FOOTNOTES:

Iter XVI.Sites of the Stations.(5) A Londinio Ceniam usque, sic:—From London to the Fal.CorrectedNumbers.(139) Venta Belgarum m.p.XCLXXXWinchester.(153) BrigeXIXINear Broughton.(154) SorbiodunoVIIIVIIIIOld Sarum.(155) VentageladiaXIIXVGussage Cow Down.—————(156) DurnovariaVIIIIXXXDorchester.—————(157) MoridunoXXXIIIXXXSeaton.—————(107) Isca DamnonXVXXVIIIExeter.—————(158) Durio Amno...XXIIIOn the Dart.(159) Tamara...XXVIOn the Tamar.—————(160) Voluba...XXVIIIOn the Fowey.—————(161) Ceni...XXOn the Fal.

The exact route from London to Winchester not being defined, we may suppose that it ran, as before, through Silchester, and from thence by St. Mary Bourne, as in the 15th Iter. From Winchester, as the road still exists leading to Old Sarum, the distance of eleven miles will probably give the site ofBrige, although the station itself is not known; and the nine following will lead us to Old Sarum. Pursuing the course of the road, which may be still traced quite to Dorchester, remains found on Gussage Cow Down point out the site ofVentageladia; and the disagreement between the Itinerary and real distance from thence to Dorchester justifies us in supposing that some intermediate post has been omitted. The site ofMoridunumis doubtful; some thinking it to be Eggerdon, or the Hill of the Morini, with which the distance of nine miles would not disagree; while others, with more reason, prefer Seaton, the great port of the West, because the Foss leads from Ilchester directly to it. Intermediate stations have evidently been lost between this place and Exeter, as has also been the case between that place and the Dart, the Tamar, the Fowey and the Fal. From Honiton the road is visible pointing to Exeter, as well as from Exeter to Totness, and according to the ingenious Borlase, even to Lostwithiel.

Iter XVII.Sites of the Stations.Ab Anderida [Eboracum] usque, sic:—From East bourne to York.CorrectedNumbers.(162) Sylva Anderida m.p....East Bourne.(152) Novio MagoXXXXHolwood Hill.(5) LondinioXVXVLondon.(163) Ad Fines[722]XXVIIIBrougham.(36) Durolisponte[723]XXXGodmanchester.(37) DurnomagoXXXXXCastor, on the left bank of the Nen.(38) CorisennisXXXXXVAncaster.(39) LindoXXXXXILincoln.(164) In MedioXVXV(165) Ad AbumXVXVWinterton.Unde transis in Maximam(166) Ad PetuariamVIVIBrough.(43) Deinde Eboraco, ut supra (It. 5) m.p.XLVIXXXYork.

This Iter ran in the track of the British Ermyn Street, from Pevensey and East Bourne, which were perhaps theAnderida PortusandAnderidaof the 15th Iter, along the ridge of hills to Holwood Hill (already mentioned as the capital of the Rhemi), and from thence to London, but its traces are now so obscure as to be almost forgotten. Some think that from London it proceeded along the British Street, by the Green Lanes, Cheshunt, and to the west of Broxbourne to Ware; while others suppose that this Roman road went much straighter, and nearly in the course of the present turnpike through Ware to Broughing, a post at the confluence of the Rib and the Quin, where was probably the stationAd Fines, the boundary between the countries of the Iceni, the Cassii, and the Trinobantes. From hence the Roman road is so perfect by Caxton quite to Lincoln, that we fix the station ofDurnomagusat the great camp near Castor, and the three others at Godmanchester, Ancaster, and Lincoln. From Lincoln the Roman road proceeds directly to the banks of the Humber, having, at the distance assigned in the Iter, theMansio in Medio, and the post at Winterton; from whence six miles carry us across the river to Brough, orPetuaria, a post often confounded with thePrætoriumof the 6th Iter. As there is a Roman road still existing from Brough towards Weighton, and then over Barmby Moor to York, there can be little doubt in considering it as the course of this Iter. Should, however, the forty-six miles given in the Itinerary (which appears to have been an error arising from the mistake of the transcriber in confoundingPetuariaandPrætorium) be considered as correct, the course of the Iter may be supposed to have run from Brough by Londesborough and Millington, to the great road from Flamborough, and then to have turned with it to York, making exactly the forty-six miles of the Itinerary.

Iter XVIII.Sites of the Stations.(43) Ab Eboraco per medium insulæ Clausentum usque, sic:—From York through the middle of the island to Bittern.CorrectedNumbers.(42) Legiolio m.p.XXIXXICastleford.(167) Ad FinesXVIIIXXIIITemple Brough, on the bank of the Don.(168) .....XVIXVITapton Hill near Chesterfield.(169) .....XVIXIICamp near Penkridge.(170) Derventione[724]XVIXIILittle Chester.(171) Ad TrivonamXIIXIIBerry Farm, in Branston.(15) Etoceto[725]XIIXIIWall.(14) ManduessuedoXVIXVIManceter.(13) BenonnisXIIXIIHigh Cross.(12) TripontioXIXINear Dove Bridge.(11) IsannavariaXIIXBurnt Walls.(172) BrinavisXIIXIIBlack Ground, near Chipping Norton.(173) Ælia CastraXVIXVIAlcester, near Bicester.(174) DorocinaXVXVIDorchester.(175) TamesiVIVIOn the Thames.Vindomi}XVXXSilchester.(122)Calleva}(141) ClausentoXXXXVIXXXXVBittern, near Southampton.

This Iter proceeds from York in the same direction as the fourth to Castleford, where, bearing to the right to join the Ryknield Street, it continues with it through the several stations of Temple Brough on the Don, Chesterfield, Penkridge, Little Chester, and Branston, to Wall. Here diverging to the left with the Watling Street, it passed through Manceter, High Cross, and Dove Bridge, to Burnt Walls. It there quitted the known road, and bore across the country, by an unknown route, to Alcester, on the Akeman street; but the considerable remains found at Black Ground, near Chippington Norton, would lead us to place the station ofBrinavisthere, if the Roman road did not make any material deviation between Burnt Walls and Alcester.

From Alcester the road runs plainly over Ottmoor, and indeed almost all the way to Dorchester. But from thence as we can discover no traces of a road, and as our next post appears to have been only six miles distant and on the Thames, if any reliance can be placed on the number, it may be the point where the Roman road from Wantage apparently passes that river opposite Mongewell. The next distance of fifteen miles, being insufficient to lead us by any road toVindomis, if it were placed either at Silchester or near St. Mary Bourne, it is more than probable that there is some error in the name of the station; and as the following number of forty-six miles agrees with the distance in the 15th Iter of the road from Silchester passing near Egbury to Bittern, we cannot help supposing that the name ofVindomishas been inserted by mistake for that ofCalleva.

FOOTNOTES:[685]On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that the name of Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman station; and Sarn, Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when compounded) as generally show the course of a British or Roman way.[686]For example these marks [Illustration], being the mutilated parts of numerals, might have been easily transformed by the copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals might have been omitted, as XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.[687]Near Leicester.[688]Hist. de l'Académie, t. 88, p. 661.[689]Burnt Walls was the Roman post ofIsannavaria; Borough Hill, on the hill above it, was the great British fortification,Bennavenna.[690]Icianis XXVIII.Stukeley.[691]Durolisponte, Iter 17.[692]Iter 17, XXX.[693]Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.[694]Iter 17, XXX.[695]Legiolio, Iter 18.[696]Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.[697]Cataractone XI.[698]Probably Corium,Stukeley.[699]Vinovio, Iter 4.[700]XXXVIII.[701]ThisPræturiumand thePrætonumof Antonine must be carefully distinguished from thePetuaria, mentioned by our author in the 17th Iter, forPetuariawas certainly at Brough on the Humber.[702][702A]Iter 10, Mancunio—Condate XXIII.[703]Stukeley, XVIIII[704]Lataris, XVII.Stuk.[705]XVI.Stuk.[706]XX.Stuk.[707]Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis—Luguvallia, XXII.[708]VIIII.Stukeley.[709]XXX Iter 9.[710]Statio Trajectus.Comm.[711]Ad Sabrinam.Comm.[712]VIIII.Stukeley.[713]Tibia VII.Stukeley.[714]This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his researches for his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of Ambleston.[715]We prefer the name ofAbonefor Sea Mills, because it bears that name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no instance in which the name ofTrajectusis applied to a town unless at the passage of a river.[716]The bishops of St. David's being called in LatinMenapiensesby the earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an argument that the station is near the present town. The site of the station itself was probably at a short distance from the modern city, at a place called the Burrows, and just above a fine harbour called the Porth Mawr.[717]Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many different pieces as that ofCalleva Atrebatum. It has been placed at Silchester, Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries; yet in no doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the site. It was evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a central point, to which the roads traversed by three different Iters of Antonine (the 13th, 14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the Atrebates; situated at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath, Spene, and Caerleon; and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from Cirencester and Old Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient be brought to coincide, either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but all agree in regard to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the Itinerary distance ofCallevafrom London, Bath, Spene, Winchester, and Caerleon, and, if a station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of Antonine be supplied, with that from Cirencester. The present remains are those of a great Roman town; it is situated in the district formerly inhabited by the Atrebates; and in every direction traces of Roman roads converging to this point still plainly exist, from London, Spene, Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and Cirencester.[718]Bultro, Iter 13[719]Stukeley, X.[720]Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several nations whose territories were watered by the Thames in its course to the German Ocean, places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii, without even mentioning the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories did not approach the river.[721]In Hasted's History of Kent is a passage which countenances the idea of an ancient road having traversed the country in this line.[722]Stuk.XXX.[723]It. 3. Duraliponte—Durnomago XX.—Issinis XX.—Lindo XX.[724]XVI.[725]It. 2, inv. Etoceto.—Manduessuedo XIII.—Benonais XII.—Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.

[685]On this subject it may not be improper to observe, that the name of Castor, Cester, or Chester, generally points out a Roman station; and Sarn, Street, Stane and Stone, (Strat, and Stan, when compounded) as generally show the course of a British or Roman way.

[686]For example these marks [Illustration], being the mutilated parts of numerals, might have been easily transformed by the copyist into IIIII. XIII. VIII. XVI. XIX. or XXI. and single numerals might have been omitted, as XX. and XXIII. for XIX. and XXXIII.

[687]Near Leicester.

[688]Hist. de l'Académie, t. 88, p. 661.

[689]Burnt Walls was the Roman post ofIsannavaria; Borough Hill, on the hill above it, was the great British fortification,Bennavenna.

[690]Icianis XXVIII.Stukeley.

[691]Durolisponte, Iter 17.

[692]Iter 17, XXX.

[693]Corisennis XXX. Iter 17.

[694]Iter 17, XXX.

[695]Legiolio, Iter 18.

[696]Iter 5 and 8, Eburaco.

[697]Cataractone XI.

[698]Probably Corium,Stukeley.

[699]Vinovio, Iter 4.

[700]XXXVIII.

[701]ThisPræturiumand thePrætonumof Antonine must be carefully distinguished from thePetuaria, mentioned by our author in the 17th Iter, forPetuariawas certainly at Brough on the Humber.

[702][702A]Iter 10, Mancunio—Condate XXIII.

[703]Stukeley, XVIIII

[704]Lataris, XVII.Stuk.

[705]XVI.Stuk.

[706]XX.Stuk.

[707]Iter 10 inverted, Brocavonacis—Luguvallia, XXII.

[708]VIIII.Stukeley.

[709]XXX Iter 9.

[710]Statio Trajectus.Comm.

[711]Ad Sabrinam.Comm.

[712]VIIII.Stukeley.

[713]Tibia VII.Stukeley.

[714]This station was discovered by Mr. Fenton during his researches for his History of Pembrokeshire. It lies in the parish of Ambleston.

[715]We prefer the name ofAbonefor Sea Mills, because it bears that name in old deeds; on the other hand, there appears to be no instance in which the name ofTrajectusis applied to a town unless at the passage of a river.

[716]The bishops of St. David's being called in LatinMenapiensesby the earliest of our ecclesiatical writers, is an argument that the station is near the present town. The site of the station itself was probably at a short distance from the modern city, at a place called the Burrows, and just above a fine harbour called the Porth Mawr.

[717]Few of the Roman stations have been fixed at so many different pieces as that ofCalleva Atrebatum. It has been placed at Silchester, Henley, Wallingford, and Reading, by different antiquaries; yet in no doubtful case do more testimonies concur to ascertain the site. It was evidently a station of importance, because it appears as a central point, to which the roads traversed by three different Iters of Antonine (the 13th, 14th, and 15th,) converge. It was the capital of the Atrebates; situated at known distances from London, Winchester, Bath, Spene, and Caerleon; and at a doubtful one, though easily supplied, from Cirencester and Old Sarum. These circumstances cannot by any expedient be brought to coincide, either with Henley, Wallingford, or Reading; but all agree in regard to Silchester. Its distance nearly accords with the Itinerary distance ofCallevafrom London, Bath, Spene, Winchester, and Caerleon, and, if a station (which is evidently lost) in the Iter of Antonine be supplied, with that from Cirencester. The present remains are those of a great Roman town; it is situated in the district formerly inhabited by the Atrebates; and in every direction traces of Roman roads converging to this point still plainly exist, from London, Spene, Winchester, Old Sarum, Bath, and Cirencester.

[718]Bultro, Iter 13

[719]Stukeley, X.

[720]Richard, b. 1, c. 6, sect. 28, describing the several nations whose territories were watered by the Thames in its course to the German Ocean, places the Atrebates between the Hedui and the Cassii, without even mentioning the Segontiaci, a proof that their territories did not approach the river.

[721]In Hasted's History of Kent is a passage which countenances the idea of an ancient road having traversed the country in this line.

[722]Stuk.XXX.

[723]It. 3. Duraliponte—Durnomago XX.—Issinis XX.—Lindo XX.

[724]XVI.

[725]It. 2, inv. Etoceto.—Manduessuedo XIII.—Benonais XII.—Tripontio Isantia Varia XII.

The primary domestic bardAm I to Elphin,And my original countryIs the region of Cherubims.Joannes the divineCalled me Merddin,At length every kingWill call me Taliesin.I was full nine monthsIn the womb of mother Cyridwen;[726]I was little Gwion heretofore,Taliesin am I now.I was with my LordIn the superior state,When Lucifer did fallTo the infernal deep.I have borne a bannerBefore Alexander:I know the names of the starsFrom the north to Auster.I have been in the circle of GwdionTetragammaton;[727]I conducted Hean[728]To the depth of Ebron vale,I was in CanaanWhen Absalom was slain,I was in the Court of Don[729]Before Gwdion was born,I was an attendantOn Eli and Enoc;I was on the cross-devoting sentenceOf the Son of the merciful God.I have been chief keeperOf the work of Nimrod's tower;I have been three revolutionsIn the circle of Arianrod.[730]I was in the ArkWith Noah and Alpha;I beheld the destructionOf Sodoma and Gomorra;I was in AfricaBefore Rome was built:I am come hereTo the remnants of Troia.I was with my LordIn the manger of the she-ass;I strengthened MosesThrough the Jordan water.I have been in the firmamentWith Mary Magdalen;I have been gifted with geniusFrom the Cauldron of Cyridwen.I have been bard of the harpTo the Teon of Lochlyn;[731]I have endured hungerFor the son of the Virgin.I have been in the White Hill[732]In the court of Cynvelyn,In stocks and fetters,For a year and a day.I have had my abodeIn the kingdom of the Trinity;It is not known what is my body,Whether flesh or fish.I have been an instructorTo the whole universe;I shall remain till the day of doomOn the face of the earth,I have been in an agitated seatAbove the circle of Sidin,[733]And that continues revolvingBetween three elements:Is it not a wonder to the world,That it reflects not a splendour?

[From Meyrick's History of Cardiganshire, p. 65, 2 vols. London, 1806.]

FOOTNOTES:[726]Venus.[727]The Galaxy.[728]The Divine Spirit.[729]Or Llys Don, i.e. Cassiopeia.[730]The Northern Crown.[731]Denmark.[732]Tower of London.[733]Perhaps Caer Sidin, or the Zodiac.

[726]Venus.

[727]The Galaxy.

[728]The Divine Spirit.

[729]Or Llys Don, i.e. Cassiopeia.

[730]The Northern Crown.

[731]Denmark.

[732]Tower of London.

[733]Perhaps Caer Sidin, or the Zodiac.

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