Miscellaneous.

"If childrenpredeceaseprogenitors,We are their offspring, and they none of ours."

"If childrenpredeceaseprogenitors,

We are their offspring, and they none of ours."

"Designed," in the sense of "designated," is employed by Locke:

"'Tis not enough to make a man a subject, to convince him that there is regal power in the world; but there must be ways ofdesigningand knowing the person to whom the regal power of right belongs."

Cowgill.

"Quadrijugis invectus equis," &c.(Vol. ii., p. 391.).—These lines, in which "veriis" and "antesolat" are, of course, misprints for "variis" and "antevolat," apply with such peculiar exactness to Guido's celebrated Aurora, at the Rospigliosi Palace, that I cannot but think the painting has given rise to the lines. Besides, in the ancient mythology, the Horæ are said to bethreein number, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, and one of their offices was harnessing the horses of the Sun. It is unlikely, therefore, that any classic author would mention them as being seven in number.

C. I. R.

St. John's Bridge Fair(Vol. iii., p. 88.).—Perhaps in the county of Northampton, and in the city of Peterborough, where a fair, commencing October 2d, is still called "Bridge Fair." The parish church of Peterborough is dedicated to St. John Baptist; but a fair on the saint's day would be too near the other, and probably more ancient fair, which is held on old St. Peter's Day, to whom the cathedral church is dedicated.

Arun.

Anticipations of Modern Ideas by Defoe(Vol. iii., pp. 137. 195.).—It is a singular fact, to which I do not remember a reference has hitherto been made, that Defoe, in hisLife and Adventures of Captain Singleton, has foreshadowed the discovery by recent travellers of a great inland lake in the South of Africa. He describes his adventurous hero and companions, during their attempt to cross this vast continent from Mozambique to Angola, as having, on the ninth day of their journey, come in "view of a great lake of water."

"The next day," he adds, "which was the tenth from our setting out, we came to the edge of this lake, and happily for us, we came to it at the south point of it, for to the north we could see no end of it; so we passed by it, and travelled three days by the side of it."—Life, Adventures, and Piracies of Captain Singleton, chap. vi.

According to a rough calculation by one of the party, they were, a few days before reaching it, 700 miles from the coast of Mozambique, and 1500 from the Cape of Good Hope. Now Messrs. Murray and Oswell, the enterprising travellers to whom we owe the discovery of this vast South African lake, describe it as being in longitude 24° East, latitude 19° South; a position not very wide apart from that indicated in Defoe's amusing fiction.

T. C. Smith.

Lord Howard of Effingham(Vol. iii., p. 244.).—I submit that the passages quoted by your correspondent are not sufficient evidence to lead us to conclude that that noblemaneverwas a Protestant. As to the "neglect of reverence to the Holy Sacrament," it is only said that the priests might pretendthatas a cause; and it is not to be supposed that an ambassador would so far forget himself as to show any disrespect to the religion of theprince he was sent to. Besides, it is likely that Lord Howard was chosen for the embassy as being a Catholic, and therefore more acceptable to a prince of the same religion.

2nd. Fuller's words only refer to testimony on a disputed fact, on which Catholic evidence the effect quoted by him would have peculiar weight.

3rd. The words to Garnet, who had declared his innocence and abhorrence of the imputed crime, are such as a Catholic would be most likely to use.

4th. The word "our," in the royal instructions, is the word of form, and resembles the editorial "we." In royal instructions to Mr. Shiel at Florence, Mr. Wyse at Naples, or Mr. More O'Ferrall at Malta, her Majesty would use the words "our religion;" would that imply that any or all of those gentlemen were Protestants?

After all, Lord Howard may have conformed to the court religion after the period of the Armada: occasional conformity was frequent at the period.

Kerriensis.

Separation of the Sexes in Church(Vol. ii., p. 94.; Vol. iii., p. 94.).—InCollectanea Topographica, &c., vol. iii. p. 134., is printed the "Account of the Proctors of the Church of Yeovil, co. Somerset, 36 Hen. VI. 1457-8." The learned editor says:

"The first item is remarkable, as affording an instance of seats being made subject to sale at so early a period;" and proceeds: "it may be observed that the two sexes must have sat in different parts of the church, as, with only one exception, the seats are let to other persons of the same sex as before."

Llewellyn.

Separation of the Sexes in Time of Divine Service(Vol. ii., p. 94.).—A proof of the correctness of the remark advanced in this note is afforded by the practice followed in the little church of Covington, Huntingdonshire, where a few of the old open seats remain towards the western end, in which each sex still sits on its proper side, although the custom does not hold with respect to the pews which some of the farmers and others have erected for themselves at the eastern end.

Arun.

Separation of the Sexes at Church.—Many of your correspondents have taken up the separation of the living at church, but none have alluded to the dead. I extract the following from a deed of the 34th of Elizabeth:—

"But also in the two severall vawtes or towmbes in the sayd chappell, and in the sowthe syde of the same, and in the wall of the sayd church, ffor themselves only to bury in; that is to say, in the upper of the same, standing eastwards, to bury the deade bodyes of the men, being ancestors of the sayd A. B.; and in the lower, standing westwards, to bury the deade bodies of the women, being wyves or children female of his, the said A. B.'s ancestors."

Perhaps some of your correspondents can tell us whether such separate vaults were customary?

Vox Populi Vox Dei(Vol. i., p. 370.).—Your correspondentDaniel Rockstates these words to have been chosen by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Mepham, as his text for the sermon he preached when Edward III. was called to the throne; and in your Notices to Correspondents, Vol. iii., p. 254., you repeat the statement.

The prelate by whom the sermon was preached was not Simon Mepham, but his predecessor, Walter Reynolds, who was Archbishop of Canterbury when the second Edward was deposed, and when Edward III. was crowned, on February 1, 1327. This Walter Reynolds died on November 16, 1327, and Simon Mepham was appointed his successor on December 11, 1327. John Toland, in hisAnglia Libera, p. 114., has this reference to the sermon which was preached by the Archbishop Reynolds on the occasion of the king's coronation:

"To Edward I. succeeded his son Edward II., who growing an intolerable tyrant, was in a parliament summoned by himself formally accused of misgovernment, and on his own acknowledging the truth of this charge, solemnly deposed. When his son, Edward III., was elected with universal consent, Walter, the Archbishop of Canterbury, preached the coronation sermon, and took these words for his text, "Vox populi Vox Dei, the voice of the people is the voice of God,"—so little did they dream in those days of the divine right of monarchy, or that all power did not originally derive from the people, for whom and by whom all governments are erected and maintained."

Sir Harris Nicolas in hisSynopsis of the Peerage,and Dugdale in hisMonasticon, give the name of this Archbishop as Walter Reynolds. Sir Richard Baker, in hisChronicle, describes him as Walter Reginald; and in Hume'sEnglandhe is called Walter de Reynel.

St. Johns.

Mazer Wood(Vol. iii., p. 239.).—The Querist asks, "Has the word Mazer any signification in itself?"

It is used to signify a cup. Vide Walter Scott'sLord of the Isles, where Robert Bruce is speaking:

"Bring here, he said, the Mazers four,My noble fathers loved of yore."

"Bring here, he said, the Mazers four,

My noble fathers loved of yore."

And it is probably derived from the Irish "Maeddher," a standing cup, generally ofwood, of a quadrangular form, with a handle on each of the sides. The puzzle was how to drink out of it, which was done from the angles. A silver "Maeddher" was presented to Lord Townshend when leaving Ireland, who puzzled many of his English friends by placing it before them filled with claret. Uninitiated persons usually attempted to drink from the flat side, and poured the wine over their clothes. I think another was presented to Lord Normanby when in Ireland. We seegutta perchacups and buckets everywhere now-a-days. Perhaps such an utensil might have been among the dishes, &c. mentioned in the Catalogue of the Tradescant Museum.

Kerriensis.

[See a curious note on Mazers, used as large drinking-cups, or goblets, in Walter Scott'sPoetical Works, p. 488., edit. 1848.]

Traditions from remote Periods through few Hands(Vol. iii., p. 237.).—The following facts may not be uninteresting on this subject.

The late Maurice O'Connell of Derrynane, co. Kerry, died early in 1825, and would have completed 99 years on the 31st of March in that year. The writer hereof has heard him tell anecdotes derived from the conversation of Daniel McCarthy, of the same co., who died about 1740, aged at least 108 years. This Daniel McCarthy was commonly known by the nick-name of "Dhonald Bhin," or "Yellow Dan," and was the first man that ran away from the battle of Aughrim. There is a short account of him in Smith'sHistory of Kerry, in which he is mentioned as lately deceased. You have thus a period of over 200 years, the traditions of which might be derived through three persons, the survivor of whom, your correspondent, is but middle aged. I remember being told in the co. Clare, circiter 1828, of an individual then lately deceased, who remembered the siege of Limerick by General Ginkle, and the news of the celebrated treaty of Limerick. It is to be wished that your readers who reside in, or may visit Ireland, would take an interest in this subject. I am certain that in remote parts of the country much curious tradition could be thus brought to light; and it would be interesting to compare the accounts of great public events, as remembered and handed down by the peasantry, with those which we take on the faith of historians.

As relating to this subject, I may refer to the allusion made in page 250. of the same Number to the Countess of Desmond, who was said to have lived to so great an age. I have seen the picture alluded to at Glanlearne in Valencia, the seat of the knight of Kerry; and it must have been taken at a comparatively early period of life, as the Earl of Desmond was outlawed, and his estates confiscated, in the reign of Elizabeth. Some record of how this old lady's jointure was provided for might yet be discovered, and the period of her decease thus ascertained.

Kerriensis.

Latin Epigram on the Duchess of Eboli(Vol. iii., p. 208.).—This beautiful epigram, which C. R. H. has somewhat mutilated even in the two lines which he gives of it, was written by Jerome Amaltheus, who died in 1574, the year in which Henry III. of France came to the throne; so that it is unlikely at least that the "Amor" was meant for Mangirow, his "minion." In the edition of the poems of the three brothers Amalthei, which I possess, and which was printed at Amsterdam in 1689, the epigram runs—

"DE GEMELLIS FRATRE ET SORORE LUSCIS."Lumine Acon, dextro, capta est Leonilla sinistro,Et potis est forma vincere uterque Deos.Blande puer, lumen, quod habes concedepuellæ,Sic tu cæcus Amor, sic erit illa Venus."

"DE GEMELLIS FRATRE ET SORORE LUSCIS.

"Lumine Acon, dextro, capta est Leonilla sinistro,Et potis est forma vincere uterque Deos.Blande puer, lumen, quod habes concedepuellæ,Sic tu cæcus Amor, sic erit illa Venus."

"Lumine Acon, dextro, capta est Leonilla sinistro,

Et potis est forma vincere uterque Deos.

Blande puer, lumen, quod habes concedepuellæ,

Sic tu cæcus Amor, sic erit illa Venus."

I have seen it thus translated:

"One eye is closed to each in rayless night,Yet each has beauty fit the gods to move,Give, Acon, give to Leonillthylight,She will be Venus, and thou sightless Love."

"One eye is closed to each in rayless night,

Yet each has beauty fit the gods to move,

Give, Acon, give to Leonillthylight,

She will be Venus, and thou sightless Love."

The relationship between the Duchess of Eboli and Mangirow I do not remember. Were they brother and sister? or was she ever known as Leonilla?

Among Jerome Amaltheus's other epigrams I find several about this "Acon;" and one, entitled "De duabus Amicis," begins—

"Melætis Leonilla oculis, meLydia torvisAspicit."

"Melætis Leonilla oculis, meLydia torvis

Aspicit."

The mistress of Philip II. (who here, by the by, seems to have recovered her lost eye) would hardly have been the mistress of an Italian poet.

H. A. B.

Trin. Coll. Cam.

"Harry Parry, when will you marry" (Vol. iii., p. 207.).—E. H. has omitted the last line, which, however, is well known. May it not have the same meaning as the lines in the "Marquis de Carabas" of Béranger:

"Et tous vos tendrons,Subiront l'honneurDu droit du seigneur?"

"Et tous vos tendrons,

Subiront l'honneur

Du droit du seigneur?"

The nursery rhyme may have been sung to the young Baron to teach him his feudal privileges, as the lines—

"Hot corn, baked pears,Kick nigger down stairs,"

"Hot corn, baked pears,

Kick nigger down stairs,"

are used to inculcate the rights of a white man on the minds of infant cotton planters in the Southern States.

J. H. L.

Visions of Hell(Vol. iii., p. 70.).—In solving the Query propounded by F. R. A. as to "whether Bunyan was the author of theVisions?" it is very necessary that all the editions should be known of and collated. I have one not yet referred to, styledThe Visions of John Bunyan, being his last Remains, giving an Account of the Glories of Heaven, the Terrors of Hell, and of the World to come, London, printed and sold by J. Hollis, Shoemaker Row, Blackfriars, pp. 103., with an address to the reader, subscribed "thy soul's well-wisher, John Bunyan," without date. "Thomas Newby, of Epping, Essex," is written in it; he might have been only the first owner of the book, which was certainly published before the year 1828 or 20, but I should say not much earlier.

Blowen.

"Laus tua non tua Fraus," &c.(Vol. i., p. 416.).Verse Lyon.—Puttenham'sArte of English Poesie, published in 1589, contains an earlier allusion to this epigram than any of those mentioned by your correspondents at Vol. ii., p. 77., and assigns to Pope Alexander [Qy. VI.] the doubtful honour of being the subject of it. The passage is at p. 11., and is as follows:—

"Another of their pretie inuentions was to make a verse of such wordes as lay their nature and manner of construction and situation might be turned backward word by word, and make another perfit verse, but of quite contrary sence, as the gibing monke that wrote of Pope Alexander these two verses:'Laus tua non tua fraus, virtue non copia rerum,Scandere te faciunt hoc decus eximium:'which if ye will turne backward, they make two other good verses, but of a contrary sence, thus:'Eximium decus hoc faciunt te scandere, rerumCopia, non virtus, fraus tua, non tua laus;'and they call itVerse Lyon."

'Laus tua non tua fraus, virtue non copia rerum,Scandere te faciunt hoc decus eximium:'

'Laus tua non tua fraus, virtue non copia rerum,

Scandere te faciunt hoc decus eximium:'

which if ye will turne backward, they make two other good verses, but of a contrary sence, thus:

'Eximium decus hoc faciunt te scandere, rerumCopia, non virtus, fraus tua, non tua laus;'

'Eximium decus hoc faciunt te scandere, rerum

Copia, non virtus, fraus tua, non tua laus;'

and they call itVerse Lyon."

Query, Why? and where else is Verse Lyon alluded to?

J. F. M.

[Is not "Verse Lyon" Puttenham's translation ofLeonine Verse?]

Passage from Cymbeline(Vol. ii., p. 135.).—

"Some jay of Italy,Whose mother was herpainting, hath betrayed him."—Act III. Sc. 4.

"Some jay of Italy,

Whose mother was herpainting, hath betrayed him."—Act III. Sc. 4.

The wordpainting(your correspondent's stumbling-block) evidently means resemblance—resemblance of character, and as such exactly corresponds to the German wordEbenbild, an image or painting, which is used in the same sense;e.g.Sie hat das Ebenbild ihres Mutters, "She is the very image of her mother."

Cranmore.

Rue de Cerf, 6. Brussels.

Engraved Warming-pans(Vol. iii., pp. 84. 115.).—As an earlier instance of this custom, it may be worth notice that I have one which was purchased some years ago at the village of Whatcote in Warwickshire; it is engraved with a dragon, and the date 1601. I think it probable that it originally came from Compton Wyniatt, the ancient seat of the Earls [now Marquis] of Northampton; the supporters of the Compton family being dragons, and Whatcote being the next village to Compton Wyniatt.

Spes.

Symbolism of the Fir-cone(Vol. i., p. 247.).—The Fir-cone on the Thyrsus—a practice very general throughout Greece, but which is very prevalent at Athens, may perhaps, in some degree, account for the connexion of the Fir-cone (surmounting the Thyrsus) with the worship of Bacchus. Incisions are made in the fir-trees for the purpose of obtaining the turpentine, which distils copiously from the wound. This juice is mixed with the new wine in large quantities; the Greeks supposing that it would be impossible to keep it any length of time without this mixture. The wine has in consequence a very peculiar taste, but is by no means unpleasant after a little use. This, as we learn from Plutarch, was an ancient custom (Sympos. Quæst.iii. and iv. p. 528. edn. Wytten); the Athenians, therefore, might naturally have placed the Fir-cone in the hands of Bacchus. ("Lord Aberdeen's Journals," Appendix to Walpole'sMemoirs of Turkey, &c., vol. i. p. 605.)

F. B. Relton.

Dr. Robert Thomlinson(Vol. i., p. 350.).—The gentleman who is very anxious for the communication of any matter illustrative of the life of the doctor, his family, &c., will find considerable useful and interesting information relating to him, his widow, and brother, by referring to the under-mentionedReports from the Commissioners for inquiring concerning Charities:

5th Report, pages 67. 69.; 23rd Report, pages 56. 450.; 31st Report, pages 754. 757.

There is a slight allusion to the doctor in theReturns of Corporate Offices and Charitable Funds, &c., p. 375.

H. Edwards.

Touching for the Evil(Vol. iii., p. 93.).—St. Thomas Aquinas refers the practice of touching for the evil by French kings toClovis. See a work published in 1633, by Simon Favoul, entitled,Du Pouvoir que les Rois de France ont de guérir les Ecrouelles; also a work by Du Laurens, entitled,De Mirabili Strumas sanandi vi, regibus Galliarum Christianis divinitus concessa, libri duo, Paris, 1609, in 8vo.

Edward the Confessor is said to have been the first English king who touched for the evil. Consequently the English can hardly be said to have owed their supposed power to their pretensions to the crown of France.

E. J. R.

[We are indebted toMr. J. B. DitchfieldandMr. Joseph Sulleyfor very elaborate notices of the custom of the French kings touching for the evil; but the principal facts contained in those communications have already been laid before our readers byMr. Cooper(Vide No. 69. p. 148. et seq.)]

Drax Free School(Vol. ii., p. 199.).—It appears by the will of Charles Read, dated July 30, 1669, that that gentleman had at his own charge erected a school-house at Drax, which he designed for a free school, and for the habitation of a schoolmaster, to instruct the children of the inhabitants of that parish gratis, to read, write, and cast accounts, and in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, as occasion should require; and that he had erected six almshouses at Drax, for six aged and impotent people at that parish, and the lodgment of six poor boys; and for the support and maintenance of the said school, master, alms people, and poor boys, he directed his executors to lay out 2000l.inthe purchase of freehold land of 120l.per annum in or near Drax, to be conveyed to trustees to let such land at the best improved rent, for the purposes and uses mentioned in his will; and he appointed the lord mayor and aldermen of York, visitors of the school and almshouses.

At the time of the inquiry by the charity commissioners, the estates purchaser in pursuance of the directions of Mr. Read's will amounted to 391 acres of land, let at 542l.per annum, and there was an accumulation of stock of 12,700l.in the Three per Cents, the whole income being 924l.9s.6d.per annum.

Mr. Dysonwill find a copious account of this school, &c., in the following Reports of the Commissioners: XXI. p. 598.; XXXII. part 2d. p. 828.; and the latter gives a full detail of proceedings in Chancery, and other matters connected with the administration of the trust.

Henry Edwards.

Enigmatical Epitaph on the Rev. John Mawer(Vol. iii., pp. 184. 248.).—Perhaps it may be of service to J. H. to know thatArthur Llewellyn Tudor Kaye Mawer, referred to by J. T. A., was a short time ago an assistant bookseller at Oxford, and may be heard of by addressing a line to Mr. Vincent, Herald Office, or Mr. Wheeler, bookseller, Oxford.

Nibor.

Treatise by Engelbert, Archbishop of Treves(Vol. i., p. 214.).—Mr. Sansonmay probably find the information he desires in the reprint of Bishop Cosin'sHistory of Popish Transubstantiation, London, 1840, in which the references are verified, and the quotations given in full length.

T. J.

King John at Lincoln(Vol. iii., p. 141.).—There is no question of Matt. Paris alluding here to the old prophecy which forbade a king's wearing his crown in Lincoln, or, as some think, even entering the city. Although he makes John the first to break through the superstition, yet the same is attributed to his predecessor Stephen, who is described by H. Huntingdon as entering the city fearlessly—"prohibentibus quibusdam superstitiosis." This was after the great disasters of Stephen's reign; but as the succession eventually departed from his line, Lord Lyttleton observes that the citizens might nevertheless be strengthened in their credulity; and Henry II. certainly humoured it so far as to wear his crown only in the suburb of Wigford. John seems to have been very partial to the place, and visited it repeatedly, as did many of his successors. Many parallel superstitions might, no doubt, be gathered, as that of Oxford, and Alexander the Great at Babylon, &c.

Lincoln.

Haybands in Seals(Vol. iii., p. 186.).—In your paper for March 8. I observe a Query byMr. M. A. Lowerrespecting seals. It appears thatMr. Lowerhas in his possession one or two seals, temp. Henry VII., which are impressed on haybands, that is to say, the wax is encircled by a twisted wisp of hay, or split straw; and, if I rightly understandMr. Lower, no device is apparent on the wax, but some ends of the hay or straw protrude from the surface of it. Under these circumstancesMr. Lowerstates his opinion that such seals belonged to mediæval gentlemen who occupied their time in fattening stock,—simply graziers.

It may be interesting to some of your correspondents, and especially toMr. Lower, to know that a few seals, both pendent and impressed on the parchment itself, within haybands, may be found of as early a date as the reign of Edward II. From that time the fashion become very prevalent: in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VI., and, indeed, down to the period of Elizabeth, it was the common practice to secure the wax impression in this manner. Almost all the impressions of the Privy Seal of Henry V., called "the Eagle," are made on haybands. It is needless to give further examples, as they must be well known to all antiquaries who have studied the history of seals. It is not from the examination of a few specimens of early seals that a general conclusion is to be rationally drawn; and it is to be hoped thatMr. Lowermay, even yet, be induced to abandon his singular theory of graziers' seals.

T. Hudson Turner.

If your correspondents on this subject will refer to the first volume ofKalendars and Inventories of his Majesty's Exchequer, published by the Commissioners of Public Records, they will find in the Introduction, written by Sir Francis Palgrave, at page cxlvii., a fac-simile representation of a letter upon paper from James IV. of Scotland to Henry VII., dated July 12, 1502, showing the seal encircled by a rush ring. At page cxxxvii. it is stated that in the fifteenth century a rush ring surrounding the fragile wax was not unfrequently used for the purpose of preserving it.

S. S. S.

Aver(Vol. iii., pp. 42. 157.).—Spelman, in hisGlossary, derivesaveriafromaverarepro laborare.Averarehe derives from the Frenchouvreandouvrage, "vel potius a Latinooperare,oetp, ut solent, inaetu, conversis." "Hence," he says, "our ancestors called beasts of burdenaveria, and the Scotch called themavaria." In Northumberland, he elsewhere adds, "they call a lazy, sluggish horse 'a faulse aver,' or 'afer.'"

Averumsignified goods and chattels, and personal property in general, and, in this sense, is derived from the Frenchavoir. It also signified the royal treasure, as appears from the following extract front the will of Philip Augustus, sub anno1190. After directing his rents, services, and oblations to be brought annually to Paris, he adds—

"In receptionibus averi nostri, Adam clericus noster presens erit, et eas scribet, et singuli habeant singulas claves de singulis archis in quibus reponetur averum nostrum in templo."

The following story, which illustrates P.'s Query, is told by Blackstone:—

"Sir Thomas More (when a student on his travels) is said to have puzzled a pragmatic professor at Bruges, who gave a universal challenge to dispute with any person in any science: in omni scibili, et de quolibet ente. Upon which Mr. More sent him this question, 'Utrum averia carucæ, capta in vetito namio, sint irreplegibilia, Whether beasts of the plough, taken in withernam, are incapable of being replevied:'"

—a question likely enough to pose any man except an English lawyer.

Cudyn Gwyn.

AverorAiveris a word in common use in the south of Scotland for ahorse. In Burns's poem entitled "The Dream," there is this couplet:

"Yet aft a ragged cowte's been knownTo mak a noble aiver."

"Yet aft a ragged cowte's been known

To mak a noble aiver."

J. Ss.

Aver(Vol. iii., p. 42.).—Your correspondents G. M. and D. 2. are at cross purposes. The latter is unquestionably right in his opinion abouthaver cake,haverin that instance being the GermanHafer, Sw.Havre, &c., as held by Brockett (North Country Words) and Carr (Craven Glossary). Butaver,averium, on which G. M. descants, is altogether a different word. As D. 2. requires the authority of a dictionary, allow me to refer him to Lacombe,Dictionnaire du vieux Langage François, where he will find:

"Avoirs, animaux domestiques de la basse cour.""Averlands, marchand de chevaux."

"Avoirs, animaux domestiques de la basse cour."

"Averlands, marchand de chevaux."

And in the second, or supplementary volume of the same work:

"'Avers,' bestiaux qui nantissent une ferme à la campagne."

See also Jamieson (Scottish Dictionary):

"Aver, a cart-horse."

A suggestion may also be gathered from Webster underAverage.

F. S. Q.

In theChronicle of Jocelyn de Brakelond, at p. 29. of Tomlins's translation, mention is made of one Beodric,

"Lord of that town, whose demesne lands are now in the demesne of the Cellarer. And that which is now calledAverlandwas the land of the rustics."

Again, at p. 30.:

The Cellarer was used freely to take all the dung-hills in every street, for his own use, unless it were before the doors of those who were holdingaverland; for tothem onlywas it allowable to collect dung and to keep it."

To this a note is appended to the effect that

"Averland seems to have been ancient arable land so called, held by rustic drudges and villans."

At p. 29. the said Cellarer is stated

To haveaver-peni, to wit, for each thirty acres two pence."[8]

Roquefort, in hisGlossaire de la Langue Romane, givesAver, fromavoir: "Bestiaux qui nantissent une ferme de campagne;" andAvè, "un troupeau de brebis," fromovis.

Raynouard, in theNouveau Choix des Poésies des Troubadours, vol. ii., which commences theLexique Roman, derives "Aver" also fromAvoir; to signify possession generally I take it. 2dly, Troupeau,

"E play mi quan li corredorFan las gens e 'lsaversfugir."("Et il me plaît quand les coureursFont fuir les gens et les troupeaux.")Bertrand de Born, Be m Play.

"E play mi quan li corredorFan las gens e 'lsaversfugir."("Et il me plaît quand les coureursFont fuir les gens et les troupeaux.")

"E play mi quan li corredor

Fan las gens e 'lsaversfugir."

("Et il me plaît quand les coureurs

Font fuir les gens et les troupeaux.")

Bertrand de Born, Be m Play.

Barbazan, in his shortGlossary, derives the word fromAvarus.

H. C. C.

Footnote 8:(return)"Averpenny was a sum paid as a composition for certain rustic services."

"Averpenny was a sum paid as a composition for certain rustic services."

I would inform D. 2. and others (Vol. iii., p. 42.) thataver, orhaver-cake, which he states to be the name applied in North Yorkshire to the thin oat-cake in use there, is evidently derived from the Scandinavian words,Hafrar,Havre,Hafre, oats.

G. E. R. Gordon.

Stockholm.

"The Sword Flamberg" (Vol. iii., p. 168.)—An English Motheris informed that "Flamberge," or "Floberge," is the name of the sword won in battle from the Saracen admiral Anthenor by Mangis d'Aygremont, the hero of the romance of that name. Ancient swords were frequently "flamboyant," or with waved edges; more especially those used for purposes of state. The Dukes of Burgundy bore a two-handed sword of this form. Indeed, "flaming swords," as they were called, were worn down to the time of our Charles II., and perhaps later. It is rather singular that the ordinary synonyma for a sword should be "brand." The name of the weapon taken from King Bucar by the Cid was "Tizona," or the Fire-brand.

The flamboyant type may possibly be of Eastern origin. The krisses of the Malays, at the present day have serpentine blades.

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

Cockade(Vol. iii., pp. 7. 196.).—Thecockadewas simply the knot of the riband that served tocockthe broad flapped hat worn by military men in the seventeenth century, and which in fine weather, or going into action, &c., they used tocock, by means of hooks, laces, and ribands. We see still in thecocked-hats of coachmen and beadles, the traces of these old ligaments. Hence the phrase tocock one's hat. Let me add one or two remarks on other points of dress arising out of old military habits. In old times coats were of the shape we now call frocks, andlinedthroughout, generally with a different colour from the outside. When a person in one of these coats was going about any active work, and particularly into fight, he doubled back his sleeves, and folded back the collar, which, being of a different colour, came to be what we now call thefacingsof military uniforms. The French, truer to their origin, still call them the "revers." So also on such occasions the broad skirts of the frock coat used to be hooked back not to impede the movements of the lower limbs, and thence the swallow tails of military uniforms. So also the high jack-boots, that covered the knees, used, in walking, to be turned down, and the inside being of a lighter colour, gave the idea of what are calledtop-boots.

In the belief that the time has arrived when the history of our national architecture must be reconsidered, with a view to a revision of the classes or periods into which it has hitherto been divided, Mr. Sharpe has just put forth a handsomely illustrated volume, under the title ofThe Seven Periods of English Architecture defined and illustrated. Mr. Sharpe's proposal is, that these seven periods should be thus formed:—three belonging to the divisionRomanesque, under the titles of Saxon, Norman, and Transitional Periods; and the remaining four to theGothic, viz. the Lancet, Geometrical, Curvilinear, and Rectangular Periods. We must, of course, refer our readers who desire to know the principles upon which Mr. Sharpe proposes this great change to the work itself, which is plain and to the purpose.

Mr. Bohn some time since became the purchaser of a large number of the copper-plates of Gillray'sCaricatures. Having had impressions taken, and arranged them in one large volume, he sought the assistance of Mr. Wright, who had just then published hisHistory of the House of Hanover, illustrated by Caricatures, and Mr. R. H. Evans, the well-known bibliopole, towards an anecdotical catalogue of the works of this clever satirist: and the result of the labours of these gentlemen has just been published under the title ofHistorical and Descriptive Account of the Caricatures of James Gillray, comprising a Political and Humorous History of the latter Part of the Reign of George III.The volume will be found not only an interesting key to Mr. Bohn's edition of Gillray, and a guide to those who may be making a separate collection of his works, but a pleasant illustration of the wit and satire which lashed the politicians and amused the public

"In the old time when George the Third was king."

Those who know the value of those historical researches which Sir F. Palgrave has already given to the world, will be glad to hear that the first volume of hisHistory of Normandy and of Englandwill probably be published before the close of the present month. In this first volume, which is described in the advertisement as containing the general relations of Mediæval Europe, the Carlovingian Empire, and the Danish Expeditions into Gaul, we understand the learned author has treated those expeditions at considerable length, and enters very fully into that of the decline of the Carlovingian Empire,—a portion of the work as important, as it is in a great measure new, to the English reader. Not the least valuable part of the book will be Sir Francis Palgrave's account of the nature and character of the Continental Chronicles, which form the substratum of his work, but which, existing only in the great collections of Duchesne, Bouquet, Pertz, &c., are generally very imperfectly known to English students.

Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson will sell, on Monday next, a collection of very rare and interesting Autograph Letters, more particularly illustrative of the period of the Civil Wars. On the same day they will also commence a Four-days' Sale of valuable Books, and Books of Engravings, chiefly from the library of a gentleman deceased, including the original edition of Stuart and Revett'sAthens, a copy of Merian'sTopographia Germaniæcontaining nearly one thousand engravings, and many other works of high character.

Books Received.—Boswell's Life of Johnson, Illustrated, vol. i. This is the first volume of theNational Illustrated Library, which the projectors describe "as an endeavour to bestow upon half-crown volumes for themanythe same typographical accuracy, and the same artistic ability, hitherto almost exclusively devoted to high-priced books for thefew." In choosingBoswell's Johnsonfor their first work, the projectors have shown excellent judgment; and we are bound to add that the book is not only well selected, but neatly printed, and illustrated with a number of excellent woodcuts.—Illustrations of Medieval Costume in England, &c., Part II. This second part deserves the same praise for cheapness as its predecessor.—The Cape and the Kafirs, the new volume of Bohn's cheap series, is a well-timed reprint of Mrs. Ward'sFive Years in Kafirland, with some little alteration and abridgment, and the addition of some information for intending emigrants, from information supplied by published official reports.

Catalogues Received.—J. Miller's (43. Chandos Street) Catalogue No. XX. of Books Old and New; T. Kerslake's (3. Park Street, Bristol) Catalogue of Books lately bought; W. S. Lincoln's (Cheltenham House, Westminster Road) Sixty-seventh Catalogue of Low-priced books, mostly Second-hand; Williams and Norgate's (14. Henrietta Street, Covent Garden) Catalogue No. III. of Foreign Second-hand Books, and Books at reduced prices.

The Complaynt of Scotland, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1801.Thoms' Lays and Legends of Various Nations. Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834.Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen. Folio. Basil, 1522.Cartari—La Rosa d'Oro Pontificia. 4to. Rome, 1681.Broemel, M. C. H., Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen.Jena, 1705.Pullen's Etymological Compendium. 8vo.Cooper (C. P.), Account of Public Records. 8vo. 1822. Vol. I.Lingard's History of England. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI., XII., XIII.

The Complaynt of Scotland, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1801.

Thoms' Lays and Legends of Various Nations. Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834.

Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen. Folio. Basil, 1522.

Cartari—La Rosa d'Oro Pontificia. 4to. Rome, 1681.

Broemel, M. C. H., Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen.Jena, 1705.

Pullen's Etymological Compendium. 8vo.

Cooper (C. P.), Account of Public Records. 8vo. 1822. Vol. I.

Lingard's History of England. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI., XII., XIII.

*** Letters stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent toMr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

We are again compelled by the number and value of the communications, which have reached us, to present our Readers with an extra Eight Pages. We trust, therefore, we shall be excused if, with reference to what we stated a fortnight since, on the subject of making this enlargementpermanentinstead ofoccasional,we quote from a valued correspondent the mode he has kindly adopted with the view of promoting that increase of our circulation, upon which suchpermanentenlargement of our paper must depend.Nocabwrites thus:—"Whenever I find an article in any Number which I know to be peculiarly congenial to the taste of any of my literary or scientific friends, I forward them a copy. A letter of thanks and anintention of future subscriptionhas almost invariably been the result." We are sure that this hint will not be lost upon our friends.

P.will find his communication onAveriainserted inNo. 69. p. 157.

S. H. H.Received, and will be taken care of.

Comets and Eclipses.We are requested by our valued correspondentC.to say that his Reply, p. 253.,should have been headedEclipses,and was intended to refer to the list ofEclipses (not Comets)in the work to which he refers. He was probably led into this slip of the pen by the manner in whichS. P. O. R.had, inNo. 73. p. 223.mixed up Comets and Eclipses in the same Query.

Jarltzberghas our best thanks. We receive his friendly suggestions in the spirit in which they are offered; and will, as far as practicable, attend to them. We trust he will receive in the same spirit our explanation, that the delay in inserting his communications arises chiefly from the difficulty in deciphering them. Our correspondents little know how greatly editorial labours are increased by this apparently trifling cause.

E. T. C.Our correspondent will find, on referring to our First Vol., p. 445.,that the so-called French original of"Not a drum was heard,"is only a clever literary hoax from the pen of Father Prout, which first appeared inBentley's Miscellany.

J. B. C.A proof of the Sovereign of 1820; and if in very good condition, would perhaps sell for Two or Three Pounds.

Llewellyn.Will this correspondent favour us with his address, that we may forward a communication which we have received for him?

Acheis requested to say how a communication may reach him.

F. R. R.We have a further Query for this correspondent on the subject of Sir Andrew Chadwick, if he will favour us with his address.

Replies Received.—Epitaph in Hall's Discovery—Disinterment for Heresy—Mistletoe—The San Grail—MS. Cat. of Norman Nobility—Inedited Poetry—Mazer—Whale in the Thames—Facts in Natural History—Nicolson Family—Yankee—Cowdray—Scandal against Elizabeth—Capt. John Stevens—Shakspeare's Captious—Epitaph on Countess of Pembroke—King Richard III.—Ten Commandments—Comets—Edmund Prideaux—Lost MSS.—Shakspeare's Use of "Strained"—Pilgrim's Road to Canterbury—Solid-footed Pigs—Meaning of Gig—Swearing by Swans—Places called Purgatory—Tu Autem—Thomas May—Pope Joan—Waste Book—Abbot Eustacius—Chiming, &c.

Vols.I.andII.,each with very copious Index, may still be had, price 9s. 6d. each.

Notes and Queriesmay be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receiveNotes and Queriesin their Saturday parcels.

All communications for the Editor ofNotes and Queriesshould be addressed to the care ofMr. Bell, No. 186. Fleet Street.

THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, NO. CLXXVI., is just published.

CONTENTS:

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