FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[401]Rather by the estuary of the Severn.[402]Thames.[403]Severn.[404]Here some word is evidently omitted in the original. We would supply it by comparing this description with that of Britannia Secunda in the second section, and read "Sabrina et Deva," &c., by the Severn and the Dee from the Silures and Ordovices.[405]The wall or vallum erected by Severus between the Solway Frith and the mouth of the Tyne.[406]Bodora and Bodotria, Frith of Forth.[407]Clotta. Clyde.[408]Dumbarton.[409]Murray Frith.[410]These remarks seem to have been drawn from theNotitia Imperii, and consequently refer to a late period of the empire.[411]Cantium contained the present county of Kent, as far as the Rother, except a small district in which Holwood Hill is situated, and which belonged to the Rhemi.[412]Rochester.[413]Canterbury.[414]Dover.[415]Situated on the Lymne.[416]Reculver.[417]Richborough.[418]The Medway.[419]The Stour.[420]A rivulet at Dover.[421]The Rother.[422]The North Foreland.[423]The Bibroci, Rhemi, or Regni, inhabited part of Hants, and of Berks, Sussex, Surrey, and a small portion of Kent.[424]Uncertain. Stukeley calls it Bibrox, Bibrax, or the Bibracte of the Itinerary.[425]Chichester.[426]Holwood Hill.[427]Pevensey.[428]Part of Hants, and Berks.[429]Silchester. For the proofs that this place was the site of Calleva see the Commentary on the Itinerary.[430]Kennet.[431]Part of Hants, and Berks.[432]Probably Egbury Camp.[433]The Belgæ occupied those parts of Hants and Wilts not held by the Segontiaci.[434]This is an error: the ancient Clausentum was at Bittern, on the Itchin, opposite Northam.[435]Portchester.[436]Winchester.[437]Old Sarum.[438]This passage as printed in the original is very obscure; but the meaning is supplied by Cæsar, from whom it is taken, and a subsequent page where Richard mentions the same fact.—Vide the Chronology inb. ii. c. i. sect. 9.[439]Thames.[440]There was a tribe of Celts called Senones seated on the banks of the Seine as late as the time of Cæsar, and this was one of the tribes who marched with Brennus against Rome. But we cannot discover from whence Richard drew his information that these Senones originally emigrated from Britain, leaving their country to be occupied by the Belgæ.[441]Nearly all Somersetshire.[442]Ilchester.[443]Glastonbury.[444]Bath.[445]This is drawn from Solinus, who speaks of Britain in general. We know not on what authority it was applied by Richard to Bath.[446]Maiden Castle, near Dorchester.[447]Isle of Portland.[448]Part of Somerset and Devon.[449]The Parret.[450]Uncertain,—probably in Devonshire.[451]Ibid.[452]Lundy Island.[453]Part of Cornwall.[454]Near Stratton.[455]Carnbre.[456]Land's End, and Lizard Point.[457]Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, and part of Somerset.[458]Probably near Bridgewater.[459]On the Tamar.[460]On the Fowey.[461]On the Fal.[462]Exeter.[463]Ex.[464]The Dart.[465]Tamar.[466]The Fal.[467]Probably Berry Head.[468]Lizard Point.[469]Ram Head.[470]Scilly Isles.[471]Severn.[472]Dee.[473]The Silures, with their two dependent tribes, the Dimetiæ and the Ordovices, possessed all the country to the west of the Severn and the Dee, together with the island of Anglesey."Of these territories the Dimetiæ had the counties of Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermarthen; while the Silures possessed all the rest of South Wales, as well as such parts of England as lay to the west of the Severn and to the South of the Teme: while the Ordovices occupied all North Wales, as well as all the country to the North of the Teme, and to the West of the Severn and the Dee, except a small tract to the West of Bangor and Penmorvay, which together with the isle of Anglesey belonged to their subordinate clan the Cangani."[474]Rose or Berry Hill, in Weston.[475]Kentchester.[476]Abergavenny.[477]Caerwent.[478]Caerleon on Usk.[479]Richborough in Kent.[480]Anglesey.[481]St. David's Head.[482]XXX milliarium.[483]St. David's.[484]Caermarthen.[485]Llanio Issau on the Teivi.[486]On the bank of the Tanat.[487]Near Lentwardine.[488]Caer Segont.[489]Brach y Pwyl Point.[490]Anglesey.[491]The Conway.[492]Dee.[493]Snowdon.[494]The territory of the Carnabii was bounded on the north by the Mersey, west by the Severn, east by part of the Watling Street, and to the south by Staffordshire.[495]Benonis; High Cross.[496]Wall.[497]Banchor.[498]Wroxeter.[499]Chester.[500]TheDobuniwere bounded on the west by the Severn, on the south by the Thames, on the east by the Charwell, and on the north by the Carnabii.TheCassii, bounded on the south by the Thames, on the west by the Dobuni, on the east by the Trent, and on the north by the Iceni.[501]Droitwich.[502]Near Lentwardine.[503]Alcester.[504]Cirencester in Gloucestershire.[505]Gloucester.[506]Dunstable.[507]Old St. Albans.[508]Colchester.[509]London.[510]It stretched from the Thames to the Stour on the north, and on the west to the Brent and the Ouse.[511]This temple with its ornaments is mentioned in Tacitus.[512]Sturius, the Stour.[513]Castor near Chesterton.[514]Castor near Norwich.[515]Cambridge.[516]Part of the Suffolk Coast.[517]The Yar.[518]The Stour.[519]The Nen.[520]Boston Deep.[521]In the map given by Bertram these people are called the Coritani. They seem to have inhabited Lincoln, Leicester, and Nottingham.[522]Calyddon means coverts or thickets.[523]B. iii. ch. 10, where, speaking of Cæsar, he says, "Caledonias sequutus in sylvas."[524]Leicester.[525]Lincoln.[526]Trent.[527]The Humber.[528]The Mersey.[529]Part of the East Riding of York.[530]Spurn Head.[531]Flamborough Head.[532]Broughton on Humber.[533]Near Bridlington Bay.[534]Their territory stretched from the bounds of the Parisii northward to the Tine, and from the Humber and Don to the mountains of Lancashire, Westmoreland and Cumberland.[535]Lanchester.[536]Binchester.[537]Slack.[538]Catteric.[539]Galgacum, uncertain.[540]Ilkley.[541]Aldborough.[542]York.[543]Probably from the Ure, which receives the name of Ouse above York, on its junction with the Nid.[544]Trent.[545]To the Voluntii belonged the western part of Lancashire; and to the Sistuntii, the west of Westmoreland and Cumberland as far as the wall.[546]Hence, in § 31, they are called one people.[547]Ribchester.[548]Blackrode.[549]Carlisle.[550]The wall of Severus. The exact site of the barrier erected by Severus against the northern tribes, has furnished matter of dispute to many of our antiquaries. The researches of others, particularly Horsley, have, however, set this question at rest. From their information, joined to the scanty evidence of history, it has been proved that three walls or ramparts were erected by the Romans at different times, to secure the northern frontier of their dominions in Britain.The first was a rampart of earth, from the Solway Frith to the Tine, raised by Hadrian about the year 120; but its form and construction have not been satisfactorily ascertained. It was, however, evidently nothing more than a line intended to obstruct the passage of an enemy between the stations which constituted the real defences of the frontier.The second was raised by Lollius Urbicus under the reign of Antoninus Pius, about 140, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. This was likewise of earth, though perhaps faced with stone, and, like that of Hadrian, seems to have been intended as a line connecting the chain of stations, which formed a new barrier on the advance of the Roman arms. In the course of both these was a military road communicating from station to station.The last and most important is that begun by Severus, after his expedition against the Caledonians, about 208. It runs nearly over the same ground as that of Hadrian; but is a complete and well combined system of fortification. From an examination of its remains it appears to have been built of stone, fifteen feet high and nine thick. It had parapet and ditch, a military road, and was defended by eighteen greater stations placed at intervals of three to six miles; eighty-three castles at intervals of six to eight furlongs, and, as it is imagined, a considerable number of turrets placed at shorter distances.Either from superior sagacity or superior information, Richard clearly distinguishes these three walls, which so much puzzled later writers, though it must be confessed that in other places he has suffered himself to be led into some errors in regard to their situation, and the persons by whom they were erected.—See b. ii. ch. 1, sect. 22, 27, 36, 37; ch. 2, sect. 17, 23. For a detailed account of these works the reader is referred toHorsley's Britannia Romana;Warburton's Account of the Roman Wall;Hutchinson's Northumberland;Roy's Military Antiquities;Hutton's Account of the Roman Wall.[551]These were the Helvetii, whose emigration is mentioned inCæs. Comm. de Bell. Gal. lib.i. We have not discovered from what authority Richard draws his account of their emigration to Ireland.[552]Caracalla.[553]The Gadeni appear to have occupied the midland parts from the wall probably as far as the Forth.[554]Uncertain.[555]The Ottadini stretched along the eastern coast, from the wall as far as the Frith of Forth, and were bounded on the west by the Gadeni.[556]Ribchester.[557]Tweed.[558]The Coquet.[559]The North and South Tine.[560]The Selgovæ appear to have occupied all the shire of Dumfries, and part of Kirkudbright.[561]Drumlanrig, or Kirkudbright.[562]Uncertain.[563]Birrenswork Hill.[564]Nith.[565]The Dee.[566]The Eden.[567]The Novantes held the south-western district of Scotland, from the Dee to the Mull of Galloway; that is, the west of Kirkudbright and Wigtown, and part of the Carrick division of Ayr.[568]Rens of Galloway. It is not, however, more than eighteen miles from the nearest part of Ireland.[569]By an error in the geographical or astronomical observations preserved by Ptolemy, the latitudes north of this point appear to have been mistaken for the longitudes, and consequently this part of Britain is thrown to the east.[570]Wigtown,Horsley. Whithern,Stukeley,Roy.[571]The Luce.[572]Cree,Roy.[573]Dee.[574]The Lothers.[575]Paisley, or Renfrew,Roy.[576]Friths of Forth and Clyde.[577]These people inhabited the principal part of what are called the Lowlands. Their territories beyond the Isthmus evidently stretched as far as the Grampians, consisting of great part of Ayr, all Renfrew and Lanark, a considerable part of Stirling, and perhaps Linlithgow.[578]See page448.[579]Tay.[580]It may perhaps appear superfluous to refer the antiquary to Roy's masterly Commentary on the campaigns of Agricola in this part of Britain; but it will scarcely be deemed so to observe, that we see few instances in which military and local knowledge are so well applied to the elucidation of antiquities.[581]The Horestii occupied Clackmannan and Kinross, and part of Perth as far as the Tay. To them belonged likewise all the country stretching from the Grampians to Loch Lomond.[582]Uncertain.[583]Ardoch.[584]Dealgin Ross.[585]The Vecturones occupied the eastern part of Perth, Forfar, Kincardin, and part of Aberdeen.[586]Bertha, or Old Perth.[587]South Esk.[588]Tine.[589]The Taixali held the eastern coast of Aberdeen, apparently as far as Kinnaird Head.[590]Probably Old Aberdeen.[591]Dee.[592]Ithan.[593]Kinnaird Head.[594]The Vacomagi were spread over an extensive region west of the Taixali and north of the Grampians, comprising a considerable part of Aberdeen, all Banff, Murray, Elgin, and Nairn, with the north-east of Inverness.[595]On the Spey.[596]Brae Mar Castle.[597]Uncertain, but near the Ness; perhaps Inverness or Bonness.[598]Burgh Head.[599]Murray Frith.[600]Spey.[601]Dovern.[602]The Damnii Albani may have been a remnant of the Damnii, who, after the erection of the wall, being cut off from the rest of their tribe, were gradually circumscribed by the neighbouring people, to Braidalbane, and a small part of the west of Perth and east of Argyle.[603]The Attacotti occupied a considerable part of Argyle, as far as Lochfyn.[604]Loch Lomond.[605]Dumbarton. It was afterwards called Theodosia.[606]It must be confessed that the information preserved by Richard, in regard to this remote part of our island, is extremely obscure, and that his descriptions will only assist us in guessing at the situation of the different tribes. Perhaps this can scarcely be deemed extraordinary, when we consider how imperfectly the interior of this country is known even at present.[607]The country of the proper Caledonians was the central part of Inverness and Ross.[608]The Cantæ seem to have held Cromarty and East Ross.[609]Frith of Cromartie,Stukeley. Loth R.Roy.[610]Tarbet Ness,Stukeley. Ord Head, Caithness,Roy.[611]Frith of Dornoch,Stukeley.[612]The Logi seem to have held the south-east of Strathnavern, and north-east of Sutherland.[613]All,Stukeley. Shiel,Roy.[614]The Carnabii inhabited part of Caithness, the north of Ross, and central part of Sutherland.[615]Ness or Noss Head,Stukeley.[616]The Catini held part of Caithness and the east of Sutherland.[617]The Mertæ held the country comprised between the Catini and Carnabii.[618]Dunnet Head,Stukeley. Duncansby Head,Roy.[619]Navern.[620]The Carnonacæ seem to have held the detached portion of Cromarty, situated near Loch Broom, and a small part on the border of Sutherland.[621]Cape Wrath.[622]Loch Broom.[623]The Cerones held the north-west part of Ross;—the Creones south-west of Ross and Inverness, and a part of Argyle.[624]Shiel,Roy.[625]Loch Loch,Stukeley. Linnhe Loch,Roy.[626]Lochfyn.[627]The Epidii probably occupied the Western part of Argyle, as far as the Mull of Cantyr, and were bounded on one side by the sea and on the other by Lochfyn.

[401]Rather by the estuary of the Severn.

[402]Thames.

[403]Severn.

[404]Here some word is evidently omitted in the original. We would supply it by comparing this description with that of Britannia Secunda in the second section, and read "Sabrina et Deva," &c., by the Severn and the Dee from the Silures and Ordovices.

[405]The wall or vallum erected by Severus between the Solway Frith and the mouth of the Tyne.

[406]Bodora and Bodotria, Frith of Forth.

[407]Clotta. Clyde.

[408]Dumbarton.

[409]Murray Frith.

[410]These remarks seem to have been drawn from theNotitia Imperii, and consequently refer to a late period of the empire.

[411]Cantium contained the present county of Kent, as far as the Rother, except a small district in which Holwood Hill is situated, and which belonged to the Rhemi.

[412]Rochester.

[413]Canterbury.

[414]Dover.

[415]Situated on the Lymne.

[416]Reculver.

[417]Richborough.

[418]The Medway.

[419]The Stour.

[420]A rivulet at Dover.

[421]The Rother.

[422]The North Foreland.

[423]The Bibroci, Rhemi, or Regni, inhabited part of Hants, and of Berks, Sussex, Surrey, and a small portion of Kent.

[424]Uncertain. Stukeley calls it Bibrox, Bibrax, or the Bibracte of the Itinerary.

[425]Chichester.

[426]Holwood Hill.

[427]Pevensey.

[428]Part of Hants, and Berks.

[429]Silchester. For the proofs that this place was the site of Calleva see the Commentary on the Itinerary.

[430]Kennet.

[431]Part of Hants, and Berks.

[432]Probably Egbury Camp.

[433]The Belgæ occupied those parts of Hants and Wilts not held by the Segontiaci.

[434]This is an error: the ancient Clausentum was at Bittern, on the Itchin, opposite Northam.

[435]Portchester.

[436]Winchester.

[437]Old Sarum.

[438]This passage as printed in the original is very obscure; but the meaning is supplied by Cæsar, from whom it is taken, and a subsequent page where Richard mentions the same fact.—Vide the Chronology inb. ii. c. i. sect. 9.

[439]Thames.

[440]There was a tribe of Celts called Senones seated on the banks of the Seine as late as the time of Cæsar, and this was one of the tribes who marched with Brennus against Rome. But we cannot discover from whence Richard drew his information that these Senones originally emigrated from Britain, leaving their country to be occupied by the Belgæ.

[441]Nearly all Somersetshire.

[442]Ilchester.

[443]Glastonbury.

[444]Bath.

[445]This is drawn from Solinus, who speaks of Britain in general. We know not on what authority it was applied by Richard to Bath.

[446]Maiden Castle, near Dorchester.

[447]Isle of Portland.

[448]Part of Somerset and Devon.

[449]The Parret.

[450]Uncertain,—probably in Devonshire.

[451]Ibid.

[452]Lundy Island.

[453]Part of Cornwall.

[454]Near Stratton.

[455]Carnbre.

[456]Land's End, and Lizard Point.

[457]Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, and part of Somerset.

[458]Probably near Bridgewater.

[459]On the Tamar.

[460]On the Fowey.

[461]On the Fal.

[462]Exeter.

[463]Ex.

[464]The Dart.

[465]Tamar.

[466]The Fal.

[467]Probably Berry Head.

[468]Lizard Point.

[469]Ram Head.

[470]Scilly Isles.

[471]Severn.

[472]Dee.

[473]The Silures, with their two dependent tribes, the Dimetiæ and the Ordovices, possessed all the country to the west of the Severn and the Dee, together with the island of Anglesey."Of these territories the Dimetiæ had the counties of Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermarthen; while the Silures possessed all the rest of South Wales, as well as such parts of England as lay to the west of the Severn and to the South of the Teme: while the Ordovices occupied all North Wales, as well as all the country to the North of the Teme, and to the West of the Severn and the Dee, except a small tract to the West of Bangor and Penmorvay, which together with the isle of Anglesey belonged to their subordinate clan the Cangani."

[473]The Silures, with their two dependent tribes, the Dimetiæ and the Ordovices, possessed all the country to the west of the Severn and the Dee, together with the island of Anglesey.

"Of these territories the Dimetiæ had the counties of Pembroke, Cardigan, and Caermarthen; while the Silures possessed all the rest of South Wales, as well as such parts of England as lay to the west of the Severn and to the South of the Teme: while the Ordovices occupied all North Wales, as well as all the country to the North of the Teme, and to the West of the Severn and the Dee, except a small tract to the West of Bangor and Penmorvay, which together with the isle of Anglesey belonged to their subordinate clan the Cangani."

[474]Rose or Berry Hill, in Weston.

[475]Kentchester.

[476]Abergavenny.

[477]Caerwent.

[478]Caerleon on Usk.

[479]Richborough in Kent.

[480]Anglesey.

[481]St. David's Head.

[482]XXX milliarium.

[483]St. David's.

[484]Caermarthen.

[485]Llanio Issau on the Teivi.

[486]On the bank of the Tanat.

[487]Near Lentwardine.

[488]Caer Segont.

[489]Brach y Pwyl Point.

[490]Anglesey.

[491]The Conway.

[492]Dee.

[493]Snowdon.

[494]The territory of the Carnabii was bounded on the north by the Mersey, west by the Severn, east by part of the Watling Street, and to the south by Staffordshire.

[495]Benonis; High Cross.

[496]Wall.

[497]Banchor.

[498]Wroxeter.

[499]Chester.

[500]TheDobuniwere bounded on the west by the Severn, on the south by the Thames, on the east by the Charwell, and on the north by the Carnabii.TheCassii, bounded on the south by the Thames, on the west by the Dobuni, on the east by the Trent, and on the north by the Iceni.

[500]TheDobuniwere bounded on the west by the Severn, on the south by the Thames, on the east by the Charwell, and on the north by the Carnabii.

TheCassii, bounded on the south by the Thames, on the west by the Dobuni, on the east by the Trent, and on the north by the Iceni.

[501]Droitwich.

[502]Near Lentwardine.

[503]Alcester.

[504]Cirencester in Gloucestershire.

[505]Gloucester.

[506]Dunstable.

[507]Old St. Albans.

[508]Colchester.

[509]London.

[510]It stretched from the Thames to the Stour on the north, and on the west to the Brent and the Ouse.

[511]This temple with its ornaments is mentioned in Tacitus.

[512]Sturius, the Stour.

[513]Castor near Chesterton.

[514]Castor near Norwich.

[515]Cambridge.

[516]Part of the Suffolk Coast.

[517]The Yar.

[518]The Stour.

[519]The Nen.

[520]Boston Deep.

[521]In the map given by Bertram these people are called the Coritani. They seem to have inhabited Lincoln, Leicester, and Nottingham.

[522]Calyddon means coverts or thickets.

[523]B. iii. ch. 10, where, speaking of Cæsar, he says, "Caledonias sequutus in sylvas."

[524]Leicester.

[525]Lincoln.

[526]Trent.

[527]The Humber.

[528]The Mersey.

[529]Part of the East Riding of York.

[530]Spurn Head.

[531]Flamborough Head.

[532]Broughton on Humber.

[533]Near Bridlington Bay.

[534]Their territory stretched from the bounds of the Parisii northward to the Tine, and from the Humber and Don to the mountains of Lancashire, Westmoreland and Cumberland.

[535]Lanchester.

[536]Binchester.

[537]Slack.

[538]Catteric.

[539]Galgacum, uncertain.

[540]Ilkley.

[541]Aldborough.

[542]York.

[543]Probably from the Ure, which receives the name of Ouse above York, on its junction with the Nid.

[544]Trent.

[545]To the Voluntii belonged the western part of Lancashire; and to the Sistuntii, the west of Westmoreland and Cumberland as far as the wall.

[546]Hence, in § 31, they are called one people.

[547]Ribchester.

[548]Blackrode.

[549]Carlisle.

[550]The wall of Severus. The exact site of the barrier erected by Severus against the northern tribes, has furnished matter of dispute to many of our antiquaries. The researches of others, particularly Horsley, have, however, set this question at rest. From their information, joined to the scanty evidence of history, it has been proved that three walls or ramparts were erected by the Romans at different times, to secure the northern frontier of their dominions in Britain.The first was a rampart of earth, from the Solway Frith to the Tine, raised by Hadrian about the year 120; but its form and construction have not been satisfactorily ascertained. It was, however, evidently nothing more than a line intended to obstruct the passage of an enemy between the stations which constituted the real defences of the frontier.The second was raised by Lollius Urbicus under the reign of Antoninus Pius, about 140, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. This was likewise of earth, though perhaps faced with stone, and, like that of Hadrian, seems to have been intended as a line connecting the chain of stations, which formed a new barrier on the advance of the Roman arms. In the course of both these was a military road communicating from station to station.The last and most important is that begun by Severus, after his expedition against the Caledonians, about 208. It runs nearly over the same ground as that of Hadrian; but is a complete and well combined system of fortification. From an examination of its remains it appears to have been built of stone, fifteen feet high and nine thick. It had parapet and ditch, a military road, and was defended by eighteen greater stations placed at intervals of three to six miles; eighty-three castles at intervals of six to eight furlongs, and, as it is imagined, a considerable number of turrets placed at shorter distances.Either from superior sagacity or superior information, Richard clearly distinguishes these three walls, which so much puzzled later writers, though it must be confessed that in other places he has suffered himself to be led into some errors in regard to their situation, and the persons by whom they were erected.—See b. ii. ch. 1, sect. 22, 27, 36, 37; ch. 2, sect. 17, 23. For a detailed account of these works the reader is referred toHorsley's Britannia Romana;Warburton's Account of the Roman Wall;Hutchinson's Northumberland;Roy's Military Antiquities;Hutton's Account of the Roman Wall.

The first was a rampart of earth, from the Solway Frith to the Tine, raised by Hadrian about the year 120; but its form and construction have not been satisfactorily ascertained. It was, however, evidently nothing more than a line intended to obstruct the passage of an enemy between the stations which constituted the real defences of the frontier.

The second was raised by Lollius Urbicus under the reign of Antoninus Pius, about 140, between the Friths of Forth and Clyde. This was likewise of earth, though perhaps faced with stone, and, like that of Hadrian, seems to have been intended as a line connecting the chain of stations, which formed a new barrier on the advance of the Roman arms. In the course of both these was a military road communicating from station to station.

The last and most important is that begun by Severus, after his expedition against the Caledonians, about 208. It runs nearly over the same ground as that of Hadrian; but is a complete and well combined system of fortification. From an examination of its remains it appears to have been built of stone, fifteen feet high and nine thick. It had parapet and ditch, a military road, and was defended by eighteen greater stations placed at intervals of three to six miles; eighty-three castles at intervals of six to eight furlongs, and, as it is imagined, a considerable number of turrets placed at shorter distances.

Either from superior sagacity or superior information, Richard clearly distinguishes these three walls, which so much puzzled later writers, though it must be confessed that in other places he has suffered himself to be led into some errors in regard to their situation, and the persons by whom they were erected.—See b. ii. ch. 1, sect. 22, 27, 36, 37; ch. 2, sect. 17, 23. For a detailed account of these works the reader is referred toHorsley's Britannia Romana;Warburton's Account of the Roman Wall;Hutchinson's Northumberland;Roy's Military Antiquities;Hutton's Account of the Roman Wall.

[551]These were the Helvetii, whose emigration is mentioned inCæs. Comm. de Bell. Gal. lib.i. We have not discovered from what authority Richard draws his account of their emigration to Ireland.

[552]Caracalla.

[553]The Gadeni appear to have occupied the midland parts from the wall probably as far as the Forth.

[554]Uncertain.

[555]The Ottadini stretched along the eastern coast, from the wall as far as the Frith of Forth, and were bounded on the west by the Gadeni.

[556]Ribchester.

[557]Tweed.

[558]The Coquet.

[559]The North and South Tine.

[560]The Selgovæ appear to have occupied all the shire of Dumfries, and part of Kirkudbright.

[561]Drumlanrig, or Kirkudbright.

[562]Uncertain.

[563]Birrenswork Hill.

[564]Nith.

[565]The Dee.

[566]The Eden.

[567]The Novantes held the south-western district of Scotland, from the Dee to the Mull of Galloway; that is, the west of Kirkudbright and Wigtown, and part of the Carrick division of Ayr.

[568]Rens of Galloway. It is not, however, more than eighteen miles from the nearest part of Ireland.

[569]By an error in the geographical or astronomical observations preserved by Ptolemy, the latitudes north of this point appear to have been mistaken for the longitudes, and consequently this part of Britain is thrown to the east.

[570]Wigtown,Horsley. Whithern,Stukeley,Roy.

[571]The Luce.

[572]Cree,Roy.

[573]Dee.

[574]The Lothers.

[575]Paisley, or Renfrew,Roy.

[576]Friths of Forth and Clyde.

[577]These people inhabited the principal part of what are called the Lowlands. Their territories beyond the Isthmus evidently stretched as far as the Grampians, consisting of great part of Ayr, all Renfrew and Lanark, a considerable part of Stirling, and perhaps Linlithgow.

[578]See page448.

[579]Tay.

[580]It may perhaps appear superfluous to refer the antiquary to Roy's masterly Commentary on the campaigns of Agricola in this part of Britain; but it will scarcely be deemed so to observe, that we see few instances in which military and local knowledge are so well applied to the elucidation of antiquities.

[581]The Horestii occupied Clackmannan and Kinross, and part of Perth as far as the Tay. To them belonged likewise all the country stretching from the Grampians to Loch Lomond.

[582]Uncertain.

[583]Ardoch.

[584]Dealgin Ross.

[585]The Vecturones occupied the eastern part of Perth, Forfar, Kincardin, and part of Aberdeen.

[586]Bertha, or Old Perth.

[587]South Esk.

[588]Tine.

[589]The Taixali held the eastern coast of Aberdeen, apparently as far as Kinnaird Head.

[590]Probably Old Aberdeen.

[591]Dee.

[592]Ithan.

[593]Kinnaird Head.

[594]The Vacomagi were spread over an extensive region west of the Taixali and north of the Grampians, comprising a considerable part of Aberdeen, all Banff, Murray, Elgin, and Nairn, with the north-east of Inverness.

[595]On the Spey.

[596]Brae Mar Castle.

[597]Uncertain, but near the Ness; perhaps Inverness or Bonness.

[598]Burgh Head.

[599]Murray Frith.

[600]Spey.

[601]Dovern.

[602]The Damnii Albani may have been a remnant of the Damnii, who, after the erection of the wall, being cut off from the rest of their tribe, were gradually circumscribed by the neighbouring people, to Braidalbane, and a small part of the west of Perth and east of Argyle.

[603]The Attacotti occupied a considerable part of Argyle, as far as Lochfyn.

[604]Loch Lomond.

[605]Dumbarton. It was afterwards called Theodosia.

[606]It must be confessed that the information preserved by Richard, in regard to this remote part of our island, is extremely obscure, and that his descriptions will only assist us in guessing at the situation of the different tribes. Perhaps this can scarcely be deemed extraordinary, when we consider how imperfectly the interior of this country is known even at present.

[607]The country of the proper Caledonians was the central part of Inverness and Ross.

[608]The Cantæ seem to have held Cromarty and East Ross.

[609]Frith of Cromartie,Stukeley. Loth R.Roy.

[610]Tarbet Ness,Stukeley. Ord Head, Caithness,Roy.

[611]Frith of Dornoch,Stukeley.

[612]The Logi seem to have held the south-east of Strathnavern, and north-east of Sutherland.

[613]All,Stukeley. Shiel,Roy.

[614]The Carnabii inhabited part of Caithness, the north of Ross, and central part of Sutherland.

[615]Ness or Noss Head,Stukeley.

[616]The Catini held part of Caithness and the east of Sutherland.

[617]The Mertæ held the country comprised between the Catini and Carnabii.

[618]Dunnet Head,Stukeley. Duncansby Head,Roy.

[619]Navern.

[620]The Carnonacæ seem to have held the detached portion of Cromarty, situated near Loch Broom, and a small part on the border of Sutherland.

[621]Cape Wrath.

[622]Loch Broom.

[623]The Cerones held the north-west part of Ross;—the Creones south-west of Ross and Inverness, and a part of Argyle.

[624]Shiel,Roy.

[625]Loch Loch,Stukeley. Linnhe Loch,Roy.

[626]Lochfyn.

[627]The Epidii probably occupied the Western part of Argyle, as far as the Mull of Cantyr, and were bounded on one side by the sea and on the other by Lochfyn.

The different parts of Britain having been cursorily examined according to my original design, it seems necessary, before I proceed to a description of the islands, to attend to a doubt suggested by a certain person.[628]"Where," asks he, "are the vestiges of those cities and names which you commemorate? There are none." This question may be answered by another: Where are now the Assyrians, Parthians, Sarmatians, Celtiberians? None will be bold enough to deny the existence of those nations. Are there not also at this time many countries and cities bearing the same names as they did two or three thousand years ago? Judea, Italy, Gaul, Britain, are as clearly known now as in former times; Londinium is still styled in the common language, with a slight change of sound, London. The negligence and inattention of our ancestors in omitting to collect and preserve such documents as might have been serviceable in this particular, are not deserving of heavy censure, for scarcely any but those in holy orders employed themselves in writing books, and such even esteemed it inconsistent with their sacred office to engage in such profane labours. I rather think I may without danger, and without offence, transmit to posterity that information which I have drawn from a careful examination and accurate scrutiny of ancient records concerning the state of this kingdom in former periods. The good abbat, indeed, had nearly inspired me with other sentiments, by thus seeming to address me: Are you ignorant how short a time is allotted us in this world; that the greatest exertions cannot exempt us from the appellation of unprofitable servants; and that all our studies should be directed to the purpose of being useful to others? Of what service are these things, but to delude the world with unmeaning trifles?To these remarks I answer with propriety. Is then every honest gratification forbidden? Do not such narratives exhibit proofs of Divine Providence? Does it not hence appear, that an evangelical sermon concerning the death and merits of Christ enlightened and subdued a world overrun with Gentile superstitions? To the reply, that such things are properly treated of in systems of chronology, I rejoin: Nor is it too much to know that our ancestors were not, as some assert, Autochthones, sprung from the earth; but that God opened the book of nature to display his omnipotence, such as it is described in the writings of Moses. When the abbat answered, that works which were intended merely to acquire reputation for their authors from posterity, should be committed to the flames, I confess with gratitude that I repented of this undertaking. The remainder of the work is therefore only a chronological abridgment, which I present to the reader, whom I commend to the goodness and protection of God; and at the same time request, that he will pray for me to our holy Father, who is merciful and inclined to forgiveness.

The following Itinerary is collected from certain fragments left by a Roman general. The order is changed in some instances, according to Ptolemy and others, and it is hoped, with improvement.

Among the Britons were formerly ninety-two cities, of which thirty-three were more celebrated and conspicuous. Two municipal,[629]Verolamium;[630]and Eboracum.[631]Nine colonial;[632]namely, Londinium[633]Augusta, Camalodunum[634]Geminæ Martiæ, Rhutupis,[635]***** Thermæ[636]Aquæ Solis, Isca[637]Secunda,Deva[638]Getica, Glevum[639]Claudia, Lindum,[640]**** Camboricum[641]. **** Ten cities under the Latian law:[642]namely, Durnomagus,[643]Cataracton,[644]Cambodunum,[645]Coccium,[646]Lugubalia,[647]Ptoroton,[648]Victoria,[649]Theodosia,[650]Corinum,[651]Sorbiodunum.[652]Twelve stipendiary[653]and of lesser consequence; Venta Silurum,[654]Venta Belgarum,[655]Venta Icenorum,[656]Segontium,[657]Maridunum,[658]Ragæ,[659]Cantiopolis,[660]Durinum,[661]Isca,[662]Bremenium,[663]Vindonum,[664]and Durobrivæ.[665]But let no one lightly imagine that the Romans had not many others besides those above-mentioned. I have only commemorated the more celebrated. For who can doubt that they who, as conquerors of the world, were at liberty to choose, did not select places fitted for their purposes? They for the most part took up their abode in fortresses which they constructed for themselves.

(The Itinerary, which follows here in the original Latin, being a dry list of names, is omitted. See the Appendix,No. I.)

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