand him) that they might be disposed of."

Waldegrave Brewster.

When a work of such general reference as a Peerage, which is wanted upon every library table, and in every club and reading-room "where men do congregate;" which is, at the same time, from its nature, open to the criticism of hundreds of critics,—when a work of this nature and of such extent asBurke's Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empirebears on its title-page the brief but expressive words "Thirteenth Edition," it has obviously long outlived the time when any question can exist as to its merits. These have long been recognised by those best able to appreciate them, namely, the noble personages to whose history, and the history of whose descent and collateral branches, it is especially devoted; and whose personal communications have served to procure for the present work the merit by which it seeks to distinguish itself from all similar productions, namely, by its greater fullness of detail and its extreme accuracy.

The Rev. A. Hussey, M.A., has in the PressNotes on the Churches in the Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey mentioned in Domesday Book. Subscribers names are received by Mr. J. Russell Smith.

Mr. M. A. Lower's translation ofThe Chronicle of Battel Abbey, from the Vow of its Foundation by the Conqueror in 1066 to the Year 1176, will be published in the course of the present month.

Messrs. Sotheby and Co. will sell, on Monday and Tuesday next, a very valuable and important Collection of Classical and Historical Books, from the Library of a Collector; and on Wednesday and two following Days, an important portion of the valuable Library of the Right Hon. C. W. Williams Wynn, including First and Second Folio Shakspeare, Caxton'sGolden Legend, and some valuable MSS., including one of the works of Robert Rolle, the Hermit of Hampole, &c.

Catalogues Received.—William Brown's (46. High Holborn) Catalogue Part LI. of Second-hand English and Foreign Books on Theology, Fine Arts, and Miscellaneous Literature; J. Russell Smith's (4. Old Compton Street, Soho) Catalogue of Books relating to Kent, Sussex, and Surrey; W. S. Lincoln's (Cheltenham House, Westminster Road) Sixty-fifth Catalogue of Cheap Second-hand English Foreign and Classical Books.

Walker's Rhyming Dictionary.

Mrs. Grant's Letters from the Mountains.

Colebrooke's Essays. 2 Vols. 8vo.

Southey's Life of Wesley(Early Edition.)

Cæsar, Valpy's Delphin Edition.

Greek Translation of Cæsar's Gallic War.

Van Espen, Jus Ecclesiasticum, 1781.

[***] Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent toMr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186, Fleet Street.

Locke.We shall next week lay before our readers a long and most interesting inedited Letter from Lord Shaftesbury, the author of theCharacteristics,to Le Clerc, in which he gives a biographical sketch of his friend and foster father Mr. Locke.

J. S. B.The two Notes were duly forwarded. Will our correspondent enable us to write to him.

C. W. B.The very interesting littleHistory of Venicein Murray'sFamily Librarywas written by the late Rev. E. Smedley.

G. R. M.The brass token in question is a weight for weighing half-guineas; the coinage weights of which were2 dwt. 16¾ gr.,and thecurrentweights2 dwt. 16 gr.

We have two or three favours to request of our correspondents, and we ask them no less for their sakes than for our own. 1st. That they will be particular in their references, and collate their extracts before sending them to us; for they little know the loss of time and the trouble which a neglect of these trifles occasions us. 2d. That they will forward their separate articles as far as possible on separate papers; for several valuable communications are now standing over, until we can find leisure to separate and arrange for the press the different parts. 3rd. That they will writeas legibly as they can.

J. S. (Brighton).Received.

K. R. H. M.The poem, beginning,

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