13 14 18 15 17 16 18"Hoc tibi Palladiæ seu collibus uteris Albæ,2 19 20 22 21 23 24Cæsar et hinc Triviam prospicis inde Thetin:25 28 26 27 28 26Seu tua veridicæ discunt responsa sorores,30 31 29 32 30 31Plana suburbani qua cubat unda freti:33 30 35 34 37 38 39Seu placet Æneæ nutrix, seu filia solis,40 42 41 41 42Sive salutiferis candidus anxur aquis;12 1 6 3 8 5 4Mittimus o rerum felix tutela salusque,7 7 12 8 10 9Sospite quo gratum credimus esse Jovem."
13 14 18 15 17 16 18"Hoc tibi Palladiæ seu collibus uteris Albæ,2 19 20 22 21 23 24Cæsar et hinc Triviam prospicis inde Thetin:25 28 26 27 28 26Seu tua veridicæ discunt responsa sorores,30 31 29 32 30 31Plana suburbani qua cubat unda freti:33 30 35 34 37 38 39Seu placet Æneæ nutrix, seu filia solis,40 42 41 41 42Sive salutiferis candidus anxur aquis;12 1 6 3 8 5 4Mittimus o rerum felix tutela salusque,7 7 12 8 10 9Sospite quo gratum credimus esse Jovem."
The figures pointing out the "ordo verborum" are according to the subjoined interpretation of Mons.Collesson, who prepared this Delphine edition. The same figures have been placed where the adjective agrees with the substantive or pronoun; and for this clew to the consecutive arrangement of these disbanded and dispersed members of the sentence, some young gentlemen at school, and many who have finished their education, will be under considerable obligations.
It is of considerable moment that this question should be fully discussed in order to be finally determined. The groundwork is physiological, the superstructure involves some moral considerations: and the conclusions will have an extensive influence on the system of education that ought to be adopted. If the perceptions of the eye, and its associated phantasms, or memorial visions, under the name ofIdeas, are to be viewed as the effective materials of our Thoughts; such inference is directly confuted by the instances of those born blind, and continue through life without sight, and who must necessarily be deficient of such materials. If Thought be the result of any immediate spiritual dictation, which the difficulty of accounting for it without such mysterious agency, has led many to suppose: and of which we are not conscious, the responsibility of our species is destroyed. If Thought be effected by the selection and arrangement of words, each of which possesses a definite meaning, and is capable when conjoined with other words, of adding to their significance: of which process, and the individual steps that compose it, weareconscious under due attention, the mystery vanishes, and the act of thinking becomes unfolded in the progressive formation of a perspicuous sentence.
FOOTNOTES:[1]The eye is the only organ of sense that affords a connected phantasm, vision or Idea. In the other senses, there is a memorial connection, by which the perception is recognised as having previously occurred, and consequently a consciousness of former perception. Without these adjuncts the repetition of these perceptions would be useless as instruments of knowledge. Avoiding a lengthened detail concerning the other senses, it will be sufficient to instance the olfactory organ. If we scent the essences of rose or jasmine, on the second presentation, they are recognised as having occurred before: should we have smelled the same perfumes from the living plants that exhale them, and by theeyenoticed them, we should experience a phantasm or Idea of the figure of the plants, but there would be no phantasm of the odour. The excitation of the phantasm associated with the perception, and the recollection of the perception without the phantasm, by the attribution of a name, is, for the present, purposely concealed.[2]Modification. A word of useless application, unless themodus in quo agit, be defined.[3]Of the supposed operations of these Ideas, and the purposes to which they are subjected, a few, among abundant instances, are selected from Mr. Locke's Essay. "Some Ideasforwardlyoffer themselves to all men's understanding; some sorts of truths result from any Ideas, as soon as the mind putstheminto propositions: other Truths require atrainof Ideasplaced in order."—Vol.I.p.63."When the understanding is once stored with these simple Ideas, it has the power torepeat,compare, andunitethem, even to an almost infinite variety, and so can make at pleasurenewcomplex Ideas."—Vol.I.p.81."The next operation we may observe in the mind about its Ideas, isComposition, whereby it puts together several of those simple ones it has received from sensation and reflection, andcombinesthem into complex ones."—Vol.I.p.118."If either by any sudden very strong impression, or long fixing his fancy upon one sort of thoughts,incoherentIdeas have beencementedtogether so powerfully, as to remain united."—Vol.I.p.121."But there are degree of Madness as of folly, the disorderlyjumblingIdeas together, in some more, and some less."Vol.I.p.122."The acts of the mind wherein it exerts its power over its simple Ideas, are chiefly three. 1st. Combining several simple Ideas into onecompound one, andthusall complex Ideas are made. The second, is bringingtwo Ideas, whether simple or complex together, andsettingthem by one another, so as to take a view of themat once, without uniting them into one; by which way it gets all its Ideas of relations. The third, isseparatingthem from all other Ideas thataccompanythem in their real existence; this is called Abstraction."—Vol.I.p.124.[4]The acquirement of language does not wholly consist in the imitation of the word, but likewise in the comprehension that the articulate sound is the representative of the object perceived. There are some persons of defective intellect that I have seen, whose hearing was perfect, and who could whistle some tunes, but who were unable to learn their native language so as to understand what was said to them, and consequently incompetent to afford an answer. In this particular they approximate to the state of animals.[5]"Nec missas audire queunt, nec reddere voces."[6]On consulting the Concordance ofCruden, it does not appear that the wordIdea, is to be found in our Translations of the Old and New Testament.Cruden, although deemed a Lunatic, was a man of persevering research and scrupulous accuracy.[7]It is very probable thatMartial, in his eulogy of the Roman Notarius, may have exceeded the actual performance."Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis:Nondum linga suum, dextra peregit opus."Lib. 14, Epig. 208.[8]In imitation of the Auburn (American) prison, the Middlesex magistrates, in their judicial wisdom, have adopted an entirely opposite system; by imposing an awful silence in their house of correction. This penance must press sorely on the criminals of the softer sex, to whom tea and conversation (errors excepted) constitute the principal comforts of life.Catullusseems to allude to this infernal art of exasperating the miseries of incarceration."Nulla fugæ ratio, nulla spes:OMNIA MUTA,Omnia sunt deserta: ostentant omnia Lethum."
[1]The eye is the only organ of sense that affords a connected phantasm, vision or Idea. In the other senses, there is a memorial connection, by which the perception is recognised as having previously occurred, and consequently a consciousness of former perception. Without these adjuncts the repetition of these perceptions would be useless as instruments of knowledge. Avoiding a lengthened detail concerning the other senses, it will be sufficient to instance the olfactory organ. If we scent the essences of rose or jasmine, on the second presentation, they are recognised as having occurred before: should we have smelled the same perfumes from the living plants that exhale them, and by theeyenoticed them, we should experience a phantasm or Idea of the figure of the plants, but there would be no phantasm of the odour. The excitation of the phantasm associated with the perception, and the recollection of the perception without the phantasm, by the attribution of a name, is, for the present, purposely concealed.
[1]The eye is the only organ of sense that affords a connected phantasm, vision or Idea. In the other senses, there is a memorial connection, by which the perception is recognised as having previously occurred, and consequently a consciousness of former perception. Without these adjuncts the repetition of these perceptions would be useless as instruments of knowledge. Avoiding a lengthened detail concerning the other senses, it will be sufficient to instance the olfactory organ. If we scent the essences of rose or jasmine, on the second presentation, they are recognised as having occurred before: should we have smelled the same perfumes from the living plants that exhale them, and by theeyenoticed them, we should experience a phantasm or Idea of the figure of the plants, but there would be no phantasm of the odour. The excitation of the phantasm associated with the perception, and the recollection of the perception without the phantasm, by the attribution of a name, is, for the present, purposely concealed.
[2]Modification. A word of useless application, unless themodus in quo agit, be defined.
[2]Modification. A word of useless application, unless themodus in quo agit, be defined.
[3]Of the supposed operations of these Ideas, and the purposes to which they are subjected, a few, among abundant instances, are selected from Mr. Locke's Essay. "Some Ideasforwardlyoffer themselves to all men's understanding; some sorts of truths result from any Ideas, as soon as the mind putstheminto propositions: other Truths require atrainof Ideasplaced in order."—Vol.I.p.63."When the understanding is once stored with these simple Ideas, it has the power torepeat,compare, andunitethem, even to an almost infinite variety, and so can make at pleasurenewcomplex Ideas."—Vol.I.p.81."The next operation we may observe in the mind about its Ideas, isComposition, whereby it puts together several of those simple ones it has received from sensation and reflection, andcombinesthem into complex ones."—Vol.I.p.118."If either by any sudden very strong impression, or long fixing his fancy upon one sort of thoughts,incoherentIdeas have beencementedtogether so powerfully, as to remain united."—Vol.I.p.121."But there are degree of Madness as of folly, the disorderlyjumblingIdeas together, in some more, and some less."Vol.I.p.122."The acts of the mind wherein it exerts its power over its simple Ideas, are chiefly three. 1st. Combining several simple Ideas into onecompound one, andthusall complex Ideas are made. The second, is bringingtwo Ideas, whether simple or complex together, andsettingthem by one another, so as to take a view of themat once, without uniting them into one; by which way it gets all its Ideas of relations. The third, isseparatingthem from all other Ideas thataccompanythem in their real existence; this is called Abstraction."—Vol.I.p.124.
[3]Of the supposed operations of these Ideas, and the purposes to which they are subjected, a few, among abundant instances, are selected from Mr. Locke's Essay. "Some Ideasforwardlyoffer themselves to all men's understanding; some sorts of truths result from any Ideas, as soon as the mind putstheminto propositions: other Truths require atrainof Ideasplaced in order."—Vol.I.p.63.
"When the understanding is once stored with these simple Ideas, it has the power torepeat,compare, andunitethem, even to an almost infinite variety, and so can make at pleasurenewcomplex Ideas."—Vol.I.p.81.
"The next operation we may observe in the mind about its Ideas, isComposition, whereby it puts together several of those simple ones it has received from sensation and reflection, andcombinesthem into complex ones."—Vol.I.p.118.
"If either by any sudden very strong impression, or long fixing his fancy upon one sort of thoughts,incoherentIdeas have beencementedtogether so powerfully, as to remain united."—Vol.I.p.121.
"But there are degree of Madness as of folly, the disorderlyjumblingIdeas together, in some more, and some less."Vol.I.p.122.
"The acts of the mind wherein it exerts its power over its simple Ideas, are chiefly three. 1st. Combining several simple Ideas into onecompound one, andthusall complex Ideas are made. The second, is bringingtwo Ideas, whether simple or complex together, andsettingthem by one another, so as to take a view of themat once, without uniting them into one; by which way it gets all its Ideas of relations. The third, isseparatingthem from all other Ideas thataccompanythem in their real existence; this is called Abstraction."—Vol.I.p.124.
[4]The acquirement of language does not wholly consist in the imitation of the word, but likewise in the comprehension that the articulate sound is the representative of the object perceived. There are some persons of defective intellect that I have seen, whose hearing was perfect, and who could whistle some tunes, but who were unable to learn their native language so as to understand what was said to them, and consequently incompetent to afford an answer. In this particular they approximate to the state of animals.
[4]The acquirement of language does not wholly consist in the imitation of the word, but likewise in the comprehension that the articulate sound is the representative of the object perceived. There are some persons of defective intellect that I have seen, whose hearing was perfect, and who could whistle some tunes, but who were unable to learn their native language so as to understand what was said to them, and consequently incompetent to afford an answer. In this particular they approximate to the state of animals.
[5]"Nec missas audire queunt, nec reddere voces."
[5]"Nec missas audire queunt, nec reddere voces."
[6]On consulting the Concordance ofCruden, it does not appear that the wordIdea, is to be found in our Translations of the Old and New Testament.Cruden, although deemed a Lunatic, was a man of persevering research and scrupulous accuracy.
[6]On consulting the Concordance ofCruden, it does not appear that the wordIdea, is to be found in our Translations of the Old and New Testament.Cruden, although deemed a Lunatic, was a man of persevering research and scrupulous accuracy.
[7]It is very probable thatMartial, in his eulogy of the Roman Notarius, may have exceeded the actual performance."Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis:Nondum linga suum, dextra peregit opus."Lib. 14, Epig. 208.
[7]It is very probable thatMartial, in his eulogy of the Roman Notarius, may have exceeded the actual performance.
"Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis:Nondum linga suum, dextra peregit opus."Lib. 14, Epig. 208.
"Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis:Nondum linga suum, dextra peregit opus."Lib. 14, Epig. 208.
"Currant verba licet, manus est velocior illis:
Nondum linga suum, dextra peregit opus."
Lib. 14, Epig. 208.
[8]In imitation of the Auburn (American) prison, the Middlesex magistrates, in their judicial wisdom, have adopted an entirely opposite system; by imposing an awful silence in their house of correction. This penance must press sorely on the criminals of the softer sex, to whom tea and conversation (errors excepted) constitute the principal comforts of life.Catullusseems to allude to this infernal art of exasperating the miseries of incarceration."Nulla fugæ ratio, nulla spes:OMNIA MUTA,Omnia sunt deserta: ostentant omnia Lethum."
[8]In imitation of the Auburn (American) prison, the Middlesex magistrates, in their judicial wisdom, have adopted an entirely opposite system; by imposing an awful silence in their house of correction. This penance must press sorely on the criminals of the softer sex, to whom tea and conversation (errors excepted) constitute the principal comforts of life.Catullusseems to allude to this infernal art of exasperating the miseries of incarceration.
"Nulla fugæ ratio, nulla spes:OMNIA MUTA,Omnia sunt deserta: ostentant omnia Lethum."
"Nulla fugæ ratio, nulla spes:OMNIA MUTA,Omnia sunt deserta: ostentant omnia Lethum."
"Nulla fugæ ratio, nulla spes:OMNIA MUTA,
Omnia sunt deserta: ostentant omnia Lethum."
OBSERVATIONS on MADNESS & MELANCHOLY. Octavo, 1809.
ILLUSTRATIONS of MADNESS. Octavo, 1810.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE, as it relates to Insanity, according to the Law of England. Octavo, 1817.
CONSIDERATIONS on the MORAL MANAGEMENT of INSANE PERSONS. Octavo, 1817.
A LETTER to the GOVERNORS of BETHLEM HOSPITAL. Octavo, 1818.
SOUND MIND. Octavo, 1819.
LETTER to the LORD CHANCELLOR, on UNSOUNDNESS of MIND and Imbecility of Intellect. Octavo, 1823.
Six LECTURES on the INTELLECTUAL COMPOSITION of MAN.—Vide Lancet for 1827.
LETTER to the METROPOLITAN COMMISSIONERS in LUNACY. Octavo, 1830.
(Shortly will be published)
AWorkon the TREATMENT of INSANITY conducive to its CURE.
This Treatise will contain the practical experience of forty years. Three preliminary Dissertations will be prefixed. 1st. How far Insanity ought to be considered amentalaffection. 2d. On the influence which individuals are capable of exerting on the minds of others, both in the sane and insane state: the latter of course becomes the basis of that regulation which is termedmoral management. 3d. On the connexion between the sexual organs and the mind, including the disorders that have been termed nymphomania, furor uterinus, puerperal insanity, barrenness, impotence, and the attacks that supervene at the period of cessation. On the disorders that resemble and are not unfrequently confounded with Insanity, viz. Delirium, Hypochondriasis, Morbid Activity of Mind, certain degrees of Paralysis, and various nervous affections. An investigation of the existing laws that apply to Lunatics, Idiots, and persons denominated ofUnsoundMind: with an accurate examination of the degree of incapacity or imbecility that ought to subject them to legal protection. Reflections on the parliamentary inquiries relating to insane persons, and the regulations enacted respecting the houses in which lunatics are confined. Candid remarks on the establishment and duties of the Metropolitan Commissioners. Estimate of the probability of the lives of insane persons, and of those who have been visited with mental derangement; calculated for the guidance of assurance offices.