Minor Queries Answered.

"'Tis thesunsetof life gives me mystical lore,And coming events cast their shadows before."

"'Tis thesunsetof life gives me mystical lore,

And coming events cast their shadows before."

W. J. Bernhard Smith.

Temple.

Hugh Peachell—Sir John Marsham.—Can any of your correspondents give me information respecting one Hugh Peachell, of whom I find the following curious notice in a bundle of MSS. in the State Paper Office, marked "America and West Indies, No.481A."

"St. Michael's Toune in ye Barbados, Sept. 30. [1670]. Jo Neuington, Addrese w. Mr. James Drawater, Merchtat Mr. Jo. Lindapp's, at ye Bunch of Grapes in Ship yard by Temple barre.—All ye news I can write from here is, ytone Hugh Peachell, who hath been in this Island allmost twenty years and lived wthmany persons of good esteem, and was last with Coll. Barwick. It was observed that he gained much monyes, yet none thrived lesse than hee; and falling sicke about 3 weeks since, was much troubled in his conscience, but would not utter himself to any but a minister, who being sent for He did acknowledge himself ye person ytcut of ye head of King Charles, for wchhe had 100lbsand wthmuch seeming penitence and receiving such comforts as the Devine, one parson Leshely, an emminent man here, could afford him, he dyed in a quarter of an hour afterwards. This you may report for truth, allthough you should not have it from any other hand. He had 100lbsfor ye doing of itt. There is one Wm. Hewit condemned for ye same, I think now in Newgate; he will be glad you acquaint him of this if he have it not allready."

Oldmixon, in hisBritish Empire in America, mentions a Sir John Marsham of Barbados; was he a knight or baronet, and when did he die?

W. Downing Bruce, F.S.A.

Middle Temple.

Legend represented in Frettenham Church.—Perhaps some one of your numerous readers maybe able to give an explanation of the following legend, for such I suppose it to be:—

In the parish church of Frettenham, co. Norfolk, several alabaster carvings were discovered some years ago, near the chancel arch, having traces of colour. The most perfect, and the one which had most claims to merit as a piece of sculpture, represented a very curious scene. A horse was standing fixed in a kind of stocks, a machine for holding animals fast while they were being shod. But it (the horse) had only three legs: close by stood a Bishop, or mitred Abbot, holding the horse's missing fore quarter, on the hoof of which a smith was nailing a shoe. Of course the power which had so easily removed a leg would as easily replace it.

The details of the story may be very safely conjectured to have been—a Bishop or high church dignitary is going on a journey or pilgrimage; his horse drops a shoe; on being taken to a smith's to have it replaced, the animal becomes restive, and cannot be shod even with the help of the stocks; whereupon the bishop facilitates the operation in the manner before described. One feels tempted to ask why he could not have replaced the shoe without the smith's intervention.

What I want to know is, of whom is this story told? I regret that not having seen the carving in question, I can give no particulars of dress, &c., which might help to determine its age; nor could my informant, though he perfectly well remembered the subject represented. He told me that he had often mentioned it to people likely to know of the existence of such a legend, but could never gain any information respecting it.

C. J. E.

King's Col. Cambridge, May 9. 1851.

King of Nineveh burns himself in his Palace.—In a review of Mr. Layard's work on Nineveh (Quarterly, vol. lxxxiv. p. 140.) I find the following statement:

"The act of Sardanapalus in making his palace his own funeral pyre and burning himself upon it, is also attributed to the king who was overthrown by Cyaxares."

May I ask where the authority for this statement is to be found?

X. Z.

Butchers not Jurymen.—

"As the law does think it fitNo butchers shall on juries sit."—Butler'sGhost, cant. ii.

"As the law does think it fit

No butchers shall on juries sit."—Butler'sGhost, cant. ii.

The vulgar error expressed in these lines is not extinct, even at the present day. The only explanation I have seen of its origin is given in Barrington'sObservations on the more Ancient Statutes, p. 474., on 3 Hen. VIII., where, after referring in the text to a statute by which surgeons were exempted from attendance on juries, he adds in a note:

"It may perhaps be thought singular to suppose that this exemption from serving on juries is the foundation of the vulgar error, that a surgeon or butcher from the barbarity of their business may be challenged as jurors."

Sir H. Spelman, in hisAnswer to an Apology for Archbishop Abbott, says,—

"In our law, those that were exercised in slaughter of beasts, were not received to be triers of the life of a man."—Posth. Works, p. 112.;St. Trials, vol. ii. p. 1171.

So learned a man as Spelman must, I think, have had some ground for this statement, and could scarcely be repeating a vulgar error taking its rise from a statute then hardly more than a hundred years old. I hope some of your readers will be able to give a more satisfactory explanation than Barrington's.

E. S. T. T.

Redwing's Nest.—I trust you will excuse my asking, if any of your correspondents have found the nest of the redwing? for I lately discovered what I consider as the egg of this bird in a nest containing four blackbirds' eggs. The egg answers exactly the description given of that of the redwing thrush, both in Bewick and Wood'sBritish Song Birds;being bluish-green, with a few largish spots of a dark brown colour. The nest was not lined with mud, as is usually the case with a blackbird's, but with moss and dried grass.

Has the egg of the redwing been ever seen in this situation before?

C. T. A.

Lyndon.

Earth thrown upon the Coffin.—Is there anything known respecting the origin of the ceremony of throwing earth upon the coffin at funerals? The following note is from a little German tale,Die Richtensteiner, by Van der Velde, a tale of the time of the Thirty Years' war. Whether the ceremony is still performed in Germany as there described, I do not know.

"Darauf warfen, nach der alten, frommen Sitte, zum letzten Lebewohl, der Wittwer, und die Waisen drei Hände voll Erde auf den Sarg hinunter ... Alle Zuschauer drangten sich nur um das Grab ... und aus hundert Händen flog die Erde hinab auf den Sarg."

J. M. (4.)

Family of Rowe.—Lysons, in his workEnvirons of London, gives an extract from the will of Sir Thomas Rowe, of Hackney, and, as his authority, says in a note:—

"Extracts of Wills in the Prerogative Office, by E. Rowe Mores, Esq., in the possession of Th. Astle, Esq., F.R.A.S."

Can any of your numerous readers inform me in whose possession the above now is? And whether, wherever it is, it is open to inspection?

Tee Bee.

Portus Canum.—Erim, one of the biographers of Becket, states that the archbishop's murderers(S. Thom. Cantuar., ed. Giles, vol. i. p. 65.), having crossed from France, landed atPortus Canum. It has been conjectured that this means Hythe, which is close to Saltwood Castle, where the knights were received by Ranulph de Broc (English Review, December, 1846, p. 410.). Is the conjecture right? I believe Hasted does not notice the name.

J. C. R.

Arms of Sir John Davies.—Can any of your correspondents inform me what were the arms, crest, and motto (if any), borne by Sir John Davies, the eminent lawyer and poet? In a collection which I have made of the armorial bearings of the families of Davies, Davis, and Davys, amounting to more than fifty distinct coats, there occur the arms ofthreeSir John Davies or Davys, but there is nothing to distinguish which of them wastheSir John.

Llaw Gyffes.

William Penn.—WillMr. Hepworth Dixon, or some of your correspondents, be so good as to send a reply to this Query?

What was the name, and whose daughter was the lady to whom William Penn (the son of William Penn and Miss Springett) was married?

A. N. C.

Who were the Writers in the North Briton?—TheAthenæumof Saturday, May 17, contains a very interesting article on the recently publishedCorrespondence of Horace Walpole with Mason, in which certain very palpable hits are made as to the identity of Mason and Junius. In the course of the article the following Query occurs:

"In the second Part of the folio edition of theNorth Britonpublished by Bingley, in the British Museum, are inserted two folio pages of manuscript thus headed:—'The ExtraordinaryNORTH BRITON.By W. M.'This manuscript is professedly a copy from a publication issued June 3rd, 1768, by Staples Steare, 93. Fleet Street, price three-pence. It is a letter addressed to Lord Mansfield, and an appeal in favour of Wilkes, on whom, the writer says, judgment is this day to be pronounced. It is written somewhat in the style of Junius. The satire is so refined that the reader does not at first suspect that it is satire,—as in Junius'sLetters, wherein the satirical compliments to the King have been mistaken for praise, and quoted in proof of inconsistency."Who was this 'W. M.'? Who were the writers in theNorth Briton?—not only 'The Extraordinary'North Briton, published by Steare, but the genuineNorth Briton, published by Bingley. These questions may perhaps be very simple, and easily answered by persons better informed than ourselves."

"In the second Part of the folio edition of theNorth Britonpublished by Bingley, in the British Museum, are inserted two folio pages of manuscript thus headed:—

'The ExtraordinaryNORTH BRITON.By W. M.'

This manuscript is professedly a copy from a publication issued June 3rd, 1768, by Staples Steare, 93. Fleet Street, price three-pence. It is a letter addressed to Lord Mansfield, and an appeal in favour of Wilkes, on whom, the writer says, judgment is this day to be pronounced. It is written somewhat in the style of Junius. The satire is so refined that the reader does not at first suspect that it is satire,—as in Junius'sLetters, wherein the satirical compliments to the King have been mistaken for praise, and quoted in proof of inconsistency.

"Who was this 'W. M.'? Who were the writers in theNorth Briton?—not only 'The Extraordinary'North Briton, published by Steare, but the genuineNorth Briton, published by Bingley. These questions may perhaps be very simple, and easily answered by persons better informed than ourselves."

As the inquiries of your correspondent W. M. S. (Vol. iii., p. 241.) as to the Wilkes MSS. and the writers of theNorth Britonhave not yet been replied to, and this subject is one of great importance, will you allow me to recall attention to them?

F. S. A.

"Many a Word."—Your correspondent's observations are perfectly correct: we daily use quotations we know not where to find. Perhaps some of your friends may be able to reply whence

"Many a word, at random spokeWill rend a heart that's well-nigh broke."

"Many a word, at random spoke

Will rend a heart that's well-nigh broke."

S. P.

[The lines will be found in Walter Scott'sLord of the Isles, Canto V. St. 18."O! many a shaft, at random sentFinds mark the archer little meant!And many a word, at random spokenMay soothe or wound a heart's that broken!"]

[The lines will be found in Walter Scott'sLord of the Isles, Canto V. St. 18.

"O! many a shaft, at random sentFinds mark the archer little meant!And many a word, at random spokenMay soothe or wound a heart's that broken!"]

"O! many a shaft, at random sent

Finds mark the archer little meant!

And many a word, at random spoken

May soothe or wound a heart's that broken!"]

Roman Catholic Church(Vol. iii., p. 168.).—Many thanks for your reference to theAlmanach du Clergé de France; but as I have failed to obtain the requisite information through my booksellers, might I beg the additional favour of knowing what is the cost of the book, and where it can be procured?

E. H. A.

[TheAlmanachto which our correspondent refers is or was published byGaume frères à Paris, and sold also by Grand, rue du Petit-Bourbon, 6, in the same city. Its price, judging from the size of the book, is about a couple of francs.]

Tick(Vol. iii., p. 357.).—Mr. De la Pryme'ssuggestion as to the origin of the expression "going tick" is ingenious; nevertheless I take it to be clear that "tick" is merely an abbreviation of ticket. (See Nares'sGlossary, and Halliwell'sDictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, under "Ticket.") In addition to the passages cited by them from Decker, Cotgrave, Stephens, and Shirley, I may refer to the Act 16 Car. II. c. 7. s. 3., which relates to gambling and betting "upon ticket or credit."

C. H. Cooper.

Cambridge, May 3. 1851.

[In theMirrour for Magistrates, p 421., we read:—"Oftickle creditne had bin the mischiefe.""Tickle credit," says Pegge, "means easy credit, alluding to the credulity of Theseus."—Anonymiana, cent. ii. 44. Mr. Jon Bee, in hisSportsman's Slang Dictionary, gives the following definition:—"Tick", credit in small quantities; usuallyscoredup with chalk (calledinkironically), which being done with a sound resembling 'tick, tick, tick,' gives the appellation 'going totick,' 'tickit up,' 'mytickis out,' 'no moretick!'"]

[In theMirrour for Magistrates, p 421., we read:—

"Oftickle creditne had bin the mischiefe."

"Tickle credit," says Pegge, "means easy credit, alluding to the credulity of Theseus."—Anonymiana, cent. ii. 44. Mr. Jon Bee, in hisSportsman's Slang Dictionary, gives the following definition:—

"Tick", credit in small quantities; usuallyscoredup with chalk (calledinkironically), which being done with a sound resembling 'tick, tick, tick,' gives the appellation 'going totick,' 'tickit up,' 'mytickis out,' 'no moretick!'"]

Hylles' Arithmetic.—Having seen it mentioned in the public papers that a copy of the first edition of Cocker'sArithmetic(considered unique) was lately sold at an exceedingly high price by Messrs. Puttick and Simpson, I am induced to send you acopy of the title-page of an arithmetical work in my possession which seems a curiosity in its way; but whether unique or not, my slender bibliographical knowledge does not enable me to determine. It is as follows:

"The Arte of Vulgar Arithmeticke, both in Integers and Fractions,devided into two Bookes, whereof the first is called Nomodidactus Numerorum, and the secondPortus Proportionum, with certeine Demonstrations, reduced into so plaine and perfect Method,as the like hath not hetherto beene published in English.Wherevntois added a third Booke, entituledMusa Mercatorum: comprehending all the most necessarie and profitable Rulesvsed in the trade of Merchandise. In all which three Bookes, the Rules, Precepts, and Maxims areonely composed in meeter for the better retaining of them in memorie, but also the operations, examples, demonstrations, and questions,are in most easie wise expounded and explaned, in the formeof a dialogue, for the reader's more cleere vnderstanding.A knowledge pleasant for Gentlemen, commendable for Capteinesand Soldiers, profitable for Merchants, and generallynecessarie for all estates and degrees. Newly collected, digested, and in some part deuised by awelwiller to the Mathematicals.""Ecclesiasticus, cap. 19."Learning unto fooles is as fetters on their feete and manicles vpon their right hand; but to the wise it is a Iewell of golde, and like a Bracelet vpon his right arme."Boetius. I.Arith. cap. 2."Omnia quæcunque a primæua natura constructa sunt, Numerorum videntur racione formata. Hoc enim fuit principale in animo conditoris exemplar. Imprinted at London byGabriel Simson, dwelling in Fleete Lane, 1600."

"Ecclesiasticus, cap. 19.

"Learning unto fooles is as fetters on their feete and manicles vpon their right hand; but to the wise it is a Iewell of golde, and like a Bracelet vpon his right arme.

"Boetius. I.Arith. cap. 2.

"Omnia quæcunque a primæua natura constructa sunt, Numerorum videntur racione formata. Hoc enim fuit principale in animo conditoris exemplar. Imprinted at London byGabriel Simson, dwelling in Fleete Lane, 1600."

The volume (which is a small quarto of 270 folios) is dedicated "To the Right Honorable sir Thomas Sackuill, Knight, Baron of Buckhurst, Lord Treasurer of England," &c. &c., by Thomas Hylles.

Perhaps one or other of your correspondents will kindly inform me whether this volume is a rarity, and also oblige me with some information regarding Thomas Hylles, its author.

Sn. Davie, Jun.

[Professor De Morgan, in his "Arithmetical Books from the Invention of printing to the present Time," describes Hylles' work "as a big book, heavy with mercantile lore;" and the author as being, "in spite of all his trifling, a man of learning." A list of the author's other works will be found in Watt'sBibliotheca Britannica, and Lowndes'sBibliographer's Manual of English Literature, under the wordHills(Thomas). See also Ames'sTypographical Antiquities.]

(Vol. iii., p. 327.)

Your correspondent H. C. wishes to know whether bondage was a reality in the time of Philip and Mary; and, if so, when it became extinct. It was a reality much later than that, as several cases in the books will show. Dyer, who was appointed chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1559, settled several in which man claimed property in his fellow-man, hearing arguments and giving judgment on the point whether one should be a "villein regardant" or a "villein in gross." Lord Campbell, in hisLives of the Chief Justices, gives the following, tried before Dyer,C.J.:

"A. B., seised in fee of a manor to which a villein was regardant, made a feoffment of one acre of the manor by these words: 'I have given one acre, &c., and further I have given and granted, &c., John S., my villein.' Question, 'Does the villein pass to the grantee as a villein in gross, or as a villein appendant to that acre?' The Court being equally divided in opinion, no judgment seems to have been given."—Dyer, 48 b. pl. 2.

Another action was brought before him under these circumstances:—Butler, Lord of the Manor of Badminton, in the county of Gloucester, contending that Crouch was his villein regardant, entered into certain lands, which Crouch had purchased in Somersetshire, and leased them to Fleyer. Crouch thereupon disseised Fleyer, who brought his action against Crouch, pleading that Butler and his ancestors were seised of Crouch and his ancestors as of villeins regardant, from time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary. The jury found that Butler and his ancestors were seised of Crouch and his ancestors until the first year of the reign of Henry VII.; but, confessing themselves ignorant whether in point of law such seisin be an actual seisin of the defendant, prayed the opinion of the Court thereon. Dyer,C.J., and the other judges agreed upon this to a verdict for the defendant, for "the lord having let an hundred years pass without redeeming the villein or his issue, cannot, after that, claim them." (Dyer, 266. pl. 11.)

When Holt was chief justice of the King's Bench, an action was tried before him to recover the price of a slave who had been sold in Virginia. The verdict went for the plaintiff. In deciding upon a motion made in arrest of judgment, Holt,C.J., said,—"As soon as a negro comes into England he is free: one may be a villein in England, but not a slave." (Cases temp. Holt, 405.)

As to the period at which villenage in England became extinct, we find inLitt. (sec. 185.):—

"Villenage is supposed to have finally disappeared in the reign of James I., but there is great difficulty in saying when it ceased to be lawful, for there has been no statute to abolish it; and by the old law, if any freeman acknowledged himself in a court of record to be a villein, he and all his after-born issue and their descendants were villeins."

Even so late as the middle of the eighteenth century, when the great Lord Mansfield adornedthe bench, it was pleaded "that villenage, or slavery, had been permitted in England by the common law; that no statute had ever passed to abolish thisstatus;" and that "althoughde factovillenage by birth had ceased, a man might still make himself a villein by acknowledgment in a court of record." This was in the celebrated case of the negro Somersett, in which Lord Mansfield first established that "the air of England had long been too pure for a slave." In his judgment he says,—

"... Then what ground is there for saying that thestatusof slavery is now recognised by the law of England?... At any rate, villenage has ceased in England, and it cannot be revived."—St. Tr., vol. xx. pp. 1-82.

And Macaulay, in his admirableHistory of England, speaking of the gradual and silent extinction of villenage, then, towards the close of the Tudor period, fast approaching completion, says:

"Some faint traces of the institution of villenage were detected by the curious as late as the days of the Stuarts; nor has that institution ever to this hour been abolished by statute."

Tee Bee.

Villenage(Vol. iii., p. 327.).—In reply to the question put by H. C., I beg to say that in Burton'sLeicestershire(published in 1622), a copy of which is now before me, some curious remarks occur on this subject. Burton says, under the head of "Houghton-on-the-Hill," that the last case he could find in print, concerning the claim to a villein, was in Mich. 9 & 10 Eliz. (Dyer, 266. b.), where one Butler, Lord of the Manor of Badminton in Gloucestershire, did claim one Crouch for his villein regardant to his said manor, and made an entry upon Crouch's lands in Somersetshire. Upon an answer made by Crouch, anejectione firmæwas brought in the King's Bench; and upon the evidence it was moved, that as no seizure of the body had been made, or claim set up by the lord, for sixty years preceding, none could then be made. The Court held, in accordance with this, that no seizure could be made. I do not know what the reference means; perhaps some of your legal correspondents may do so.

Jaytee.

(Vol. iii., p. 378.)

Your correspondentÆgrotus(antè, p. 378.) is not justified in writing so confidently on a subject respecting which he is so little informed. He is evidently not even aware that the claims of Maclean have been ably and elaborately set forth by Sir David Brewster, and, as I think, conclusively, on the evidence, set aside in theAthenæum. He has, however, been pleased to new vamp some old stories, to which he gives something of novelty by telling them "with a difference." I remember, indeed, four or five years since, to have seen a letter on this subject, written by Mr. Pickering, the bookseller, to the late Sir Harris Nicolas, in which the same statements were made, supported by the same authorities,—which, in fact, corresponded so exactly with the communication ofÆgrotus, that I must believe either that your correspondent has seen that letter, or that both writers had their information from a common story-teller.

Respecting the "vellum-bound copy" locked up in the ebony cabinet in possession of the late Marquis of Lansdowne, Mr. Pickering's version came nearer to the authority; for he said, "My informant sawthe bound volumes and the cabinetwhen a boy." The proof then rests on the recollection of an Anonymous, who speaks positively as to what took place nearly half a century since; and this anonymous boy, we are to believe, was already so interested about Junius as to notice the fact at the time, and remember it ever after. Against the probabilities of this we might urge, that the present Marquis—who was born in 1780, and came to the title in 1809, is probably as old, or older than Anonymous; as much interested in a question believed by many persons,Ægrotusamongst them, intimately to concern his father, and quite as precocious, for he was Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1805—never saw or heard of either the volumes or the cabinet; and, asÆgrotusadmits, after a search expressly made by his order, they could not be found. Further, allow me to remind you, that it is not more than six weeks since it was recorded in "Notes and Queries" that a "vellum-bound" Junius was lately sold at Stowe; and it is about two months since I learnt, on the same authority, that a Mr. Cramp had asserted that vellum-bound copies were so common, that the printer must have taken the Junius copy as a pattern; so that, ifÆgrotus'sfacts be admitted, they would prove nothing. There is one circumstance, however, bearing on this question, which perhapsÆgrotushimself will think entitled to some weight. It was not until 1812, when George Woodfall published the private letters of Junius, that the public first heard about "a vellum-bound" copy. If therefore the Anonymous knew before 1809 that some special interest did or would attach more to one vellum-bound book than another, he must be Junius himself; for Sampson Woodfall was dead, and when living had said nothing about it.

Ægrotusthen favours us with the anecdote about "old Mr. Cox" the printer, and that Maclean corrected the proofs ofJunius' Lettersat his printing-office. Of course, persons acquainted with the subject have heard the story before, though not with all the circumstantialities now given. Where, I might ask, is the authority forthis story? Who is responsible for it? But the emphatic question which common sense will ask is this: Why should Junius go to Mr. Cox's printing-office to correct his proofs? Where he wrote the letters he might surely have corrected the proofs. Why, after all his trouble, anxiety, and mystification to keep the secret, should he needlessly go to anybody's printing-office to correct the proofs, and thus wantonly risk the consequences?—in fact, go there and betray himself, as we are expected to believe he did? The story is absurd, on the face of it. But what authority hasÆgrotusfor asserting that Junius corrected proofs at all? Strong presumptive evidence leads me to believe that he did not: in some instances he could not. In one instance he specially desired to have a proof; but it was, as we now know, for the purpose of forwarding it to Lord Chatham. Junius was also anxious to have proofs of the Dedication and Preface, but it is by no means certain that he had them; the evidence tends to show that they were, at Woodfall's request, and to remove from his own shoulders the threatened responsibility, read by Wilkes: and the collected edition was printed from Wheble's edition, so far as it went, and the remainder from slips cut from thePublic Advertiser, both corrected by Junius; but we have no reason to believe that Junius ever saw a proof, even of the collected edition,—many reasons that tend strongly to the contrary opinion. Under these circumstances, we are required to believe an anonymous story, which runs counter to all evidence, that we may superadd an absurdity.

Mr. Pickering further referred to Mr. Raphael West, as one who "could tell much on the subject." HereÆgrotusenlarges on the original, and tells us what this "much" consisted of. The story, professedly told by Benjamin West, about Maclean and Junius, on which Sir David Brewster founded his theory, may be found in Galt'sLife of West. But Galt himself, in his subsequent autobiography, admits that the story told by West "does not relate the actual circumstances of the case correctly;" that is to say, Galt had found out, in the interval, that it was open to contradiction and disproof, and it has since been disproved in theAthenæum. So much for a story discredited by the narrator himself. Of these factsÆgrotusis entirely ignorant, and therefore proceeds by the following extraordinary circumstantialities to uphold it. "The late President of the Royal Academy knew Maclean; and his son, the late Raphael West,told the writer of these remarks[Ægrotushimself] thatwhen a young manhe had seen him [Maclean] in the evening at his father's house in Newman Street, andonce heard him repeat a passage in one of the letters which was not then published;" andÆgrotusadds, "a more correct and veracious man than Mr. R. West could not be." So be it. Still it is strange that the President, who was said to have told his anecdote expressly to show that Maclean was Junius, never thought to confirm it by the conclusive proof of having read the letters before they were published! Further,—and we leave the question of extreme accuracy andveraciousnessto be settled byÆgrotus,—the President West was born in 1738; he embarked from America for Italy in 1759; on his return he visited England in 1763, and such was the patronage with which he was welcomed, that his friends recommended him to take up his residence in London. This he was willing to do, provided a young American lady to whom he was attached would come to England. She consented; his father accompanied her, and they were married on the 2nd of September, 1765, at St. Martin's Church. Now Maclean embarked for India in December, 1773, or January, 1774, and was lost at sea, when "the young man," Master Raphael, could not have been more than seven years of age,—nay, to speak by the card, as Master Raphael heard one of Junius' letters read before it was published, and as the last was published in January, 1772, it follows, assuming that he was the eldest child, born in nine months to the hour, and that it was the very last letter that he heard read, hemay have beenfive years and seven months old—a very "young man" indeed; or rather, all circumstances considered, as precocious a youth as he who found out the vellum-bound copy years before it was known to be in existence.

I regret to have occupied so much of your space. But speculation on this subject is just now the fashion. "Notes and Queries" is likely hereafter to become an authority, and if these circumstantial statements are admitted into its columns, they must be as circumstantially disproved.

M. J.

The Ten Commandments(Vol. iii., p. 166.).—The controversy on the division of the Ten Commandments between the Romanists and Lutherans on the one side, and the Reformers or Calvinists on the other, has been discussed in the following works—1. Goth (Cardinalis),Vera Ecclesia, &c., Venet., 1750 (Art. xvi. § 7.); 2. ChamieriPanstratia(tom i. l. xxi. c. viii.); 3. RivetiOpera(tom. i. p. 1227., and tom. iii.Apologeticus pro vera Pace Ecclesiastica contra H. Grotii Votum.); 4. BohliiVera divisio Decalogi ex infallibili principio accentuationis; 5. HackspaniiNotæ Philologicæ in varia loca S. Scripturæ; 6. PfeifferiOpera(Cent. i. Loc. 96.); 7. Ussher'sAnswer to a Jesuit's Challenge (of Images) and his Serm. at Westminster before the House of Commons, out of Deuteronomy, chap. iv. ver. 15, 16.,and Romans, chap. i. ver.23.; 8. Stillingfleet'sControversies with Godden, Author of "Catholics no Idolaters," andwith Gother, Author of "The Papist Misrepresented," &c.

The earliest notices of the division of the Decalogue, are those of Josephus, lib. iii. c. 5. s. 5.; Philo-Judæusde Decem Oraculis; and the Chaldaic Paraphrase of Jonathan. According to these, the third verse of Exod. xx. contains the first commandment; the fourth, fifth, and sixth, the second. The same distinction was adopted by the following early writers:—Origen (Homil. viii. in Exod.), Greg. Nazienzen (Carmina Mosis Decalogus), Irenæus (lib. iii. c. 42.), Athanasius (in Synopsi S. Scripturæ), Ambrose (in Ep. ad Ephes. c. vi.).

It was first abandoned by Augustine, who was instigated to introduce this innovation by the unwarranted representation of the doctrine of the Trinity by the First Tablet containing three commandments. The schoolmen followed his example, and accommodated the words of God to the legislative requirements of their new divinity, progressive development, which terminated in the Church of Rome, in compelling them to command what He strictly prohibits (See Ussher'sAnswer.)

"Hath God himself any where declared this to be only an explication of the first commandment? Have the prophets or Christ and His apostles ever done it? How then can any man's conscience be safe in this matter? For it is not a trifling controversy whether it be a distinct commandment or an explication of the first; but the lawfulness or unlawfulness of the worship of images depends very much upon it, for if it be only an explication of the first, then, unless one takes images to be gods, their worship is lawful, and so the heathens were excused in it, who were not such idiots; but if it be a new and distinct precept, then the worshipping any image or similitude becomes a grievous sin, and exposes men to the wrath of God in that severe manner mentioned in the end of it. And it is a great confirmation that this is the true meaning of it, because all the primitive writers[20]of the Christian Church not only thought it a sin against this commandment, but insisted upon the force of it against those heathens who denied that they took their images for gods; and, therefore, this is a very insufficient account of leaving out the second commandment (that the people are in no danger of superstition or idolatry by it.)."—Stillingfleet'sDoctrines of the Church of Rome, 25. Of the Second Commandment."If God allow the worship of the represented by the representation, he would never have forbidden that worship absolutely, which is unlawful only in a certain respect."—Ibid.Answer to the Conclusion.

"If God allow the worship of the represented by the representation, he would never have forbidden that worship absolutely, which is unlawful only in a certain respect."—Ibid.Answer to the Conclusion.

With your permission I shall return to this subject, not of Images, but of the Second Commandment, in reply toMr. Gatty'sQueries on the division at present adopted by the Jews, &c.

T. Jones.

Chetham's Library, Manchester.

Footnote 20:(return)Thus St. Augustine himself: "In the first commandment, any similitude of God in the figments of men is forbidden to be worshipped, not because God hath not an image, but because no image of Him ought to be worshipped, but that which is the same thing that He is, nor yet that for Him but with Him."—See what is further cited from Augustine by Ussher in hisAnswer.

Thus St. Augustine himself: "In the first commandment, any similitude of God in the figments of men is forbidden to be worshipped, not because God hath not an image, but because no image of Him ought to be worshipped, but that which is the same thing that He is, nor yet that for Him but with Him."—See what is further cited from Augustine by Ussher in hisAnswer.

Mounds, Munts, Mount(Vol. iii., p. 187.).—If R. W. B. will refer to Mr. Lower's paper on the "Iron Works of the County of Sussex" in the second volume of theSussex Archælogical Collections, he will find that iron works were carried on in the parish of Maresfield in 1724, and probably much later. It is therefore probable that the lands which he mentions have derived their names from the pit-mounts round the mouths of the pits through which the iron ore was raised to the surface. In Staffordshire and Shropshire the termmuntis used to denote fire-clay of an inferior kind, which makes a large part of every coal-pit mount in those counties. If the same kind of fire-clay was found in the iron mines of Sussex, it is not necessary to suggest the derivation of the wordmunt.

I take this opportunity of suggesting toMr. Albert Waythat the utensil figured in page 179. of the above-mentioned work is not an ancient mustard-mill, but the upper part of an iron mould in which cannon-shot were cast. The iron tongs, of which a drawing is given in page 179., were probably useful for the purpose of drawing along a floor recently cast shot while they were too hot to be handled.

V. X. Y.

San Graal(Vol. iii., pp 224. 281.).—Roquefort's article of nine columns in hisGlos. de la L. Rom., is decisive of the word being derived fromSancta Cratera;ofGraal, Gréal, always having meant a vessel or dish and of all the old romancers having understood the expression in the same meaning, namely,Sancta Cratera, le Saint Graal, the Holy Cup or Vessel, because, according to the legend, Christ used it at the Paschal Supper; and Joseph of Arimathea afterwards employed it to catch the blood flowing from his wounds. Many cities formerly claimed the honour of possessing this fabulous relic. Of course, as Price shows, it was an old Oriental magic-dish legend, imitated in the West.

George Stephens.

Stockholm.

Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke(Vol. iii., pp 262. 307.).—It has been asserted that the second part of this epitaph was written by Lady Pembroke's son; among whose poems, which were published in 1660, the whole piece was included. (Park'sWalpole, ii. 203.note; Gifford'sBen Jonson, viii. 337.) But it is notorious, that no confidence whatever can be placed in that volume (see this shown in detail in Mr. Hannah's edit. of Poems by Wotton and Raleigh, pp. 61. 63.); nor have we any right to distribute the two parts between different authors. There are at leastfourold copies of the whole; two in MSS. which are referred to by Mr. Hannah; the one in Pembroke'sPoems; and the one in that Lansdowne MS., where it is ascribed to William Browne. Brydges assigned it to Browne, when he published hisOriginal Poemsfrom that MS. at the Lee Priory Press in 1815, p. 5. Upon the whole, there seems to be more direct evidence for Browne than any other person.

A History of the Articles of Religion: to which is added a Series of Documents fromA.D.1536 toA.D.1615; together with Illustrations from Contemporary Sources, by Charles Hardwick, M.A., is the title of an octavo volume, in which the author seeks to supply a want long felt, especially by students for Holy Orders; namely, a work which should show not thedoctrinebut thehistoryof the Articles. For, as he well observes, while many have enriched our literature by expositions of thedoctrineof the Articles, "no regular attempt has been made to illustrate the framing of the Formulary itself, either by viewing it in connection with the kindred publications of an earlier and a later date, or still more in its relation to the period out of which it originally grew." This attempt Mr. Hardwick has now made very successfully; and it is because his book is historical and not polemical, that we feel called upon to notice it, and to bear our testimony to its interest, and its value to that "large class of readers who, anxious to be accurately informed upon the subject, are precluded from consulting the voluminous collectors, such as Strype, Le Plat, or Wilkins." Such readers will find Mr. Hardwick's volume a most valuable handbook.

A practical illustration that "union is strength," is shown by a volume which has just reached us, entitled,Reports and Papers read at the Meetings of the Architectural Societies of the Archdeaconry of Northampton, the Counties of York and Lincoln, and of the Architectural and Archæological Societies of Bedfordshire and St. Alban's during the YearMDCCCL.Presented gratuitously to the Members.Had each of these Societies, instead of joining with its fellows, put forth a separate Report, the probability is, it would not only have involved such Society in an expense far beyond what it would be justified in incurring, but the Report itself would not have excited half the interest which will now be created by a comparison of its papers with those of its associate Societies; while, with the reduced expense, the benefit of a larger circulation is secured. The volume is one highly creditable to the Societies, and to the authors of the various communications which are to be found in it.

Messrs. Puttick and Simpson (191. Piccadilly) will be engaged on Monday and two following days in the Sale of a Library rich in works on every branch of what is now known as Folk Lore and Popular Antiquities, and which may certainly, and with great propriety, be styled "a very curious collection." The mere enumeration of the various subjects on the title-page of the Catalogue, ranging, as they do, from Mesmerism and Magic, to Celestial Influences, Phrenology, Physiognomy, &c., might serve for the Table of Contents to a History of Human Weakness.

Books Received.—Neander's History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church by the Apostles, translated from the third edition of the original German by J. E. Ryland, is the fourth volume of the Standard Library which Mr. Bohn has devoted to translations of the writings of Neander; the first and second being hisChurch History, in two volumes, and the third hisLife of Christ.—Cosmos, a Sketch of the Physical Description of the Universe by Alexander Von Humboldt, translated from the German by E. C. Otté, vol. iii., is the new volume of Bohn's Scientific Library, and completes his edition of the translation of the great work of the Prussian philosopher.

Catalogues Received.—Adam Holden's (60. High Street, Exeter) Catalogue Part XXXI. of Books in every Department of Literature; J. Wheldon's (4. Paternoster Row) Catalogue Part III. for 1851, of a valuable Collection of Topographical Books; J. Rowsell's (28. Great Queen Street) Catalogue No. XLIII. of a select Collection of Second-hand Books.

Diana (Antoninus) Compendium Resolutionem Moralium.Antwerp.-Colon. 1634-57.

Passionael efte dat Levent der Heiligen.Folio. Basil, 1522.

Cartari—La Rosa d'Oro Pontificia.4to. Rome, 1681.

Broemel, M. C. H.,Fest-Tanzen der Ersten Christen. Jena, 1705.

The Complaynt of Scotland, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edin. 1801.

Thoms' Lays and Legends of various Nations.Parts I. to VII. 12mo. 1834.

L'Abbé de Saint Pierre, Projet de Paix Perpetuelle.3 Vols. 12mo. Utrecht, 1713.

Chevalier Ramsay, Essai de Politique, où l'on traite de la Nécessité, de l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes et des différentes Formes de la Souveraineté, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de Télémaque. 2 Vols. 12mo. La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719.

The Same. Second Edition, under the title "Essai Philosophique sur le Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fénélon," 12mo. Londres, 1721.

Pullen's Etymological Compendium, 8vo.

Cooper's (C. P.) Account of Public Records, 8vo. 1822. Vol. I.

Lingard's History of England.Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII.

Miller's (John, of Worcester Coll.) Sermons.Oxford, 1831 (or about that year).

Wharton's Anglia Sacra.Vol. II.

Phebus(Gaston, Conte de Foix), Livre du deduyt de la Chasse.

Turner's Sacred History.3 vols. demy 8vo.

Knight's Pictorial History of England.Vol. IV. Commencing from Abdication of James II.

Lord Dover's Life of Frederick the Great.8vo. 1832. Vol. II.

Ladies' Diary for 1825 and 1826.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price,carriage free, to be sent toMr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

Quidam.Vernon'sAnglo-Saxon Guideshould be followed up by Thorpe'sAnalectaandAnglo-Saxon Gospels.

Silenus.If our correspondent will refer to our First Volume, pp. 177. 203. 210. 340.,and our Second Volume, p. 3.,he will find the history of the well-known couplet from theMusarum Deliciæ,

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