"A. D. S.Mia vita è il sol: Dell' uom la vita è Dio,Senza esso è l'uom, qual senza sol son' io."
"A. D. S.
Mia vita è il sol: Dell' uom la vita è Dio,
Senza esso è l'uom, qual senza sol son' io."
What signification has A. D. S.?
L. S.
—P. C. S. S. is desirous of information respecting the origin and subsequent disuse of the practice which appears to have prevailed among printers in the last, and towards the end of the preceding century, of beginning every noun-substantive with a capital letter. It prevailed also, to a certain extent, in books published in France and Holland during the same period; but P. C. S. S. is not aware of any other European language in which it was adopted.
P. C. S. S.
—Who was this person, who in various accounts of Henry VIII.'s time is styled "Deviser of his majesty's buildings?" Where was he educated? and what were his works previous to his arrival in England? He survived his royal master, and enjoyed the favour of the Protector Somerset, who employed him to build his famous palace in the Strand.
From a warrant dated 1544, printed in Rymer'sFœdera, it appears thatJohannes de Paduawas a "musician" as well as an architect.
EDWARDF. RIMBAULT.
—Can any of your readers inform me where the life or legend of St. Kenelm, spoken of by Leland, in hisItineraryandCollectanea, may be seen, if it is now in existence. Leland says, in speaking of the murder of Kenelm, in Clinte in Cowbage, near Winchelcumb (now Winchcomb), Gloucestershire:—
"He (Averey parson of Dene) tolde me that it is inS. Kenelme's Lyfethat Ascaperius was married to Quendreda, &c. &c."
"He sayth that it aperitheby Seint Kenelme's Legendthat Winchelcombe was oppidum muro cinctum."
What does Clinthe or Clent in Cowbage mean in the Anglo-Saxon?
E. T. B.
Hereford.
—What is the derivation of this word? and if from the Greek, how is it that it prevails only in the Teutonic countries (England, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, and Germany), while the Latin Ecclesia prevails in the rest of Europe?
GEORGESTEPHENS.
Copenhagen.
—In one of the recent deeply interesting Sanitary Reports of Mr. Rawlinson to the General Board of Health—reports which frequently contain scraps of antiquarian, among a mass of more directly utilitarian information—there is passage which opens up a curious subject, upon which, possibly, some of your readers may be able to furnish illustrations from their literary stores. I allude to that portion of his Report on the Parish of Havant (Southamptonshire), in which he states:—
"There is a sort ofblackguard's literature, and the initiated understand each other by slang terms, by pantomimic signs, and by hieroglyphics. The vagrant's mark may be seen in Havant, on corners of streets, on door-posts, and on house-steps. Simple as these chalk lines appear, they inform the succeeding vagrants of all they require to know; and a few white scratches may say 'be importunate,' or 'pass on.' The murderer's signal is even exhibited from the gallows; as, a red handkerchief held in the hand of the felon about to be executed, is a token that he dies without having betrayed any professional secrets."
This is a curious subject; and I think it would prove interesting to many readers, if any illustration could be afforded of the above strange and somewhat startling statements.
J. J. S.
[Beloe, in hisAnecdotes of Literature, vol. ii. pp. 146-157., has left us some curious notices of this kind of vulgar literature, of English pure and undefiled from the "knowledge box" of Thomas Decker. But the most completeLexicon Balatronicum et Macaronicumwas published in 1754, enriched with many "a word not in Johnson," and which leaves at a respectful distance the glossorial labours of Spelman, Ducange, Junius, and even the renowned Francis Grose and hisClassical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. It is entitledThe Scoundrel's Dictionary; or, an Explanation of the Cant Words used by Thieves, Housebreakers, Street Robbers, and Pickpockets. To which are prefixed some Curious Dissertations on the Art of Wheedling; and a Collection of Flash Songs, with a proper Glossary, 8vo., London, 1754.]
—I wish to obtain some accurate information as to John Reeve and Rodowick Muggleton, the founders of the sect called Muggletonians, which appears to have been in existence up to the end of the last century. Mr. Macaulay calls Muggleton "a drunken tailor," but gives no reference. The article "Muggletonians" in theEncyclopædia Britannicais extremely meagre, both in matter and length. Is there any authentic portrait of Reeve or Muggleton? Any information on these points, or indication as to where it may be found, will greatly oblige
R. S.
Highgate.
[Our correspondent will find the information he requires in the following works: "The New Witnesses proved Old Hereticks," by William Penn, 4to. 1672. "A True Representation of the Absurd and Mischievous Principles of the Sect commonly known by the name of Muggletonians," 4to. 1694. Muggleton's Works, with his portrait, 1756. "A Complete Collection of the Works of Reeve and Muggleton, together with other Muggletonian Tracts," 3 vols. 4to. 1832. See also Leslie'sSnake in the Grass; Collier'sHistorical Dictionary, Supplement; andGentleman's Mag., vol. lxii. pt. i. p. 218.]
—Can any particulars be noted of the Rev. Thomas Adams, a preacher at Paul's Cross in 1612, besides those mentioned by the editor of aSelection from his Sermons, published in 1847—the Rev. W. H. Stowell. His works were printed in 1630 in a thick folio volume, but some of them had previously appeared in small 4to., one such is in the British Museum, and another I recollect seeing at a bookseller's. I should much like to have a list and some account of these 4to. editions.
S. FY.
[Thomas Adams, D.D., was minister at Willington, in Bedfordshire, and afterwards rector of St. Bennet's, Paul's Wharf. According to Newcourt (Repertorium, i. 302.), "he was sequestered for his loyalty in the late rebellion, and was esteemed an excellent preacher; but died before the Restoration." The following Sermons by him were all published in 4to.: those distinguished by an asterisk are in the British Museum, the others in the Bodleian. 1. The Gallant's Burden; a Sermon on Isa. xxi. 11, 12., 1612. 2. Heaven and Earth Reconciled: on Dan. xii. 3., preached at Bedford at the Visitation of M. Eland, Archdeacon, 1613. *3. The Diuell's Banquet, described in Six Sermons, 1614. 4. England's Sickness comparatively conferred with Israel's; in Two Sermons on Jer. viii. 22., 1615. 5. The Two Sonnes; or the Dissolute conferred with the Hypocrite; on Matt. xxi. 28., 1615. 6. The Leaven, or a Direction to Heaven, on Matt. xiii. 33. p 97. ibid. *7. The Spiritual Navigator bound for the Holy Land, preached at Cripplegate on Trinity Sunday, 1615. 8. The Sacrifice of Thankfulness, on Ps. cxviii. 27., whereunto are annexed five other Sermons never before printed, 1616. 9. Diseases of the Sovle: a Discourse Divine, Morall, and Physicall, 1616. *10. The Happiness of the Church; being the Summe of Diverse Sermons preached at St. Gregorie's, 1618.]
—Who were the English bishops, at whose consecration Antonius de Dominis assisted in Lambeth Chapel?
AGRIPPA.
[On December 14, 1617, Mark Spalatro assisted as a prelate at the consecration of Nicholas Felton, Bishop of Bristol, and George Monteigne, Bishop of Lincoln. See a list of the consecrations from the Lambeth Registers in Perceval'sApology for the Doctrine of Apostolical Succession, Appendix, p. 183.]
—Will you direct me to the best means of obtaining answers to the following questions:—
John Bridgeman, fellow and tutor of Magdalen Coll. Camb., was admittedad eundemat Oxford, July 4, 1600; and consecrated Bishop of Chester, May, 1619. The points of inquiry are—
1. When was the said John Bridgeman entered at Cambridge?
2. When and where was he born?
3. Who and what were his parents?
C. J. CLAY, B.A. (Trin. Coll. Camb.)
[Leycester, in hisCheshire, says, "Bishop Bridgeman was the son of Thomas Bridgeman of Greenway in Devonshire," but other authorities make him a native of Exeter. Prince (Worthies of Devon, p. 99.) says, "He was born in the city of Exeter, not far from the palace-gate there, of honest and gentile parentage. His father was Edmund Bridgeman, sometime high-sheriff of that city and county,A.D. 1578. Who his mother was I do not find." In Wood'sFasti, vol. i. p. 286. Mr. Bliss has the following note: "John Bridgman, natus erat Exoniæ. Vid. Izaak'sAntiq. of Exeter, p. 156. S.T.P. Cant. Coll. Magd. an. 1612. Vid. Prynne'sAntipathy, p. 290., andWorthies of Devon, BAKER." Ormerod (Hist. of Cheshire, i. 79.) says, "He was the compiler of a valuable work relating to the ecclesiastical history of the diocese, now deposited in the episcopal registry, and usually denominated Bishop Bridgeman'sLeger." For other particulars respecting him, consult Walker'sSufferings of the Clergy, Part II. p. 10.; Ackermann'sCambridge, vol. ii. p 160.; Prynne'sNew Discovery of the Prelate's Tyranny, pp. 91. 108. 218.; and Cole's MSS. vol. xxvii. p. 218.]
—Can any of your readers favour me with some particulars of the life of Rouse, the author of the Scottish metrical version of the Psalms? His name does not appear in any of the biographical dictionaries I have had an opportunity of consulting. From some historical scraps this version had come into the hands of the WestminsterAssembly of Divines—was afterwards transmitted by them to the General Assembly of the Kirk of Scotland, who appointed commissioners, &c., for consideration—and was, on 23rd Nov. 1649, sanctioned by the General Assembly, and any other version discharged from being used in the Kirk or its families. Notwithstanding some doggerel interspersed, the version is allowed to be distinguished for a sweet easy simplicity, and well suited to the devotional purpose intended. Rouse evidently was considerably endowed with thevis poetica; and it is to be regretted, that he who has rendered such important service to our national church, should not be known more than by name; at least, this is the predicament in which I stand, along with a few friends, whose notice has been incidentally drawn to the subject.
G. N.
Glasgow, Jan. 9. 1852.
[Our correspondent will find an interesting account of Francis Rouse and his metrical version in Holland'sPsalmists of Britain, vol. ii. pp. 31-38.]
—I remember of having read, somewhere about the year 1838-9, a novel of this name; and having inquired frequently for it since, never heard of one. Can any of your correspondents tell me who wrote it?
S. WMSON.
[This work is in three volumes. We have seen it attributed to T. A. James.]
—Whilst making a short antiquarian excursion in the county of Norfolk last autumn, I visited the ancient church at East Dereham. Amongst other features of interest which this fine church displays, may be enumerated its massive bell tower,detachedfrom the sacred edifice, on the S.E. of the chancel; and a rude building, to the west of the building, also detached, on the western front of which is the following inscription:
"This bathwas erected in the year1793,in part by voluntary subscriptions, for public benefit,on the ruins of a tomb which contained the remains ofWITHBURGA,youngest daughter ofANNAS,king of the East Angles,who diedA.D.654.The abbot and monks of Elystole this precious reliqueand translated it to Ely Cathedral,where it was interred near her three royal sisters,A.D. 974."
"This bathwas erected in the year1793,in part by voluntary subscriptions, for public benefit,on the ruins of a tomb which contained the remains ofWITHBURGA,youngest daughter ofANNAS,king of the East Angles,who diedA.D.654.The abbot and monks of Elystole this precious reliqueand translated it to Ely Cathedral,where it was interred near her three royal sisters,A.D. 974."
"This bath
was erected in the year
1793,
in part by voluntary subscriptions, for public benefit,
on the ruins of a tomb which contained the remains of
WITHBURGA,
youngest daughter of
ANNAS,
king of the East Angles,
who diedA.D.654.
The abbot and monks of Ely
stole this precious relique
and translated it to Ely Cathedral,
where it was interred near her three royal sisters,
A.D. 974."
The sexton informed me that the abbot and monks of Ely made this bath, or well, to recompense the good people of Dereham for the loss they had sustained by the removal of the bones. It is yet used as a bath, both by residents and strangers, the supply of water being very plentiful, and delightfully clear. The water rises under an arch of the Early English, or Early Decorated period. I shall be glad of any notes upon this, or similar baths, in any other churchyards.
W. SPARROWSIMPSON, B.A.
[This bath appears to have been formerly used as a baptistery, which in the early British churches was erected outside of the western entrance, where it continued until the sixth century, if not later (Bingham, book viii. c. vii.). Blomefield, in hisHistory of Norfolk, vol. v. p. 1190. fol. 1775., has the following notices of this building: "At the west end of the churchyard are the ruins of a very ancient baptistery, over which was formerly a small chapel, dedicated to St. Withburga. At the east end of the baptistery there is now remaining a curious old Gothic arch, from which runs a spring of clear water, formerly said to have had many medicinal and healing qualities. The fabulous account is, that this spring took its rise in the churchyard from the place where St. Withburga was first buried. In the year 1752 it was arched over, and converted into a cold bath." In the notices of the early churches of Cornwall, Wales, and Ireland, frequent mention is made of these baptisteries or holy wells, which we do not remember to have seen fully discussed in any work, and of which some account would be interesting alike to the divine, the topographer, and the antiquary. The learned Leland, in hisItinerary, iii. 30., in a description of Falmouth harbour, says, "there is a praty village or fishar town with a pere, cawlid S. Maws [Machutus], and there is a chapelle of hym, and his chaire of stone, and hiswelle." Again, speaking of the church of St. Germochus in Cornwall, he says, "it is three miles from S. Michael's Mont by est south est, and a mile from the se; his tomb is yet seene ther. S. Germoke ther buried. S. Germoke's chair in the chirch-yard. S. Germoke'swellea little without the chirch-yard." (Itin.iii. 16.) Some further notices of these holy wells will be found inThe Chronicles of the Ancient British Church, pp. 136-140.]
I communicate the following names and dates of the death, and in some instances bare notices of the monumental effigies, of bearers of the various collars of SS., which may be found in Bloxam'sMonumental Architecture, Boutell'sMonumental Brasses, Cotman'sSepulchral Brasses, Gough'sSepulchral Monuments, and Hollis'sMonumental Effigies.
I trust that the excellent example set by G. J. R. G., in making known the existence of two of these collars on a tomb in his own neighbourhood will be extensively followed by the readers of "N. & Q."
1. An effigy on a tomb in Tanfield church, co.York, commonly ascribed to Robert of Marmion, who probably died in the time of Henry III. or Edward I.
2. An effigy on a tomb in Gloucester cathedral, vulgarly called that of Humphrey Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in 1367.
3. The effigy of William Wilcotes, in Northleigh church, co. Oxon, who died in 1411.
4. and 5. Sir Thomas Peryent and his wife, in Digswell church, co. Herts. He was esquire-at-arms to Richard II., Henry IV. and V., and Master of the Horse to Joan of Navarre, 1415.
6. Sir William Calthorpe, in Burnham church, co. Norfolk, 1420.
7. Edwardus de la Hale, in Oakwood chapel, near Shene, in co. Surrey, died in 1421.
8. Sir Humphrey Stafford, at Bromsgrove, co. Worcester. He was slain by Cade, at Seven-Oaks, 28 Henry VI., 1450.
9. An effigy of a man, in plated armour, in Bakewell church, co. Derby.
10. An effigy of a woman at Dudley, co. Worcester.
11. An effigy of a man in Selby abbey, co. York.
LLEWELLYN.
—In answer to the request of MR. E. FOSS, respecting effigies having a collar of SS., I beg to inform you that in the church of St. Lawrence, Isle of Thanet, is a brass of Nicholas Manston, Esq.,A.D.1444, who wears the above decoration. Near St. Lawrence, is the hamlet of Manston, in which is an old farmhouse called Manston Court, attached to which are the ruins of a chapel.
Query: Who was Nicholas Manston?
CANTOR.
Receiving the "N. & Q." only in monthly parts, I was, till last week, unacquainted with the article of your correspondent U. U., from Baltimore. This ignorance, however, has been attended with the advantage of the very decisive information on the matter of inquiry by B. B., as far as the Bodleian Library, Oxford, is concerned. I am relieved by it from the necessity of describing more particularly the copy of the first, and Roman, Expurgatory of 1607; for the copy in my possessionagrees exactlyin title with that of the Bodleian. Of the genuineness of the latter, the proof is as demonstrative as anything historical can be. I have the same assurance of the genuineness of mine. It was in the possession of the celebrated and intelligent collector, J. G. Michiels, as his autograph, with the year 1755 attached, testifies. The title, as given in myLiterary Policy, has indeed a trifling error in punctuation, whether my own or the printer's, but from simple oversight, as in some casesfas est obrepere somnum. There was, however, and could be, no error as to the meaning of Brasichellen., of which Catalani, besides others, had given me information sufficiently correct in hisDe Magistro S. Pal.
These observations will not, however, satisfy thewantof your transatlantic correspondent so completely as I trust I am enabled, and shall be much pleased to do; for I have likewise the celebratedcounterfeit, of which I have given an ample account in my forecited volume; and thedifferencebetween it and the original is sensibly evident on asynoptical comparison. But other marks, where this is impracticable, may be adduced; and in the title itself, without depending upon theminutiæof punctuation, and without any reference to thefiguresin the frontispiece, which are plainly not the same impression, in both copies, the last line,SVPERIORVM PERMISSV, which, in thegenuinebook measures 2-1/2 inches, in the counterfeit measures 2-1/5; therefore, shorter by 3/10. In thebodyof the work, in the counterfeit the letter-press occupies more space than the genuine. Taken at a venture (and a right-hand page is preferred, because thenumberof the page, and thecatchword, come in one perpendicular line), I examined p. 163. Theheightin the genuine is 5-1/5 inches; in the counterfeit 5-4/5; the increase, 3/5. Thewidthof the page appears to be in proportion. In thepreliminary matterof the genuine copy theDe Correctioneends with the line, "eos corrigere, atque purgare." The counterfeit varies. The last unnumbered page, indeed, the terminating line, of what is prefatory, is, "Palatio Apostolico anno salutis 1607." The counterfeit here likewise varies.
I have another volume closely identical; of which, because it is far from common, I will give the title entire. It is well known, but not easily detected:
"INDEXLIBRORUMEXPURGANDORUM,In quoQuinquaginta Authorum Libri præcæteris desiderati emendantur.PerFRANC. JO. MARIAMBRASICHELLEN,Sacri Palatii Apostolici Magistrum in unum Corpusredactus,& publicæ CommoditatiæditusEDITIO SECUNDA,Multorum desideriô juxta ExemplareRomanum Typis mandata.SUPERIORUM PERMISSU.PedepontivulgoSTADT AM HOFSumptibus JOANNIS GLASTL, BibliopolæAnno 1745."
"INDEXLIBRORUMEXPURGANDORUM,In quoQuinquaginta Authorum Libri præcæteris desiderati emendantur.PerFRANC. JO. MARIAMBRASICHELLEN,Sacri Palatii Apostolici Magistrum in unum Corpusredactus,& publicæ CommoditatiæditusEDITIO SECUNDA,Multorum desideriô juxta ExemplareRomanum Typis mandata.SUPERIORUM PERMISSU.PedepontivulgoSTADT AM HOFSumptibus JOANNIS GLASTL, BibliopolæAnno 1745."
"INDEX
LIBRORUM
EXPURGANDORUM,
In quo
Quinquaginta Authorum Libri præ
cæteris desiderati emendantur.
Per
FRANC. JO. MARIAM
BRASICHELLEN,
Sacri Palatii Apostolici Magistrum in unum Corpus
redactus,
& publicæ Commoditati
æditus
EDITIO SECUNDA,
Multorum desideriô juxta Exemplare
Romanum Typis mandata.
SUPERIORUM PERMISSU.
Pedeponti
vulgo
STADT AM HOF
Sumptibus JOANNIS GLASTL, Bibliopolæ
Anno 1745."
Previously it may be as well to observe, that Stadt am Hof is a town bordering on the imperial city of Ratisbon, at or nearthe court, and Latinized Pedepons as being at the foot of the bridge over the Danube at that part. This book is evidently the identical counterfeit before described, with themask cast asideby anew title-page, andnewly printedprefatory matter, in consequence of a proposal fairly and literally toreprintthe first genuine Roman edition. I will just mention one proof of the identity of this and the previous copy in thebodyof the book. It occurs in the last line of p. 239., where the word Iunij has a stroke,by fault of the type, immediately after the word, thus Iunij[|]; and this is found in both. This is an accidental coincidence, not to be classed with the purposed retention of false spelling.
The Bergomi edition of 1608 is not in my possession; but I am well acquainted with it by actual inspection. My first sight of it was afforded by my friend the Rev. Richard Gibbings, who has published a new edition of it, with an elaborate and very finished preface, in 1837.[4]I have likewise seen it at Mr. Pickering's, a copy which I presume came from the dispersed library of the late Rev. H. F. Lyte.Thatin the Bodleian I did not feel it necessary to examine. I do, however, possess, though not the original, a very correct, as appears,fac-simileof that volume, whether it was intended as a counterfeit or not. The title, without any addition, agreesexactlywith that of the original, as given by your Oxford correspondent. I conclude it to be not the original, from a distinct recollection that the engraving on the title-page there is more rude and broken than in my copy; and, in the body of the work, some parts do not perfectly agree with Mr. Gibbings's reprint, not in the contents of thepages, in some instances in the middle portion, and in the frequent substitution of themandnfor the superscript bar, signifying one or other of those letters. My copy likewise is bound together in vellum, with theNotitia Ind. Lib. Expurg. of Zobelius, Altorfii, 1745. And, by the bye, I should like to know whether, and where, there is another copy of that treatise of eighty pages in England?
[4]Copies may be had at Mr. Petheram's, 94. High Holborn, London.
I am happy in the present opportunity of recommending to the attention of such students as U. U. in the New World, a work of so much real value and interest as Mr. Gibbings's edition of the Bergomi edition of theBrasichellian Index; and flatter myself that, by their aid and example, an end will be put in the mother country to the incorrigible though simple practice of calling every catalogue of condemned booksexpurgatory, when the accuracy of the title, as far as Rome is concerned, hangs upon the single thread of one imperfect and withdrawn instance; the not easily numbered remainder being exclusively and expresslyprohibitory.
The reason for thesuppressionof the work here examined is, in part at least, correctly expressed by Papebrochius:
"Necporro processum in opere reliquo, quod mox apparuit futurum seminarium litium infinitarum, quibus sustinendis nec unus, nec plures forent pares, quantavis auctoritate subnixi."
J. MENDHAM.
DR. RIMBAULT, in his Note "On the First Paper-Mill in England," after alluding to the errors of various writers on the subject, adds, "InBartholomeus de Proprietatibus Rerum, printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1495, mention is made of a paper-mill near Stevenage, in the county of Hertford, belonging to John Tate the younger, which was undoubtedly the 'mylne' visited by Henry VII." Now this statement itself needs correction. The English translation of the work of Bartholomeus (De Glanvilla) informs us merely of the fact of John Tate the younger having latelyin Englandmade the paper which was used for the printing of this book. The lines, which occur at the end of the volume, are as follows:
"And also of your charyte call to remembraunceThe soule of William Caxton, first prynter of this bokeIn Laten tonge at Coleyn [Cologne] hysself to avaunce,That every well-disposed man may theron loke:And JOHNTATEthe younger joye mote [may] he broke,Which late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne,That now in our Englysshe this boke is printed inne."
"And also of your charyte call to remembraunce
The soule of William Caxton, first prynter of this boke
In Laten tonge at Coleyn [Cologne] hysself to avaunce,
That every well-disposed man may theron loke:
And JOHNTATEthe younger joye mote [may] he broke,
Which late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne,
That now in our Englysshe this boke is printed inne."
A rare poem, an early specimen of blank verse, entitledA Tale of Two Swannes, written by William Vallans (who was, I believe, a native of Ware), and printed in 1590, supplies us with the information that the mill belonging to John Tate was situated at Hertford. One of the notes in the poem states that, "in the time of Henry VIII., viz. 1507, there was a paper-mill at Hertford, and belonged to John Tate, whose father was Mayor of London." The author, however, is here mistaken in his chronology, as Henry VIII. did not begin to reign till 1509. The extract from the privy purse expenses of Henry VII., under the date of May 25, 1498, "for rewards geven at the Paper Mylne, 16s8d," most clearly has reference to this particular mill, as the entry immediately preceding shows that the king went toHertford two days before, viz. on the 23rd of May.
In answer to HERTFORDIENSIS, who asks for information as to its site, I quote a passage from Herbert's edition of Ames'sTypographical Antiquities, under the description of the work of Bartholomeus, printed by Wynkyn de Worde. Herbert says, vol. i. p. 201.:—
"I have been informed that this mill was where Seel, or Seal Mill is now, at the end of Hertford town, towards Stevenage; and that an adjoining meadow is still called Paper-mill Mead. This Seel Mill, so denominated from the adjoining hamlet, was erected in the year 1700; and is noted for being the first that made the finest flour, known by the name ofHertfordshire White. It stands upon the river Bean, in the middle of three acres of meadow land, called Paper-mill Mead, so denominated in the charter of King Charles I. to the town of Hertford for the fishery of a certain part of that river. Hence, perhaps, some have thought it was at Stevenage, but there is no water for a mill at or even near that place."
The French authorities are particularly unhappy on the subject of the introduction of the art of paper-making in England. According to theDictionnaire de la Conversation, "la première manufacture, établie àGertforden Angleterre, est de 1588;" while theEncyclopédie des Gens du Mondeasserts that "la première patererie de chiffons qu'eu notre pays fut établie en 1312; celle d'Angleterre en 1388."
A. GRAYAN.
Since my last communication on this subject (Vol. iv., p. 235.) I have been engaged in examining the theory, and the experiments connected with it, somewhat more closely; and, in the meanwhile, I abstain from replying to the last observations of A. E. B. (Vol. iv., p. 277.)
A. E. B. says it was "uncourteous" in me to call the theory which he put forwardhistheory. I beg pardon for the offence. I intended by the expression merely to indicate the particular theory which he advocated. I believe its author is M. Chesles. The theory in question is:
"That the variation of the pendulum's plane is due to the excess of velocity with which one extremity of the line of oscillation may be affected more than the other."
I ventured to pronounce this to be untenable, and begged A. E. B. to "reduce it to paper." Upon this he remarked:
"H. C. K. is surely not so unphilosophical as to imagine that a theory, to be true, must be palpable to the senses. If the element of increase exist at all, however imperceptible in a single oscillation, repetition of effect must eventually make it observable. But I shall even gratify H. C. K., and inform him, that the difference in linear circumference between two such parallels in the latitude of London, would be about 50 feet; so that the northern end of a 10 feet rod, placed horizontally in the meridian, would travel less by that number of feet in twenty-four hours, than the southern end. This, so far from being inadequate, is greatlyin excessof the alleged apparent motion in the place of the pendulum's vibration."
I think, if A. E. B. will reconsider this opinion, he will find that, so far from being "greatly in excess," it is inadequate to account for the amount of apparent motion of the plane of the pendulum. For the onward motion of the plane of a 2 sec. pendulum, describing a circle of 10 feet diameter in twenty-four hours, amounts to ·0087 inch at each beat; 50 feet will be the difference in the distance the two extremities of the arc of vibration will travel in twenty-four hours; that is, ·0138 inch in 2 seconds of time: but this is for a difference of 10 feet; therefore, for 5 feet, the distance from the centre, it is ·0069 inch; whereas the arc described is ·0087 inch, which is absurd.
However, there is another equally fatal objection to this theory, founded on experiment; to make which objection good, I will not merely adduce the result of my own, but that of certain experiments carried out at Paris, which place the matter beyond a doubt. In the Pantheon, at Paris, there is a pendulum of the length of 230 feet, by means of which experiments can be made under the most favourable conditions possible as regards suspension, exclusion of currents of air, &c. &c. While witnessing the trials that were being made, a relation of mine requested that the pendulum might be set to oscillate east and west; and the result was, that the arc described after an interval of ten minutes, was the same as that described when the pendulum was oscillating north and south.
To return to the original theory. I stated formerly that I had no faith in the experiments which had been published. I now repeat that I believe all the experiments that have been made, with the view of showing the rotation of the earth, and the independence of the pendulum of that rotation, are inconclusive; and for the following reason,the impossibility of obtaining perfect suspension. Even in a still atmosphere, and with a pendulum formed of the rigid rod and a "bob," the axis of both of which shall be precisely in a line with the point of suspension; yet, until suspension can be effected on a mathematical point, and all torsion and local attraction got rid of, the pendulum will not continue to swingin the same planefor many consecutive beats; because theslightestdisturbance will cause the "bob" to describe an ellipse; and, by a well-known law, the major axis of that ellipse will go on advancing in the direction of the revolution. This advance is by regular intervals; and my belief, founded onmy own experiments, is, that the astonished spectators at the Polytechnic Institution, while intently watching, as they believed, the rotation of the earth made visible, were watching merely a weight suspended by a cord, which, disturbed from the plane in which it was set to oscillate, was describing a series of ellipses on the table, very pretty to look at, but having no more to do with the rotation of the earth than the benches on which they were sitting.
At the same time, however, that I assert the inefficacy of any experiments with the pendulum as tending to show the earth's rotation, I admit that, provided a pendulum could be made to preserve its plane of oscillation for twenty-four hours, it would oscillate independently of the rotation of the earth, and actually describe a circle round a fixed table in that interval. Themathematical proofof this proposition is of a most abstruse nature; so much so, indeed, that it is understood to have been relinquished by one of our ablest mathematicians. But that it is likely to be true, and one not difficult to comprehend, I think I can show to A. E. B.'s satisfaction in a few lines.
If a pendulum be placed at one of the poles of the earth, it is obvious, that while it swings in one plane, the revolution of the earth beneath it will cause it to appear to describe a complete circle in twenty-four hours. This position is simple enough, but it is true also in any latitude, excepting near the equator. For there is no doubt, that, as gravity acts on the pendulum,only in the line which joins the point of suspension and the centre of the earth(thereby merely drawing the "bobs" towards that line) it can have no effect on theplaneof oscillation; for the line of gravitation remains unchanged with respect to the pendulum, during a whole revolution of the earth on its axis. Take a map of a hemisphere, and on any parallel, say 60° of latitude, draw three pendulums, extended as in motion, with their centres of gravity directed toward the earth's centre, one on each extremity of the parallel of latitude, and one midway between the two; extend the "bobs" of the first two north and south, and those of the middle one east and west. Number them 1, 2, and 3, from the westward. It will then be observed that theplane of oscillationof the three pendulums, thus placed, is one and the same—that of theplane of the paper; and moreover, that the lower "bob," which is south at No. 1., is west at No. 2., and north at No. 3. By this it will be evident, that the revolution of the pendulum will be through the whole circle, or 360° in twenty-four hours, at all points of the earth's surface, excepting near the equator;the line joining the "bobs"remaining in a parallel plane.
I say, excepting near the equator; for it will be seen on looking closely at the above illustration (which would be better on a globe) that the three pendulums are notstrictlyin the same, or even a parallel plane; inasmuch as the plane of oscillation must pass through the point of suspension,and the centre of the earth. But still the pendulum hasa tendency to remainin a parallel plane, as nearly as the figure of the earth will allow,—the chord of the arc of oscillation remaining in a plane parallel to itself. It will be seen that, as we approach the equator, the plane of oscillation is forced from its parallelism more and more, until,onthe equator, it has no tendency to return, as all planes are there the same with reference to the centre of the earth.
I may add that there is a variation of the above theory, which has found many advocates, viz. that the pendulum will make the complete revolution in a periodvaryingfrom twenty-four hours at the poles, to infinity at the equator; varying, that is, as the sine of the latitude. This seems,à priori, not so likely as the former, while it equally wants mathematical proof.
H. C. K.
—— Rectory, Hereford.
Your space precludes controversy: but the communication in Number 115. from W. DN. requires an explanation from me; which I give the more readily as it may perhaps serve to throw further light on a curious inquiry. A correspondent in a former Number (Vol. iv., p. 422.) questioned the correctness of an assertion by the Hon. MR. CURZON, that "the crucifix was not known before the fourth or fifth century, though the cross was always the emblem of the Christian faith." I ventured to sustain MR. CURZON'Sview (Vol. iv., p. 485.) by referring to authorities for the fact, that the idea of ignominy associated with that peculiar form of execution had long prevented the cross from being adopted as a symbol of Christ's passion; that the actual representation of the crucifixion itself was still more repulsive, and much later in its admission into the early churches; that allegory was in consequence resorted to, in order to evade the literal delineation of the Saviour's death, which was typified by a lamb bleeding at the foot of a cross; and that when invention had become exhausted, and inert in the production of these emblems, the Church, in the seventh century at theQuini-sextile, orCouncil in Trullo, had "ordered thatfiction and allegory should cease, and the real figure of the Saviour be depicted on the tree." (The words in Italics are my own, and were not given as a quotation.)
W. DN. in Number 115. (Vol. v., p. 39.) does not question the main conclusion sought to be established, but takes exception to my reference to the Council in Trullo as irrelevant, andsays, "should your readers turn to the canons of that council, they would be disappointed at finding nothing about the cross;" whence he infers, that I have been "led into a singular mistake." But the mistake, I apprehend, is on the part of W. DN. himself, who evidently has not read the council in question, else he would have found, so far from its canons containing "nothing about the cross," one, the 73rd, is devoted exclusively to the cross, whilst the 82nd is given to the crucifix. The 73rd canon of the Council in Trullo directs all veneration to be paid to the cross, and prohibits its being any longer depicted in the tesseræ of the floors where this "trophy of our victory," as it is called in the canon, was exposed to desecration from the feet of the congregation. The 82nd canon, in like manner, has direct reference to the crucifix, and its style of design. It alludes to the practice which had theretofore prevailed, of representing Christ as the lamb, pointed to by St. John, which was to take away the sins of the world (John, i. 29.); but as that great work has been accomplished, the council declares that the Church now prefers the grace andtruthof him who had fulfilled the law, to those ancient forms and shadows which had been handed down as types and symbols only; and it continues:
"In order, therefore, that what has come to pass should be exhibited before the sight of all by the skill of the artist in colours, we direct that the representation of Christ the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sins of the world, shall henceforth be elevated in his human character; and no longer under the old form of a lamb."
The words are these:
"ὡς ἂν οὖν τὸ τέλειον κἂν ταῖς χρωματουργίαις ἐν ταῖς ἁπάντων ὄψεσιν ὑπογράφηται, τὸν τοῦ αἴροντος τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου ἀμνοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν, κατὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον χαρακτῆρα καὶ ἐν ταῖς εἰκόσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀντὶ τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀμνοῦ ἀναστηλοῦσθαι ὁρίζομεν."—Concilium Quinisextum, Can. lxxxii. Concil. Collectio, J. B. MANSI, vol. xi. p. 978.: Floren. 1765.
W. DN. has quoted this canon, not from the original Greek of the council, which I copy above, but from the Latin version given in Labbe, and which is much less close and literal than that of Carranza; and the words "erigi et depingi," which it employs, are a very incorrect rendering of the Greekἀναστηλοῦσθαι, a term peculiarly appropriate to the elevation of a crucifix.
But that the whole canon has immediate reference to the literal delineation of the mode and manner of Christ's passion, will be apparent from the concluding sentences, which expressly set out that the object of the change which it enjoins is to bring more vividly before our minds the incarnation, suffering, anddeathof the Saviour, by the full contemplation of the depth ofhumiliationattendant on it:
"Δι' αὐτοῦ τὸ τῆς ταπεινώσεως ὕψος τοῦ Θεοῦ λόγου κατανοοῦντες, καὶ πρὸς μνήμην τῆς ἐν σαρκὶ πολιτείας τοῦ τε πάθος αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ σωτηρίου θανάτου χειραγωγούμενοι, καὶ τῆς ἐντεῦθεν γενομένης τῷ κόσμῳ ἀπολυτρώσεως, κ. τ. λ."—Ib.MANSI, v. xi. p. 979.
How this impression of the "humiliation" and "suffering" of Christ'sdeathcould be conveyed otherwise than by a literal delineation of its incidents, I cannot well see. And, indeed, of many authorities who have recorded their opinion on the effect of this canon of the Quini-sextile council, W. DN. is the only one who expresses a doubt as to its direct reference to the cross and the crucifix. Both the historians of the church, and those who have treated of the history of the Arts in the Middle Ages, are concurrent in their testimony, that it was not till immediately after the promulgation of the canons of the Council in Trullo that the use of the crucifix became common in the early churches. This fact is recorded with some particularity by Gieseler, in hisCompendium of Ecclesiastical History, sect. 99. note 51.; and Emeric-David, the most laborious and successful explorer of historical art of our time, in describing the effect upon the Fine Arts produced by the edict of the council, adverts to the 82nd canon more than once, as directing the delineation of the Saviouron the cross:
"La fin du 7mesiècle et le commencement du 8meprésentent deux événements de la plus haute importance dans l'histoire de la peinture. Le premier est la révolution opérée par le décret du concile de Constantinople appelé le concilequinisexteouin Trullo, et célébré en 692A.D., qui ordonna de préférer la peinture historique aux emblèmes, et notamment d'abandonner l'allégorie dans la représentation du crucifiement de Jésus Christ.... Ce fut après ce concile que les images de Jésus Christ sur la croix commencèrent à se multiplier." (Histoire de la Peinture au Moyen Age, par T. B. Emeric-David, Paris, 1842, p. 59.) "Lorsque le concile quinisexte ordonna de préférer la réalité aux images, et de montrer le Christ sur la croix, l'esprit d'allégorie, malgré ce décret, ne s'anéantit pas entièrement." (Ib.p. 32.)
J. EMERSONTENNENT.
London.
The subjoined song is copied from aCollection of English Songsin the British Museum (G. 310-163.). The Catalogue gives the conjectural date of 1775. In theHistory of the American Revolution(published by the Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge), p. 22., is an anecdote referring to Lord Percy having, in 1775, caused his band to play "Yankee Doodle" inderisionof the Americans: but I infer, from the Earl of Carlisle's Lecture on his Travels in America, that it isnowused by the Americans as theirnational tune.