"But on the north John Daundelyon lies,Whose wondrous deeds our children yet surprise;Still at his feet his faithful dog remains,Who with his master equal notice claims;For by their joint exertions legends tell,They brought from far the ponderous tenor bell."
"But on the north John Daundelyon lies,
Whose wondrous deeds our children yet surprise;
Still at his feet his faithful dog remains,
Who with his master equal notice claims;
For by their joint exertions legends tell,
They brought from far the ponderous tenor bell."
"Note.—Concerning this bell the inhabitants repeat this traditionary rhyme:
"John de Daundelyon with his great dog,Brought over this bell upon a mill cog."Page 31.
"John de Daundelyon with his great dog,
Brought over this bell upon a mill cog."
Page 31.
E. D.
—Where did Mallet the poet die, and where was he buried?
F.
—I have been told that Grotius quoted from memoryalonewhen writing hisCommentary; is this possible, considering the number and variety of the quotations?One thing is certainly very remarkable, and goes some way towards favouring this notion, viz., in many of the quotations there are mistakes,—words are inserted, or rather substituted for others, but without destroying the sense. This I have frequently observed myself; but the observation applies only, as far as I know, to thepoeticalquotations;—may he not have quoted thepoetryfrom memory, and, for theprose, had recourse to the original?
L. G.
—You have allowed some discussion in your pages on what I consider the certainly incorrect translation of Heb. xiii. 4. in our authorised version. I do not think it at all desirable to encourage a captious spirit of fault-finding towards that admirable translation, but fair criticism is assuredly allowable. Can any of your correspondents account for the rendering in Heb. x. 23. ofτὴν ὁμολογίαν τῆςἐλπίδοςby "theprofession of ourfaith?"
I have never seen any reply to a former Query of mine (Vol. ii., p. 217.) about the omission of the word "holy" in the article on the Church in the Nicene Creed in all our Prayer-books. It is not omitted in the original Greek and Latin.
J. M. W.
—Would you, or one of your correspondents, kindly inform me how the following case has been settled; it is one which in all probability has often arisen, but I have not yet been able to learn anything about it that is satisfactory.
In old times when a church became too small for the parish, the ordinary custom was to build an additional part to it in such a way that the old church, after the alteration, formed an aisle to the new part, which henceforth because the nave. Until the Reformation the altar in the old chancel would probably remain after the new chancel was built, and be used as an inferior altar, while the new altar would be used for high mass; under these circumstances the rector's right in the chancel would probably remain untouched, and his obligation to keep it in repair undisputed. But when, at the Reformation, all but high altars were taken away, which chancel was accounted the rector's, the new, or the old, or both? This question has just arisen in an adjoining county.
H. C. K.
—— Rectory, Hereford.
—Can any of your correspondents inform us whether the Queen is really Duchess of Lancaster? The Lancastrians have always rather prided themselves on that circumstance, but some wise person has lately made the discovery that William III. never created himself Duke of Lancaster, nor any of the Hanoverian dynasty, and that consequently the title remains with the Stuarts, although the duchy privileges belong to the Crown. Is this really the truth?
A LANCASTRIAN.
—Strype, in hisLife of Sir John Cheke, mentions that among other presents bestowed on him by the king, was his own clock, which after his death came into the possession of Dr. Edwin Sandys, Bishop of Worcester, who, about 1563, gave it as a new year's gift to Cecil the Secretary. Can any of your readers give a description of this clock, or what became of it after coming into Cecil's possession?
C. B. T.
—In a pedigree by Vincent in the College of Arms, two sons of Patrick Ruthven are to be found, the first called Cames de Gowrie, the second Robert Ruthven; they were alive in 1660. Can any of your correspondents tell me what became of them?
S. C.
—Will some kind correspondent favour me with an elucidation of the phrase "Man in the Almanack," which occurs in the following quotation from the epilogue to Nat. Lee'sGloriana, or the Court of Augustus Cæsar?
"The ladies, too, neglecting every grace,Mob'd up in night cloaths, came with lace to face,The Towre upon the forehead all turn'd back,And stuck with pins like th' Man i' th' Almanack."
"The ladies, too, neglecting every grace,
Mob'd up in night cloaths, came with lace to face,
The Towre upon the forehead all turn'd back,
And stuck with pins like th' Man i' th' Almanack."
Has this any reference to the practice of "pricking for fortunes?"
HENRYCAMPKIN.
—What is the origin of this name? It might have been the family name of the patriarch Noah, but I suppose it hardly goes so far back.
M.
—Is there in existence any law rendering burial in consecrated ground compulsory? Most people have a strong desire to receive such interment; but some few might prefer to have their mortal remains deposited in some loved spot, far away from other graves,—in a scene where many happy hours had been passed. It would be a very unusual thing; but supposing such a desire to exist, could its execution be prevented? It is recorded that Manasseh, King of Judah, "slept with his fathers, and was buried in the garden of his own house, in the gardens of Uzza."—2 Kings xxi. 18.
SAMPSONANRAMENII.
—If this gentleman correctly states (in hisLavengro) that a minister of the Antinomians, with whom he was formerly acquainted, was otherwise called a Muggletonian, the inconceivable fact of that wretched maniac of the seventeenth century (whose portrait indicates the most hopeless fatuity) still having believers, must be a fact. But I marvel how Antinomianism should arise out of the teaching of an Unitarian,as Muggleton was. Can Mr. B. have confounded Muggleton with Huntington?
A. N.
—Can any of your readers inform me why "custard" was held in such abomination by the Puritans?—SeeKen's Life, by W. L. Bowles, vol. i. p. 143.
W. N.
—To what source is the well-known saying, "Corruptio optimi fit pessima," to be traced?
Hs.
—The enigma of Miss Catherine Fanshawe on the letter "H" is so good, as to make me wish much to see the other by the same lady, to which E. H. Y. refers in your Number of Vol. v., p. 258. If E. H. Y. could procure a copy, and send it to you for publication, he would probably oblige many besides
E. S. S. W.
Winton.
—Is there any good account (not scattered notices) of Mary Ambree?
"ThatMary AmbreeWho marched so freeTo the siege of Gaunt,And death could not daunt,As the ballad doth vaunt?"
"ThatMary Ambree
Who marched so free
To the siege of Gaunt,
And death could not daunt,
As the ballad doth vaunt?"
EDWARDF. RIMBAULT.
—I find in one of the usual history books in use that Sir William Stanley, who was beheaded for high treason, for saying "If Perkin Wabbeck is son of Edward IV., I will supply him with five hundred men," was executed in the third year of Henry VII. Now, in a memorandum of the time in aHoræ B. Virg.in my possession, it states:
"Memorandum: Quod die lune xviodie Februarii anno Regis Henrici Septimi Decimo Willius Stanley, Miles, Camerarius regis prædicti receptus fuit apud Turrim London, et ductus usque scaffold et ibidem fuit decapitatus. Johannes Warner et Nicholas Allwyn tunc vic. London."
Could you help me to the true account?
JOHNC. JACKSON.
Cross House, Ilminster, Somerset.
[The memorandum in theHoræagrees with the date given in Fabyan'sChronicle, p. 685., edit. 1811, viz. February 16, 1495. Fuller, in hisWorthies, also states that Allwyn and Warner were sheriffs of London in the tenth year of Henry VII.]
—In the appointment of a pinder for the town of Hunstanton, Norfolk, dated 1644, these two words occur: "No person shall feed anymireswith any beast," &c.Mireis clearly the same asmeer, i.e. the strip of unploughed ground bounding adjacent fields. "None shall tye any of their cattle upon anotherssomerlayeswithout leave of the owner," &c. I supposesomerlayeto be the same assomerland, explained by Halliwell to mean, land lying fallow during summer. I find neither word in Forby'sGlossary.
C. W. G.
[Grass laid down for summer pasture, is called in Kent,lay fields; doubtlesssomerlayesare such. Probably a corruption oflea, thelesuraof Latin charters.]
—In an old precedent (seventeenth century) of a lease of a house, I find the words "divers parcels ofwynedwaynescott windowes and other implements of household." What iswyned?
C. W. G.
[A friend, who is extremely well versed in early records, and to whom we referred this Query, observes, "I have never met with the word, nor can I find a trace of it anywhere. I suspect that the querist has misread his MS., and that, in the original, it ispayned, forpaned. In the slovenly writing of that period many a form ofpamight be mistaken forw. The upstroke of thepis often driven high. I have seen many apalike this instance."]
—Two leaves, paged from 243 to 246, cuttings from an old magazine, seemingly having dates down to 1772, entitled "Account of the Male Descendants of Oliver Cromwell. By the Rev. Mr. Hewling Luson, of Lowestoft, in Suffolk. In a Letter to Dr. Brooke." [Concluded from our last, page 197.] The next article commencing, "On the Knowledge of Mankind. From Lord Chesterfield's Letters to his Son," having lately come into my hands, I shall feel greatly obliged by being informed through "N. & Q.," or otherwise, where may I meet with the previous part of such account of the Cromwell family, or the title and date of such magazine?
W. P. A.
[Mr. Luson's letter to Dr. Brooke, referred to by our correspondent, will be found in Hughes'sLetters, edited by Duncombe, vol. ii. Appendix, p. xxxii. edit. 1773.]
—Is the word "beholden" a corruption of the Dutch "gehouden," or is it a past participle from the verb "to behold?" If the latter, how comes it from signifying "seen," to denote "indebted"?
A. F. S.
[If our correspondent had referred to Richardson'sDictionary, his difficulty would have been removed on reading this derivation and definition:
"Angl.-Saxon, Be-healdan, Be-haldan, Healdan.Dutch, Behouden, tenere, servare, observare. To keep or hold (sc.the eye fixed upon any object), to look at it, to observe, to consider."]
"Angl.-Saxon, Be-healdan, Be-haldan, Healdan.Dutch, Behouden, tenere, servare, observare. To keep or hold (sc.the eye fixed upon any object), to look at it, to observe, to consider."]
—The natives of Kent are often spoken of in these different terms. Will you be so good as to inform me what is thedifference between these most undoubtedly distinctive people?
B. M.
[A very old man, in our younger days, whose informant lived temp. Jac. II., used to explain it thus:—When the Conqueror marched from Dover towards London, he was stopped at Swansconope, by Stigand, at the head of the "Men of Kent," with oak boughs "all on their brawny shoulders," as emblems of peace, on condition of his preserving inviolate the Saxon laws and customs of Kent; else they were ready to fight unto the death for them. The Conqueror chose the first alternative: hence we retain our Law of Gavelkind, &c., and hence the inhabitants of the part of Kent lying between Rochester and London, being "invicti," have ever since been designated as "Men of Kent," while those to the eastward, through whose district the Conqueror marched unopposed, are only "Kentish Men." This is hardly a satisfactory account; but we give it as we had it.
We suspect therealorigin of the terms to have been, a mode of distinguishing any man whose family had been long settled in the county (from time immemorial, it may be), from new settlers; the former being genuine "Men of Kent," the latter only "Kentish." The monosyllabic name of the county probably led to this play upon the word, which could not have been achieved in the "shires."]
—This term is used in Cornish title-deeds. What species of inclosure does it express? Do any such exist now?
C. W. G.
[We have never met with the word, and can only guess at random that it isquasi"the bee-croft," the enclosure where the bees were kept; always remembering that formerly, when honey was an article of large consumption, immense stores of these insects must have been kept. In royal inventories we have "honey casks" enumerated to an immense amount.]
—Of what great historical character is it recorded, that though by no means deficient in education, he never could succeed in spelling correctly? I have an impression of having read this in some biography a few years since, and I think it was a great military commander, who always committed this error in his despatches, though a man of acknowledged high talents and well-informed mind, and conscious of this defect, which he had endeavoured in vain to overcome.
SAMPSONANRAMENII.
[Does our correspondent allude to the Duke of Marlborough, who was avowedly "loose in his cacography" as Lord Duberly has it?]
—The appearance in your pages of several very interesting Notes on the First Paper-mill in England leads me to beg space for a few Queries on another subject of Art-History.
1.When,where, and under what circumstances, was the first manufactory forglassestablished in England?
2. What writer first notices the introduction or use of glass, in our island?
3. Are there any works of authority published devoted to this material? If so, may I request some of your learned contributors to direct me to them, or, in fact, to any good notice of its early history?
JOSIAHCATO.
5. Holland Place, North Brixton.
[Fosbroke, in hisEncyclopædia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 397., has given some curious notices of the early manufacture of this useful article. The art of glass-making was known to the early Egyptians, as is fully discussed in a Memoir by M. Boudet, in theDescription de l'Egypt, vol. ix.Antiq. Mémoires. See also theEncyclopædia Metropolitana, vol. viii. p. 469, which contains many historical notices, from a neat and concise sketch published by Mr. Pellatt, of the firm of Pellatt and Green, whose works are scientifically conducted on a scale of considerable magnitude.]
—Was Eustachius Monachus ever in Guernsey?
MORTIMERCOLLINS.
[It is very probable. Some of the crew of this renowned pirate were captured at Sark. See Michel's Introduction to theRoman d'Eustache le Moine, 8vo. 1834, where copies of most of our records, and of the passages in our early historians, in which Eustace is mentioned, have been collected with great care.]
—I inquired what was the meaning of Mass Robert Fleming, and I partly answer my own question, by saying that Cameronian preachers were so styled, or rather Mas with one "s" before their Christian names,—as Mas David Williamson, Mas John King: see John Creichton'sMemoirs. But I ask again, how the title arises, and whether it is short for master?
A. N.
[Nares, in hisGlossary, has given several examples from our earlier dramatists in whichMasis used as a colloquial abbreviation ofMaster, the plural beingMasse.]
—Who was John Le Neve, the compiler and editor of theFasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, fol. 1716? He has been, though erroneously, supposed to be a brother of Peter Le Neve, Norroy. When did he die?
G.
[John Le Neve was born in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, Dec. 27, 1679. In his twelfth year he was sent to Eton School, and at the age of sixteen became a fellow-commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained three years. He married Frances, the second daughter of Thomas Boughton, of King's Cliffe, in Northamptonshire, by whom he had four sons and four daughters. He died about 1722. Mr. Lysons, inEnvirons of London, says he had a house at Stratford, Bow. (See Nichols'sLit. Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 128.) In Cole's MSS., vol. i. p. 143., is the following curious note respecting hisFasti:—"I was told by my worthy friend and benefactor, BrowneWillis, Esq., that though Mr. John Le Neve has the name and credit of theFasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae, yet the real compiler of that most useful book was Bishop Kennett." The Bodleian contains a copy of this work, with MS. additions by Bishop Tanner.]
—At page 437. of Lloyd'sStatesmen and Favourites of Englandis a letter from Queen Elizabeth addressed to the mother of Sir John Norris, written upon the occasion of the death of the said Sir John, which she commences thus: "My own Crow." This appears to me a very curious mode of address, particularly from a queen to a subject, and seems to mark a more than ordinary intimacy between the correspondents, for it has been suggested to me that it is still used as a term of endearment, in the same way as "duck," &c. are used: I have, however, never before met with it myself, and have sent you a Note of it now, not only because I consider it curious that the queen should thus write, but because I hope that some of your correspondents may be able to suggest how this word came to be thus used.
JOHNBRANFILLHARRISON.
Maidstone.
[Queen Elizabeth had pet-names, or nick-names, for all the people of her court. Burghley was her "Spirit," Mountjoy her "Kitchen-maid;" and so of many others.]
No such oath as that given in page 274. of "N. & Q." is taken by Presbyterian ministers. Immediately previous to the ordination of a minister of the church of Scotland, the Moderator—that is, the member of Presbytery who presides upon the occasion—calls upon him to answer certain questions, acknowledging the Scriptures to be the word of God, the doctrines of the Confession of Faith to be the truth of God; disowning certain doctrinal errors; declaring his belief that the Presbyterian government and discipline of this church are founded on the word of God, and agreeable thereto; expressing the views with which he enters the ministry, and his resolution faithfully to discharge its duties. Having answered these questions satisfactorily, he is set aside to the work of the ministry by prayer and imposition of the hands of the Presbytery (the local Ecclesiastical Court).
At the conclusion of the service he is called on to sign what is called the Formula, an abstract of the first portion of the questions put to him. It is as follows:—
"I, A. B., do hereby declare, that I do sincerely own and believe the whole doctrine contained in the Confession of Faith, approven by the General Assemblies of this national church, and ratified by law in the year 1690, and frequently confirmed by divers acts of parliament since that time, to be the truths of God; and I do own the same as the confession of my faith: as likewise, I do own the purity of worship presently authorised and practised in this church, and also the Presbyterian government and discipline now so happily established therein; which doctrine, worship, and church government, I am persuaded, are founded upon the word of God, and agreeable thereto: and I promise that, through the grace of God, I shall firmly and constantly adhere to the same; and to the utmost of my power, shall, in my station, assert, maintain, and defend the said doctrine, worship, discipline, and government of this church by Kirk Sessions, Presbyteries, Provincial Synods, and General Assemblies; and that I shall in my practice conform myself to the said worship, and submit to the said discipline and government, and never endeavour directly or indirectly the prejudice or subversion of the same: and I promise that I shall follow no divisive course from the present establishment in this church: renouncing all doctrines, tenets, and opinions whatsoever, contrary to or inconsistent with the said doctrine, worship, discipline, or government of this church.
"Signed, A. B."
No oath is taken, and no obligation come under but the above. In the Confession of Faith, under the head Church, the supremacy of the Pope is denied; but neither in that, the Questions, or the Formula, is there any other reference to any other form of church government.
H.
As there has been, from time to time, much written in your very interesting publication on the subject of the "Old Countess of Desmond," it may, perhaps, not be unacceptable that I should give you a description of an old family picture in my possession, said to be of that person, to which allusion has been made by some of your correspondents, especially by A. B. R., in your paper of Saturday, 14th February. The painting in question has been for a great number of years in the possession of my family, and from my earliest childhood I have heard it designated as that of the old "Countess of Desmond," although there is no mention of her name thereon. My father for a long time thought it was a work of Rembrandt; but on a close examination there was discovered the name of "G. Douw," low at the left-hand side; and since the picture has been cleaned, the signature has become more distinct. It is painted on board of dark-coloured oak, of eleven inches by eight and a half. The portrait, which reaches to below the bust, and represents a person sitting, iseight and a half inches in length; the face about two and three quarter inches. It is admitted by the best judges to be a painting of great merit. It represents, as well as it is possible, extreme old age, with an extraordinary degree of still remaining vigour, and in this respect certainly fits exactly the character of its subject. The dress is correctly described by your correspondent A. B. R. The forehead is not very high, but square and intellectual—deeply wrinkled; the nose is rather long, and very well formed; the eyes dark; the mouth compressed, and denoting quiet firmness; the expression altogether pleasing and placid, and the face one that must have been handsome in youth. Should any of your correspondents wish to see this picture, I shall leave it for a short time in the hands of my bookseller, Mr. Newman, 3. Bruton Street, Bond Street, who has kindly consented to take charge of it, and to show it to those who feel an interest in such matters.
It must, at first sight, appear strange that such men as G. Douw, the painter of the picture in question, or Rembrandt to whom are attributed other portraits of this old lady, should have condescended to copy from other artists, (for the respective dates render it quite impossible they could have painted from life in this instance): however, it is natural to suppose that this extraordinary instance of longevity made great noise at the time of, and for some time after, her death, and that a correct representation of such a physical phenomenon, although the work of an inferior artist, may well have afforded a fitting study for even such eminent painters as Rembrandt and G. Douw.
As I am on this subject, I shall further trouble you with a circumstance in connexion therewith, which has recently come to my knowledge. My friend, Mr. Herbert, M.P., of Muckross Abbey, Killarney, has also an old family picture of the same lady, with a very curious inscription, which, while it would appear to go far towards establishing several of her characteristic attributes, has also its peculiar difficulties, which I shall presently point out, in the hope that some of your correspondents who are learned in such matters may explain them. The inscription, which is on the canvass itself, is as follows:
"Catharine, Countesse of Desmonde, as she appeared at yecourt of our Sovraigne Lord King James, in thys preasantA.D. 1614, and in ye140thyeare of her age. Thither she came from Bristol to seek relief, yehouse of Desmonde having been ruined by Attainder. She was married in yeReigne of King Edward IV., and in yecourse of her long Pilgrimage renewed her teeth twice: her Principal residence is at Inchiquin, in Munster, whither she undoubtedlye proposeth (her Purpose accomplished) incontinentlie to return. LAUSDEO."
Now, as to the authenticity of this picture, there can, I should think, be no question. It has not beengot upfor the present antiquarian controversy; for it is known to have been in existence in the family of Mr. Herbert for a great many years. It could not well be a mystification of the intervening "middle age," for in that case it would doubtless have been brought forward atthe time, to establish a particular theory as to this lady. I think, therefore, it is only reasonable to suppose that it was painted at the time it professes. It may also be mentioned, in corroboration, that a connoisseur who examined this picture for Mr. Herbert attributed it to the hand of Jamieson, the Scotch painter, who lived at a time that would render it quite possible for him to have painted it from life. So far so good. The main difficulty is that of the dates given in the inscription. If the Countess was 140 in 1614, and therefore born in 1474, she could have been but eight or nine years old at the death of Edward IV., and therefore could not have been married in his reign. It is difficult to account for this discrepancy, except by supposing that the old lady sank ten years of her age (and there are statements in existence of 1464 being the year of her birth); or else by supposing that the story of her marriage in the reign of Edward IV. was not her own, but communicated, at second-hand and erroneously, to the artist.
On this point I hope some of your more learned correspondents will favour us with their opinion. There has also been recently sent me by a friend an extract from the "Birch Collection," British Museum (Add. MSS. 4161.), being transcripts of aTable Book of Robert Sidney, second Earl of Leicester, which contradicts the inscription in some particulars: but Lord Leicester writes in a loose and apparently not very authentic style. He states, on the authority of a "Mr. Harnet," that the Countess of Desmond came to petition "the Queen" (Elizabeth), and not King James; and quotes Sir W. Raleigh (on memory) as saying that he (Sir W. R.) saw her in England in 1589. He also talks of her death as occurring at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and as being caused by a fall from a "nutt-tree." I do not think, indeed, that much weight should attach to these notes of Lord Leicester; but it is fair to give all that comes to light, whether it makes against or for the authenticity of what one wishes to establish.
P. FITZGERALD,KNIGHT OFKERRY.
Union Club, London.
I undertake to answer C. W. B.'s Query with the greater readiness, because it affords me an opportunity of upholding that which has ever beenthe leading object in every amendment of Shakspeare's text advocated by me, viz., the unravelling and explaining, rather than the alteration, of the original. Perhaps it is with a similar aim that C. W. B. wishes to investigate the value of "siclus;" if so, he must pardon me if I forestall him.
I see no difficulty in the passage which he asks to have construed; its meaning is this:
"The sacred sickle (or shekel) was equivalent to an Attic tetradrachma, which Budæus estimated at 14 Gallic solidi, or thereabouts; for the didrachma was seven solidi, since the single drachma made three and a half solidi,lessa denier Tournois."
Which is as much as to say, that the sickle equalled fourteen solidi, less four deniers; or 13-2/3 solidi.
But owing to the rapid declension in the value of French coin after the tenth century, it is manifestly impossible to assign a value to these solidi unless the precise date of their coinage were known. A writer may, of course, allude to coin indefinitely precedent to his own time. In the present case, however, we may, as a matter of curiosity,analyticallyapproximate to a result in this way:—
The drachma is now known to have contained about 65 grains of pure silver, consequently the tetradrachma contained 260 grains. The present franc contains about 70 grains of pure silver, and consequently the sol, or 20th part, is 3-1/2 grains.
This last, multiplied by 13-2/3, produces about 48 grains. But the weight of the tetradrachma is 260 grains; therefore the sol with which the comparison was made must have contained upwards of fivefold its present value in pure silver.
Now, according to the depreciation tables of M. Dennis, this condition obtained in 1483, under Charles VIII., at which time Budæus was actually living, having been born in 1467; but from other circumstances I am induced to believe that the solidus gallicus mentioned by him was coined by Louis XII. in 1498, at which time the quantity of pure silver was fourfold and a half that of the present day.
So much in answer to C. W. B.'s Query; now for its relation to Shakspeare's text, with which however the "siclus" in question has nothing in common except the name; since the "sickles," so beautifully alluded to by Isabella, inMeasure for Measure(Act II. Sc. 2.), weresicli aurei, "of the tested gold."
But I have designedly used the wordsickleas the English representative of the Latinsiclus(Gallicècicle), because it is the original word of Shakspeare, which was subsequently, most unwarrantably and unwisely, altered by the commentators toshekelsin conformity with the Hebraicised word of our scriptural translation.[2]Hence it is that "sickles" has come to be looked upon asa corruption of the text; and "shekels" as a very cleverconjectural emendation!
We retainsickle, Anglicè forsicula, a scythe; but we refuse it to Shakspeare for a word almost identical in sound—siculus, or siclus!
The real corruption has been that of Shakspeare's commentators, not his printers'; and I hope that some future editor of his plays will have the courage to permit him to spell this, and other proper names, in his own way. For how can his text continue to be an example of his language, if his words may be altered to suit theprécieusefashion of subsequent times?
A. E. B.
Leeds.
[2][Our correspondent of course alludes to King James's translation. Upon reference to Sir Frederic Madden's admirable edition of Wickliffe's Bible, we find A. E. B.'s position directly corroborated: "The erthe that thou askist is worth foure hundrydsiclesof silver."—Genesis, xxiii. 15. And in Exodus, xxx. 13., "Asiclethat is a nounce hath twenti half scripples;" or, as in the second edition, "Asiclehath twenti halpens."—ED.]
By the aid of Dr. Adam Littleton and your correspondent A. N., all future editors of Chaucer and glossarists are helped over thispons asinorum: the word being evidently nothing more than the adoption of the ArabicDHU 'LKARNEIN, i.e.two-horned; and hence, as the reputed son of Jupiter Ammon, Alexander's oriental name, IscanderDhu 'lkarnein, i.e. Bicornis.
The legend of the building of the wall, in the fabulous Eastern lives of Alexander, is to be found in the 18th chapter of the Koran; and it is related with variations and amplification by Sir John Mandeville. The metrical as well as prose romances on the subject of Alexander also contain it; and those who wish for more information will find it in the third volume of Weber'sMetrical Romances, p. 331.
I cannot say that I am quite convinced of the truth of the ingenious supposition of your correspondent, that "Sending to Dulcarnein is merely an ellipsis of the person for his place,i.e.for the rampart of Dulcarnein." It appears to me more probable, that as, according to St. Jerome and other writers of the Middle Ages, theDilemmawas also called SyllogismumCornutum, its Arabic name wasDhu 'lkarnein; and we know how much in science and literature the darker ages were indebted to the Arabian writers. Wyttenbach, in hisLogic, says "DilemmaetiamCornutusest; quodutrimquevelutiCornibuspugnat." At any rate it is clear that the enclosure had another name:
"En Ynde si naist uns grans monsQui est une grans regionsC'on apieleMont Capien.Illuec a unes gens sans bien,Qu' Alixandres dedens enclost,Et sont la gentGotetMagot."Extrait de l'Image du Monde, par Le Roux de Lincy, Livre des Légendes, p. 208.
"En Ynde si naist uns grans mons
Qui est une grans regions
C'on apieleMont Capien.
Illuec a unes gens sans bien,
Qu' Alixandres dedens enclost,
Et sont la gentGotetMagot."
Extrait de l'Image du Monde, par Le Roux de Lincy, Livre des Légendes, p. 208.
It does not appear to me thatto be at Dalcarnonis equivalent to beingsent to Coventry, or to Jericho, as your correspondent A. N. supposes; or that the wordflemyng, in this passage, meansbanishing, but ratherdefeating,daunting,dismaying, in which sense it occurs more than once in Layamon; thus, vol. ii. p. 410.:—
"Thine feondflæmen& driven hem of londen."
"Thine feondflæmen
& driven hem of londen."
The general sense of the word is, however,to expel,to drive out, and notto enclose, as Alexander is said to have done the Gog and Magog people, by his iron, or rather bituminous, wall. Now those who were at Dulcarnon, orin a Dilemma, might well be said to be defeated or dismayed.
Let us hope that some oriental scholar among your correspondents may be able to indicate where the word is to be found in some Arabian expositor of logic or dialectic, &c., and thus set the question entirely at rest.
Are we never to have an edition of Chaucer worthy of him, and creditable to us? Had our northern neighbours possessed such a treasure, every MS. in existence would have been examined and collated, and the text settled. His language would have been thoroughly investigated and explained,[3]and every possible source of elucidation made available. May we not hope that the able editor of Layamon and Wickliffe will yet add to the obligation every lover of our early literature owes to him, an edition of our first great poet, such as his previous labours have shown that he is so well qualified to give?
[3]This is evident from the interest the Germans have manifested,e.g.the younger Gesenius, in his able essay,De Lingua Chauceri Commentationem Grammaticam; and Edward Fiedler'sTranslation of the Canterbury Tales.
S. W. SINGER.
I have, as most of the readers of "N. & Q." are aware, for a considerable time past turned my attention to the subject ofEnglish Surnames, and the sale of three editions of my work under that title shows that such a book was a desideratum. Chapters on the origin of surnames exist in Camden'sRemaines, Verstegan'sRestitution, and elsewhere, and there are detached notices in theGentleman's Magazineand other periodicals; but my work is the first, and as yet theonlyindependent treatise on the subject. Any one who will be at the trouble to compare my first and third editions will at once see how this inquiry has grown under my hands; but although I have collected and classified 6000 names, much still remains to be accomplished. Under this conviction, I am now engaged in the compilation of aDictionary of English Family Names, which I hope to complete within the present year. My plan will include:
I. The name.
II. The class to which it belongs. The classes will be about twenty in number.
III. The etymology of each name when necessary.
IV. Definitions and remarks.
V. Illustrative quotations from old English authors.
VI. The century in which the name first occurs.
VII. The corruptions and most remarkable variations which the name has undergone.
VIII. Proverbs associated with family names,e.g.:—
"All theTracysHave the wind in their faces,"
"All theTracys
Have the wind in their faces,"
in allusion to the judgment of heaven which is said to have befallen the posterity of Wm. de Traci, one of the assassins of Thos. à Becket.
IX. Anecdotes and traditions.
My object in making this statement, is to solicit from the numerous and learned correspondents of "N. & Q." contributions of surnames and suggestions in furtherance of my undertaking; and from the Editor, permission to query from time to time upon the origin, date, and history of such surnames as I am unable satisfactorily to elucidate without assistance. A field so large requires the co-operation of many labourers. I have already secured the friendly aid of some of the most competent antiquaries in England; and I confidently anticipate for the forthcoming collection a degree of success proportioned to the amount of labour and research bestowed upon it.
Oflocalsurnames few will be introduced; for, as nearly every landed property has given a name to the family of its early proprietor, it would be impossible to include all the names so derived. Only the more remarkable ones of this class, which would appear at first sight to come from a totally different source, will be admitted. Blennerhasset, Polkinghom, Woodhead, Wisdom, Bodycoat, and Crawl, for example, are names of places, and surnames have been derived from them, although few except the persons resident in the particular localities are aware that any such places exist. Most of the names that baffle all historical and etymological acumen are probably of this class.
I wish it to be understood that my dictionarywill only include family, that is,hereditarysurnames. Merely personal sobriquets which died with their first possessors (and which are found in large numbers in ancient records) will be passed by, unless they should illustrate some appellative which has descended to our times.
In conclusion, this work is by no means intended to supersede myEnglish Surnames, which contains much matter unsuited to dictionary arrangement, and is intended to convey information on a neglected subject in a popular form. The illustrations in theDictionarywill for the most part be new, with references to theEnglish Surnamesfor others.
The foregoing announcement was intended to be sent to "N. & Q." some weeks since. I am now induced to forward it without further delay, because I see the subject of surnames introduced in to-day's number by two different correspondents. COWGILL, the first of these, could, if so disposed, render me efficient help. As to the remarks of J. H. on the works of "Lower and others" (what others?), they clearly show that he has never read what he so summarily condemns, or he would not now have to ask for the supposed number of surnames in England, which is given in my third edition, vol. i., preface, p. xiii. Though I am, perhaps, more fully aware than any other person of the defects and demerits of myEnglish Surnames, I think the literary public will hardly deny me the credit of "somestudy and research," praise which has been awarded me by better critics than J. H. It is not my practice to notice the censures of anonymous writers, but I cannot forbear adverting to two points in J. H.'s short communication. In the first place his desire for a work givingallthe names used in England, and "showing when they were first adopted or brought into this country," shows his entire want of acquaintance with the existing state of the nomenclature of English families. A glance at a few pages of so common a book as theLondon Directory, will convince any competent observer that there are hundreds upon hundreds of surnames that would baffle the most imaginative etymologist. Secondly, J. H. proposes that an author treating on the subject of family names, should begin "with the Britons." Does he really suppose that the Celtic possessors of our island bore family names according to the modern practice? If so, "Lower and (many) others" can assure him that his antiquarian and historical knowledge must be of a somewhat limited kind.
MARKANTONYLOWER.
Lewes.
Since the Notes, kindly transmitted from Holland in answer to my Query respecting the family of the Rev. John Paget, appeared in "N. & Q.," I have discovered that the Pagets to whom my Query related, as well as the others alluded to by your correspondents, were all of the family of Paget of Rothley, Leicestershire, of whom a (partially incomplete) pedigree is given in Nichols'sLeicestershire, vol. iv. p. 481. I was led to this conclusion by finding that Robert Paget (the writer of a preface before alluded to "from Dort, 1641") mentions in his will Roadley (Rothley) in Leicestershire as his birthplace, and speaks of his brother George as residing in his "patrimoniall house" there: he is probably the Robert, son of Michael Paget, and great-grandson of the Rev. Harold Paget, vicar of Rothley in 1564, who is mentioned in the pedigree as born at Rothley in 1611: he died at Dordt in 1684. The pedigree gives him an uncle named Thomas, born in 1589 (two indeed of that name, and both born the same year!); this will do very well for the Rev. Thomas Paget, incumbent of Blackley, and rector of Stockport; and another named John, who died, aged seven, in 1582: still I cannot help believing that John Paget, the writer, was this Robert's uncle, and feel mightily disposed to metamorphose one of the two Thomases into John. The Rev. Thomas Paget died in October, 1660, leaving his property to his two sons, Nathan M.D., and Thomas a clergyman. What relation was he to that Mr. Paget to whom Dee, the astrologer (see hisDiary, p. 55. Camden Society, 1842), sold a house in Manchester in 1595? His son, Dr. Nathan, in aThesis on the Plague, printed at Leyden in 1639, describes himself on the title-page as Mancestr-Anglus. According to Mr. Paget's will, dated May 23, 1660, he was then minister at Stockport, Cheshire; and I am inclined to think him identical with Thomas Paget, rector of St. Chads, Shrewsbury, from 1646 to 1659, although Owen and Blakeway (History of Shrewsbury, 2 vols. 4to. 1825) consider the latter to be son of John (James?) Paget, Baron of the Exchequer, temp. Car. I.: this descent is, I am confident, erroneous. Thomas Paget appears to have gone to Amsterdam in 1639 on the death of the Rev. John Paget, and to have returned to England in 1646, in which year his son John (who must have been much younger than his two other sons, and is, moreover, not mentioned in his will dated 1660) was baptized at Shrewsbury. Dr. Nathan Paget was an intimate friend of Milton, and cousin to the poet's fourth wife, Elizabeth Minshull, of whose family descent (which appears to be rather obscure) I may, at another time, communicate some particulars.
Whilst the subject of the Pagets (a very interesting one to me), I cannot refrain from noticing, even at the risk of encroaching on your space, a singular mistake of Anthony à Wood respecting another writer (though of an entirely different family) of the name of Paget. Speaking of the Rev. Ephraim Paget (Athen. Oxon., vol. ii. p. 51.) he says:
"One of both his names (his uncle I think) translated into EnglishSermons upon Ruth, Lond. 1586, in oct., written originally by Lod. Lavater; but whether the said Ephraim Paget was educated at Oxon, I cannot justly say, though two or more of his sirname and time occur in our registers."
Had Anthony everseenthe book in question, he would have been aware that the title-page informs him that it was translated by Ephraim Pagitt, a child of eleven years of age; and as, according to the said Anthony's account, Ephraim was born in 1575, he would also at once have seen that Ephraim himself—not that ideal personage, his "uncle of the same name"—was the translator.
CRANMORE.
Your correspondent W. C. begins his letter modestly. "If," he says, Thomas Lord Lyttleton wroteThe Letters of Junius, and "if" Junius wrote the "Letter to the Brigadier-General," then he sees a difficulty. Why, of course he does: but as nobody but the writer in theQuarterlybelieves that the said Thomas did write theLetters of Junius, and as it has never been proved that Junius did write the "Letter to a Brigadier," I must believe that something remains to be done before we proceed a step farther either in the way of argument or inference. Unless some such resolution be come to by inquirers, we shall never get out of the mazes in which this question has been involved, by like conditional statements, and the conditional arguments founded thereon.
As to the Lyttleton story, I shall dismiss it at once: it is not entitled to the sort of respectability which attaches to a case put hypothetically, nor to the honour of an "if;" and I must remind your correspondent that in a Junius question "general belief" is no evidence. Every story, however absurd, once asserted, is "generally believed," until some one (a rare and exceptional case) proves that it is not true—probably that it could not be true. The general belief, for example, that the "Letter to a Brigadier" was written by Junius, is not, so far as I know, supported by a tittle of evidence. It is all assertion and assumption, founded on the opinion of A., B., and C., as to "style," &c. Now, as some two dozen different persons have been proved, by like confident opinions, on like evidence, to be the writer ofJunius's Letters, I may be excused when I acknowledge that the test is not with me quite conclusive. In respect, however, to this "Letter to a Brigadier," Mr. Britton and Sir David Brewster have proceeded somewhat further. Having, with others, come to the conclusion that Junius was the writer, Mr. Britton proceeds to show that Barré served in Canada under Wolfe, and was the very man, from circumstances, position, and feelings, who could, would, and did write that letter. Sir David endeavours to show that Macleane was in like circumstance, stimulated by like feelings, and was the veritable Simon; founding his argument mainly on the belief that Macleane was also serving there as surgeon of Otway's regiment. It has been shown in theAthenæumthat Macleane never was surgeon of Otway's regiment, and that in all probability he never was in Canada: in brief, that the memoir is a mistake from beginning to end. As all, however, that is urged by Sir David in favour of Macleane, as one who had served under Wolfe, may be thought to strengthen, to that extent, the claim of Barré, who certainly did so serve, and was severely wounded, let us look at the facts.
Barré was wounded at the capture of Quebec; and, under date of Oct. 1759, Knox, in hisHistorical Journal, says, "Colonel Carlton and Major Barré retired to the southward for the recovery of their wounds." From his letter to Mr. Pitt (Chath. Corr.), we find that Barré was at New York, April 28, 1760. He appears subsequently to have joined Amherst before Montreal; and on the capture of Montreal, on Sept. 8, 1760, he was appointed to convey the despatches to England, and arrived in London on the 5th October. These are facts public and unquestioned—admitted by Mr. Britton.
Now for a fact out of the "Letter to a Brigadier." I could give you half a dozen of like character, but space is precious, and one, I think, will be sufficient. The writer quotesin extensoa letter written by Townshend, published inThe Daily Advertiser, and dated "South Audley Square, 20th June, 1760." Mr. Britton admits that the pamphlet must have been published "some time before the 5th October, as on that day a Refutation appeared;" it was, in fact, reviewed, or rather abused, in theCritical Reviewfor September. We have proof, therefore, that the "Letter to a Brigadier" was written after 20th June, and founded, in part, on facts knownin Londononly on the 21st of June at the earliest: the probabilities are that it was published in August or September, certainly before the 5th October. How then could it have been written by a man in America, serving before Montreal?
L. B. G.
I do not know why, because a man publishes maps of Africa at Gotha, they should not be "fancy portraits," any more than why a man's book should be a good one, because it is printed on a composition which nobody but a German would have the effrontery to call paper.
I had seen Spruner's Map a few weeks after it came out, and the conclusion I came to about it at the time was, that it was certainly a fancy portrait. I shall be glad to be shown that I am in error; and, as I am more sure of the fact that I did come to this conclusion after some examination, than I am of the argument whereby I arrived at it—for my memory is singularly gifted in this way—I should be obliged by E. C. H., or any of your correspondents, informing me what grounds there are for believing Spruner, or any one else, to have produced a map or maps of the north coast of Africa between long. 5° west, and 25° east of Greenwich, or any portion of the said coast,—said map or maps being the result of actual survey. Moreover, if I further inquire when any survey whatever took place of this coast at any time, and profess my utter ignorance of the history of our presentNorthAfrican maps, and my great doubts of their credibility, let not your correspondents imagine that this is one of afewthings that I ought to be acquainted with, and really know nothing whatever about.
AJAX.
—To the numerous list of men whose services to literature our English biographers have injudiciously omitted to record may be added James Wilson, M.D. As editor of theMathematical tractsof Mr. Benjamin Robins in 1761, he has often been noticed with commendation. Beyond that circumstance, all is obscurity.
He wrote, however, a valuableDissertation on the rise and progress of the modern art of navigation, which was first published by Mr. John Robertson in hisElements of navigationin 1764, and republished by him in 1772. The authors shall now speak for themselves:—
"This edition [of theElements of navigation] is also enriched with the history of the art of navigation; for with the author's leave, I have published the following dissertation on that subject, written by Dr. Wilson, believing it would afford the most ample satisfaction on that subject."—John ROBERTSON, 1764.
"My enquiries into these matters [navigation] induced the late learned Dr. James Wilson to review and complete his observations on the subject, and produced hisDissertationon the history of the art of navigation, which he was pleased to give me leave to publish with the second edition of this work.... The second edition of theseElementshaving also been well received by the public, Dr. Wilson took the pains to revise hisDissertation, which he improved in many particulars."—John ROBERTSON, Nov. 1, 1772.
"ThisDissertation, written at first by desire, is now reprinted with alterations. Though I may be thought to have dwelt too long on some particulars, not directly relating to the subject; yet I hope that what is so delivered, will not be altogether unentertaining to the candid reader. As to any apology for having handled a matter quite foreign to my way of life, I shall only plead, that very young, living in a sea-port town, I was eager to be acquainted with an art that could enable the mariner to arrive across the wide and pathless ocean at his desired harbour."
London. James WILSON, 1771?
The united libraries of Henry Pemberton, M.D., F.R.S., and James Wilson, M.D., were sold in 1772. The sale occupied eighteen evenings, and produced 701l.17s.6d.The learned writers, who were intimate friends, died within seven months of each other in 1771.
BOLTONCORNEY.
—As a learned and lucid account of the early commercial intercourse between Europe and the eastern countries, I believe there is no work comparable to that entitledHistoire du commerce entre le Levant et l'Europe depuis les croisades jusqu'à la fondation des colonies d'Amérique, par G. B. Depping. Paris, 1830. 8vo. 2 vols. This subject was proposed in 1826, as a prize essay, by the Académie royale des inscriptions et belles-lettres, and M. Depping was the successful competitor. The prize, a gold medal of the value of 1500 francs, was awarded in 1828. M. le baron Silvestre de Sacy, whose profound acquaintance with oriental history and literature enabled him to detect some slight errors in the work, thus concludes his review of it in theJournal des savants: "Mais ces légères critiques ne m'empêchent pas de rendre toute justice à un travail véritablement estimable, et digne de l'honneur qu'il a obtenu de l'Académie des belles-lettres."
BOLTONCORNEY.
—There is a work on this subject by I. E. T. Wiltsch,Handbuch der Kirchlichen Geographie and Statistik, Berlin, 1846, 2 vols. 8vo., which, in so far as I have looked at it, appears to be carefully done.
J. C. R.
—I read yesterday an article signed COWGILL, asking information concerning the family of Butts, anciently of Thornage, Norfolk. Sir William Butts, physician to Henry VIII., and Dr. Robert Butts, my great-grandfather, formerly Bishop of Norwich, were of that family, and if your correspondent will communicate privately with me, I shall be happy to receive from him, and communicate to him, anyparticulars of a public character concerning a family of which I am nearly the only representative. My address is "Rev. Edward Drury Butts, Camesworth, Bridport."
E. D. B.
—The story to which your correspondent? refers may be found in a note to one of Fennimore Cooper's sea novels; I do not remember which, and am unable at present to ascertain by reference to the book itself. If my recollection be accurate, the novelist speaks of it as an event of which he had personal knowledge, and does not quote any earlier authority.
K. E.
It is a most curious circumstance connected with the superstition sailors have regarding putting to sea on a Friday, which will now have greater weight attached to it than ever, that I can inform your correspondent, W. FRASER, that the ill-fated Amazon, Captain Symons, did really sail on a Friday, as he suggested she might have done.
The day was January 2, 1852, by Lloyd's Lists, which is the day of the month the West India mail always leaves this country.
J. S. O.
Old Broad Street.
—The printed leaves inquired for by A SUBSCRIBER, are from theIrish Union Magazine, No. 2., April, 1845, and are quoted at p. 182. of Wilde'sClosing Scenes of Dean Swift's Life, where may be found several particulars of the snuff-box inquired about. The inscription within the lid is curious, and is copied by Wilde.
E. D.
—M. tells us that in the second clause of the 36th canon of 1603, the wordsquodque eodem taliter uti liceatare translated "and that the same may be lawfully used," the wordtaliterbeing altogether omitted in the English. What authority is there for this statement? In all the copies of the English Canons that I have examined, the translation is exact, viz., "and that it may lawfullysobe used;" and that the form now presented for subscription at ordination agrees with this, may be inferred from the fact that the words are so printed in Mr. Hodgson'sInstructions for the Clergy(6th edition, p. 8.).
It would seem that M. has confounded with the Canons of 1603 an older form, which was prescribed by Archbishop Whitgift in 1584 (Cardwell,Docum. Annals, i. 414.). The words of that form agree with your correspondent's quotation; and it has also a bearing on his assumption that the 36th canon was originally presented for subscription in Latin, and that the English version has been wrongfully substituted. Not only is there (as I believe) no proof of this assumption; but we have the fact that a set ofEnglisharticles, substantially the same with those of the 36th canon of 1603 (or rather 1604), was subscribed for twenty years before the body of the canons existed.
J. C. R.
—The pedigree of the noble family of Dartmouth, given by Edmondson in hisBaronagium Genealogicum, No. 197., contains an extraordinary instance of few descents through a long period of time.
The stock of descent is Thomas Legge, Sheriff of London in 1343, and Lord Mayor in 1346. He had a son, Simon, whose son, Thomas, had issue, William, who had issue an only son, Edward. This Edward had thirteen children, one of whom, John, is stated to have died in 1702, aged 109. Supposing Thomas Legge to have been 46 years old at his Mayoralty (i.e.born in 1300) these six lives would extend over more than 400 years. This is so extraordinary that I append a Query. Is Edmondson'sGenealogycorrect, or are there any intermediate descents omitted?
The ages at death of four only of Edward's children are given, and they, too, are remarkable: the before-mentioned John, aged 109 years; Elizabeth (unmarried), 105 years; Margaret (married —— Fitzgerald, Esq.), 105 years; and Anne (married —— Anthony, Esq.), 112 years. Can any of your correspondents inform me the years when any of these died, or where they are buried? to enable me to verify these facts by certificates.
C. H. B.
30. Clarence Street, Islington.
—Looking over some of the back numbers, I see under this heading a very tantalising announcement of a rich store of venerable literature in an ancient mansion in a distant part of Cornwall. It would be very desirable to know thehabitatof such an unique collection of books. Will FABERMARINUSgratify the readers of "N. & Q." by allowing it to be known?
S. S.
—Has not your querist J. B. C. mistaken the initial letter here,—readHforM? I have often met in Court Rolls with LandMolland, viz., held bymillservice.
G. A. C.
—In East Anglia the Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is calledHarberorArberwood.
G. A. C.
—M. de Magnard, in the opening chapter of his novel ofOutre-mer, says the name of "Martinique" is derived from that which the island had received from the Caribs:
"Ce nom de 'Martinique' dérive par corruption de l'ancien nom sauvage et indigène,Matinina."
HENRYH. BREEN.
St. Lucia.
—I beg to direct attention to the subjoined extract from Mr. Trench'sLectures on the Study of Words, a most able and interesting little work:
"'Bigot' is another word widely spread over Europe, of which I am inclined to think that we should look for the derivation where it is not generally sought, and here too we must turn to Spain for the explanation. It has much perplexed inquirers, and two explanations of it are current; one of which traces it up to the early Normans, while they yet retained their northern tongue, and to their often adjuration by the name of God, with sometimes reference to a famous scene in French history, in which Rollo, Duke of Normandy, played a conspicuous part; the other puts it in connexion with 'Beguines,' often called in Latin 'Beguttæ,' a name by which certain communities of pietest women were known in the Middle Ages. Yet I cannot but think it probable, that rather than to either of these sources, we owe the word to that mighty impression which the Spaniards began to make upon all Europe in the fifteenth century, and made for a long time after. Now the word 'bigote' means in Spanish 'mustachio;' and, as contrasted with the smooth or nearly smooth upper lip of most other people, at that time the Spaniards were the 'men of the mustachio.' That it was their characteristic feature comes out in Shakspeare'sLove's Labour's Lost, where Armado, the 'fantastical Spaniard,' describes the king, 'his familiar, as sometimes being pleased to lean on his poor shoulder, and dally with his mustachio.' [Act V. Sc. 1.] That they themselves connected firmness and resolution with the mustachio, that it was esteemed the outward symbol of these, is plain from such phrases as 'hombre de bigote,' a man of resolution; 'tener bigotes,' to stand firm. But that in which they eminently displayed their firmness and resolution in those days, was their adherence to whatever the Roman See required and taught. What then more natural, or more entirely according to the law of the generation of names, than that this striking and distinguishing outward feature of the Spaniard should have been laid hold of to express that character and condition which eminently were his, and then transferred to all others who shared the same? The mustachio is, in like manner, in France a symbol of military courage; and thus 'un vieux moustache,' is an old soldier of courage and military bearing. And strengthening this view, the earliest use of the word which Richardson gives, is a passage from Bishop Hall, where 'bigot' is used to signify a pervert to Romanism: 'he was turned bothbigotand physician.' In further proof that the Spaniard was in those times the standing representative of the bigot and the persecutor, we need but turn to the older editions of Fox'sBook of Martyrs, where the Pagan persecutors of the early Christians are usually arrayed in the armour of Spanish soldiers, and sometimes graced with tremendous 'bigotes.'"—2nd edit. 80-82.