RULES.

RULES.RULES FOR PREPARING CATALOGUES.TITLES.I. The Titles are to be transcribedin full, including the names of Authors, Editors, Translators, Commentators, Continuators, &c., precisely as they stand upon the title-page.Exceptions.There are many titles from which much may well be omitted. But to make omissions without prejudice to ready investigation is an extremely difficult and delicate task, in the performance of which, uniformity is highly important; it is therefore desirable that all abridgments be made by the same person. To this end, the rule should stand without exception, so far as the writing out of the titles is concerned. The abridgments for printing should all be made by the superintendent, and only in the following cases:Additions to names of authors, &c., not necessary for their identification; mottoes, repetitions, or expletives not essential to a full and clear titular description of the book, may be omitted. Omissions of mottoes and devices are to be denoted by three stars; of other matter, by three dots, placed thus ...No omission is to be made which requires any change in, or addition to, the phraseology of that part of the title which is retained. Not even an improvement of the title, by any change, is to be allowed.Remark 1.This rule is understood to apply only to the principal entry. It is supposed that each title will be entered in full only once. All other entries will refer to this full entry. They will be calledCross-References; and rules for their preparation are given hereafter.Remark 2.It is necessary (in this plan) to give the name of the Author, in connection with the title, although it be but a repetition of the heading; for the heading will be stereotyped separate from the title, and, therefore, the title should contain all that is necessary to indicate its proper position, in the alphabetical order, in case of displacement.Remark 3.Experience shows that it takes less time to transcribe titles in full, than to abridge them with any tolerable degree of accuracy. It requires, too, less learning and experience in the cataloguer. That a catalogue can be made more rapidly, more economically, and more satisfactorily by transcribing the titles faithfully and fully, without the omission of a single letter or point, than by any proper plan of abridgment, cannot be denied by any one who has fairly tried the experiment.3)If the catalogue were not to be printed, this rule should have no exception whatever. The printing, however, introduces two considerations to modify the rule, namely, theexpenseof printing, and thebulkof the catalogue. The force of the former consideration is much diminished by the plan of stereotyping the titles. It is but a first expense that we have to meet, not a repetition of it. Besides, no library but the first has to print all its titles. The saving, even to the second library, by the use of those already stereotyped, would doubtless far more than counterbalance the extra expense of printing long titles. The bulk of the catalogue is certainly a matter of considerable importance, though of less than might, at first, be supposed. It does not make much difference, in convenience of use, whether such a work as an Encyclopædia be in a hundred volumes or in ten, though it is, of course, more convenient to refer to one volume than to ten. The proposed general catalogue would doubtless exceed one volume, even with short titles. But convenience should not be allowed to have more influence than the demands of learned investigators. The bulk of catalogues should not be considered in opposition to their accuracy, and to such a degreeof fulness of title, as may be necessary to identify the book, and to give all such particulars of information, as may justly be expected from a titular description.Remark 4.It is deemed unnecessary to prescribe any particular form of card or paper for use in copying the titles. If they are to be printed at once, it will be found most convenient to write them on one side only of common foolscap paper. Cross references should immediately follow the titles to which they belong. If cards have already been adopted in the library to be catalogued, their form need not be changed. They may be placed in the hands of the printer without being transcribed. A manuscript catalogue for constant use should generally be upon cards. A very convenient method of keeping them is that employed by Mr. Folsom in the Boston Athenæum. The cards are long and narrow; are so perforated that they may be strung upon cords, which, being elastic, allow free motion without displacement; and are kept in cases, made to resemble folio volumes, one side of which opens like the cover of a book.II. The Titles are to be transcribedwith exactness.Remark 1.The titles arenot to be translatedby the cataloguer. If, however, the original title, being in a language which does not admit of being represented in the Roman character, be accompanied by a translation into a language for which the Roman alphabet may be used, the latter may be given without the former; this peculiarity being mentioned, with such explanations as will prevent mistake as to the language in which the book is printed. If the book be in several languages, and be provided with title-pages for each, or for several, the cataloguer may give the preference to languages using the Roman alphabet in the following order: English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German. The other title-pages should however be mentioned.Remark 2.Theprecise phraseology, however quaint, awkward, or ungrammatical, must be scrupulously followed. When striking faults or errors occur, the cataloguer should write [sic], after each of them, to denote that the title has been faithfully copied, and that the error is not attributable to his carelessness.Remark 3.The exact mode ofspelling, however inaccurate or antiquated, must be conscientiously copied. When abbreviations appear upon the title-page, they should, in transcribing, be copied accurately. They should also, if possible, be printed. These are most frequent in early printed Latin and Greek books. If types cannot be had for printing these abbreviations, the word should be given in full; the added letters being italics.Remark 4.Thepunctuationof the title-page should also be retained. Sometimes, in the titles of modern books, no pointing is used; in such cases, none should be introduced. Wide spaces may be used instead.Remark 5.Theaccentuationof the original should be preserved. In French books, however, it often happens that parts of the title-page are printed in capitals without accents, and other parts in "lower-case" letters with accents. This is attributable to the general want of accents upon what are called "title-letters." To avoid the striking incongruity which would be occasioned by printing one part with, and another without accents, when the same letter is used throughout the title, it will be proper to add the accents, where they are omitted in the titles of foreign books; but not to omit or alter any which occur.Remark 6.When possible, theform of letter(as Black Letter, Italic, Greek, Hebrew, &c.), is to be preserved. When Black Letter, Italic, or any peculiar letter or cut of type is used, in the title, merely as a typographical embellishment, it is not to be copied; but only when the whole book is printed in it. This rule has no limitation, except the knowledge of the cataloguer, and the means of the printing office. With reference to those languages in which is embodied the great mass of literature, there will be little difficulty in finding men to copy the titles with accuracy; and the printing office should contain varieties of type, Roman, Black Letter, German, Greek, Hebrew, and, in time, fonts of other alphabets.Books in languages which cannot, at first, be correctly printed or written, should be reported from each library, as accurately and fully as possible. An arrangement may hereafter be made to employ competent persons to catalogue such works, and means may be procuredfor printing or engraving their titles. No title, however, should be stereotyped for the General Catalogue, till its accuracy and conformity to the rules are fully ascertained.Remark 7.This principle does not apply to theuse of capitals or small letters. Most title-pages are printed wholly in large letters; some are partly in large and partly in small letters. For the catalogue, they are to be written and printed in small letters.Remark 8.Initial capitalsare to be used only when the laws of the language now require them. In English, the first word of every sentence, proper names, adjectives derived from proper names, names of the Deity, the first word of the title of a book quoted within another title, and titles of respect or office, such as Hon., Mr., Dr., Capt., Rev., (whether contracted or not,) prefixed to a name, should be written and printed with initial capitals. In German and Danish, every noun begins with a capital. In French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, adjectives derived from proper names, are not, as in English, generally printed with initial capitals. In Latin, the English usage in this particular should be followed. It would doubtless be more satisfactory to make the titles, as printed in the catalogue, perfect transcripts of the title-pages, in respect to the use of initial capitals; but this is hardly practicable. The use of both upper-case and lower-case letters in a title-page, is for the most part a matter of the printer's taste, and does not generally indicate the author's purpose. To copy them in a catalogue with literal exactness would be exceedingly difficult, and of no practical benefit. In those parts of the title-page which are printed wholly in capitals, initials are undistinguished. It would be unsightly andun-undesirableundesirableto distinguish the initials where the printer had done so, and omit them where he had used a form of letter, which prohibited his distinguishing them. It would teach nothing to copy from the book the initial capitals in one part of the title, and allow the cataloguer to supply them in other parts. The only practicable method of securing uniformity or convenience would seem to be, to require, as is done above, the cataloguer to employ initial capitals according to established laws, regardless of the title-page.There are certain features of title-pages which it is wholly impracticableto transfer to a catalogue. For example, they generally are (as they always should be)inscriptions, and as such are meant to have a certainlocal dispositionof parts which serves to interpret them, by showing at a glance their relations to each other. A title in a catalogue cannot be expected to retain this important feature of an inscription.III. The whole Title is to be repeated for every distinct edition of the work; and the number of the edition, if not the first, is to be always given.Remark 1.The necessity of this rule arises from the stereotyping of the titles separately. It is frequently the case, that publishers, after having stereotyped a book, call every thousand copies of it a separate edition, and, for twenty or more editions, there may be no alteration in the book, except in the word expressing the number of the edition, and in the date. In such cases, it cannot be necessary to print a separate title for each pretended edition. If there be any important alteration of the book, it should be designated as a distinct edition. This irregularity is found mostly, if not exclusively, in American books, and occurs principally in school-books.It is easy to see how this artifice of bibliopoles would occasion great trouble to cataloguers, if it were common. Some publishers have introduced the terms "second thousand," "tenth thousand," &c., instead of "second edition," "tenth edition." This is more honest, and for our purposes more convenient. But it is not necessary to introduce these chiliads into the catalogue.Minor changes are sometimes made in the stereotype plates, after a part of the copies have been printed; that is, some error may be discovered and corrected, or some word substituted for another. But such changes are generally slight and unimportant. They can only be detected by comparing one copy of a book with another, and, when known, are seldom worthy of notice.Sometimes, the title of a book is the same in two editions, while the body of the work is more or less altered. Sometimes, also, the title is changed while the book remains entirely unaltered. Suchinstances are, however, of comparatively rare occurrence. They are, or should be, noted in bibliographical dictionaries. It is not often the case, that the two editions are to be found in one library; consequently, an account of such variations cannot be expected from the cataloguer. But, if such facts become known to him, they should be carefully noted.The increase of the bulk of the catalogue, which this rule will occasion, may appear, at first sight, to be a grave difficulty. It should be considered, however, that the number of books, which reach a second edition, is comparatively small; and, that, although there may be a hundred editions of a book, those only will have their titles repeated, which belong to the library to be catalogued. The increase in bulk will be much less considerable than might be apprehended, and it will be more than compensated for, by the greater exactness of the descriptions. Any one, who has had much experience in examining catalogues, must have been frequently puzzled to ascertain the exact character of several editions of a book, where the only description of any edition after the first, is "The same," or "Ditto," with a different date. We may wish to know whether the titles are identical. In the title of a later edition, some particular may have been given, which to us is very important, but which the cataloguer has omitted. To bibliographers, and men of habits of careful investigation, different editions are different books, and they should be always described, in catalogues, as particularly as if they were independent works.IV. Early printed books, without title-pages, are to be catalogued in the words of the head-title, preceded by the word [Beginning], in italics and between brackets; to which are to be added the words of the colophon, preceded by the word [Ending], in italics and between brackets.If there be neither head-title nor colophon, such a description of the work should be given, in English, and between brackets, as may serve for its identification.Remark 1.Books printed before the adoption of separate title-pages are comparatively few. Most of them have been described with great minuteness by bibliographers, particularly by Maittaire, Denis, Panzer, and Hain. It will be best, in all cases, to refer to their works in cataloguing such books.These books generally have at the beginning a head-title, which contains a sufficient description of the book, while in the colophon the place of publication, name of the printer, date, &c., are given; but sometimes the book begins with a table, or dedication, or register, and has no colophon. In such cases, not unfrequently, there is a title at the end of the table, or in the dedication. In short, so great is the variety of cases, that it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to give rules applicable to them all. The rule given above will, it is thought, be found sufficiently comprehensive.V. In cataloguing Academical Dissertations, Orations, &c., the subject-matter is to be given as the title. If that be not expressed upon the title-page, it is to be supplied within brackets, if possible in the words of the author, otherwise in English and in italics. The contracted words [Diss. Ac.] when necessary to indicate the character of the publication, should be prefixed. The occasion may generally be omitted, except when the subject of the dissertation or oration has some special reference to it.VI. In cataloguing Sermons, the book, chapter and verse of thetext; thedate, if it differs from that of publication; and theoccasion, if a special one, are to be given. When these are not upon the title-page, they are to be supplied between brackets, and in italics.VII. Periodical publications are to be recorded in thewords of the title-page of the last complete volume; but without designation of volume or date.The history of the publication from its commencement, including all changes of form, title, editorship, &c., is to be given in a note.Remark 1.This rule applies to Reviews, Magazines, &c.; not to works issued in parts, sometimes called "serials," nor to transactions of learned societies.Remark 2.The last title is preferred for the catalogue, because it is that by which the work is currently known, and because of the peculiar difficulty of finding complete sets of these publications. If the title be changed, it will become necessary to prepare a new one for the catalogue, and to make an addition to the note.VIII. After the words of the title, the number of parts, volumes, fasciculi, or whatever may be the peculiar divisions of each work, is to be specified.When nothing is said, in the title, respecting this point, if the work be divided into several portions, but the same paging continue, or, when the pages are not numbered, if the same register continue, the work is to be considered as divided intoparts(not volumes). If the progressive number of the pages, or the register be interrupted, then each series of pages, or of letters of the register, is to be designated as avolume.Remark 1.In designating volumes when the number is not stated upon the title-page, the words Volume, Tome, Theil, Band, Deel, &c., may generally be represented by the initials alone. The numbers may be always expressed by Arabic figures. If the ordinal expression of number be used on the title-page, the figures may be given, and the ordinal termination omitted. The numbers of the firstand of the last volume only are to be given, with a dash between them, thus:V. 1—8.forVolume 1—Volume 8, i.e. Volume first—Volume eighth, or First Volume—Eighth Volume.B. 2—22."Zweiter Band—Zwei und zwanzigster Band.T. 1—4."Tomo 1—Tomo 4.Th. 1—6."Theil 1—Theil 6.Remark 2.When there is a discrepancy between the number of divisions of a work indicated on the title-page, and the actual number of volumes, as defined above, (that is, of divisions with separate pagings), the number ofpagingsshould be stated;—each paging being considered a distinct volume. The paging of the preface and introductory matter is to be excepted. Appendixes, when separately paged, should be specially noticed in the title, though not reckoned as separate volumes.IX. Next should follow the designation of theplaceanddateof publication. The name of the place should be given in the form and language of the title-page. If, in that, it be abbreviated, the full name should be supplied, but not translated; the added parts being between brackets.Should either of these particulars be omitted in the title-page, the deficiency should be supplied from the knowledge of the librarian, or be noticed, in italics and between brackets.Remark 1.It would on many accounts be desirable to give the name of the publisher, but, as it would add very much to the labor of preparation, and considerably increase the size of the catalogue, it is thought best not to do so.Remark 2.In the case of early printed books, and typographical rarities, or where several editions of the same book are known to have been published in the same year and place, by different publishers, the name of the publisher should be specified.Remark 3.The date is to be given in Arabic figures, unless numerals be used in the title-page, in such a manner as to be on some accounts distinctive.X. Next after the imprint should follow the designation ofsize.In accordance with general usage, the fold of the sheet, as folio, quarto, octavo, when it can be ascertained, is to be stated. As an additional, and more exact designation of size, theHeight and Breadth of the first full signature page(the folio and signature lines being omitted in the measurement) are to be stated in inches and tenths, the fractions being expressed decimally.Explanation 1.The librarian should use a small square or rule, marked with inches and tenths. The first number given should represent the height, and the second, the breadth of the page. In the catalogue, the measurement would be recorded thus:—8º (7.3×4.2)that is, fold of sheet, 8vo; measuring, 7 inches and 3 tenths in height, by 4 inches and 2 tenths in breadth.Explanation 2.When the first signature page is not a full page, or when it has foot notes, turn to the first succeeding signature page which is full and without notes.Explanation 3.When there are no signatures, measure the first fullrectopage. If the other pages vary much from the standard page, addirr.forirregular.Explanation 4.Marginal rules and side marginal references and notes are not to be regarded in the measurement; some editions may be printed with and some without them. But such marginal references should be mentioned.Explanation 5.Catch-words generally stand upon the signature line, and are therefore not to be counted. The measurement of height should, however, comprise all printed matter below the folioline, and above the signature line. By folio line is meant that upon which stands the number of the page.Remarks.The designation of the form is added to the titles of books in catalogues for two purposes: to enable one to distinguish between different editions of the same book, and to convey to those who have not seen the book, some idea of its size.The fold of the paper has been universally adopted, as the measure of size. A sheet once folded, forming two leaves, or four pages, is a folio. A sheet twice folded, forming four leaves or eight pages, is a quarto. A sheet three times folded, forming eight leaves, or sixteen pages, is an octavo. A sheet so folded as to form twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages, is a duodecimo. And so on.But this method of designating the size of a book is inexact and frequently deceptive; because, 1st, it is not always possible to ascertain the fold; and, 2dly, the fold, when ascertained, gives no definite indication of the size or shape of the book.In many books one can tell, at a glance, the fold of the sheet; but it is unsafe to rely upon this first impression. Examination of signatures is indispensable. Sometimes, it is necessary to examine also the water-lines and water-marks. Occasionally, all these will fail us.Signaturesare letters or figures placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet, as guides to the binder, to denote the order of the sheets. The signatures of the different forms from folio to 32mo, would regularly be placed as follows:Folio, sheet,on pages1,5,9,13,17,21,&c.Quarto,  ""     "1,9,17,25,33,41,&c.Octavo,  ""     "1,17,33,49,65,81,&c.8vo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,9,17,25,33,41,&c.12mo, sheet,"     "1,25,49,73,97,121,&c.12mo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,13,25,37,49,61,&c.16mo, sheet,"     "1,33,65,97,129,161,&c.16mo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,17,33,49,65,81,&c.18mo, sheet,"     "1,37,73,109,145,181,&c.18mo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,19,37,55,73,91,&c.24mo, sheet,"     "1,49,97,145,193,241,&c.24mo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,25,49,73,97,121,&c.32mo, sheet,"     "1,65,129,193,257,321,&c.32mo, 1/2 sheet,"     "1,33,65,97,129,161,&c.But sometimes the paging of the book begins in the midst of a signature; in such cases the signatures would fall on pages different from the above, throughout the book, though the intervals would be regular. Double signatures are sometimes placed upon stereotype plates, to enable printers to impose them either as octavos or duodecimos.Besides the principal signatures, there are subordinate signatures, which, as they do not help to distinguish the size of the book, but are only used to aid the binder, are omitted in the above table.It will be seen from this table, that the signatures are precisely the same for 8vos, in half sheets, as for 4tos; for 16mos, in half sheets, as for 8vos; for 24mos, in half sheets, as for 12mos; for 32mos, in half sheets, as for 16mos.Printers impose in half sheets or sheets, according to their convenience. Of course, therefore, from the signaturesalone, it is impossible to distinguish between 4tos and 8vos, 8vos and 16mos, 12mos and 24mos, 16mos and 32mos. It is generally easy to determine the fold by the size and shape of the book, but (as we shall show hereafter) notalways.Signatures do not occur in the earliest printed books; but as this class of books is small, and very particularly described by Panzer, Hain, and others, there is but little difficulty in ascertaining the precise description of them.Books may be quired in printing, that is, several sheets may be put together, like the sheets in a quire of paper. In this case the principal signature is the same as if the whole formed only one sheet. A folio may thus be undistinguishable from an 8vo, by the signatures alone.When signatures fail us, resort may sometimes be had to the water lines, which, by holding the paper up to the light, may be seen crossing the sheet perpendicularly, in the folio, 8vo, 18mo, 24mo, and 32mo; and horizontally, in all the other forms less than 32mo; sometimes, also, in the 24mo. The water-mark is a deviceof the manufacturer, placed in the middle of the half sheet, and distinguishable in the same way as the water-line. In the folio, this occurs in the middle of the page; in the quarto, in the back or fold of the book; in the 8vo, at the upper and inner corner. At the present day, however, printing paper is seldom made with water-lines or water-marks.In examining a book, all these means of determining its fold occasionally deceive the most skilful bibliographer. If sheets of paper had, from the first, been always made of the same size, there would be comparatively little difficulty. But they have always varied so much, that a very small 8vo is often in no way distinguishable, in dimensions, from a large 16mo. Many other sizes also are liable to be confounded.The following measurements, in inches, of a leaf of folio, octavo, and 16mo, of foolscap, medium, and imperial paper, will show how impossible it would be, from the size of the book to determine the fold of the sheet, even of paper of what are called the regular sizes, particularly when the books have been cut down in binding:Folio,Octavo,16mo.Foolscap,13¼×8⅜,6⅝×4¼,4¼×3⅜,Medium,18¼×11½,9⅛×5¾,5¾×4½,Imperial,21⅞×15,11×7½,7½×5½,Folio,Octavo,16mo.Foolscap,13 1/4×8 3/8,6 5/8×4 1/4,4 1/4×3 3/8,Medium,18 1/4×11 1/2,9 1/8×5 3/4,5 3/4×4 1/2,Imperial,21 7/8×15,11×7 1/2,7 1/2×5 1/2,Since the introduction of machine paper and large presses, paper is made of almost any and every size and shape, and it is no longer possible to distinguish, with accuracy, the different folds. Books, which, judged by the eye, would be supposed to be quartos, are, in reality, duodecimos; books which might be supposed to be octavos, are 16mos, &c. The signatures, as we have seen, will not inform us whether a book is an 8vo, or a 16mo on half sheets. There are no water-marks to help us; nor is it possible in any way to tell.If it be thus difficult, and often impossible, to ascertain the fold with the book before us, of what use can it be, as a designation of size, to those who have only the description? This is a difficulty which has but commenced. It is becoming more serious every year. It is more serious in America, than in other countries, for in Europe, there is much more regularity in the sizes of paper than here.On these accounts, it has been thought desirable, if not indispensable, to introduce some new method of designating the size of books. The measurement of the printed page has seemed the readiest and most useful. The trouble of measuring is much less than might, at first sight, be supposed, and the time occupied by it is hardly worthy of consideration.It would be, for all purposes of bibliography, better to make this the universal method of designating the size of books. It would save numberless blunders and frequent perplexity; and, upon the whole, would take less of the librarian's time, than the ordinary process of ascertaining the fold, provided that be done with exactness.XI. In books of one volume, the body of which does not contain more than one hundred pages, the number of pages is to be specified. In applying this rule, copy the number of the last page of the body of the book, or of any addition paged continuously with it.Remark 1.The value of catalogues would, doubtless, be enhanced by giving the number of pages in every volume, after the manner of Dryander in the Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks's library; or with even greater particularity, thus:pp. xxvi+345+xlv, meaning 26 pages of prefatory matter, 345 pages in the body of the book, and 45 pages of appendix. But the disproportionate amount of additional labor, as well as of increase in the bulk and cost of catalogues, which such enumeration and notation would demand, renders it necessary to limit the object of this rule, which is to show whether the work described be merely of pamphlet size.Remark 2.Prefatory matter is not to be included in the enumeration of pages. But if it be something more than a preface or introduction by the author, and deemed of sufficient importance to be added to the title, the number of pages of such prefatory matter should be included in the addition.XII. All additions to the titles are to be printed in italics, and between brackets; to be in the English language, whatever be the language of the title; to be such only as are applicable to all copies of the edition described, and necessary for a full titular description of the book.Exception.When parts of a name are supplied within brackets, they are to be in the vernacular of the author, whatever be the language of the title; and, if the name be used for the heading, the part supplied in the title is to correspond in typography with the rest of the name; that is, to be printed in small capitals.Remark 1.It is not always easy to say what additions are necessary, to render a title satisfactorily descriptive. A title is often a mere name, arbitrarily chosen by the author. It is sometimes allegorical, or embodies, in a pun, or conceit, or covert allusion, some indication of the subject-matter of the book. In such cases, it was not designed to be descriptive of the work, and could not be made so, without destroying its character. Explanations of such titles may be thought desirable; but if so, they should be given in notes, and separate from the titles themselves. A title should be the briefest possible designation of the contents of a book. It should cover everything which the book contains, but in the most general terms, without minute specifications. Mindful of this definition, we shall frequently find cases, where the title, intended to be descriptive, fails to give us what we have a right to expect. A book may be in a different language from the title-page. It may be in several languages, while the title indicates but one. It may contain an important Preface, Introduction, or Biography of the author, by another hand, not mentioned in the title. In these, and in many other cases, additions to the titles may be necessary.Remark 2.There are many cases, however, where it seems desirable to give further information concerning a work, than could be given within the title, under the restrictions of the preceding paragraph. The title may be a misnomer, or it may contain allusions, which it is desirable to explain. The book may be a rare and valuableone, with maps and illustrations, the number and description of which ought to be given. It may have been privately printed, or limited to a small number of copies, or prohibited, or condemned to be burnt. The edition may be theEditio princeps, or a fac-simile of an early edition, or a surreptitious or spurious edition; or it may be identical, except in the title, with what purports to be another edition, or an independent work. These facts belong, more properly, to a bibliographical dictionary, than to a catalogue. It is proper, however, that they should be noted by cataloguers. They may, also, be printed, at the discretion of the superintendent, but generally, in the form of separate notes, rather than as additions to the titles.Remark 3.Peculiarities of copies, such as large paper, satin paper, vellum; also notes, autographs, cancelled leaves, substituted leaves, mutilations and alterations; binding in a different number of volumes from that indicated in the title, or ascertained by the rule already given, &c. &c.,—these, and other peculiarities or imperfections of copy, relate only to particular copies, and therefore should not be noticed in a title intended to apply to the whole edition. Every cataloguer should, however, note every such thing, after the title. The note may be printed in the catalogue of the library containing the book described, but not, usually, in the title for the General Catalogue.HEADINGS.XIII. When the title has been transcribed in accordance with the foregoing rules, the heading is to be written above it.This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its vernacular form,when the same can be represented by the letters of the English alphabet.When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and within parentheses.XIV. When a name is variously spelled, the best authorized orthography is to be selected for the heading, and such other modes of spelling the name, as are likely to occasion difficulty, are to be added, within brackets.Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name, which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.XV. The following rules are to be observed in cataloguing names with prefixes:(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.Thus:D'Israeli,De Morgan,De la Beche,Du Ponceauare to be placed underD;Van BurenunderV.In such cases, cross-references are to be made from the principal name.Names beginning withMac,O',Ap, andFitz, are to be recorded under those syllables.Mc, andM', abbreviated forms ofMac, are to be considered the same as if written in full.(2.) French surnames preceded by the prepositiondeare to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.Thus:Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de)is to be placed underF, not underD;Alembert (Jean le Rond d')underA, not underD.In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors. Thus, Brunet placesD'AlembertunderD, while Quérard, the Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the same name underA. But consistency is of the first importance, and it is decidedly best to make this rule positive, and without exceptions.(3.) French surnames preceded byDe la, are to be recorded under the article.Thus:La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), notDe la Pérouse, norPérouse;La Harpe (Jean François de), notDe la Harpe, norHarpe.It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor scarcely consistency in any one writer.(4.) French names preceded byDuorDesare to be recorded under these prefixes.Thus:Du Halde, underD, not underH;Des Cartes, underD, not underC.(5.) French names, preceded by the articleLe,La,L', are to be recorded underL.Thus:Le Long (Jacques), notLong (Jacques le);L'Héritier (Marie Jeanne), notHéritier (Marie Jeanne l').(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with cross-references.Thus:Delle Valle, underV;Della Santa, underS;Da CunhaunderC. SoBuch (Léopold von);Recke (Elisa von der);Dyck (Anton Van);Praet (Joseph Basile Bernard Van);Hooght (Everard van der);Ess (Leander van).XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be preferred.Thus, in French, such names asEtienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire,Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, should be writtenGeoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Etienne),Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore). So in Spanish,Calderon de la Barca, andCalderon y Belgrano, should both be entered underC. ButFrançois de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon, is universally placed underFénélon, even by those who generally adhere to the above rule. There are other names, which must be considered exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to give any invariable rule, but all difficulty must be removed by cross-references.XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form as he may have employed.Remark 1.Thus,Alexander Slidell Mackenzieshould be placed underMackenzie, with a cross-reference fromSlidell. His family name wasSlidell, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed the nameMackenzie.François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire, underVoltaire; becauseVoltaireis a name assumed as a surname. It is not a title, nor commonly considered part of a compound surname.Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière, underMolière. His father's name wasPoquelinbut he added, himself, the nameMolière, asAroüetdid that ofVoltaire.The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that which he received from his ancestors,—hisfamily name, nothis father's. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act, the name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity. A married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of her husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If she published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her married name, they should all be recorded under her married name, with a cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published only under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered under that name, followed by her married name, included within parentheses.Remark 2.Such changes as are referred to under this rule may generally be indicated by the mode of printing, thus:MACKENZIE (AlexanderSLIDELL).VOLTAIRE (François MarieAROÜETde).DACIER (Mad.AnneLEFÈVRE).XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian names:(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within brackets.(5.) All other persons knownonlyby their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as,Adamus Bremensis, orAdam of Bremen.A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to that used as the heading.XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.Remark.Thus,Home (Henry), Lord Kames. There should be a cross-reference; thus,Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry).Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield.This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the propriety of the rule. This author is universally known asChesterfield, not asStanhope. But there are other authors, who are as well known by their family names as by their titles; while the greater portion are known by their family names, much better than by their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary, and this is thought to be the best.XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names of the others.XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with a collectivetitle, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the collection in which it is to be found.Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the collection.Explanation 1.The principle established by this rule, decides the case, common among German books, ofworks with double titles, one general and the other special. Such a work must be entered twice, once under the general title, which should omit, as much as possible, what is contained in the special; and once under the special title, which should refer to the general, stating what volume of the general collection this particular volume forms.Explanation 2.This rule applies toperiodical publications, which should be entered under the name of the Editor, if this appears upon the title-page, with a cross-reference from the name of the publication. But if the publication be issued under the direction of an association, it comes under the next rule, and is to be recorded under the name of the association, with a cross-reference from the editor's name.Remark.The catalogue, thus formed, will be composed of works, having each a distinct title-page and an independent pagination. Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be attained by adopting a more comprehensive plan;—one, by which every distinct article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines, Reviews, and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication,the authors of the treatises are named,—should be separately entered, as if it were a book. Such an attempt is, however, at present, unadvisable. Should it, hereafter, be thought practicable to extend the rule, none of the titles which have been prepared, under this rule, will be superfluous, and none will have to be altered. It is hoped, that, within a few years, such progress may be made in the General Catalogue, as to justify the attempt at greater minuteness of registration.XXII. Academies, institutes, associations, universities, colleges; literary, scientific, economical, eleemosynary and religious societies; national and municipal governments; assemblies, conventions, boards, corporations, and other bodies of men, under whatever name, and of whatever character, issuing publications, whether as separate works, or in a continuous series, under a general title, are to be considered and treated as the authors of all works issued by them, and in their name alone. The heading is to be the name of the body, the principal word to be the first word, not an article. A cross-reference is to be made from any important substantive or adjective, to the principal word.Explanation 1.If the name of the author appears upon the title-page of a work having a distinct title-page and paging, published by such a body, the work then comes underRule XXI. It must be recorded twice; once under the general title, according to the above rule, and again under the name of the author, referring, if it be published in a series, to the volume of the series in which it is contained.Explanation 2.Catalogues of public libraries are to be entered under the name of the establishment; and if the name of the compiler appears upon the title-page, a cross-reference should be made from it to the principal entry.Explanation 3.When committees, or branches of a body, issue publications, the heading is to be the name of the chief, and not of the subordinate body. Thus, underUnited States, would be placed all public documents issued at the expense of the United States, whether as regular Public Documents, or by particular Departments, Bureaus, or Committees. Such titles, when they become numerous, may be classed, and conveniently arranged in the catalogue.On the same principle, the publications of literary and other societies connected with colleges and universities are to be catalogued under the names of the colleges, &c., with cross-references from the names of the societies.Explanation 4.Under this rule, Liturgies, Prayer-Books, Breviaries, Missals, &c., are to be placed under the English name of the communion, religious order or denomination, under whose authority they are prepared and published. Similar works by individuals, are to be placed under their names.XXIII. Translations are to be entered under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the translator. If the name of the translator be known, and that of the author unknown, the book is to be entered, like other anonymous works, under the first word of the original title, not an article or preposition, whether the original be or be not in the library to be catalogued.When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an article or preposition.XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by the whole Text, are to be entered under the heading of the originalwork, with a cross-reference from the name of the commentator. If not accompanied by the Text, they are to be entered under the name of the commentator, with a cross-reference from the name of the author.XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in any language, is to be entered under the word "Bible."Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the authorized English version.XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be recorded under the name of the Reporter; or if this be not known, under the first word of the Title. There should also be cross-references, from the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the defendant in a criminal suit.XXVII. The Respondent or defender in a thesis, is to be considered its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses.XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to be entered under the assumed name, followed bypseud.; after which may be given the name of the supposed or reputed author, with (in case of doubt) the wordprobablybefore it, or?after it.But if the author have published any edition, continuation,or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the feigned name.Explanation 1.Under pseudonyms are to be included not only fictitious names, such asGeoffrey Crayon, Gent., assumed by Washington Irving, and abbreviated names, asA. L. Mil., forA. L. Millin; but also names concealed in an anagram, asNides, forDenis; or formed from the initials of the real name, asTalvi, forTheresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob, and all words used fictitiously as proper names of authors.Explanation 2.Works falsely attributed, in their titles, to particular persons, are also to be treated as pseudonymous, and entered under the names of the pretended authors, with such notes as may be necessary to prevent mistake; unless some edition has been published under the name of the real author.Explanation 3.Works published withinitials, are to be entered under the full name of the author, if he be known to have published any edition with his name; otherwise, under thelastinitial, which is to be supposed to stand for the surname, and the other letter or letters for Christian names. But if the last letter be known to stand for a title, it is not to be used for the heading.XXIX. Anonymous works are to be entered under the first word of the title, not an article or preposition. Cross-references may be made from all words, in the title, under which such a work would be likely to be sought for, in an alphabetical catalogue.But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered anonymous.Exception 1.An anonymous biography or personal narrative is to be entered under the name of the person, whose life or adventuresform the subject of the book, if the name appears upon the title-page. But such works should in all cases be designated as anonymous.Exception 2.An anonymous continuation, supplement, appendix or index is to be entered under the heading of the original work.Explanation 1.A book is not to be considered anonymous, when the name of the author is given in any part of it, or expressed by any distinctive description. In such case, the name of the author is to be inserted in the title, within brackets, and is to be used as the heading.Explanation 2.If it be known that the book has beenattributedto a certain person, his name may be inserted in the title, within brackets, with such explanation as shall prevent mistake; and a cross-reference may be made from the name of the reputed author.Explanation 3.Works in which the author is described by some circumlocution, which does not serve to identify him, are to be considered anonymous.Remark.This rule will secure uniformity. It will relieve librarians from an almost incalculable amount of labor, perplexity and dissatisfaction. It will relieve readers from every inconvenience, except that of sometimes being obliged to look in two places for the book. On these accounts, a simple, arbitrary rule is the only one that can safely be adopted. Any rule for selecting the most prominent word of a title, or for entering a book under the name of its subject, would be found fatal to uniformity; it would greatly increase the trouble of making a catalogue; it would not render the catalogue more convenient for readers, but, in the main, much less so. The only objections to the proposed rule are, that it brings many titles under words of little significance, as a "BriefSurvey", a "SuccinctNarrative", &c., and that it brings many titles together, under such words as "Essay", "History", "Narrative", &c. These objections have been fully considered, and the rule is given with the settled conviction that the inconveniences alluded to are much less than those which would result from any other rule or set of rules, which have been proposed, or can be devised.CROSS-REFERENCES.XXX. Cross-references,—consisting of only the word from which reference is made, the wordSee, and the name or heading referred to,—are to be made in the following instances:(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the heading.(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be generally known, other than the one used for the heading.(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used as a heading, underRule XXII.(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under the name of the principal body, underRule XXII.(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-pages, instead of surnames.(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under the Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes belonging to sovereign houses.(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the writers of them.(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is catalogued under an altered title, or a new editor, according toRule VII.XXXI. The following classes of cross-references, employed to prevent the necessity of entering titles in full, more than once, are to contain so much of the title referred to, as may be necessary to show distinctly the object of the reference. When it would be difficult to abbreviate the title, for this purpose, other words, not those of the title, may be used.(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators, Continuators, or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to the title, on the principle ofRule XII.), as participating in the authorship of the work.(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or narrative.(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or notes, without the text.(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained in any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been first published in such collection, if the name be given upon the title-page.(5.) From any word, in the title of an anonymous work, under which one would be likely to seek for the work in an alphabetical catalogue.(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the report of a civil suit; and fromthe name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according toRule VII.ARRANGEMENT.XXXII. The order of the Headings will be determined by the plan of the catalogue, whether alphabetical, classed, or chronological.XXXIII. The Titles are immediately to follow the headings; and within the divisions and sub-divisions given below, the arrangement is to be chronological. Editions without date, and those of which the date cannot be ascertained, even by approximation, are to precede all those bearing date, or of which the date can be supplied, either positively or by approximation. The latter are to follow, according to their date, whether apparent in any part of the book, or supplied. Editions by the same editor, or such as are expressly stated to follow a specific text or edition, and editions with the same notes or commentary, to succeed each other, in their chronological order, immediately after the entry of that which is, or is considered to be, the earliest.XXXIV. Titles, which occur under the name of an author, are to be arranged in the following order:(1.) Collections of all the works.a.Those without translations, whether with or without notes, commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.b.Those with translations.Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order of the English name of such language.Editions with several translations into different languages. Those are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to be followed.c.Translations without the text. These are to be arranged among themselves according to the principles laid down for translations with the text.(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to precede. The arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects, according to the principles laid down for collections of all the works.(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to follow immediately after the work itself. The different editions and translations are to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.(5.) Entire portions of a separate work, when the work itself does not occur.XXXV. Works placed under the names of collective bodies, (according toRule XXII,) are, in general, to be arranged in alphabetical order; but works forming part of a series are not to be separated, although that series be interrupted, or the title changed; and works published by branches or subordinate bodies, are to be separately arranged and placed under sub-headings, which should be printed in a distinctive type.XXXVI. Cross-References are to be placed after all other entries under the heading, and in alphabetical order of the names referred to.XXXVII. The entries under the wordBible, are to be arranged in the following order; subject in other respects to the principles laid down inRule XXXIV, except that, in each of the following classes, editions with the text alone are to precede those with commentaries.(1.) The Old and New Testaments with or without the Apocrypha.(2.) The Old Testament.(3.) Detached parts of the Old Testament, in the same order in which they are arranged in the English authorized version of the Scriptures.(4.) The New Testament.(5.) Detached parts of the New Testament.(6.) Apocryphal books.MAPS, ENGRAVINGS, MUSIC.XXXVIII. Maps, Charts, Engravings and Music, (except when published in volumes,) are not to be included in catalogues of Books. Separate catalogues of these should be constructed upon the general principles of the preceding rules.(1.) In cataloguingMaps and Charts, the full title is to be given, including the names of surveyors, compilers, engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and number of sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately recorded, and the separate title of each sheet, when it varies from the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be introduced at the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in full, including authorship, scale and size.(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the map, it is, if possible, to be derived from it.(3.) The size of the map, within theneat-lineof the border, is to be given in inches and tenths. When a map has no printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be given.(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper, and whether backed, folded, bound, on rollers, &c., should be mentioned in a note.The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the countries, or divisions of the earth's surface delineated in the maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with the cross-references necessary to facilitate research.(6.)Engravingsare to be recorded under the names of the engravers, with cross-references from those of the painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if found upon the print, should also be given. The size of the print, in inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be anartists'artist'sproof, or a remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should be stated in a note.(7.)Musicis to be entered under the name of the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there should be a cross-reference from that.EXCEPTIONAL CASES.XXXIX. Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional cases, requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be decided upon by the superintendent.3)A very complete discussion of the comparative advantages of long and short titles is contained in the Report of the Commissioners on the British Museum, with Minutes of Evidence, 1850, particularly in Mr. Panizzi's Letter to the Earl of Ellesmere, in Appendix No. 12.

I. The Titles are to be transcribedin full, including the names of Authors, Editors, Translators, Commentators, Continuators, &c., precisely as they stand upon the title-page.

I. The Titles are to be transcribedin full, including the names of Authors, Editors, Translators, Commentators, Continuators, &c., precisely as they stand upon the title-page.

Exceptions.There are many titles from which much may well be omitted. But to make omissions without prejudice to ready investigation is an extremely difficult and delicate task, in the performance of which, uniformity is highly important; it is therefore desirable that all abridgments be made by the same person. To this end, the rule should stand without exception, so far as the writing out of the titles is concerned. The abridgments for printing should all be made by the superintendent, and only in the following cases:

Additions to names of authors, &c., not necessary for their identification; mottoes, repetitions, or expletives not essential to a full and clear titular description of the book, may be omitted. Omissions of mottoes and devices are to be denoted by three stars; of other matter, by three dots, placed thus ...

No omission is to be made which requires any change in, or addition to, the phraseology of that part of the title which is retained. Not even an improvement of the title, by any change, is to be allowed.

Remark 1.This rule is understood to apply only to the principal entry. It is supposed that each title will be entered in full only once. All other entries will refer to this full entry. They will be calledCross-References; and rules for their preparation are given hereafter.

Remark 2.It is necessary (in this plan) to give the name of the Author, in connection with the title, although it be but a repetition of the heading; for the heading will be stereotyped separate from the title, and, therefore, the title should contain all that is necessary to indicate its proper position, in the alphabetical order, in case of displacement.

Remark 3.Experience shows that it takes less time to transcribe titles in full, than to abridge them with any tolerable degree of accuracy. It requires, too, less learning and experience in the cataloguer. That a catalogue can be made more rapidly, more economically, and more satisfactorily by transcribing the titles faithfully and fully, without the omission of a single letter or point, than by any proper plan of abridgment, cannot be denied by any one who has fairly tried the experiment.3)If the catalogue were not to be printed, this rule should have no exception whatever. The printing, however, introduces two considerations to modify the rule, namely, theexpenseof printing, and thebulkof the catalogue. The force of the former consideration is much diminished by the plan of stereotyping the titles. It is but a first expense that we have to meet, not a repetition of it. Besides, no library but the first has to print all its titles. The saving, even to the second library, by the use of those already stereotyped, would doubtless far more than counterbalance the extra expense of printing long titles. The bulk of the catalogue is certainly a matter of considerable importance, though of less than might, at first, be supposed. It does not make much difference, in convenience of use, whether such a work as an Encyclopædia be in a hundred volumes or in ten, though it is, of course, more convenient to refer to one volume than to ten. The proposed general catalogue would doubtless exceed one volume, even with short titles. But convenience should not be allowed to have more influence than the demands of learned investigators. The bulk of catalogues should not be considered in opposition to their accuracy, and to such a degreeof fulness of title, as may be necessary to identify the book, and to give all such particulars of information, as may justly be expected from a titular description.

Remark 4.It is deemed unnecessary to prescribe any particular form of card or paper for use in copying the titles. If they are to be printed at once, it will be found most convenient to write them on one side only of common foolscap paper. Cross references should immediately follow the titles to which they belong. If cards have already been adopted in the library to be catalogued, their form need not be changed. They may be placed in the hands of the printer without being transcribed. A manuscript catalogue for constant use should generally be upon cards. A very convenient method of keeping them is that employed by Mr. Folsom in the Boston Athenæum. The cards are long and narrow; are so perforated that they may be strung upon cords, which, being elastic, allow free motion without displacement; and are kept in cases, made to resemble folio volumes, one side of which opens like the cover of a book.

II. The Titles are to be transcribedwith exactness.

II. The Titles are to be transcribedwith exactness.

Remark 1.The titles arenot to be translatedby the cataloguer. If, however, the original title, being in a language which does not admit of being represented in the Roman character, be accompanied by a translation into a language for which the Roman alphabet may be used, the latter may be given without the former; this peculiarity being mentioned, with such explanations as will prevent mistake as to the language in which the book is printed. If the book be in several languages, and be provided with title-pages for each, or for several, the cataloguer may give the preference to languages using the Roman alphabet in the following order: English, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, German. The other title-pages should however be mentioned.

Remark 2.Theprecise phraseology, however quaint, awkward, or ungrammatical, must be scrupulously followed. When striking faults or errors occur, the cataloguer should write [sic], after each of them, to denote that the title has been faithfully copied, and that the error is not attributable to his carelessness.

Remark 3.The exact mode ofspelling, however inaccurate or antiquated, must be conscientiously copied. When abbreviations appear upon the title-page, they should, in transcribing, be copied accurately. They should also, if possible, be printed. These are most frequent in early printed Latin and Greek books. If types cannot be had for printing these abbreviations, the word should be given in full; the added letters being italics.

Remark 4.Thepunctuationof the title-page should also be retained. Sometimes, in the titles of modern books, no pointing is used; in such cases, none should be introduced. Wide spaces may be used instead.

Remark 5.Theaccentuationof the original should be preserved. In French books, however, it often happens that parts of the title-page are printed in capitals without accents, and other parts in "lower-case" letters with accents. This is attributable to the general want of accents upon what are called "title-letters." To avoid the striking incongruity which would be occasioned by printing one part with, and another without accents, when the same letter is used throughout the title, it will be proper to add the accents, where they are omitted in the titles of foreign books; but not to omit or alter any which occur.

Remark 6.When possible, theform of letter(as Black Letter, Italic, Greek, Hebrew, &c.), is to be preserved. When Black Letter, Italic, or any peculiar letter or cut of type is used, in the title, merely as a typographical embellishment, it is not to be copied; but only when the whole book is printed in it. This rule has no limitation, except the knowledge of the cataloguer, and the means of the printing office. With reference to those languages in which is embodied the great mass of literature, there will be little difficulty in finding men to copy the titles with accuracy; and the printing office should contain varieties of type, Roman, Black Letter, German, Greek, Hebrew, and, in time, fonts of other alphabets.

Books in languages which cannot, at first, be correctly printed or written, should be reported from each library, as accurately and fully as possible. An arrangement may hereafter be made to employ competent persons to catalogue such works, and means may be procuredfor printing or engraving their titles. No title, however, should be stereotyped for the General Catalogue, till its accuracy and conformity to the rules are fully ascertained.

Remark 7.This principle does not apply to theuse of capitals or small letters. Most title-pages are printed wholly in large letters; some are partly in large and partly in small letters. For the catalogue, they are to be written and printed in small letters.

Remark 8.Initial capitalsare to be used only when the laws of the language now require them. In English, the first word of every sentence, proper names, adjectives derived from proper names, names of the Deity, the first word of the title of a book quoted within another title, and titles of respect or office, such as Hon., Mr., Dr., Capt., Rev., (whether contracted or not,) prefixed to a name, should be written and printed with initial capitals. In German and Danish, every noun begins with a capital. In French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, adjectives derived from proper names, are not, as in English, generally printed with initial capitals. In Latin, the English usage in this particular should be followed. It would doubtless be more satisfactory to make the titles, as printed in the catalogue, perfect transcripts of the title-pages, in respect to the use of initial capitals; but this is hardly practicable. The use of both upper-case and lower-case letters in a title-page, is for the most part a matter of the printer's taste, and does not generally indicate the author's purpose. To copy them in a catalogue with literal exactness would be exceedingly difficult, and of no practical benefit. In those parts of the title-page which are printed wholly in capitals, initials are undistinguished. It would be unsightly andun-undesirableundesirableto distinguish the initials where the printer had done so, and omit them where he had used a form of letter, which prohibited his distinguishing them. It would teach nothing to copy from the book the initial capitals in one part of the title, and allow the cataloguer to supply them in other parts. The only practicable method of securing uniformity or convenience would seem to be, to require, as is done above, the cataloguer to employ initial capitals according to established laws, regardless of the title-page.

There are certain features of title-pages which it is wholly impracticableto transfer to a catalogue. For example, they generally are (as they always should be)inscriptions, and as such are meant to have a certainlocal dispositionof parts which serves to interpret them, by showing at a glance their relations to each other. A title in a catalogue cannot be expected to retain this important feature of an inscription.

III. The whole Title is to be repeated for every distinct edition of the work; and the number of the edition, if not the first, is to be always given.

III. The whole Title is to be repeated for every distinct edition of the work; and the number of the edition, if not the first, is to be always given.

Remark 1.The necessity of this rule arises from the stereotyping of the titles separately. It is frequently the case, that publishers, after having stereotyped a book, call every thousand copies of it a separate edition, and, for twenty or more editions, there may be no alteration in the book, except in the word expressing the number of the edition, and in the date. In such cases, it cannot be necessary to print a separate title for each pretended edition. If there be any important alteration of the book, it should be designated as a distinct edition. This irregularity is found mostly, if not exclusively, in American books, and occurs principally in school-books.

It is easy to see how this artifice of bibliopoles would occasion great trouble to cataloguers, if it were common. Some publishers have introduced the terms "second thousand," "tenth thousand," &c., instead of "second edition," "tenth edition." This is more honest, and for our purposes more convenient. But it is not necessary to introduce these chiliads into the catalogue.

Minor changes are sometimes made in the stereotype plates, after a part of the copies have been printed; that is, some error may be discovered and corrected, or some word substituted for another. But such changes are generally slight and unimportant. They can only be detected by comparing one copy of a book with another, and, when known, are seldom worthy of notice.

Sometimes, the title of a book is the same in two editions, while the body of the work is more or less altered. Sometimes, also, the title is changed while the book remains entirely unaltered. Suchinstances are, however, of comparatively rare occurrence. They are, or should be, noted in bibliographical dictionaries. It is not often the case, that the two editions are to be found in one library; consequently, an account of such variations cannot be expected from the cataloguer. But, if such facts become known to him, they should be carefully noted.

The increase of the bulk of the catalogue, which this rule will occasion, may appear, at first sight, to be a grave difficulty. It should be considered, however, that the number of books, which reach a second edition, is comparatively small; and, that, although there may be a hundred editions of a book, those only will have their titles repeated, which belong to the library to be catalogued. The increase in bulk will be much less considerable than might be apprehended, and it will be more than compensated for, by the greater exactness of the descriptions. Any one, who has had much experience in examining catalogues, must have been frequently puzzled to ascertain the exact character of several editions of a book, where the only description of any edition after the first, is "The same," or "Ditto," with a different date. We may wish to know whether the titles are identical. In the title of a later edition, some particular may have been given, which to us is very important, but which the cataloguer has omitted. To bibliographers, and men of habits of careful investigation, different editions are different books, and they should be always described, in catalogues, as particularly as if they were independent works.

IV. Early printed books, without title-pages, are to be catalogued in the words of the head-title, preceded by the word [Beginning], in italics and between brackets; to which are to be added the words of the colophon, preceded by the word [Ending], in italics and between brackets.If there be neither head-title nor colophon, such a description of the work should be given, in English, and between brackets, as may serve for its identification.

IV. Early printed books, without title-pages, are to be catalogued in the words of the head-title, preceded by the word [Beginning], in italics and between brackets; to which are to be added the words of the colophon, preceded by the word [Ending], in italics and between brackets.

If there be neither head-title nor colophon, such a description of the work should be given, in English, and between brackets, as may serve for its identification.

Remark 1.Books printed before the adoption of separate title-pages are comparatively few. Most of them have been described with great minuteness by bibliographers, particularly by Maittaire, Denis, Panzer, and Hain. It will be best, in all cases, to refer to their works in cataloguing such books.

These books generally have at the beginning a head-title, which contains a sufficient description of the book, while in the colophon the place of publication, name of the printer, date, &c., are given; but sometimes the book begins with a table, or dedication, or register, and has no colophon. In such cases, not unfrequently, there is a title at the end of the table, or in the dedication. In short, so great is the variety of cases, that it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to give rules applicable to them all. The rule given above will, it is thought, be found sufficiently comprehensive.

V. In cataloguing Academical Dissertations, Orations, &c., the subject-matter is to be given as the title. If that be not expressed upon the title-page, it is to be supplied within brackets, if possible in the words of the author, otherwise in English and in italics. The contracted words [Diss. Ac.] when necessary to indicate the character of the publication, should be prefixed. The occasion may generally be omitted, except when the subject of the dissertation or oration has some special reference to it.

V. In cataloguing Academical Dissertations, Orations, &c., the subject-matter is to be given as the title. If that be not expressed upon the title-page, it is to be supplied within brackets, if possible in the words of the author, otherwise in English and in italics. The contracted words [Diss. Ac.] when necessary to indicate the character of the publication, should be prefixed. The occasion may generally be omitted, except when the subject of the dissertation or oration has some special reference to it.

VI. In cataloguing Sermons, the book, chapter and verse of thetext; thedate, if it differs from that of publication; and theoccasion, if a special one, are to be given. When these are not upon the title-page, they are to be supplied between brackets, and in italics.

VI. In cataloguing Sermons, the book, chapter and verse of thetext; thedate, if it differs from that of publication; and theoccasion, if a special one, are to be given. When these are not upon the title-page, they are to be supplied between brackets, and in italics.

VII. Periodical publications are to be recorded in thewords of the title-page of the last complete volume; but without designation of volume or date.The history of the publication from its commencement, including all changes of form, title, editorship, &c., is to be given in a note.

VII. Periodical publications are to be recorded in thewords of the title-page of the last complete volume; but without designation of volume or date.

The history of the publication from its commencement, including all changes of form, title, editorship, &c., is to be given in a note.

Remark 1.This rule applies to Reviews, Magazines, &c.; not to works issued in parts, sometimes called "serials," nor to transactions of learned societies.

Remark 2.The last title is preferred for the catalogue, because it is that by which the work is currently known, and because of the peculiar difficulty of finding complete sets of these publications. If the title be changed, it will become necessary to prepare a new one for the catalogue, and to make an addition to the note.

VIII. After the words of the title, the number of parts, volumes, fasciculi, or whatever may be the peculiar divisions of each work, is to be specified.When nothing is said, in the title, respecting this point, if the work be divided into several portions, but the same paging continue, or, when the pages are not numbered, if the same register continue, the work is to be considered as divided intoparts(not volumes). If the progressive number of the pages, or the register be interrupted, then each series of pages, or of letters of the register, is to be designated as avolume.

VIII. After the words of the title, the number of parts, volumes, fasciculi, or whatever may be the peculiar divisions of each work, is to be specified.

When nothing is said, in the title, respecting this point, if the work be divided into several portions, but the same paging continue, or, when the pages are not numbered, if the same register continue, the work is to be considered as divided intoparts(not volumes). If the progressive number of the pages, or the register be interrupted, then each series of pages, or of letters of the register, is to be designated as avolume.

Remark 1.In designating volumes when the number is not stated upon the title-page, the words Volume, Tome, Theil, Band, Deel, &c., may generally be represented by the initials alone. The numbers may be always expressed by Arabic figures. If the ordinal expression of number be used on the title-page, the figures may be given, and the ordinal termination omitted. The numbers of the firstand of the last volume only are to be given, with a dash between them, thus:

Remark 2.When there is a discrepancy between the number of divisions of a work indicated on the title-page, and the actual number of volumes, as defined above, (that is, of divisions with separate pagings), the number ofpagingsshould be stated;—each paging being considered a distinct volume. The paging of the preface and introductory matter is to be excepted. Appendixes, when separately paged, should be specially noticed in the title, though not reckoned as separate volumes.

IX. Next should follow the designation of theplaceanddateof publication. The name of the place should be given in the form and language of the title-page. If, in that, it be abbreviated, the full name should be supplied, but not translated; the added parts being between brackets.Should either of these particulars be omitted in the title-page, the deficiency should be supplied from the knowledge of the librarian, or be noticed, in italics and between brackets.

IX. Next should follow the designation of theplaceanddateof publication. The name of the place should be given in the form and language of the title-page. If, in that, it be abbreviated, the full name should be supplied, but not translated; the added parts being between brackets.

Should either of these particulars be omitted in the title-page, the deficiency should be supplied from the knowledge of the librarian, or be noticed, in italics and between brackets.

Remark 1.It would on many accounts be desirable to give the name of the publisher, but, as it would add very much to the labor of preparation, and considerably increase the size of the catalogue, it is thought best not to do so.

Remark 2.In the case of early printed books, and typographical rarities, or where several editions of the same book are known to have been published in the same year and place, by different publishers, the name of the publisher should be specified.

Remark 3.The date is to be given in Arabic figures, unless numerals be used in the title-page, in such a manner as to be on some accounts distinctive.

X. Next after the imprint should follow the designation ofsize.In accordance with general usage, the fold of the sheet, as folio, quarto, octavo, when it can be ascertained, is to be stated. As an additional, and more exact designation of size, theHeight and Breadth of the first full signature page(the folio and signature lines being omitted in the measurement) are to be stated in inches and tenths, the fractions being expressed decimally.

X. Next after the imprint should follow the designation ofsize.

In accordance with general usage, the fold of the sheet, as folio, quarto, octavo, when it can be ascertained, is to be stated. As an additional, and more exact designation of size, theHeight and Breadth of the first full signature page(the folio and signature lines being omitted in the measurement) are to be stated in inches and tenths, the fractions being expressed decimally.

Explanation 1.The librarian should use a small square or rule, marked with inches and tenths. The first number given should represent the height, and the second, the breadth of the page. In the catalogue, the measurement would be recorded thus:—

8º (7.3×4.2)

that is, fold of sheet, 8vo; measuring, 7 inches and 3 tenths in height, by 4 inches and 2 tenths in breadth.

Explanation 2.When the first signature page is not a full page, or when it has foot notes, turn to the first succeeding signature page which is full and without notes.

Explanation 3.When there are no signatures, measure the first fullrectopage. If the other pages vary much from the standard page, addirr.forirregular.

Explanation 4.Marginal rules and side marginal references and notes are not to be regarded in the measurement; some editions may be printed with and some without them. But such marginal references should be mentioned.

Explanation 5.Catch-words generally stand upon the signature line, and are therefore not to be counted. The measurement of height should, however, comprise all printed matter below the folioline, and above the signature line. By folio line is meant that upon which stands the number of the page.

Remarks.The designation of the form is added to the titles of books in catalogues for two purposes: to enable one to distinguish between different editions of the same book, and to convey to those who have not seen the book, some idea of its size.

The fold of the paper has been universally adopted, as the measure of size. A sheet once folded, forming two leaves, or four pages, is a folio. A sheet twice folded, forming four leaves or eight pages, is a quarto. A sheet three times folded, forming eight leaves, or sixteen pages, is an octavo. A sheet so folded as to form twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages, is a duodecimo. And so on.

But this method of designating the size of a book is inexact and frequently deceptive; because, 1st, it is not always possible to ascertain the fold; and, 2dly, the fold, when ascertained, gives no definite indication of the size or shape of the book.

In many books one can tell, at a glance, the fold of the sheet; but it is unsafe to rely upon this first impression. Examination of signatures is indispensable. Sometimes, it is necessary to examine also the water-lines and water-marks. Occasionally, all these will fail us.

Signaturesare letters or figures placed at the bottom of the first page of each sheet, as guides to the binder, to denote the order of the sheets. The signatures of the different forms from folio to 32mo, would regularly be placed as follows:

But sometimes the paging of the book begins in the midst of a signature; in such cases the signatures would fall on pages different from the above, throughout the book, though the intervals would be regular. Double signatures are sometimes placed upon stereotype plates, to enable printers to impose them either as octavos or duodecimos.

Besides the principal signatures, there are subordinate signatures, which, as they do not help to distinguish the size of the book, but are only used to aid the binder, are omitted in the above table.

It will be seen from this table, that the signatures are precisely the same for 8vos, in half sheets, as for 4tos; for 16mos, in half sheets, as for 8vos; for 24mos, in half sheets, as for 12mos; for 32mos, in half sheets, as for 16mos.

Printers impose in half sheets or sheets, according to their convenience. Of course, therefore, from the signaturesalone, it is impossible to distinguish between 4tos and 8vos, 8vos and 16mos, 12mos and 24mos, 16mos and 32mos. It is generally easy to determine the fold by the size and shape of the book, but (as we shall show hereafter) notalways.

Signatures do not occur in the earliest printed books; but as this class of books is small, and very particularly described by Panzer, Hain, and others, there is but little difficulty in ascertaining the precise description of them.

Books may be quired in printing, that is, several sheets may be put together, like the sheets in a quire of paper. In this case the principal signature is the same as if the whole formed only one sheet. A folio may thus be undistinguishable from an 8vo, by the signatures alone.

When signatures fail us, resort may sometimes be had to the water lines, which, by holding the paper up to the light, may be seen crossing the sheet perpendicularly, in the folio, 8vo, 18mo, 24mo, and 32mo; and horizontally, in all the other forms less than 32mo; sometimes, also, in the 24mo. The water-mark is a deviceof the manufacturer, placed in the middle of the half sheet, and distinguishable in the same way as the water-line. In the folio, this occurs in the middle of the page; in the quarto, in the back or fold of the book; in the 8vo, at the upper and inner corner. At the present day, however, printing paper is seldom made with water-lines or water-marks.

In examining a book, all these means of determining its fold occasionally deceive the most skilful bibliographer. If sheets of paper had, from the first, been always made of the same size, there would be comparatively little difficulty. But they have always varied so much, that a very small 8vo is often in no way distinguishable, in dimensions, from a large 16mo. Many other sizes also are liable to be confounded.

The following measurements, in inches, of a leaf of folio, octavo, and 16mo, of foolscap, medium, and imperial paper, will show how impossible it would be, from the size of the book to determine the fold of the sheet, even of paper of what are called the regular sizes, particularly when the books have been cut down in binding:

Since the introduction of machine paper and large presses, paper is made of almost any and every size and shape, and it is no longer possible to distinguish, with accuracy, the different folds. Books, which, judged by the eye, would be supposed to be quartos, are, in reality, duodecimos; books which might be supposed to be octavos, are 16mos, &c. The signatures, as we have seen, will not inform us whether a book is an 8vo, or a 16mo on half sheets. There are no water-marks to help us; nor is it possible in any way to tell.

If it be thus difficult, and often impossible, to ascertain the fold with the book before us, of what use can it be, as a designation of size, to those who have only the description? This is a difficulty which has but commenced. It is becoming more serious every year. It is more serious in America, than in other countries, for in Europe, there is much more regularity in the sizes of paper than here.

On these accounts, it has been thought desirable, if not indispensable, to introduce some new method of designating the size of books. The measurement of the printed page has seemed the readiest and most useful. The trouble of measuring is much less than might, at first sight, be supposed, and the time occupied by it is hardly worthy of consideration.

It would be, for all purposes of bibliography, better to make this the universal method of designating the size of books. It would save numberless blunders and frequent perplexity; and, upon the whole, would take less of the librarian's time, than the ordinary process of ascertaining the fold, provided that be done with exactness.

XI. In books of one volume, the body of which does not contain more than one hundred pages, the number of pages is to be specified. In applying this rule, copy the number of the last page of the body of the book, or of any addition paged continuously with it.

XI. In books of one volume, the body of which does not contain more than one hundred pages, the number of pages is to be specified. In applying this rule, copy the number of the last page of the body of the book, or of any addition paged continuously with it.

Remark 1.The value of catalogues would, doubtless, be enhanced by giving the number of pages in every volume, after the manner of Dryander in the Catalogue of Sir Joseph Banks's library; or with even greater particularity, thus:pp. xxvi+345+xlv, meaning 26 pages of prefatory matter, 345 pages in the body of the book, and 45 pages of appendix. But the disproportionate amount of additional labor, as well as of increase in the bulk and cost of catalogues, which such enumeration and notation would demand, renders it necessary to limit the object of this rule, which is to show whether the work described be merely of pamphlet size.

Remark 2.Prefatory matter is not to be included in the enumeration of pages. But if it be something more than a preface or introduction by the author, and deemed of sufficient importance to be added to the title, the number of pages of such prefatory matter should be included in the addition.

XII. All additions to the titles are to be printed in italics, and between brackets; to be in the English language, whatever be the language of the title; to be such only as are applicable to all copies of the edition described, and necessary for a full titular description of the book.

XII. All additions to the titles are to be printed in italics, and between brackets; to be in the English language, whatever be the language of the title; to be such only as are applicable to all copies of the edition described, and necessary for a full titular description of the book.

Exception.When parts of a name are supplied within brackets, they are to be in the vernacular of the author, whatever be the language of the title; and, if the name be used for the heading, the part supplied in the title is to correspond in typography with the rest of the name; that is, to be printed in small capitals.

Remark 1.It is not always easy to say what additions are necessary, to render a title satisfactorily descriptive. A title is often a mere name, arbitrarily chosen by the author. It is sometimes allegorical, or embodies, in a pun, or conceit, or covert allusion, some indication of the subject-matter of the book. In such cases, it was not designed to be descriptive of the work, and could not be made so, without destroying its character. Explanations of such titles may be thought desirable; but if so, they should be given in notes, and separate from the titles themselves. A title should be the briefest possible designation of the contents of a book. It should cover everything which the book contains, but in the most general terms, without minute specifications. Mindful of this definition, we shall frequently find cases, where the title, intended to be descriptive, fails to give us what we have a right to expect. A book may be in a different language from the title-page. It may be in several languages, while the title indicates but one. It may contain an important Preface, Introduction, or Biography of the author, by another hand, not mentioned in the title. In these, and in many other cases, additions to the titles may be necessary.

Remark 2.There are many cases, however, where it seems desirable to give further information concerning a work, than could be given within the title, under the restrictions of the preceding paragraph. The title may be a misnomer, or it may contain allusions, which it is desirable to explain. The book may be a rare and valuableone, with maps and illustrations, the number and description of which ought to be given. It may have been privately printed, or limited to a small number of copies, or prohibited, or condemned to be burnt. The edition may be theEditio princeps, or a fac-simile of an early edition, or a surreptitious or spurious edition; or it may be identical, except in the title, with what purports to be another edition, or an independent work. These facts belong, more properly, to a bibliographical dictionary, than to a catalogue. It is proper, however, that they should be noted by cataloguers. They may, also, be printed, at the discretion of the superintendent, but generally, in the form of separate notes, rather than as additions to the titles.

Remark 3.Peculiarities of copies, such as large paper, satin paper, vellum; also notes, autographs, cancelled leaves, substituted leaves, mutilations and alterations; binding in a different number of volumes from that indicated in the title, or ascertained by the rule already given, &c. &c.,—these, and other peculiarities or imperfections of copy, relate only to particular copies, and therefore should not be noticed in a title intended to apply to the whole edition. Every cataloguer should, however, note every such thing, after the title. The note may be printed in the catalogue of the library containing the book described, but not, usually, in the title for the General Catalogue.

XIII. When the title has been transcribed in accordance with the foregoing rules, the heading is to be written above it.This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its vernacular form,when the same can be represented by the letters of the English alphabet.When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and within parentheses.

XIII. When the title has been transcribed in accordance with the foregoing rules, the heading is to be written above it.

This heading determines the place of the title in the alphabetical catalogue, and consists, in general, of the name of the author in its vernacular form,when the same can be represented by the letters of the English alphabet.

When the word cannot be exactly represented by English letters, the form used by the best English authorities is to be adopted.

The surname is to be printed in capitals. Christian or first names are to follow, if possible in full, printed in small capitals, and within parentheses.

XIV. When a name is variously spelled, the best authorized orthography is to be selected for the heading, and such other modes of spelling the name, as are likely to occasion difficulty, are to be added, within brackets.Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name, which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.

XIV. When a name is variously spelled, the best authorized orthography is to be selected for the heading, and such other modes of spelling the name, as are likely to occasion difficulty, are to be added, within brackets.

Cross references are to be made from all other forms of the name, which occur in the catalogue, to the form preferred.

XV. The following rules are to be observed in cataloguing names with prefixes:(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.

XV. The following rules are to be observed in cataloguing names with prefixes:

(1.) If the name has become an English surname, it is to be recorded under the prefix, which is to be accounted as a part of the name.

Thus:D'Israeli,De Morgan,De la Beche,Du Ponceauare to be placed underD;Van BurenunderV.

In such cases, cross-references are to be made from the principal name.

Names beginning withMac,O',Ap, andFitz, are to be recorded under those syllables.

Mc, andM', abbreviated forms ofMac, are to be considered the same as if written in full.

(2.) French surnames preceded by the prepositiondeare to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.

(2.) French surnames preceded by the prepositiondeare to be catalogued under the name itself, and not under the prefix.

Thus:Florian (Jean Pierre Claris de)is to be placed underF, not underD;Alembert (Jean le Rond d')underA, not underD.

In this respect, usage is by no means uniform among French authors. Thus, Brunet placesD'AlembertunderD, while Quérard, the Editors of the "Biographie Universelle," etc., place the same name underA. But consistency is of the first importance, and it is decidedly best to make this rule positive, and without exceptions.

(3.) French surnames preceded byDe la, are to be recorded under the article.

(3.) French surnames preceded byDe la, are to be recorded under the article.

Thus:La Pérouse (Jean François Galaup de), notDe la Pérouse, norPérouse;La Harpe (Jean François de), notDe la Harpe, norHarpe.

It is better to make this the invariable rule, although uniformity will not be found among French writers, in this particular, nor scarcely consistency in any one writer.

(4.) French names preceded byDuorDesare to be recorded under these prefixes.

(4.) French names preceded byDuorDesare to be recorded under these prefixes.

Thus:Du Halde, underD, not underH;Des Cartes, underD, not underC.

(5.) French names, preceded by the articleLe,La,L', are to be recorded underL.

(5.) French names, preceded by the articleLe,La,L', are to be recorded underL.

Thus:Le Long (Jacques), notLong (Jacques le);L'Héritier (Marie Jeanne), notHéritier (Marie Jeanne l').

(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with cross-references.

(6.) Names with similar prefixes in other languages, are, in all cases, to be recorded under the word following the prefix, with cross-references.

Thus:Delle Valle, underV;Della Santa, underS;Da CunhaunderC. SoBuch (Léopold von);Recke (Elisa von der);Dyck (Anton Van);Praet (Joseph Basile Bernard Van);Hooght (Everard van der);Ess (Leander van).

XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be preferred.

XVI. Compound surnames, except Dutch and English, are to be entered under the initial of the first name. In Dutch and in English compound names, the last name is to be preferred.

Thus, in French, such names asEtienne Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire,Isidore Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, should be writtenGeoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Etienne),Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire (Isidore). So in Spanish,Calderon de la Barca, andCalderon y Belgrano, should both be entered underC. ButFrançois de Salignac de Lamotte Fénélon, is universally placed underFénélon, even by those who generally adhere to the above rule. There are other names, which must be considered exceptions, respecting which it seems impossible to give any invariable rule, but all difficulty must be removed by cross-references.

XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form as he may have employed.

XVII. Works of an author who may have changed his name, or added others to it, are to be recorded under the last name, (if used in any of his publications,) with cross-references from the other names. Names that may have been altered by being used in different languages, are to be entered under their original vernacular form. But if an author has never used the vernacular form of his name in his publications, his works are to be recorded under such other form as he may have employed.

Remark 1.Thus,Alexander Slidell Mackenzieshould be placed underMackenzie, with a cross-reference fromSlidell. His family name wasSlidell, but after becoming known as a writer, he assumed the nameMackenzie.

François Marie Aroüet de Voltaire, underVoltaire; becauseVoltaireis a name assumed as a surname. It is not a title, nor commonly considered part of a compound surname.

Jean Baptiste Poquelin Molière, underMolière. His father's name wasPoquelinbut he added, himself, the nameMolière, asAroüetdid that ofVoltaire.

The family name of an individual is to be considered that which he has, or adopts, for himself and his descendants, rather than that which he received from his ancestors,—hisfamily name, nothis father's. Now if a man's name have been changed, by his own act, the name assumed is supposed to be that by which he wishes to be known to his contemporaries, and which he wishes to transmit to posterity. A married woman generally drops her maiden name, and assumes that of her husband. By this, therefore, she should ever after be known. If she published books under her maiden name, and afterwards under her married name, they should all be recorded under her married name, with a cross-reference from the former. It may be that she published only under her maiden name; in this case, her works should be entered under that name, followed by her married name, included within parentheses.

Remark 2.Such changes as are referred to under this rule may generally be indicated by the mode of printing, thus:

MACKENZIE (AlexanderSLIDELL).

VOLTAIRE (François MarieAROÜETde).

DACIER (Mad.AnneLEFÈVRE).

XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian names:(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within brackets.(5.) All other persons knownonlyby their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as,Adamus Bremensis, orAdam of Bremen.A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to that used as the heading.

XVIII. The following classes of persons are to be entered under their first names, or their Christian names:

(1.) Sovereigns, and Princes of sovereign houses.

(2.) Jewish Rabbis, and Oriental writers in general.

(3.) Persons canonized. The family name, when known, is to be added within brackets.

(4.) Friars, who, by the constitution of their order, drop their surnames. But the family name, when known, should be added within brackets.

(5.) All other persons knownonlyby their first names, to which, for the sake of distinction, they add those of their native places, profession, rank, &c., as,Adamus Bremensis, orAdam of Bremen.

A cross-reference should be made from any other name by which the author may be known, to that used as the heading.

XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.

XIX. Surnames of Noblemen and Dignitaries, with the exception of cases coming under the preceding rule, are to be ascertained, when not expressed, and to be used for the heading, although the person may be better known by his title, than by his name. But, in all cases where doubt would be likely to arise, cross-references should be used.

Remark.Thus,Home (Henry), Lord Kames. There should be a cross-reference; thus,Kames (Lord). See Home (Henry).Stanhope (Philip Dormer), Earl of Chesterfield.

This last is one of the cases which might lead us to doubt the propriety of the rule. This author is universally known asChesterfield, not asStanhope. But there are other authors, who are as well known by their family names as by their titles; while the greater portion are known by their family names, much better than by their titles. A general rule is absolutely necessary, and this is thought to be the best.

XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names of the others.

XX. If it appear upon the title-page, that the work is the joint production of several writers, it is to be entered under the first named, with cross-references from the names of the others.

XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with a collectivetitle, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the collection in which it is to be found.Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the collection.

XXI. The complete works, or entire treatises of several authors, published together in one series, with a collectivetitle, are to be recorded in the words of the general title of the series, and to be placed under the name, of the Editor, if known; if that be not known, under the title of the collection, like anonymous works. If any work in the collection be printed with a separate title-page, and an independent paging, it is also to be recorded under its author's name, as a distinct work, with a reference to the volume of the collection in which it is to be found.

Cross-references may be made from names of authors, when they appear upon the title-page, or when their works were first published in the collection.

Explanation 1.The principle established by this rule, decides the case, common among German books, ofworks with double titles, one general and the other special. Such a work must be entered twice, once under the general title, which should omit, as much as possible, what is contained in the special; and once under the special title, which should refer to the general, stating what volume of the general collection this particular volume forms.

Explanation 2.This rule applies toperiodical publications, which should be entered under the name of the Editor, if this appears upon the title-page, with a cross-reference from the name of the publication. But if the publication be issued under the direction of an association, it comes under the next rule, and is to be recorded under the name of the association, with a cross-reference from the editor's name.

Remark.The catalogue, thus formed, will be composed of works, having each a distinct title-page and an independent pagination. Doubtless, greater convenience and usefulness might be attained by adopting a more comprehensive plan;—one, by which every distinct article in Transactions of Learned Societies, in Magazines, Reviews, and similar works, where, by the rule of the publication,the authors of the treatises are named,—should be separately entered, as if it were a book. Such an attempt is, however, at present, unadvisable. Should it, hereafter, be thought practicable to extend the rule, none of the titles which have been prepared, under this rule, will be superfluous, and none will have to be altered. It is hoped, that, within a few years, such progress may be made in the General Catalogue, as to justify the attempt at greater minuteness of registration.

XXII. Academies, institutes, associations, universities, colleges; literary, scientific, economical, eleemosynary and religious societies; national and municipal governments; assemblies, conventions, boards, corporations, and other bodies of men, under whatever name, and of whatever character, issuing publications, whether as separate works, or in a continuous series, under a general title, are to be considered and treated as the authors of all works issued by them, and in their name alone. The heading is to be the name of the body, the principal word to be the first word, not an article. A cross-reference is to be made from any important substantive or adjective, to the principal word.

XXII. Academies, institutes, associations, universities, colleges; literary, scientific, economical, eleemosynary and religious societies; national and municipal governments; assemblies, conventions, boards, corporations, and other bodies of men, under whatever name, and of whatever character, issuing publications, whether as separate works, or in a continuous series, under a general title, are to be considered and treated as the authors of all works issued by them, and in their name alone. The heading is to be the name of the body, the principal word to be the first word, not an article. A cross-reference is to be made from any important substantive or adjective, to the principal word.

Explanation 1.If the name of the author appears upon the title-page of a work having a distinct title-page and paging, published by such a body, the work then comes underRule XXI. It must be recorded twice; once under the general title, according to the above rule, and again under the name of the author, referring, if it be published in a series, to the volume of the series in which it is contained.

Explanation 2.Catalogues of public libraries are to be entered under the name of the establishment; and if the name of the compiler appears upon the title-page, a cross-reference should be made from it to the principal entry.

Explanation 3.When committees, or branches of a body, issue publications, the heading is to be the name of the chief, and not of the subordinate body. Thus, underUnited States, would be placed all public documents issued at the expense of the United States, whether as regular Public Documents, or by particular Departments, Bureaus, or Committees. Such titles, when they become numerous, may be classed, and conveniently arranged in the catalogue.

On the same principle, the publications of literary and other societies connected with colleges and universities are to be catalogued under the names of the colleges, &c., with cross-references from the names of the societies.

Explanation 4.Under this rule, Liturgies, Prayer-Books, Breviaries, Missals, &c., are to be placed under the English name of the communion, religious order or denomination, under whose authority they are prepared and published. Similar works by individuals, are to be placed under their names.

XXIII. Translations are to be entered under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the translator. If the name of the translator be known, and that of the author unknown, the book is to be entered, like other anonymous works, under the first word of the original title, not an article or preposition, whether the original be or be not in the library to be catalogued.When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an article or preposition.

XXIII. Translations are to be entered under the heading of the original work, with a cross-reference from the name of the translator. If the name of the translator be known, and that of the author unknown, the book is to be entered, like other anonymous works, under the first word of the original title, not an article or preposition, whether the original be or be not in the library to be catalogued.

When the title of the original cannot be ascertained, or cannot be expressed in English letters, the translation is to be entered as an anonymous work, that is, under the first word of its title, not an article or preposition.

XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by the whole Text, are to be entered under the heading of the originalwork, with a cross-reference from the name of the commentator. If not accompanied by the Text, they are to be entered under the name of the commentator, with a cross-reference from the name of the author.

XXIV. Commentaries accompanied by the whole Text, are to be entered under the heading of the originalwork, with a cross-reference from the name of the commentator. If not accompanied by the Text, they are to be entered under the name of the commentator, with a cross-reference from the name of the author.

XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in any language, is to be entered under the word "Bible."Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the authorized English version.

XXV. The Bible, or any part of it, in any language, is to be entered under the word "Bible."

Cross-references should be made from the names of the writers, as well as from the names of the several parts of the Bible. Both of these classes of names are to be expressed in the form adopted in the authorized English version.

XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be recorded under the name of the Reporter; or if this be not known, under the first word of the Title. There should also be cross-references, from the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the defendant in a criminal suit.

XXVI. Reports of Trials are to be recorded under the name of the Reporter; or if this be not known, under the first word of the Title. There should also be cross-references, from the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant in a civil suit, and from that of the defendant in a criminal suit.

XXVII. The Respondent or defender in a thesis, is to be considered its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses.

XXVII. The Respondent or defender in a thesis, is to be considered its author, except when it unequivocally appears to be the work of the Præses.

XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to be entered under the assumed name, followed bypseud.; after which may be given the name of the supposed or reputed author, with (in case of doubt) the wordprobablybefore it, or?after it.But if the author have published any edition, continuation,or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the feigned name.

XXVIII. Pseudonymous works are to be entered under the assumed name, followed bypseud.; after which may be given the name of the supposed or reputed author, with (in case of doubt) the wordprobablybefore it, or?after it.

But if the author have published any edition, continuation,or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered pseudonymous. In such case, a cross-reference should be made from the feigned name.

Explanation 1.Under pseudonyms are to be included not only fictitious names, such asGeoffrey Crayon, Gent., assumed by Washington Irving, and abbreviated names, asA. L. Mil., forA. L. Millin; but also names concealed in an anagram, asNides, forDenis; or formed from the initials of the real name, asTalvi, forTheresa Adolfina Louisa Von Jacob, and all words used fictitiously as proper names of authors.

Explanation 2.Works falsely attributed, in their titles, to particular persons, are also to be treated as pseudonymous, and entered under the names of the pretended authors, with such notes as may be necessary to prevent mistake; unless some edition has been published under the name of the real author.

Explanation 3.Works published withinitials, are to be entered under the full name of the author, if he be known to have published any edition with his name; otherwise, under thelastinitial, which is to be supposed to stand for the surname, and the other letter or letters for Christian names. But if the last letter be known to stand for a title, it is not to be used for the heading.

XXIX. Anonymous works are to be entered under the first word of the title, not an article or preposition. Cross-references may be made from all words, in the title, under which such a work would be likely to be sought for, in an alphabetical catalogue.But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered anonymous.

XXIX. Anonymous works are to be entered under the first word of the title, not an article or preposition. Cross-references may be made from all words, in the title, under which such a work would be likely to be sought for, in an alphabetical catalogue.

But if the author have published any edition, continuation, or supplement under his name, the work is not to be considered anonymous.

Exception 1.An anonymous biography or personal narrative is to be entered under the name of the person, whose life or adventuresform the subject of the book, if the name appears upon the title-page. But such works should in all cases be designated as anonymous.

Exception 2.An anonymous continuation, supplement, appendix or index is to be entered under the heading of the original work.

Explanation 1.A book is not to be considered anonymous, when the name of the author is given in any part of it, or expressed by any distinctive description. In such case, the name of the author is to be inserted in the title, within brackets, and is to be used as the heading.

Explanation 2.If it be known that the book has beenattributedto a certain person, his name may be inserted in the title, within brackets, with such explanation as shall prevent mistake; and a cross-reference may be made from the name of the reputed author.

Explanation 3.Works in which the author is described by some circumlocution, which does not serve to identify him, are to be considered anonymous.

Remark.This rule will secure uniformity. It will relieve librarians from an almost incalculable amount of labor, perplexity and dissatisfaction. It will relieve readers from every inconvenience, except that of sometimes being obliged to look in two places for the book. On these accounts, a simple, arbitrary rule is the only one that can safely be adopted. Any rule for selecting the most prominent word of a title, or for entering a book under the name of its subject, would be found fatal to uniformity; it would greatly increase the trouble of making a catalogue; it would not render the catalogue more convenient for readers, but, in the main, much less so. The only objections to the proposed rule are, that it brings many titles under words of little significance, as a "BriefSurvey", a "SuccinctNarrative", &c., and that it brings many titles together, under such words as "Essay", "History", "Narrative", &c. These objections have been fully considered, and the rule is given with the settled conviction that the inconveniences alluded to are much less than those which would result from any other rule or set of rules, which have been proposed, or can be devised.

XXX. Cross-references,—consisting of only the word from which reference is made, the wordSee, and the name or heading referred to,—are to be made in the following instances:(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the heading.(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be generally known, other than the one used for the heading.(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used as a heading, underRule XXII.(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under the name of the principal body, underRule XXII.(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-pages, instead of surnames.(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under the Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes belonging to sovereign houses.(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the writers of them.(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is catalogued under an altered title, or a new editor, according toRule VII.

XXX. Cross-references,—consisting of only the word from which reference is made, the wordSee, and the name or heading referred to,—are to be made in the following instances:

(1.) From other forms of a name, than the one adopted in the heading.

(2.) From any name used by an author, or by which he may be generally known, other than the one used for the heading.

(3.) From important words in the name of any collective body, used as a heading, underRule XXII.

(4.) From names of subordinate bodies, when a work is entered under the name of the principal body, underRule XXII.

(5.) From the name of a supposed author of a pseudonymous work.

(6.) From titles, or designations of office, or dignity, when used upon title-pages, instead of surnames.

(7.) From the family names of persons, whose works are entered under the Christian, or first names; except sovereigns, or princes belonging to sovereign houses.

(8.) From the names of the several parts of the Bible, and of the writers of them.

(9.) From former titles of periodicals, when the publication is catalogued under an altered title, or a new editor, according toRule VII.

XXXI. The following classes of cross-references, employed to prevent the necessity of entering titles in full, more than once, are to contain so much of the title referred to, as may be necessary to show distinctly the object of the reference. When it would be difficult to abbreviate the title, for this purpose, other words, not those of the title, may be used.(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators, Continuators, or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to the title, on the principle ofRule XII.), as participating in the authorship of the work.(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or narrative.(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or notes, without the text.(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained in any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been first published in such collection, if the name be given upon the title-page.(5.) From any word, in the title of an anonymous work, under which one would be likely to seek for the work in an alphabetical catalogue.(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the report of a civil suit; and fromthe name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according toRule VII.

XXXI. The following classes of cross-references, employed to prevent the necessity of entering titles in full, more than once, are to contain so much of the title referred to, as may be necessary to show distinctly the object of the reference. When it would be difficult to abbreviate the title, for this purpose, other words, not those of the title, may be used.

(1.) From the names of Translators, Editors, Commentators, Continuators, or other persons, named on the title-page, (or added to the title, on the principle ofRule XII.), as participating in the authorship of the work.

(2.) From the name of any person, the subject of a biography or narrative.

(3.) From the name of an author, any whole work of whom, or some considerable part of it, may be the subject of any commentary or notes, without the text.

(4.) From the name of an author, whose complete works are contained in any collection, or any considerable part of whose works have been first published in such collection, if the name be given upon the title-page.

(5.) From any word, in the title of an anonymous work, under which one would be likely to seek for the work in an alphabetical catalogue.

(6.) From the name of a supposed author of an anonymous work.

(7.) From the names of the plaintiff and of the defendant, in the report of a civil suit; and fromthe name of the defendant, in that of a criminal suit.

(8.) From the name of a former editor of a periodical, when the publication is catalogued under the name of a new editor, according toRule VII.

XXXII. The order of the Headings will be determined by the plan of the catalogue, whether alphabetical, classed, or chronological.

XXXII. The order of the Headings will be determined by the plan of the catalogue, whether alphabetical, classed, or chronological.

XXXIII. The Titles are immediately to follow the headings; and within the divisions and sub-divisions given below, the arrangement is to be chronological. Editions without date, and those of which the date cannot be ascertained, even by approximation, are to precede all those bearing date, or of which the date can be supplied, either positively or by approximation. The latter are to follow, according to their date, whether apparent in any part of the book, or supplied. Editions by the same editor, or such as are expressly stated to follow a specific text or edition, and editions with the same notes or commentary, to succeed each other, in their chronological order, immediately after the entry of that which is, or is considered to be, the earliest.

XXXIII. The Titles are immediately to follow the headings; and within the divisions and sub-divisions given below, the arrangement is to be chronological. Editions without date, and those of which the date cannot be ascertained, even by approximation, are to precede all those bearing date, or of which the date can be supplied, either positively or by approximation. The latter are to follow, according to their date, whether apparent in any part of the book, or supplied. Editions by the same editor, or such as are expressly stated to follow a specific text or edition, and editions with the same notes or commentary, to succeed each other, in their chronological order, immediately after the entry of that which is, or is considered to be, the earliest.

XXXIV. Titles, which occur under the name of an author, are to be arranged in the following order:(1.) Collections of all the works.a.Those without translations, whether with or without notes, commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.b.Those with translations.Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order of the English name of such language.Editions with several translations into different languages. Those are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to be followed.c.Translations without the text. These are to be arranged among themselves according to the principles laid down for translations with the text.(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to precede. The arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects, according to the principles laid down for collections of all the works.(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to follow immediately after the work itself. The different editions and translations are to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.(5.) Entire portions of a separate work, when the work itself does not occur.

XXXIV. Titles, which occur under the name of an author, are to be arranged in the following order:

(1.) Collections of all the works.

a.Those without translations, whether with or without notes, commentaries, lives, or other critical apparatus.

b.Those with translations.

Editions with only one translation. Those with a Latin translation are to be placed first; next those with an English; and then those with a translation into any other language, in the alphabetical order of the English name of such language.

Editions with several translations into different languages. Those are to be entered first, which have the fewest number of translations. Among those having the same number of translations, the alphabetical order of the first of the languages employed is to be followed.

c.Translations without the text. These are to be arranged among themselves according to the principles laid down for translations with the text.

(2.) Partial collections, containing two or more works. Those which contain the greatest number of works are to precede. The arrangement of the whole is to be, in other respects, according to the principles laid down for collections of all the works.

(3.) Selections or collected fragments. Those from all the works are to precede those from several works, and the whole to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.

(4.) Separate works. These are to succeed each other alphabetically. Entire portions of a separate work are to follow immediately after the work itself. The different editions and translations are to be arranged according to the foregoing principles.

(5.) Entire portions of a separate work, when the work itself does not occur.

XXXV. Works placed under the names of collective bodies, (according toRule XXII,) are, in general, to be arranged in alphabetical order; but works forming part of a series are not to be separated, although that series be interrupted, or the title changed; and works published by branches or subordinate bodies, are to be separately arranged and placed under sub-headings, which should be printed in a distinctive type.

XXXV. Works placed under the names of collective bodies, (according toRule XXII,) are, in general, to be arranged in alphabetical order; but works forming part of a series are not to be separated, although that series be interrupted, or the title changed; and works published by branches or subordinate bodies, are to be separately arranged and placed under sub-headings, which should be printed in a distinctive type.

XXXVI. Cross-References are to be placed after all other entries under the heading, and in alphabetical order of the names referred to.

XXXVI. Cross-References are to be placed after all other entries under the heading, and in alphabetical order of the names referred to.

XXXVII. The entries under the wordBible, are to be arranged in the following order; subject in other respects to the principles laid down inRule XXXIV, except that, in each of the following classes, editions with the text alone are to precede those with commentaries.(1.) The Old and New Testaments with or without the Apocrypha.(2.) The Old Testament.(3.) Detached parts of the Old Testament, in the same order in which they are arranged in the English authorized version of the Scriptures.(4.) The New Testament.(5.) Detached parts of the New Testament.(6.) Apocryphal books.

XXXVII. The entries under the wordBible, are to be arranged in the following order; subject in other respects to the principles laid down inRule XXXIV, except that, in each of the following classes, editions with the text alone are to precede those with commentaries.

(1.) The Old and New Testaments with or without the Apocrypha.

(2.) The Old Testament.

(3.) Detached parts of the Old Testament, in the same order in which they are arranged in the English authorized version of the Scriptures.

(4.) The New Testament.

(5.) Detached parts of the New Testament.

(6.) Apocryphal books.

XXXVIII. Maps, Charts, Engravings and Music, (except when published in volumes,) are not to be included in catalogues of Books. Separate catalogues of these should be constructed upon the general principles of the preceding rules.(1.) In cataloguingMaps and Charts, the full title is to be given, including the names of surveyors, compilers, engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and number of sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately recorded, and the separate title of each sheet, when it varies from the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be introduced at the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in full, including authorship, scale and size.(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the map, it is, if possible, to be derived from it.(3.) The size of the map, within theneat-lineof the border, is to be given in inches and tenths. When a map has no printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be given.(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper, and whether backed, folded, bound, on rollers, &c., should be mentioned in a note.The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the countries, or divisions of the earth's surface delineated in the maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with the cross-references necessary to facilitate research.(6.)Engravingsare to be recorded under the names of the engravers, with cross-references from those of the painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if found upon the print, should also be given. The size of the print, in inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be anartists'artist'sproof, or a remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should be stated in a note.(7.)Musicis to be entered under the name of the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there should be a cross-reference from that.

XXXVIII. Maps, Charts, Engravings and Music, (except when published in volumes,) are not to be included in catalogues of Books. Separate catalogues of these should be constructed upon the general principles of the preceding rules.

(1.) In cataloguingMaps and Charts, the full title is to be given, including the names of surveyors, compilers, engravers, publishers, &c.; date and place of publication; and number of sheets composing the map. Each edition is to be separately recorded, and the separate title of each sheet, when it varies from the general title. The titles of sub-sketches are to be introduced at the close of the main title, within brackets, and to be given in full, including authorship, scale and size.

(2.) The scale is to be given in all cases. When not stated on the map, it is, if possible, to be derived from it.

(3.) The size of the map, within theneat-lineof the border, is to be given in inches and tenths. When a map has no printed border, the measure of the limits of printed surface is to be given.

(4.) The price, if stated on the map, should be copied.

(5.) All important peculiarities of copy, such as the kind of paper, and whether backed, folded, bound, on rollers, &c., should be mentioned in a note.

The titles thus prepared are to be arranged under the names of the countries, or divisions of the earth's surface delineated in the maps; and these names are to be disposed in alphabetical order, with the cross-references necessary to facilitate research.

(6.)Engravingsare to be recorded under the names of the engravers, with cross-references from those of the painters or designers. The date, and the name of the publisher, if found upon the print, should also be given. The size of the print, in inches and tenths, should also be stated. If the copy be anartists'artist'sproof, or a remarkably good impression of a valuable engraving, the fact should be stated in a note.

(7.)Musicis to be entered under the name of the composer. If the work have a distinctive title, there should be a cross-reference from that.

XXXIX. Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional cases, requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be decided upon by the superintendent.

XXXIX. Cases not herein provided for, and exceptional cases, requiring a departure from any of the preceding rules, are to be decided upon by the superintendent.

3)A very complete discussion of the comparative advantages of long and short titles is contained in the Report of the Commissioners on the British Museum, with Minutes of Evidence, 1850, particularly in Mr. Panizzi's Letter to the Earl of Ellesmere, in Appendix No. 12.

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