On rocks.Spores hamate or spirally twisted7. B.umbrinaSpores straight or only slightly curved.Thallus ash- or green-gray5. B.inundataThallus olive or darker1. B.egenuloideaOn bark.Spores less than 40 mic. in length6. B.incomptaSpores 40 to 70 mic. long.Apothecia flesh-yellow to red-brown2. B.rubellaApothecia brown to black.Apothecia usually brown with a striate, usuallypruinose margin3. B.fuscorubellaApothecia usually black Of dark brown, without striateand pruinose margin4. B.schweinitzii
1.Bacidia egenuloideasp. nov.
Thallus of minute, crowded granules, forming a rather thick, conspicuous, rugose and obscurely chinky, dirt-olive and darkening, wide-spread crust; apothecia minute to small, 0.25 to 0.4 mm. in diameter, yellow-brown and darkening, adnate-sessile, flat with an elevated, darker exciple; hypothecium and hymenium pale or tinged brown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct; asci clavate; spores hyaline obscurely several-celled, variously curved, 25 to 40 mic. long and 0.75 to 1.25 mic. wide.
Collected in Preble County. On granite in a damp field near West Alexandria. The type specimen is deposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotype may be found in the State Herbarium.
2.Bacidia rubella(Hoffm.) Mass. Ric. Lich. 118. f. 231. 1852.
Verrucaria rubellaHoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 174. 1795.
Thallus of minute, scattered or crowed granules, these frequently becoming compacted into a subleprose or more or less verrucose or chinky, ash- to green-gray, moderately thick or thinner, continuous or sometimes scattered and disappearing crust (Fig. 2); apothecia small to large, 0.5 to 1.35 mm. in diameter, sessile to adnate, flesh-yellow to red-brown, flat with a rather thick and lighter-colored exciple, or becoming convex with the exciple finally covered; hypothecium pale yellow to brown; hymenium pale yellow; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long clavate; spores about 8- to 16-celled, 45 to 65 mic. long and 3 to 4 mic. wide.
Collected in Butler, Highland, Adams, and Preble counties. Also examined from Franklin County. On bark. Widely distributed in Ohio, but not common.
3.Bacidia fuscorubella(Hoffm.) Arn. Flora 54: 55. 1871.
Verrucaria fuscorubellaHoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 175. 1795.
Thallus of minute, crowded or scattered granules, these forming a usually conspicuous and often rugose and chinky, green-gray or darker, frequently wide-spread, rarely disappearing crust; apothecia small to large, 0.6 to 1.5 mm. in diameter, pale to darker brown and finally black, adnate or sessile, flat with an elevated, and sometimes transversely striate, and usually pruinose exciple, less frequently becoming convex with the exciple rarely becoming covered; hypothecium yellow to yellow-brown; hymeniumpale yellow; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long-clavate; spores about 7- to 14-celled, 40 to 70 mic. long and 3 to 5 mic. wide.
Collected in Butler and Adams counties. Also reported from Champaign and Hamilton counties. On bark. This fungus appears to be rare in Ohio.
In one specimen, some of the disks are partly or wholly pruinose, but the plant seemed nearer to this than toBacidia suffusa(Fr.) Fink.
4.Bacidia schweinitzii(Tuck.) Fink Cont. Nat. Herb. 14: 89. 1910.
Biatora schweinitziiTuck. in Darl Fl. Cestr. ed. 3. 447. 1853.
Thallus thin and inconspicuous, or becoming thick and more prominent, composed of rounded and often crowded or even heaped granules, these frequently compacted into a continuous or scattered, verrucose and often chinky, green-gray to olivaceous crust; apothecia small to large, 0.6 to 1.75 mm. in diameter, dark brown to black, adnate or sessile, flat or slightly convex, the concolorous or lighter exciple frequently becoming flexuous; hypothecium pale yellow to dark brown; hymenium pale yellow; paraphyses coherent, distinct to semi-distinct: asci long-clavate; spores about 7- to 15-celled, 40 to 70 mic. long and 2.5 to 3.5 mic. wide.
Collected in Fairfield, Hocking, and Adams counties. On bark. Evidently a rare fungus in Ohio.
5.Bacidia inundata(Fr.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 187. 1855.
Biatora inundataFr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1822: 270. 1822.
Thallus of minute granules, these usually compacted into a thin or rarely thicker, granulate, chinky, or subareolate, ash- or green-gray or darkening, commonly wide-spread, continuous or scattered crust; apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0.2 to 0.75 mm. in diameter, pale brown to finally black, adnate or rarely more or less immersed, usually flat and bordered by the commonly lighter colored exciple, rarely becoming convex, the exciple then finally covered; hypothecium pale to brown; hymenium pale to pale brown; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci clavate to long-clavate, spores 4- to 8-celled, 15 to 40 mic. long and 1.5 to 2.6 mic. wide.
Collected in Butler, Preble, Highland, Adams, Warren, and Lake counties. On various rocks in shaded or open moist places, and also about the moist shaded bases of rocks in dry fields. Also reported from Cuyahoga county and doubtless common in all parts of the State.
6.Bacidia incompta(Borr.) Anzi. Cat. Lich. Sondr. 70. 1860.
Lecidea incomptaBorr. in Sowerby, Engl. Bot. Suppl. 2: pl. 2699. 1834.
Thallus of very minute granules, these forming a continuous or more or less broken, wide-spread, sometimes thick and rugose or rarely even subareolate, or again thin, smooth, more or less mealy, light or darker green-gray, rarely disappearing crust; apothecia minute to middle-sized, 0.3 to 0.75 mm. in diameter, dark brown to black, adnate to sub-sessile,flat or becoming convex, with a thin and frequently flexuous exciple; hypothecium pale brown to brown; hymenium pale below and pale brown above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long-clavate; spores 4- to 12-celled, 18 to 35 mic. long and 1.5 to 3 mic. wide.
Collected in Adams County. On bark. Not previously reported from Ohio, and doubtless rare in the State.
7.Bacidia umbrina(Ach.) Br. & Rostr. Bot. Tidssk. 3: 235. 1869.
Lecidea umbrinaAch. Lich. Univ. 183. 1810.
Thallus a rather thick and continuous, or rarely thinner and scattered, subleprose, chinky, rugose-granulate or subareolate, green-gray to dark olive-brown, sometimes largely disappearing crust; apothecia minute to small, 0.25 to 0.6 mm. in diameter, light brown to black, adnate to somewhat immersed, at first flat with a commonly paler exciple, becoming convex with the exciple sometimes covered; hypothecium pale or darker brown; hymenium pale throughout, or tinged brown above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct to indistinct; asci long-clavate, or inflated-clavate; spores hamate, or more or less spirally twisted, about 4- to 8-celled, 18 to 30 mic. long and 2 to 3 mic. wide (Fig. 7).
Collected in Preble, Lake, Hocking, and Adams counties. Also examined from Wayne County. On various rocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, but evidently distributed widely in the State.
BuelliaDe Not. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21: 195. 1846.
Thallus granulose, verrucose, or areolate, rather better developed than those of the preceding genera as shown in the more frequent verrucose and areolate conditions; apothecia minute to large, sessile to immersed, the disk and the exciple usually black; hypothecium usually brown; hymenium pale to light brown; paraphyses usually distinct; spores brown, 2-celled.
On rocks3. B.turgescentoidesOn wood, or on bark.On dead wood1. B.myriocarpaOn bark2. B.parasema
1.Buellia myriocarpa(Lam. & DC.) Mudd. Man. Brit. Lich. 217. 1861.
Patellaria myriocarpaLam. & DC. Fl. ed. 3. 2: 346. 1805.
Thallus a thin and scurfy, smooth or chinky, or thicker and roughened-verrucose, ash- to green-gray, or darkening crust, irregularly spread over small areas, and rarely disappearing; apothecia minute to small, 0.2 to 0.6 mm. in diameter, often numerous, black, adnate, flat and bordered by an exciple, or becoming convex with the exciple sometimes covered; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale, or pale below and pale brown above; paraphyses distinct, but sometimes loosely coherent; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 7 to 16 mic. long and 4 to 7.5 mic. wide.
Collected in Butler and Lake counties. On dead wood, especially posts and boards. Also reported from Cuyahoga County. An inconspicuous fungus, doubtless distributed widely in the State.
2.Buellia parasema(Ach.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 228. 1855.
Lichen parasemusAch. Lich. Suec. 64. 1798.
Thallus usually continuous and smooth, but sometimes becoming thicker and roughened, granulate, chinky, or finally areolate, ash- to green-gray, and darkening, or even yellow-green, usually bordered wholly or in part by a black margin; apothecia small to large, 0.4 to 1.3 mm. in diameter, black, adnate to sessile, or rarely more or less immersed, flat with a prominent, concolorous, sometimes flexuous exciple, or sometimes becoming convex, with the exciple often covered (Fig. 11); hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale below and pale brown above; paraphyses distinct (Fig. 12), but sometimes loosely coherent; asci clavate (Fig. 13), or rarely inflated clavate; spores oblong to ellipsoid, 10 to 18 mic. long and 5 to 9 mic. wide, rarely 3-celled (Fig. 13).
Collected in Fairfield, Lake, Adams, Highland, Hocking, and Butler counties. Also examined from Morgan, Madison, and Muskingum counties. On bark. Generally distributed in Ohio.
3.Buellia turgescentoidessp. nov.
Thallus a thick, continuous or scattered, flat or verrucose, areolate or subareolate, dull olive-brown, and darkening crust, covering small areas or spreading widely over the substratum, the marginal areoles sometimes lobulate; apothecia minute to small, 0.2 to 0.5 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate, scattered or clustered, black, flat with the thin concolorous exciple visible, or convex with the exciple covered; hypothecium pale or darker brown; hymenium pale; paraphyses stout, distinct, but often loosely coherent; asci clavate or inflated-clavate; spores brown, 2-celled, oblong to oblong-ellipsoid, 8 to 13 mic. long, and 4 to 6 mic. wide, 8 in each ascus.
Collected in Lake County. On exposed igneous rocks. The type specimen is deposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotype may be found in the State Herbarium.
This species is a coarser plant thanBuellia turgescens(Nyl.) Tuck., with much stronger, darker thallus and apothecia on the whole larger.
RhizocarponRam. in Lam. & DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3. 2: 365. 1805.
Thallus usually verrucose, areolate or subareolate, tending toward squamulose conditions, better developed than in other members of the family, scarcely ever showing granulate conditions, and never disappearing entirely; apothecia also larger than in the other genera, adnate to immersed, usually black, but rarely white-pruinose; hypothecium usually dark brown; hymenium pale to light brown; spores 4-celled to muriform, and pale to brown, various conditions of septation and coloration sometimes appearing in the same hymenium.
On bark2. R.alboatrumOn rocks.Spores smaller and 4-celled1. R.vernicomoideumSpores larger and becoming muriform3. R.petraeum
1.Rhizocarpon vernicomoideumsp. nov.
Thallus of minute, rounded, scattered or sometimes clustered, straw-colored granules, covering small areas, and usually resting on and limited wholly or in part by a black hypothallus; apothecia minute to small, 0.2 to 0.6 mm. in diameter, black, semi-immersed to adnate, at first flat with a thin somewhat raised exciple, becoming convex with the exciple finally covered; hypothecium brown; hymenium pale or tinged brown below and light brown above; paraphyses coherent, distinct or semi-distinct; asci clavate; spores brown, 4-celled, becoming slightly constricted at the septa, 15 to 18 mic. long and 5 to 7 mic. wide, 8 in each ascus.
Collected at Cantwell Cave in Hocking County. On shaded sandstone, intermingled with an ash-gray, crustose thallus, which appeared like a sterilePertusaria. The type specimen is deposited in the writer's herbarium, and a cotype may be seen in the State Herbarium.
The plant resemblesBuellia vernicomaTuck.
2.Rhizocarpon alboatrum(Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Ups. III. 3: 337. 1861.
Lichen alboaterHoffm. Lich. Icon. 30. 1784.
Thallus ash-gray varying toward white, commonly spread widely over the substratum as a continuous or rarely scattered or disappearing, smooth, chinky, verrucose-areolate, or sometimes mealy crust: apothecia small to middle-sized, 0.35 to 1 mm. in diameter, adnate or immersed, dull black and often more or less white-pruinose, flat with the black exciple visible, or convex when the exciple often becomes covered; hypothecium brown to black-brown; hymenium pale or tinged brown; paraphyses distinct, but sometimes coherent; asci clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, brown, 4-celled to muriform, 12 to 22 mic. long and 4 to 9 mic. wide (Fig. 8), 8 in each ascus.
Collected in Butler, Preble, Ross, and Highland counties. On bark, especially elm bark. Also reported from Ottawa County. Rare but doubtless distributed widely in the State.
3.Rhizocarpon petraeum(Wulf.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. 260. 1855.
Lichen petraeusWulf. in Jacq. Coll. Bot. 3: 4. pl. 6. f. 2a. 1789.
Thallus an ash or green-gray crust, or varying toward brown or brown-black, smooth to more commonly roughened, chinky to areolate, continuous or scattered, of moderate thickness, often widely and irregularly disposed on the substratum; apothecia small to large, 0.5 to 1.3 mm. in diameter, immersed to adnate, black-brown to black, flat with the concolorousexciple visible, or becoming somewhat convex, with the exciple often covered; hypothecium dark brown; hymenium pale, or tinged brown, especially above; paraphyses coherent, semi-distinct; asci clavate or inflated-clavate; spores oblong-ellipsoid, 4-celled to muriform, hyaline to finally brown, 15 to 40 mic. long and 7 to 18 mic. wide. 8 in each ascus (Fig. 9).
Collected in Lake, Hocking, and Ross counties. Also examined from Summit, Vinton, and Ashtabula counties. On rocks. Rare but widely distributed in the State.
Fig. 1. Five paraphyses ofRhizocarpon alboatrumto illustrate types of simple and branched forms found in the same hymenium. X 450.
Fig. 2. A section of the thallus ofBacidia rubellaand two cells of the woody substratum: a, the upper densely interwoven portion of the thallus; b, part of the less densely interwoven portion below; c, the algal-host cells; d, one of the cells of the woody substratum and three hypal rhizoids within it. X 450.
Fig. 3. Spores ofLecidea enteroleucato illustrate the simple, hyaline type. X 760.
Fig. 4. Spores ofBiatorina chalybeiato illustrate the 2-celled, hyaline type. X 760.
Fig. 5. Spores ofBilimbia trachonato illustrate the several-celled, hyaline, fusiform or dactyloid type. X 760.
Fig. 6. Spores ofBacidia fuscorubellato illustrate the several-celled, hyaline, acicular type. X 760.
Fig. 7. Spores ofBacidia umbrinato illustrate the several-celled, hyaline, hamate or spirally twisted type. X 760.
Fig. 8. Spores ofRhizocarpon alboatrumto illustrate the several-celled to many-celled and muriform, hyaline to brown type. X 760.
Fig. 9. Spores ofRhizocarpon petraeumof the same type as those shown in the last figure, but larger, and usually composed of more cells. X 760.
Fig. 10. A vertical section through an apothecium ofLecidea rupestris: a, the hymenium, composed of asci and paraphyses; b, the hypothecium; c, the mycelium, the cells of the algal host, and particles of the limestone on which the plant was growing; d, the weak, light-colored, covered exciple. X 79.
Fig. 11. A vertical section through an apothecium ofBuellia parasema, the thallus below, and a portion of the woody substratum: a, the hymenium, composed of asci and paraphyses; b, the strongly developed, dark colored exciple; c, the dark colored hypothecium; d, the thallus, composed of interwoven hyphae, and enclosing cells of the algal host, a portion of the woody substratum. X 79.
Fig. 12. One branched and one unbranched paraphysis ofBuellia parasema. X 450.
Fig. 13. An ascus ofBuella parasema, containing 8 spores. X 450.
The figures were outlined with camera lucida and drawn on the table, close to the base of the microscope, 100 mm. below the stage. They were reduced one-half in making the plate. Figures2,10, and11are partly diagrammatical.
The figures were outlined with camera lucida and drawn on the table, close to the base of the microscope, 100 mm. below the stage. They were reduced one-half in making the plate. Figures2,10, and11are partly diagrammatical.
Fig 1Fig 1.
Fig 2Fig 2.
Fig 3Fig 3.
Fig 4Fig 4.
Fig 5Fig 5.
Fig 6Fig 6.
Fig 7Fig 7.
Fig 8Fig 8.
Fig 9Fig 9.
Fig 10Fig 10.
Fig 11Fig 11.
Fig 12Fig 12.
Fig 13Fig 13.
Two genera,PeltigeraandNephroma, constitute thePeltigeraceaeas represented in the flora of Ohio. The thallus is plainly foliose with the margins of the lobes usually ascending and is gray-green to brown in color. The lower surface is often conspicuously veined. There are two pronounced distinctions between the two genera.Peltigerahas a well-developed cortex on the upper side of the thallus only (Fig. 1), while inNephromathere is a well-developed cortex on both upper and lower sides (Fig. 2).
The position of the apothecia constitutes another distinction. In both genera the apothecia are marginal or submarginal on the lobes, which are usually narrow and somewhat extended; but inPeltigerathey are immersed in the upper surface, while inNephromathey are imbedded in the lower surface.
Peltigerafurnishes seven species for Ohio, while only one species ofNephromahas thus far been found in the State.
The algal hosts are usuallyDactylococcusorPolycoccus, and both hosts are sometimes found in the same thallus. The chains of cells are usually badly broken up, and the nature of the algal host is, therefore, difficult to distinguish. Other algae doubtless sometimes occur in the thalli ofPeltigerae.
Nephromawith cortex on both sides, is to be regarded higher thanPeltigera, which has the cortex on the upper side only. The family is most closely related to theStictaceae, from which family it is kept distinct on account of the absence of cyphellae and the difference in disposition of the apothecia.
The collecting on which this paper is based was partly by Bruce Fink in connection with general collecting of fungi in Butler County and in collecting in Adams, Warren, Fairfield, Preble, Ross, Highland, and Lake counties for the Ohio Biological Survey. However, a considerable amount of material found by other collectors and previously reported from Ohio was examined. Hence, the collecting for the Ohio Biological Survey added little to knowledge of thePeltigeraceaeof Ohio, except in way of addition to distribution in the State.
Thallus foliose, with plectenchymatous cortex above (Fig. 5), or both above and below (Fig. 2), with medulla of loosely interwoven hyphae, trichomatic hyphae, usually present, attached to the substratum by compound rhizoids; apothecia of considerable size, commonly on extended lobes, usually imbedded in the tissues on the upper side, or more rarely on the lower side; exciple inconspicuous; hypothecium usually light or darker brown; hymenium usually pale below and brown or tinged brown above; paraphyses simple or branched, distinct, seldom gelatinized or coherent; spores hyaline or brown, 4- to several-celled, elongated.
1. Cortex developed on the upper side of thallus only, spores hyalinePeltigera.2. Cortex developed on both upper and lower sides of thallus, spores brownNephroma.
Peltigera Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 347. 1787.
Thallus foliose, usually adnate toward the center, with the lobes more or less ascending at the margins, green-gray varying toward brown, the upper surface sometimes bare, or again clothed with trichomatic hyphae, giving it a downy appearance, or bearing cephalodia or isidioid branchlets, the lower surface usually conspicuously veined, with tufted rhizoids descending from the veins, color of these light or dark; cross section showing two distinct layers, the upper plectenchymatous cortex composed of 2 to 4 layers of meshes, and the medulla, composed of densely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; lower cortex lacking, but the hyphae of the lower portion in some instances more or less horizontally arranged and produced into hyphal rhizoids, thus serving for support and protection much like a true plectenchymatous cortex; apothecia usually orbicular, frequently revolute, imbedded in the upper surface of the lobes; exciple plectenchymatous (Fig. 4); hypothecium of interwoven hyphae, usually tinged brown; hymenium commonly pale below and brown above; paraphyses usually simple, but some branched ones present in all of the species, hyaline in the main, but usually enlarged and tinged brown at the apex; asci usually cylindrico-clavate; spores hyaline, fusiform to acicular, sometimes curved, 4 to 8-celled, 8 arranged parallel in the asci.
The algal host cells lie in the medulla, just below the upper cortex.
Upper surface of the thallus bearing cephalodia1. P. aphthosaUpper surface of the thallus devoid of cephalodia.Thallus bearing trichomatic hyphae above.Upper surface bearing isidioid branchlets or lobules2. P. praetextataUpper surface devoid of isidioid branchlets or lobules.Orbicular sorediate areas on the upper surface of the thallus3. P. sorediataSoredia lacking on the upper surface.Lower surface of the thallus of light color4. P. caninaLower surface partly or wholly dark5. P. rufescensThallus devoid of trichomatic hyphae.Apothecia orbicular and revolute, spores 4- to 8-celled6. P. polydactylaApothecia usually transversely oblong, spores 4-celled7. P. horizontalis
1.Peltigera aphthosa(L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. Prodr. 347. 1787.
Lichen aphthosusL. Sp. Pl. 1148. 1753.
Thallus closely attached to the substratum at the center, the lobes ascending, 6 to 8 cm. in diameter, smooth and devoid of trichomatic hyphae above, cephalodia more or less rounded and irregularly scattered over the surface (Fig. 3), the lobes broad and rounded with crenate margins, brown above, the lower surface having numerous veins, these forming a dark brown nap at the center, the veins distinct and light toward the margin, dark rhizoids extending from the veins; medulla composed of thick-walled, densely interwoven hyphae, irregularly disposed; apothecia on extended lobules, orbicular and frequently revolute, the disk red-brown, 2 to 5 mm. in diameter, the margin entire or crenulate; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium hyaline to pale brown above; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores acicular, straight, 4- to 6-celled, 47 to 66 mic. long and 4 to 5 mic. wide (Fig. 8, d).
Examined from Clark County. Also reported from Champaign County. On earth and often on humus-covered rocks. Rare in Ohio.
2.Peltigera praetextata(Sommerf.) Fink. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1918: 267. 1918.
Peltigera ulorrhiza praetextataSommerf. Lapp. Suppl. 123. 1826.
Thallus adnate toward the center, more or less ascending toward the margins, 7 to 15 cm. in diameter, the upper surface having isidioid branchlets or lobules scattered more or less thickly, the lobes broad, wavy, crenate, with frequently isidioid, lobulate margins, trichomatic hyphae often present, usually green-gray toward the center, becoming brown toward the margin, the lower surface light with numerous dark veins and bearing rhizoids of the same color, the veins and rhizoids becoming light colored toward the margin; medulla of densely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia on narrow, somewhat extended lobes, the disk brown to brown-black, revolute, 2 to 5 mm. in diameter, hypothecium light to darker brown; hymenium pale below and brown above; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores sub-fusiform to acicular, usually straight but sometimes slightly curved, 4- to 6-celled, 42 to 56 mic. long and 3 to 5 mic. wide.
Examined from Franklin, Adams, Butler, Marion, Jefferson, and Preble counties. On soil, old logs, and moss in woods. Not previously reported from Ohio, but included underPeltigera caninaandPeltigera rufescens. Evidently widely distributed and frequent in the State, but seldom fruited.
3.Peltigera sorediata(Schaer.) Fink comb. nov.
Peltigera canina spuria sorediataSchaer. Enum. Lich. Eur. 21. 1850.
Thallus small, composed of scattered lobes, these 1 to 4.5 cm. in length, adnate with slightly ascending rounded, and crenate margins, the upper surface usually deep gray at the center, becoming lighter toward the margin, thickly covered with trichomatic hyphae, orbicular sorediate areasscattered over the upper surface, the lower surface ash-white to cream-colored, with a network of veins of the same color, with similarly colored rhizoids extending downward; medulla of small, densely interwoven and irregularly extending hyphae; apothecia somewhat digitately clustered on the narrow lobes, small, 1.3 to 3 mm. in diameter, orbicular, flat or semi-revolute, dark brown; hypothecium light brown; hymenium hyaline below and brown above; asci long-clavate; spores acicular, 6- to 8-celled, 53 to 66 mic. long and 3 to 3.5 mic. wide (Fig. 8, b).
Examined from Butler and Lake counties. On damp earth and mossy rocks. Not previously reported from Ohio, and probably not widely distributed in the State. Surely rare.
4.Peltigera canina(L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 108. 1795.
Lichen caninusL. Sp. Pl. 1149. 1753.
Thallus closely adnate toward center, the lobes more or less ascending, 6 to 15 cm. in diameter, the upper surface for the most part thickly covered with trichomatic hyphae, generally giving it a downy appearance under the lens, the lobes numerous and usually broad and rounded, with entire or crenate and much crisped margins, usually green-gray but sometimes becoming brown, below almost white, netted with light brown or gray veins, these bearing rhizoids of the same color; medulla (Fig. 5) of densely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia on narrow, extended lobes, often erect, orbicular, usually revolute, 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, the disk dark brown; hypothecium (Fig. 7) pale brown; hymenium (Fig. 6) pale below and brown above; asci long-clavate; spores acicular, straight or sometimes curved, 4- to 8-celled, 30 to 65 mic. long and 3 to 5 mic. wide (Fig. 8, d).
Examined from Butler, Franklin, Ashtabula, Green, Seneca, Summit, Lorain, Preble, Brown, and Adams counties. On soil or mosses in woods. Generally distributed and frequent in Ohio.
5.Peltigera rufescens(Neck.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 107. 1795.
Lichen rufescensNeck. Meth. Musc. 79. 1771.
Thallus closely adnate at the center with ascending lobes, 5 to 15 cm. in diameter, the upper surface smooth and devoid of trichomatic hyphae for the most part, but the margins sometimes sparingly covered with them, green-gray to brown, the lobes crowded, rather small with crenate, much crisped, elevated margins, the lower surface usually becoming dark brown except at the margins, and thickly reticulated with brown veins, from these numerous rhizoids of similar color extending; medulla of densely interwoven variously disposed hyphae; apothecia numerous on narrow, extending lobes, the disk brown to black-brown, revolute, 4 to 7 mm. in diameter; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium hyaline to pale brown below and dark brown above; asci long-clavate; spores acicular, straight or curved, 4- to 8-celled, 45 to 68 mic. long and 3.5 to 5 mic. wide.
Examined from Butler, Preble, Clark, Adams, and Summit counties. Also reported from Champaign County. On earth and mosses, commonly about trees. Widely distributed in Ohio, but infrequent.
6.Peltigera polydactyla(Neck.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 106. 1795.
Lichen polydactylonNeck. Musc. 85. 1771.
Thallus adnate at the center with ascendant margins of the lobes, 6 to 11 cm. in diameter, the upper surface smooth and shining, devoid of trichomatic hyphae, the lobes broad with crisped, crenate margins, except those bearing the apothecia, these much narrower and more elongated and usually digitately clustered, brown in color for the most part, the lower surface showing through a reticulation of dark veins as small light-colored spots, numerous dark rhizoids extending downward from the veins; medulla of densely interwoven and irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia orbicular, and usually revolute, the disk dark brown, 3 to 10 mm. in diameter; hypothecium pale brown; hymenium pale below and dark brown above; asci clavate to cylindrico-clavate; spores acicular, straight or slightly curved, 4- to 6-celled, 42 to 70 mic. long and 3 to 4 mic. wide.
Examined from Clark, Fairfield, and Morgan counties. On earth. Rare in Ohio.
7.Peltigera horizontalis(L.) Hoffm. Deutsch. Fl. 2: 107. 1795.
Lichen horizontalisL. Mant. Pl. 2: 132. 1771.
Thallus mostly adnate, the margins scarcely ascending, 6 to 20 cm. in diameter, the upper surface smooth and shining, devoid of trichomatic hyphae, green-gray to brown, the lobes broad and rounded with entire or crenate margins, the lower surface covered with numerous veins, these giving a dark coloration toward the center and becoming light colored toward the margins, numerous dark rhizoids extending down from the veins; medulla of thick-walled, densely and irregularly disposed hyphae; apothecia on somewhat narrowed lobes, transversely oblong or infrequently orbicular, the disk red-brown, concave, 2 to 4 mm. in diameter; hypothecium light brown; hymenium pale below and dark brown toward the upper surface; asci cylindrico-clavate; spores fusiform to long-ellipsoid, straight to curved, 4-celled, 26 to 40 mic. long and 5 to 6.5 mic. wide. (Fig. 8a).
Examined from Lake and Fairfield counties. On earth and mossy rocks. Rare in Ohio.
NephromaAch. Lich. Univ. 101. 521. pl. 11. f. 1. 1810.
Thallus foliose, but smaller and thinner than that ofPeltigera, and devoid of trichomatic hyphae, more or less closely attached to the substratum by rhizoids; cortex well developed on both upper and lower sides; medulla well developed (Fig. 2); apothecia confined to the lower side of the thallus, marginal on narrow, slightly elongated lobes, thalloid margin persistent and crenate; hypothecium usually some shade of brown; hymeniumusually pale below and brown above; paraphyses simple or branched; spores brown, 4-celled, 8 in each ascus.
The algal-host cells occur as inPeltigera.
1.Nephroma helveticaAch. Lich. Univ. 523. 1810.
Thallus adnate, rather closely attached to the substratum by numerous short, hyaline, thick-walled rhizoids, irregular or sometimes orbicular in form, 6 to 10 cm. in diameter, green-gray to brown above, smooth or bearing tooth-like branchlets, narrowly and laciniately lobed, the margins of the lobes serrate or crenate, slightly ascending, beneath finally tomentose, and brown or black-brown; plectenchymatous cortices well developed above and below; medulla of narrow, thin-walled, densely, variously disposed hyphae; apothecia numerous, the disk red-brown to almost black, 1.3 to 3 mm. in diameter; hypothecium of interwoven hyphae, pale brown; hymenium pale brown below and darker above; asci clavate; paraphyses simple or branched, slightly swollen and brown at the apex; spores brown, ellipsoid, 4-celled, 15 to 21 mic. long and 5.5 to 8 mic. wide.
Examined from Butler and Champaign Counties. On trunks and mossy rocks. Rare and usually sterile in Ohio.
Fig. 1. A section through the thallus ofPeltigera canina, showing the cortex above and the medulla below, the medullary hyphae of the lower portion running in a somewhat horizontal direction. The algal cells shaded. X 380.
Fig. 2. A section through the thallus ofNephroma helvetica, showing the cortices, upper and lower, and the mycelial medulla within. The algal cell shaded. X 760.
Fig. 3. A section through a cephalodium ofPeltigera aphthosa; a, the surrounding cortex; b, the internal hyphae and the cells of the algal host; c, the supporting hyphae from the thallus below. Partly diagramatic. X 48.
Fig. 4. A small portion of a section through the exciple ofPeltigera canina, showing the plectenchymatous structure. X 380.