"Ci-gît Piron qui ne fut rien,Pas même Académicien."
"Ci-gît Piron qui ne fut rien,
Pas même Académicien."
Others were levelled at the members individually. Of this sort are the lines on La Bruyère:
"Quand La Bruyère se présente,Pourquoi faut-il crier haro?Pour faire un nombre de quaranteNe fallait-il pas un zéro?"
"Quand La Bruyère se présente,
Pourquoi faut-il crier haro?
Pour faire un nombre de quarante
Ne fallait-il pas un zéro?"
Who was the author of the latter epigram? Since the days of La Bruyère it has been used as a standing gibe against all newly elected Academicians, whose names could be substituted for his, with a due regard to rhythmical propriety.
HENRYH. BREEN.
St. Lucia.
—As the expression of a "cockandbullstory" has sometimes puzzled me, so it may have puzzled others, and I therefore send the following Note, if worthy of notice:
"I have used the expressive proverbial phraseCock-on-a-Bell, familiarly corrupted into Cock-and-a-Bull, in its true and genuine application to the fabulous narratives of Popery. There is some measure of antiquarian curiosity attendant upon it, which may rival thesingular metamorphosis of thePix und Ouselinto the familiar sign of thePig and Whistle. During the Middle Ages, as we learn incidentally from Reinerius,Gallus-super-campanamwas the ecclesiastical hieroglyphic of aRomish Priest: and as the gentlemen of that fraternity dealt somewhat copiously in legends rather marvellous than absolutely true, the contempt of Our English Protestantism soon learned proverbially to distinguish any idle figment by the burlesque name of aCock-on-a-Bellstory, or, as we now say, aCock-and-a-Bull story."—FromAn Inquiry into the History and Theology of the Ancient Vallenses and Albigenses, by George Stanley Faber, B.D., 1838, p. 76. n.
J. R. R.
—I find in Grose'sAntiquarian Repertory, 2nd edition, vol. iii. p. 388., an account of a monument which was formerly to be seen in the Church of St. Andrew, at Antwerp, to the memory of Mary Queen of Scots; and it is therein related, on the authority of "an ancient MS.," shown to the author by "a Flemish gentleman of consequence and learning," that two of Mary's attendant ladies, named Barbara Mowbray and Elizabeth Curle, buried the head of their unfortunate mistress there, having been permitted, on leaving England after her execution, to carry her head with them.
Can any of your readers inform me whether this monument still exists, and whether anything is known of a portrait of Mary said to have been placed by these ladies near the monument? Also, whether there is any truth whatever in the above strange story.
C. E. D.
The inclosed cutting is from theNew Monthly Magazinefor March 1829. What has become of the translation of the "Book of Jasher" named therein, and was it ever published as promised?
"Curious Literary Discovery.—The following is a singular discovery, said to be a translation from the original Hebrew manuscript of the Book of Jasher, referred to as a work of credit and reputation in Holy Scripture, first in Joshua x. 13. and again in 2 Sam. i. 18. This book was kept as a memorial of the great events which had happened from the beginning of time, especially to the family and descendants of Abraham, by the Kings of Judah. After the Babylonish captivity, it fell into the possession of the Persian Kings, and was preserved with great care in the city of Gazna: from whence a translation was procured by the great Alcuin, who flourished in the eighth century, at the cost of several bars of gold, presented to those who had the custody of it. He brought this translation to his own country, having employed, with his companions, seven years in pilgrimage; three of which were spent in Gazna, in order to his obtaining this important and interesting work. After his return to England he was made Abbot of Canterbury; and having lived in the highest honour, died in the year 804, leaving this, with other manuscripts, to his friend, a clergyman in Yorkshire. It appears to have been preserved with religious care for many centuries, until, about one hundred years since, it fell into the hands of a gentleman, who certifies that on its cover was the following testimony of our great reformer Wickliffe:—'I have read the Book of Jasher twice over, and I much approve of it as a piece of great antiquity and curiosity; but I cannot assent that it should be made a part of the Canon of Scripture.'—(Signed, Wickliffe.) This gentleman, who conceals his name, communicated it to a Noble Lord, who appears to have been high in office, when a rumour prevailed of a new translation of the Bible. His Lordship's opinion of it was that it should be published, as a work of great sincerity, plainness, and truth; and further, his Lordship added, 'it is my opinion the Book of Jasher ought to have been printed in the Holy Bible before the Book of Joshua.' From that period this invaluable work has lain concealed, until, by an accident, it fell into the hands of the present possessor, who purposes to publish it in a way worthy its excellence for truth, antiquity, and evident originality.—Daily Paper."
L. L. L.
[Two editions of this work have been published: the first appeared in 1751, and the other in 1829; both in 4to. The title-page of the latter edition informs us that it was "translated into English from the Hebrew, by Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus of Britain, Abbot of Canterbury, who went a pilgrimage into the Holy Land and Persia, where he discovered this volume, in the city of Gazna." But it appears that this Alcuin of Britain was no other than Jacob Ilive; and, according to Rowe Mores, the whole of it is a palpable forgery. He states, that "the account given of the translation is full of glaring absurdities. Mr. Ilive, in the night-time, had constantly an Hebrew Bible before him, and cases in his closet. He produced theBook of Jasher; and it was composed in private, and the same worked off in the night-time in a private press-room."—Rowe Mores'Diss. on Founders, p. 64. See also Nichols'Literary Anecdotes, vol. i. p. 309.]
—It was gratifying to see some inquiries respecting Dutch china, which it is to be hoped will lead to a further pursuit of such subjects. Some connoisseur would confer a benefit upon the community if he would be kind enough to give a concise description of the various styles and to point out the distinguishing marks of old china generally, by which its beauties might be appreciated and its value estimated: there is great difficulty in acquiring such information.
C. T.
—No such word asPagodais known in the native languages:Dewal, according to Mr. Forbes (Orient. Mem.vol. i.p. 25.), is the proper name. I have read somewhere or another thatPagodais a name invented by the Portuguese from the Persian "Pentgheda," meaninga temple of idols.Joss, applied to the Chinese temples, seems to be the SpanishDiós(Deus), asdiurnalbecomesjournal.
"The Fetiche of the African (says Mr. Milman) is the Manitou of the American Indian. The wordFetichewas first, I believe, brought into general use in the curious volume of the President de Brosses'Du Culte des Dieux Fétiches. The word was formed by the traders to Africa from the PortugueseFetisso, chose fée, enchantée, divinée, ou rendant des Oracles." De B. p. 18.
History of Christianity(3 vols. 1840), vol. i. p. 11.
Query, Is this word the same as a common word in Ireland (upon which Banim founded a tale), yclepedfetch, which answers to the Scotchwraith?
EIRIONNACH.
—A good many years ago I deciphered on the marbled paper cover of one of my school-books the lines of which the following are what I yet retain in memory:
"And Eva stood, and wept alone,Awhile she paused, then woke a strainOf intermingled joy and pain.Yes, O my mother! thou art fled.And who on this lone heart will shedThe healing dew of sympathy,That stills the bosom's deepest sigh?Yes! thou art fled, but if 'tis givenTo spirits in the courts of heavenTo watch o'er those they love (for thisMust heighten even angels' bliss),If blessing so refined and pureOur mortal frailty can endure,Oh! may my mother's spirit mildWatch over and protect her child."
"And Eva stood, and wept alone,Awhile she paused, then woke a strainOf intermingled joy and pain.
"And Eva stood, and wept alone,
Awhile she paused, then woke a strain
Of intermingled joy and pain.
Yes, O my mother! thou art fled.And who on this lone heart will shedThe healing dew of sympathy,That stills the bosom's deepest sigh?Yes! thou art fled, but if 'tis givenTo spirits in the courts of heavenTo watch o'er those they love (for thisMust heighten even angels' bliss),If blessing so refined and pureOur mortal frailty can endure,Oh! may my mother's spirit mildWatch over and protect her child."
Yes, O my mother! thou art fled.
And who on this lone heart will shed
The healing dew of sympathy,
That stills the bosom's deepest sigh?
Yes! thou art fled, but if 'tis given
To spirits in the courts of heaven
To watch o'er those they love (for this
Must heighten even angels' bliss),
If blessing so refined and pure
Our mortal frailty can endure,
Oh! may my mother's spirit mild
Watch over and protect her child."
I have never since, through a tolerably extensive course of reading, met with the poem to which these lines belong, and have inquired of others, without more success. Can any of your correspondents inform me of the name of the poem, and of its author?
S. S. WARDEN.
—InNarratives of Sorcery and Magic, by Thomas Wright, Esq. (1851), vol. ii. p. 163., mention is made of a work by the associate of the notorious Hopkins, the "Witch-finder General," one John Hearne, entitled,A Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft(1648). I should esteem it a great favour if any of the numerous readers of your valuable journal can inform me where a copy of Hearne's work is to be found, as it appears to be wanting in the British Museum, and several other of the public libraries. I already happen to possess a copy of Matthew Hopkins'sDiscovery of Witches, 4to. (1647), an extraordinary little work, which Sir Walter Scott acknowledges he was acquainted with but by name.
There is a tract, too, by the celebrated author of theSaints' Rest, which I never yet could put eyes on, though I have for some years "collected" rather largely; I allude to Baxter'sHeavy Shove, mentioned at page 99. of Lackington's "Life," and in one or two other works; but among a very large collection of old editions of Baxter's works possessed by me, it is not to be discovered. If any of your correspondents can enlighten me upon the subject I shall be much gratified.
Though I have collected rather extensively among the ballad lore of this country, I am sorry to say I never could find out from what particular ballad the annexed stanza is derived. It is to be found, as an epigraph, inPoetical Memoirs, by the late James Bird, 8vo. (1823):
"Brunette and fayre, my heart did share,As last a wyfe I tooke:Then all the wayes of my younge dayes,I noted in a booke!"Old English Ballad.
"Brunette and fayre, my heart did share,
As last a wyfe I tooke:
Then all the wayes of my younge dayes,
I noted in a booke!"
Old English Ballad.
CHARLESCLARK.
Great Totham Hall, Essex.
—When and where were the first gunpowder mills erected in this country? This Query was made in theGentleman's Magazinefor October, 1791, and does not appear to have been answered. I think I have waited long enough for a reply, and almost fear the Query must have been forgotten.
W.
—Who is the present heir-male of this family? The latest account of it that I have been able to discover is contained in Douglas'sBaronage of Scotland(1798).
E. N.
—In theCourt Manual of Dignity and Precedenceit is stated, that in the year 1798, when the subject of armorial bearings was before Parliament, 9458 families in England, and 4000 in Scotland, wereprovedentitled to arms. Are any of the relative parliamentary papers still in existence, and where are they to be found? I have been unable to discover them in Hansard.
E. N.
—In theCollections of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, published by the Spalding Club, and under the heading "Ellon," p. 310., there is given an
"Inquisicio facta super terris Ecclesie de Ellon.A.D.1387,"
"Inquisicio facta super terris Ecclesie de Ellon.
A.D.1387,"
in which occur several times the two wordsScologlandisandScologi. Neither of these words are found in Ducange; the nearest approach to either beingScolanda, which is considered to be equivalent toScrut landa, namely, lands the revenue of which is to be applied to the providing of churchvestments. I should be much obliged by any of your correspondents favouring me with their opinion as to the meaning ofScologlandisandScologi, which are used in the "Inquisicio" as follows:
"... Qui jurati deposuerunt quod terre Ecclesiastice de Ellon que dicuntur leScologlandis....
"... Item quod heres cujuslibetScologidefuncti intrare consuevit hereditatem suam."
G. J. R. G.
—Can any of the readers of "N. & Q." give me information respecting this person, or the family descended from him, which is supposed to have lived in North Wales during the reign of Henry VII.? His armorial badge is figured in p. 250. of Enderbie'sCambria Triumphans, and is described asGules, three snakes braced, Arg.There is an ancient font in our church, which, when restored to it in the year 1841, after having been put to vile uses for many years, did bear this badge,but it does not bear it now. The gentleman who undertook the direction of the repair of the sculpture on the font, not having been inspired by the Professor of History at Oxford with a due reverence for antiquities, ordered Samuel Davies, a stone-mason (who is still living in this town), to make the three snakes as much like one dragon as he could. This he attempted to do by chiselling away the head of one snake, inlaying in its place the head of a dragon; and making the other heads and tails into legs with claws. The result of these operations has been a dragon of averysingular appearance. There is a portcullis with chains sculptured on one of the eight sides of the font; and it has been conjectured that the motive to the conversion of thethree snakes, braced, into a dragon, was to make it appear probable that the font had been presented to the church by Henry VII.
APJOHN.
Wrexham.
—As you have afforded space for a Query on "Wild Oats," you will not, I hope, deny me a corner for one on Mummy Wheat.
In the year 1840, a letter appeared inThe Times, signed "Martin Farquhar Tupper," which detailed minutely the sowing, growing, and gathering of some mummy wheat. Mr. Tupper, it seems, had received the grains of wheat from Mr. Pettigrew, who had them from Sir Gardner Wilkinson, by whom they were found on opening an ancient tomb in the Thebaid. Mr. Tupper took great pains to secure the identity of the seed, and had no doubt that he had gathered the product of a grain preserved since the time of the Pharaohs. The long vitality of seeds has been a popular belief; I was therefore surprised to find that that interesting fact is now pronounced to be no fact at all. It appears, inThe Year-Book of Facts for 1852, that Prof. Henslowe stated to the British Association, that "the instances of plants growing from seeds found in mummies were all erroneous." Can any one tell me how this has been proved?
H. W. G.
Elgin.
—The singular emblematic picture of a "Trusty Servant," in the vestibule of the kitchen of Winchester College, is too well known to require a description. I remember once hearing a gentleman refer to some author as giving a description of a similar figure, and speaking of such representations as of great antiquity. Unfortunately I took nonoteof it at the time, and I now hope to recover the reference by aquery; and shall feel obliged to any of your correspondents who may be able to furnish me with an answer: "Who was the author referred to?"
M. Y. R. W.
—Can you tell me the names of the clergyman and noble lord referred to in the following anecdote?
"A noble lord distinguished for a total neglect of religion, and who, boasting the superior excellence of some water works which he had invented and constructed, added, that after having been so useful to mankind, he expected to be verycomfortablein the next world, notwithstanding his ridicule and disbelief of religion. 'Ah,' replied the clergyman, 'if you mean to becomfortablethere, you must take yourwaterworksalong with you.'"
Daniel'sSports, Supplement, p. 305.
H. N. E.
—What is the best edition of hisConfessions. Dupin mentions his six Treatises on Man. Do these exist, and do they appear in any edition of St. Augustine's works?
E. A. H. L.
—In Ackerman'sRepository, Nov. 1820, is a short account of a remarkable instance of a person being tried on the pretended evidence of a ghost. A farmer on his return from the market at Southam, co. Warwick, was murdered. The next morning a man called upon the farmer's wife, and related how on the previous night, as he lay in bed, quite awake, her husband's ghost had appeared to him, and after showing him several stabs on his body, had told him that he was murdered by a certain person, and his corpse thrown into a certain marl-pit. A search was instituted, the body found in the pit, and the wounds on the body of the deceased were exactly in the parts described by the pretended dreamer; the person who was mentioned was committed for trial on violent suspicion of murder, and the trial came on at Warwick before Lord Chief Justice Raymond. The jury would have convicted the prisoner as rashly as the magistrate had committed him, but for the interposition of the judge, who told them that he did not put any credit in the pretended ghost story, since the prisoner was a man of unblemished reputation, andno ill feeling had ever existed between himself and the deceased. He said that he knew of no law which admitted of the evidence of a ghost; and if any did, the ghost had not appeared. The crier was then ordered to summon the ghost, which he did three times, and the judge then acquitted the prisoner, and caused the accuser to be detained, which was accordingly done, and his house searched, when such strong proofs of guilt were discovered, that the man confessed the crime, and was executed for murder at the following assizes.
Could any of your readers inform me when this remarkable trial took place, and where I could meet with a more detailed account?
SOUTHAMIENSIS.
—Dr. W. Warren, formerly Vice-Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, wrote some papers to prove that the situation of the Grantacæster of Bede was at the Castle end of Cambridge, not at Granchester, and "demonstrated the thing as amply as a matter of that sort is capable of." Brydges states (Restituta, iv. 388.) that his brother, Dr. R. Warren, intended to publish this tract, which came into his hands after the death of the vice-master, which happened in, or shortly after, the year 1735. He left some MSS. to the college, but this is not amongst them; and Dr. R. Warren did not, as far as I can learn, ever carry his intention of publishing it into execution. What I want to learn is, where this tract now is, if it still exists; or, if it has been printed, where a printed copy is to be found.
C. C. B.
—Will your correspondent who some Numbers back stated, in a communication on the mistletoe, that it wasnot uncommonupon the oak inSomersetshire, kindly givetwo or three localitieson his own knowledge? I fear some mistake has arisen, for, as far as my experience goes, an arch-Druid might hunt long enough in the present day for the "heaven-descended plant" among agrove of oaks, ere he fortuitously alighted upon it. Some years ago a friend assured me that he was credibly informed by a timber merchant often in the Sussex forests, thatmistletoewas not uncommon upon oaks there; but on a personal inspection it turned out thativy, notmistletoe, was intended. I suspect a similar mistake in Somersetshire, unless two or three certain localities can be named as seen by a competent observer.
I should also like to know from your Carolinian correspondent H. H. B., whether the mistletoe he mentions is our genuine "wintry mistletoe"—theViscum albumof Linnæus, oranother species. The "varieties of the oak" he speaks of as having mistletoe upon them, are, I presume, allAmericanspecies, and not the EuropeanQuercus robur.
A. F.
Worcester.
—I should be glad if you, or any of your readers in England or in France, could inform me whether there is anywhere to be found a portrait—drawing, painting, or engraving—ofMesmer?
SIGMA.
Saint Richard(Vol. iv., p. 475.).—On what authority do the particulars recorded of this personage in theLives of the Saintsrest? I cannot help considering his very existence as rather apocryphal, for these reasons:—1. Bede, who must have been his contemporary, and whoseEcclesiastical Historywas written several years after the date assigned for Richard's death, never mentions his name. 2. When did his alleged renunciation of the throne occur, and what historian of the period mentions it? At the time of his death, and for thirty-five years before, the kingdom of Wessex was under the sway of Ina, one of the greatest and best of the West Saxon kings. 3. His name is not a Saxon one, and I believe it is not to be found in English history till after the Norman Conquest.
S. S. WARDEN.
[TheBritannia Sancta, 4to. 1745, contains the following notice of St. Richard compiled from the collections of the Bollandists:—"St. Richard, whose name occurs on Feb. 7 in the Roman Martyrology, is styled there, as well as in divers other monuments,King of the English, though in the catalogues of our Saxon kings there is no one found of that name; the reason of which is, because the catalogues of the kings, during the Heptarchy, are very imperfect, as might be proved, if it were necessary, by several instances of kings whose names are there omitted. As for St. Richard, it is that he was one of those princes who, as we learn from St. Bede, lib. iv. ch. 12., ruled the West Saxons after the year 673, till they were forced to give way to King Ceadwall; which is the more probable, because he flourished about that time, and was of the province of the West Saxons, as appears from his being a kinsman to St. Winifred, or Boniface, born and brought up in those parts (at Crediton in Devonshire), and from his son Willibald's being brought up in a monastery of the same province, and from his own setting out upon his pilgrimage from Hamble Haven, which belonged to the West Saxons." Some account of St. Richard and his tomb at Lucca will be found in theGentleman's Magazine, vol. lxix., pt. i. p. 14.]
—Where does this couplet occur?
"'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore,And coming events cast their shadows before."
"'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore,
And coming events cast their shadows before."
E. G.
[This couplet is from Campbells "Lochiel's Warning."]
—Fosbroke says, "the Greek Christians represented this saint with a dog's head,like Anubis, to show that he was of the country of the Cynocephale; and in confirmation of this assertion he quotes "Winckelm. Stosch.cl.i.n.103." I have never heard either of this fact, or of the authority from which Fosbroke derived it. Can any of your readers give me any information about either?
E. A. H. L.
[The following is the passage quoted by Mr. Fosbroke, from Winckelmann'sDescription des Pierres Graveés du feu Baron de Stosch. 4to. Florence, 1760, p. 25.:—
"Jaspe rouge.Anubis en pied. Je vais rémarquer ici en passant que les Chretiens Grecs du moyen âge ont figuré S. Christrophle avec tête de Chien, comme Anubis, pour signifier que ce Saint étoit du pays des Cynocéphales. (Pin.Commentar. Vit. S. Christoph., § 6. inAct. SS. Ant. Ful., vol. vi. p. 427.) Tel le voiton sur un ancien Ménologe peint sur bois, dans la Bibliothèque du Vatican; cette rare pièce y est entrée avec la bibliothèque du Marq. Capponi."]
—Your correspondents have alluded to the wordsDonkeyandMokenot appearing in any of our dictionaries. There is another word for the same animal in general use in Northumberland and the neighbouring counties,Cuddy, which likewise does not appear in the dictionaries I have looked at,—Johnson's amongst the number. Can any of your correspondents give the origin of this word?
J. S. A.
Old Broad Street.
[This word is most probably of Oriental origin, and may have been imported by the gypsies, the ass being their favourite quadruped. Persianguddasignifies an ass; andghuddahas the same signification in Hindostanee.—Jamieson'sScottish Dictionary.]
—Will any of your readers be kind enough to explain the origin of this word, which is constantly used in conversation when speaking of a sycophant?
F. M.
[Toady, orToad-eater, a vulgar name for a fawning, obsequious sycophant, was first given to a gluttonous parasite, famous for his indiscriminate enjoyment and praise of all viands whatever set before him. To test his powers of stomach and complaisance, one of his patrons had atoadcooked and set before him, which he both ate and praised in his usual way.—Ogilvie'sImperial Dictionary.]
—We have all heard of Mother Shipton and her prophecies. Was she a real character? If so, where did she live, and at what period? Were her prophecies ever published? If so, I should like an account of them?
JACOBUS.
[Our correspondent is referred to the following works relating to this renowned personage:—1.The Prophesies of Mother Shipton in the Raigne of King Henry VIII., foretelling the Death of Cardinal Wolsey, the Lord Percy, and others; as also what should happen in ensuing Times: London, 1641, 4to. 2.Two Strange Prophesies, predicting Wonderfull Events to betide this Yeare of Danger in this Climate, where some have already come to passe, by Mother Shipton: London, 1642, 4to. (About 1642 several other tracts were published with the name of Shipton.) 3.The Life and Death of Mother Shipton: London, 1677, 4to. 4.Mother Shipton's Life and Curious Prophecies: London, 1797, 8vo. 5.The History of Mother Shipton: Newcastle, 4to. Nos. 1. and 4. are in the British Museum.]
There appears to be a slight error in the Editor's reply to E. D.'s Query respecting Ralph Winterton's translation of Gerard'sMeditations and Prayers. I have an earlier edition than that of 1631. It is dated 1627,[3]printed at Cambridge by Thomas and John Bucke, and possesses no less than four dedications, which throw some little, and rather curious light on his history. Thefirst, "To the Right Worsh. my most worthy Friend and Benefactour, Mr. John Bowle, Doctor of Divinitie, and Deane of Salisbury," in which he mentions "the fatherly care" he had experienced from that divine, "when he was at Kensington, in the house of that most vertuous and literate Lady, the Lady Coppen." "By your indeficient liberalitie," he says, "all defects were supplyed, all difficulties remooved, horses provided, a man appointed, and,to conclude, by the grace of God, after many a troublesome and wearysome step, to my rest I returned." ThesecondDedication is, "To the Right Worshipp. vertuous and learned Lady, the Lady Coppen, MrR. Coppen, MrT. Coppen, her Sonnes; MrisElizabeth Coppen, her Daughter-in-Law, &c., Internall, Externall, Eternall Happiness." In this he records, that "scarce had he entered her doores at Kensington, but he was saluted and made welcome by a gentlewoman well deserving at his hands, whose name must not be concealed, MrisFrancis Thorowgood, who hasted to carrie news to your Ladyship.Dixirat et dicto citius.Hereupon your Ladyship," he adds, "was pleased, out of hand, leaving all other business, not to send to mee, but to descend yourself to mee; not so much by the degrees of staires, as by a naturall inclination to show your hospitality," &c.; and speaks of her as understanding "the scholler's Languages as well as they that do profess them;" and as being "highly honoured by Queene Elizabeth." ThethirdDedication is "To the Right Worship. my most munificent Friend, Sir John Hanburie, of Kelmash, in Northamptonshire." Thefourth, "To the Worsh. my very worthy Friends, MrWilliam Bonham (of Paternoster Rowe, in London), and MrisAnne Bonham, his Wife, Mr. NathaniellHenshawe, of Valence, in Essex; MrBenjamin Henshawe, of Cheapside, in London; and MrThomas Henshawe, of Saffron Walden, in Essex." ThethirdDedication is dated fromLutterworth, inLeicestershire, May 10: the others fromKing's Coll., June 12, 1627.
C. W. B.
[3][The edition of 1627 was unknown to Watt, and is not to be found in the libraries of the British Museum or the Bodleian.—ED.]
MS. Account of Fellows of King's, anno 1616.
"Ralph Winterton of Lutterworth, Leicester, Bro. of Fran., who was Gent. of the Pr. Chamber to Hen. Maria, and served under D. of Hamilton in Germ., and was killed at Custrin, on the Borders of Silesia. See History of that Expedition.
"M.D., Prof. Regi Med., Sept. 13, 1636, at which time all the Reg. Prof. were of K. C.
"He was a great Physician & Scholar, insomuch that he was a Candidate to succeed Downes as Greek Prof. He translated Gerhard'sSum of Xtian Doctri., 1640, of which see Dedication. On his Bro. departing for Germany, he translatedDrescelius on Eternity, and on another occasion returned to Gerhard. This was probably on some difficulty which was started to his Degree of M.D. by Provost Collins. He is said at one time to have suffered so, as for a time to have lost his senses. His Books are prefaced by recommendatory Verses from K. C. men, viz. D. Williamson, 1627; R. Newman, H. Whiston, and Thomas Page, 1627; Wym Carew, 1622; Tho. Bonham, 1621; Edm. Sheafe, 1613; R. Williams, 1623; T. Yonge, 1624.
"He publishedDionysius de Situ Orbis, with a Dedication to Sir H. Wotton, and Hippocrates'Aphorismsin Gr. Verse, 1633. Que, if the Lat. Verses not written by Fryer, an eminent Physician at Camb. Que, thePoetæ Minores."
See, too, a short account in Harwood'sAlumni Etonensis, p. 218.
J. H. L.
Your correspondents do not seem to be aware that thisquestio vexatahas given rise to a volume in folio! In 1744 Don Gregorio Mayans y Siscar published, at the expense of the Academy of Valencia, a volume containing nearly 400 pages under the following title:Obras Chronologicas de Don Gaspar Ibañes, &c., Marquis de Mondejar, &c. &c., which is principally occupied by a discourse entitled, "Origen deLA ERA ESPAÑOLAi su Diferencia con los años de Christo."[4]Prefixed to this is a very able and learned Preface, by the editor, of nearly 100 pages; and one would have thought that between these distinguished scholars the subject in dispute would be set at rest.
[4]A re-impression of the Valencia edition was made at Madrid in the year 1795.
Unfortunately, however, Spanish scholars and antiquaries have too much neglected the Gothic element in their language, and they have consequently missed the only source from whence, as it appears to me, the true origin ofEracould be developed. The Marquis de Mondejar indeed seems to have had a suspicion of the true source; for he has a chapter thus entitled "Si puede serGothicala vozERAi aver introducido los Godos su computo en España?" in which he thus expresses his incapacity to answer his own question:
"I assi contentandonos con aver expressado nuestra imaginacion con el mismo recelo que la discurrimos,prohibendonos la ignorancia de la lengua Gothica antigua, el que podamos justificar si pudo aver procedido de ella la vozERApropria del computo de que hablamos."
As long since as 1664 that eminent northern philologist Thomas Marshall, in his notes on the Gothic Gospels, had thus expressed himself, confirming, if not anticipating, Spelman:
"{jER} proprie significat annum, sicque usurpatur in omnibus linguis Gothicæ cognatis; suâ scilicet cuique Dialecto asservatâ. Videant Hispani, nunquid eorumHERAvelERA, quodÆtatemettempusdicitur interdum significare, debeat originationem suam Gothico {jER}, atque num forsan hinc quoque aliquid lucis affulserit indagantibus originem vexatissimi illiusÆra, quatenus significat Epocham Chronologicam."
In theGlossarythe further development of the origin of the word is ingenious, but not satisfactory:
"Prisca interim Gothorum atque Anglo-Saxonum orthographiâ inducor ut credam {ger} vel {gear} esse àγυροῦνGyrare, in orbem circumvolvere, juxta illud poetæ principis,Georg.II.402.:
'Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus.'
'Atque in se sua per vestigia volvitur annus.'
"Unde et Annum idem poëta,Æneid.I. 273., Orbem dixit:
'Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbesImperio explebit,'
'Triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbes
Imperio explebit,'
"ubi Servius: Annus dictus quasi Anus, id est Anulus; quod in se redeat, &c."
That the Roman wordÆrasignifiednumberin earlier times, we learn from Nonius Marcellus:
"Æranumeri nota, Lucilius lib. xxviiij. Hoc est ratio perversa,ærasumma, et subducta improbe."
Those who desire further confirmation will find it in that extraordinary storehouse of erudition, theExercitationes Plinianaof Salmasius, p. 483., ed. 1689.
It is equally certain that, soon after the establishment of the Gothic domination in Spain, it was applied in its present signification; but that it also signifiedtimeor period will be evident from the following passage of theCoronica General, Zamora, 1541. fol.CCC.XXVJ. Speaking of the numbers of the extraordinary armament assembled by Don Alonzo, preparatory to the battle of Las Navas:
"E para todo esto complir avia menester el rey Don Alfonso de cada dia doze mil maravedisde aquellaERA, que era buena moneda."
That is to say, moneyof that time.
From our imperfect acquaintance with the early history of the Goths, it is not easy to decide upon the reasons why they adopted their mode of reckoning from thirty-eight years before the Christian epoch; but if we accept the signification which we know it was not unusual to affix to the wordEra, namely, that ofyear,time, orperiod, the solution is easy as to its origin. It was only the engrafting of their own vernacular word into the barbarous Latin of the time, from whence also it was adopted into the Romance, Castilian, or Spanish.
It may also be observed that Liutprand uses the word in this sense: in speaking of the Mosque of San Sophia at Constantinople, and how the course of the reign of its rulers was noted there, so as to be manifest to all, he concludes:
"SicÆRAMqui non viderunt intelligunt."
So Dudo,De Actis Normannorum, lib. v. p. 111.:
"Transacta denique duarumHerarumintercapedine, mirabilibusque incrementis augmentata profusus Ricardo Infante, cœpit Dux Willelmus de Regni commodo salubriter tractare."
It is also remarkable that we find it in use only in those places under the domination of the Goths, as in the southern provinces of France,—the Council of Arles, for instance.—V. Mansi Collect. Concil., t. xiv. col. 57.
The earliest inscription in which it has been found was at Lebrija, in the kingdom of Seville, and the date corresponds with that of the year 465 from the birth of Christ. It runs thus:
ALEXANDRA . CLARISSIMA . FEMINAVIXIT . ANNOS . PLVS . MINVS . XXVRECESSIT . IN . PACE. X . KAL . IANVARERA . DIII . PROBVS . FILIVS . VIXITANNOS . DVOS . MENSEM . VNVM.
ALEXANDRA . CLARISSIMA . FEMINA
VIXIT . ANNOS . PLVS . MINVS . XXV
RECESSIT . IN . PACE. X . KAL . IANVAR
ERA . DIII . PROBVS . FILIVS . VIXIT
ANNOS . DVOS . MENSEM . VNVM.
It is possible there may be some error even here, for no other inscription yet recorded is so early by eighty years.
Had it been in use at an earlier period, the Spaniard, Paulus Orosius, whoseHistoryends withA.D. 417, would doubtless have used it; whereas we find that he makes use of theAnno Mundi, of the Olympiads, and of theA.U.C.of the Romans.
All circumstances, therefore, considered, we may safely conclude that in the SpanishErawe have nothing more than the adoption of thejeraof Ulfilas, by whom it is used forἔτοςandχρόνος. The Gothic word being written with the consonantj{j} will account for the form in which, to mark the aspiration,Erais often found with the initialH. Whoever may desire to trace the etymology further will do well to consult Dieffenbach's very valuableVergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gothischen Sprache.
S. W. SINGER.
It may be interesting to some of the readers of "N. & Q." to peruse the following observations made by the Venetian ambassador resident in England in 1606, respecting that "child of woe" the Lady Arabella Stuart, whose romantic history forms one of the most pleasing of D'Israeli'sCuriosities of Literature. The extract I send you is taken from a little French work, which professes to be a translation from the manuscript "Italian Relation of England" by Marc-Antonio Correr, the Venetian ambassador, and was printed at Montbéliard in 1668. The Lady Arabella is here spoken of asMadame Isabelle.
"La personne la plus proche de sang de sa Majesté après ses enfans, est Madame Isabelle, laquelle descend, ainsi que le Roy, de Marguerite fille de Henry VII., estant née d'un frère naturel du père de S. M., par où elle luy est Cousine. Elle est âgée de 28 ans; elle n'est pas bien belle, mais en recompense elle est ornée de mille belles vertus, car outre qu'elle est noble et dans ses actions et dans ses mœurs, elle possède plusieurs Langues en perfection, sçavoir le Latin, l'Italien, le François, et l'Espagnol; elle entend le Grec et l'Hebreu, et estudie sans cesse. Elle n'est pas beaucoup riche, car la Reyne deffunte prenant jalousie de tout le monde, et principalement de ceux qui avoient quelque pretention à la couronne, luy osta sous divers pretextes, la plus grand part de ses revenus; c'est pourquoy la pauvre Dame ne peut pas vivre dans la splendeur, et n'a pas le moyen de faire du bien à ceux qui la servent, comme elle voudroit. Le Roy témoigne avoir de l'affection et de l'estime pour elle, le laissant vivre en cour, ce que la Reyne deffunte ne luy voulut jamais permettre. Le Roy luy avoit promis de luy rendre ses biens et de luy donner un mary; elle est neantmoins encore privée et de l'un et de l'autre."
Relation d'Angleterre, p. 82.
Her Flight.—Phineas Pette, the shipwright at Chatham, received orders to assist in the capture of the unfortunate lady; and it would appear, from his manuscript Diary (Harl. MS.6279.), that he did his best to execute them. His statement is as follows:—
"The 4th of June (1611), being Tuesday, being prepared to have gone to London the next day, about midnight one of the King's messengers was sent down to me from the Lord Treasurer to man the light horsemen [Query, what kind of boats were these?] with 20 musquetteers, and to run out as low as the Noor Head to search all shipps, barks, and other vessells for the Lady Arabella that had then made a scape, and was bound over for France; which service I performed accordingly, and searched Queenborough, and other vessells I could meet withall; then went over to Lee, in Essex, and searched the Towne; and when we could hear no news of her went to Gravesend, and thence took post-horse to Greenwich, where his Majesty then lay, and delivered the account of my journey to the Lord Treasurer by his Majtiescommand, and soe was dismissed, and went that night to Ratcliffe," &c.
The messenger above alluded to, whose name was John Price, received 6l.for his pains in making "haste, post-haste," to Gravesend, Rochester, and Queenborough. (See Devon'sPell Records.)
And Capture.—This honour—or misfortune, rather, as it proved to be—was reserved for Admiral Sir William Monson, who, in hisNaval Memoirs, p. 210., makes this self-satisfied remark:
"Sir W. Monson had orders to pursue her, which he did with that celerity, that she was taken within four miles of Calais, shipped in a French bark of that town, whither she was bound."
A. GRAYAN.
"When shall we three meet again?" Let no one smile at your correspondent's question, for the common mode of stating Newton's claim makes it natural enough to ask whether the ancients were aware that bodies fall to the earth, and to produce proof that they had such knowledge. But Cicero had more: he not only knew the fall of bodies, but he had amedius locus mundi, orcentrum mundi, as it was afterwards called, to which bodies must fall. This was his law of gravitation, and that of his time. Without describing the successive stages of the existence of this centre, it may be enough here to state, that a part of Newton's world-wide renown arises from his having cashiered this immovable point from the solar system, and sent it on its travels in search of the real centre of gravity of the whole universe. Newton substituted, for the old law of gravitationtowards a centre, his law ofuniversalgravitation, namely, thateveryparticle gravitates towards every other. There had been some idea of such a law in the minds of speculative men: it was Newton who showed that one particular law, namely, that of the inverse square of the distance, would entail upon a system, all whose particles are subject to it, those very motions which are observed in our system. Cicero would have been startled to know that, when a body falls towards the earth, the earth rises towards it,medius locusand all: not quite so fast, it is true, nor so far. But it must not be supposed that we could move our earth any distance in course of time by continually dropping heavy weights upon it; for the truth is, that when the weight is raised the earth is a little lowered, or at least made to move the other way. Archimedes said that, with a place to stand on, he could move the earth; not aware that he was doing it at the time he spoke, by the motion of his arm.
M.
May I ask your correspondent S. E. B. where he has discovered that theworld-wide reputationof Newton was founded upon a notion of his being the first person who pointed out that bodies are attracted, or seem to be attracted, towards the centre of the earth? and, on the other hand, what traces there are in Cicero of thereal"law of gravity," which Newtondiddiscover, and with such immense labour demonstrate and illustrate, namely, that attraction (that is, not to the centre of the earth or world in particular, but between every particle of matter and the rest) varies inversely as the square of the distance?
To come to a minor question; your correspondent reads the passagequa delata gravitate—so I should read, decidedly. The whole sentence, which is a long one, is a series of questions (which, by-the-bye, is an additional reason against quoting it as an assertion).
"Inde est indagatio nata ... unde essent omnia orta ... quæque cujusque generis ... origo quæ vita, ... quæque ex alio in aliud vicissitudo ... unde terra, et quibus librata ponderibus, quibus cavernis maria sustineantur; qua omnia, delata gravitate, medium mundi locum semper expetant."
It isin quain Ernesti, unnoticed.Inwas inserted by those who thought thatquaagreed withterra; which, if otherwise probable, is negatived by the use of the wordmundiin the clause.
C. B.
Sir Isaac Newton's discovery was the law ofuniversalgravitation, viz. that the solar system is kept together by the gravity of the heavenly bodies towards the sun. This was founded onterrestrialgravitation, of which the falling appleput him in mind, applied first to the moon, and thenuniversallyto the universe. (SeePenny Cyclopædia, art. "Gravitation;" Biot, "Life of Newton," in theBiographie Universelle; or the translation of it in the "Life of Newton" in theLibrary of Useful Knowledge, p. 5.) This is very different from Cicero's words; in which[5](sc.the earth) all things borne downwards by their weight ever seek to reach the middle point of the universe, which is also the lowest point in the earth (qui est idem infimus in rotundo).
[5]Moser's text hasin qua, &c. terra.
ED. S. JACKSON.
Saffron Walden.
Although your correspondent E. S. attempts to throw discredit on M. W. B.'s narration of a deferred execution at Winchester, and carps at the mention of a "warrant," as if that militated against the fact; yet doubtless, in times when carelessness among official personages was not uncommon, many deferred executions may have taken place.
It must be evident, that in the case of a convictrespited during pleasure, thatan ordermust at last be formally made for such person's execution or commutation of punishment; during which interval the prisoner would remain in custody of the gaoler. This in effect would be tantamount to awarrant, and of course communicated to the unfortunate delinquent.
A case somewhat similar to the Winchester one was told me by an old and respectable inhabitant of Worcester, who was himself cognisant of the circumstance, and had frequently seen the convict. It occurred in the gaolership of the father of the present governor of the city gaol. A boy of only thirteen or fourteen had been convicted of some capital offence, but on account of his youth was respited indefinitely. He remained in the gaol, was found to be a docile lad, and much liberty was accorded to him; the authorities expecting that he would receive a pardon. Time flew on, many months—I think my informant said nearly two years elapsed, and his case seemed forgotten. If he was not actually sent on errands out of the gaol, so loose was his captivity, that he might easily have slipt away at any time, and been scarcely missed. In fact, he had the full run of the prison, and was a great favourite with the debtors, whose sports and amusements he joined in, for discipline was very lax in those days. He was playing at ball one day in the yard with some debtors, full of life and glee, when suddenly, to the utter astonishment of the gaoler, and the awe of his associates, there came an order from London for his execution. Why he had remained so long forgotten, or why such extreme severity fell on him so unexpectedly at last, none could tell; but his case was considered a very hard one, and was commiserated by the whole city. My informant saw the poor boy conducted to execution. The old citizen who gave me this account is dead, or I could have recovered the date of its occurrence.
AMBROSEFLORENCE.
Worcester.
I observe that the substance of M. W. B.'s Note has been reprinted in a mutilated form in several newspapers; his preliminary remark, and concluding Query, being omitted! The effect of this is to circulate as afactwhat your correspondent himself questions. My object however in this communication, is not so much to draw attention to the injurious effects of partial quotation, as to point out what, in my opinion, renders the occurrence of an execution under the circumstances detailed a manifest impossibility. I believe I am correct in stating that there never was, nor is there now (out of London), such a thing as awarrantfor theexecution of a criminal. At the close of each Assize, a fair copy of theCalendar, with the sentences in the margin, is signed by the Judges, and left with the sheriff; this is theonly authorityhe has given him; and in the event of a sentence of death, he has no alternative but carrying it into effect; unless he receives from the Crown a pardon, a reprieve, or a warrant commuting the sentence.Blackstoneobserves upon this:
"It may afford matter of speculation, that in civil causes there should be such a variety of writs of execution to recover a trifling debt, issued in the king's name, and under the seal of the court, without which the sheriff cannot legally stir one step; and yet that theexecution of a man, the most important and terrible task of any,should depend upon a marginal note."
J. B. COLMAN.
Eye.
Your correspondent is alarmed lest the honour he claims for the Lancastrians should be denied them, because it has been "discovered that William III. never created himself Duke of Lancaster." Where is it asserted that either he or any other of our sovereigns ever did? When Henry of Bolingbroke merged the lesser name of duke in the greater name of king, he was no more Duke of Lancaster than he was Earl of Derby or Duke of Hereford; but the title of Duke of Lancaster he willed not to be lost altogether as the others were, and therefore by an act of parliament (1 Hen. IV., Art. 81.) it was enactedQue le Prince porte le nom de Duc de Lancastre. The act, after reciting that "our said Lord the King, considering how Almighty God of his great grace had placed him in the honorable Estate of King, and nevertheless he cannot yet for certain cause bear the name of Duke of Lancaster," then ordains that "Henry his eldest son should have and bear the name of Duke of Lancaster, and that he be named Prince of Wales, Duke of Aquitaine, of Lancaster, and of Cornwall, and Earl of Chester." The fact is, that the King or Queen of England cannot be Duke or Duchess in the realm of England. Our kings have held inferior titles drawn from other kingdoms, as Duke of Normandy and Earl of Anjou; but Lord Coke says the sovereign cannot berexandduxin the same realm. The Queen, as queen, holds her palatinate of Lancaster, and the other duchy lands and franchises; but she holds themjure ducatus, so distinguished from those estates which she holdsjure coronæ. She cannot however properly be styled Duchess of Lancaster.
W. H.
In your last Number (Vol. v., p. 320.) is an inquiry on the Duchess of Lancaster. The best answer to this is to be found in a book, 8vo., entitledHarrison on Crown Revenues, or a Memoir, &c. respecting the Revenues of the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster: no date or printer's name. I purchased a copy at a sale a short time ago. Everything will be ascertained here perhaps better than any where else.
J. D.
Is Queen Victoria the possessor of this title? It would appear so. Sir N. Harris Nicolas, in hisSynopsis of the Peerage, speaking of the dukedom, says:
"1399. Henry Plantagenet, son and heir, ascended the throne 29th Sept. 1399; when this title, with all his other honours, became merged in the crown, in which it has ever since remained vested."
Your correspondent may be referred toBlackstone(Introd. §4.), where is a very interesting account of the Palatinate and Duchy of Lancaster. We are there told that on his succession to the crown, Henry IV. was too prudent to suffer his Duchy of Lancaster to be united to the crown, and therefore he procured an act of parliament ordaining that this duchy and his other hereditary estates—
"Should remain to him and his heirs for ever, and should remain, descend, be administered, and governed in like manner as if he had never attained the regal dignity."
In the first of Edward IV., Henry VI. was attainted, and the Duchy of Lancaster declared forfeited to the crown. At the same time an act was passed to continue the county palatine, and to make the same part of the duchy; and to vest the whole in King Edward IV. and his heirs,kings of England, for ever. Blackstone then mentions that in the first Henry VII. an act was passed vesting the Duchy of Lancaster in that king and his heirs; and in a note examines the question whether the duchy vested in the natural or political person of the king. He then says:
"It seems to have been understood very early after the statute of Henry VII., that the Duchy of Lancaster was by no means thereby made a separate inheritance from the royal patrimony, since it descended, with the crown, to the half-blood in the instances of Queens Mary and Elizabeth; which it could not have done as the estate of a mere Duke of Lancaster in the common course of legal descent."
If, in saying that William III. never created himself Duke of Lancaster, your correspondent means that he caused no patent to issue granting himself that dignity, he is, I doubt not, correct. But if, after the above quotations, any doubt could remain on the subject, possibly the following extract from the act 1 Will. & Mar. sess. 2. cap. 2. ("An Act declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and settling the Succession of the Crown") will sufficiently dispel it:—
"And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons seriously considering, &c., do hereby recognise, acknowledge, and declare, that King James II. having abdicated the Government, and their Majesties having accepted the Crown and Royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, and are, and of right ought to be, by the laws of this realm, our sovereign liege lord and lady the King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the Royal state, crown, and dignity of the said realms, with allhonours,styles,titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions, and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining, are most rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and annexed."
In conclusion, will you allow me to ask some correspondent to set forth at length the titles of our Sovereign Lady the Queen? In confessing that I do not know, I fancy that I state the case as regards the majority of the lieges of her Majesty. Indeed, a tale sometime ago went "the round of the papers," to the effect that the "Duke of Rothsay" was one day announced to his Royal Highness Prince Albert. The prince, who was not aware of the existence of such a personage, at length ordered him to be admitted, and was not a little astonished at beholding his eldest son! This, though doubtless the coinage of some ingenious but hungry penny-a-liner, pre-supposes so large an amount of general ignorance on the subject, that I hope some well-informed individual will, through your columns, enlighten the world on the point.
TEEBEE.
Variations of surnames occur much later than the close of the fourteenth century, the period cited by your correspondent COWGILL. I have seen a document of the date of Charles I., which names one Agnes Wilson, otherwise Randalson, widow of John, son of Randal Wilson; thus showing that the patronymic was liable to vary in every generation, even in the seventeenth century.
This is still the practice in the hill country of Lancashire, bordering upon Yorkshire, where people are seldom known by a family name. The individual is distinguished by the addition of the father's or mother's Christian name, and sometimes by the further addition of those of forefathers for a generation or two, as in the designation of Welshmen in times past. The abode sometimes varies the style.
As an example, I may mention that a few years ago I sought an heir-at-law in a town on the borders. I was referred to a man called "Dick o' Jenny's;" he being the son of a second marriage, the mother's name was used to distinguish him rather than his father's. Pursuing the inquiry I found the first wife had been a "sister of ould Tommy at top of th' huttock;" her daughter had married "John o' Bobby," and "John o' Bobby's lad" was the man I wanted. When I had made him out, it was with some difficulty that I ascertained (though amongst his kindred) that he bore the family name of "Shepherd."
W. L.
I perceive that your correspondents COWGILLand J. H. (p. 290.),and MR.MARKANTONYLOWER(p. 326.), make use of the wordsurnameto signify "the permanent appellative of particular families."
Now, I have always considered that the English language, in this as in many other instances, possessed two words which, though alike in sound, were very different both in origin and meaning:—surname, i.e.sur-nom, the name added to the common appellation, for the purpose of distinguishing an individual; as Rufus, Cœur de Lion, Lackland, in the case of our early kings: andsir-name, orsire-name, being that which in recent times, and in most countries, every one born in wedlock has inherited from his sire, and which is the subject of the articles in "N. & Q."
As I do not suppose that your correspondents, the last of whom is of considerable authority on this subject, have used the term unadvisedly, I am anxious to know the grounds on which they would disallow my theory.
E. H. Y.
I am glad to perceive that MR. LOWERhas on the stocks a systematic Dictionary of Surnames. For the reason stated by him, it is neither desirable nor possible that it should includeallEnglish surnames. The majority derive their origin from places or districts of limited dimensions, and to enumerate them would be an interminable and very thankless task. MR. L. has therefore judiciously determined to exercise his discretion on this class of cases. Nor are the names derived from Christian names generally worth insertion, for every Christian name has, in some form, been converted into a surname, either with or without alteration. Those which originate inextinctorprovincialemployments and trades will supply an instructive and interesting collection, such as Tucker, Challoner, Tozer, Crowder, Berner, &c.; and will also afford scope for glossarial illustration.
I also trust that his etymological research will be successfully exercised on such names as—