III
The first scene is called "The Rescue"; the second, "The Run"; and the last, "The Ruin". What is described in the last scene? The destruction of the French Army.Where is the scene laid? In the Tyrol, beside the River Inn.What is described in the first paragraph? Bonaparte's decree that the strongholds of his enemies—the Tyrolese warrior hunters—shall be destroyed.Why should he wish to do this? The Tyrolese were an independent people, who would not submit to conscription and taxation at the hands of the Bavarians.By what names does the author call Napoleon? "Bonaparte." That was his surname. The French Emperor had no hereditary right to the throne, but he wished to be called Napoleon, instead of Bonaparte, just as we speak of our King as George V. and rarely refer to his surname of Guelph.Who advised Napoleon? "His own will is his sole adviser." He ruled arbitrarily, consulting no one.What does he do in this case? He sends ten thousand French and Bavarian soldiers to crush the Tyrolese.Why were the Bavarians taking part in the struggle? They were at this time allies of France, and Napoleon had given to their Elector possession of this new but hostile province.What does the second paragraph describe? The army entering the narrow gorge in the mountains.How does the author give vividness to this picture? He endows inanimate things such as the "gorge" and the "river" with human attributes. The "gorge" looks gloomy, forbidding, and unfriendly, and the "river" seems to roar indignantly, as though at the attempt of "the mountain walls" to impede its progress.The next sentence is in the form of a question and its answer. Who is supposed to ask this question? This is the question the leader of the army would ask and the answer he would make when he discovered the narrow road. The construction of the sentence suggests the idea of danger.Why does the next sentence begin with "But"? "But the glittering array winds on." It suggests that some precautions for the safety of the army should have been observed; but it may have been impossible to take these precautions, and the orders of Bonaparte had to be obeyed at all hazards.What is described in the next sentence? The author gives full details of the progress of this imposing army. The River Inn seems to share the feelings of the Tyrolese themselves and protest angrily against this invasion by a foreign power.How is the next sentence related to the preceding? "But" marks a contrast. The noise of the army and the river is contrasted with the silence on the heights.Why are the "eagles" mentioned? The silence is rendered more impressive by the occasional "shrill cry" of the eagles, and the "wings" of the eagles hovering above are an omen of the coming disaster which is to overtake "the gilded eagles of France" below.What is described in the next paragraph? The "voice" from the "heights".How does the author make this paragraph impressive? As he wishes to indicate the critical moment, he still uses the present tense, direct narration, short sentences, exclamation, and interrogation; he suggests, through a mysterious voice far up the heights, that supernatural agents are at work. The army, in its helpless length, is compared to an "uncoiled serpent".What is the subject of the next paragraph? The destruction of the entire army.How is this ruin accomplished? Unseen in the heights above, the Tyrolese peasantry hurl down rocks, roots, and trunks of pine trees, as well as sending a "deadly hail" from their rifles along the "whole line" of the defenceless army below.Notice the richness of detail. What words help to make the description of their destruction more vivid? "Bounding", "thundering", "gathering speed", "headlong way", "launched down", "powerless foe", "deadly hail", "fearful storm", "crushed to death", "tumbled, horse and man, into the choked and swollen river".Notice the contrast of this paragraph with the picture in the second paragraph of this vision of the gallant invading army.What is the subject of the last paragraph? The reflections of the author.Of what does he speak? Of the wonders and beauties of creation and the sad power that man possesses of spoiling and staining these wonders by giving rein to his own "evil ambitions and fierce revenges".How has he emphasized this? By the use of exclamation, question, ellipses, and the mention of the "serpent" as the symbol of evil.How does the interrogative form of the sentence give it vividness? Contrast the effect of saying, "Who would willingly linger on the hideous details?" with "No one would willingly linger", etc. The author does not expect an answer, he throws the sentence into the question form for the rhetorical effect. The reader pays more attention to the thought by trying to find an answer to the question.What is the value of the ellipses in "Sorrowful that man ... should come"? It is stronger than saying, "It is sorrowful that man ... should come". The subject and verb are omitted, as they are not strong words, and "Sorrowful" is placed in the most prominent position on account of its importance.
The first scene is called "The Rescue"; the second, "The Run"; and the last, "The Ruin". What is described in the last scene? The destruction of the French Army.
Where is the scene laid? In the Tyrol, beside the River Inn.
What is described in the first paragraph? Bonaparte's decree that the strongholds of his enemies—the Tyrolese warrior hunters—shall be destroyed.
Why should he wish to do this? The Tyrolese were an independent people, who would not submit to conscription and taxation at the hands of the Bavarians.
By what names does the author call Napoleon? "Bonaparte." That was his surname. The French Emperor had no hereditary right to the throne, but he wished to be called Napoleon, instead of Bonaparte, just as we speak of our King as George V. and rarely refer to his surname of Guelph.
Who advised Napoleon? "His own will is his sole adviser." He ruled arbitrarily, consulting no one.
What does he do in this case? He sends ten thousand French and Bavarian soldiers to crush the Tyrolese.
Why were the Bavarians taking part in the struggle? They were at this time allies of France, and Napoleon had given to their Elector possession of this new but hostile province.
What does the second paragraph describe? The army entering the narrow gorge in the mountains.
How does the author give vividness to this picture? He endows inanimate things such as the "gorge" and the "river" with human attributes. The "gorge" looks gloomy, forbidding, and unfriendly, and the "river" seems to roar indignantly, as though at the attempt of "the mountain walls" to impede its progress.
The next sentence is in the form of a question and its answer. Who is supposed to ask this question? This is the question the leader of the army would ask and the answer he would make when he discovered the narrow road. The construction of the sentence suggests the idea of danger.
Why does the next sentence begin with "But"? "But the glittering array winds on." It suggests that some precautions for the safety of the army should have been observed; but it may have been impossible to take these precautions, and the orders of Bonaparte had to be obeyed at all hazards.
What is described in the next sentence? The author gives full details of the progress of this imposing army. The River Inn seems to share the feelings of the Tyrolese themselves and protest angrily against this invasion by a foreign power.
How is the next sentence related to the preceding? "But" marks a contrast. The noise of the army and the river is contrasted with the silence on the heights.
Why are the "eagles" mentioned? The silence is rendered more impressive by the occasional "shrill cry" of the eagles, and the "wings" of the eagles hovering above are an omen of the coming disaster which is to overtake "the gilded eagles of France" below.
What is described in the next paragraph? The "voice" from the "heights".
How does the author make this paragraph impressive? As he wishes to indicate the critical moment, he still uses the present tense, direct narration, short sentences, exclamation, and interrogation; he suggests, through a mysterious voice far up the heights, that supernatural agents are at work. The army, in its helpless length, is compared to an "uncoiled serpent".
What is the subject of the next paragraph? The destruction of the entire army.
How is this ruin accomplished? Unseen in the heights above, the Tyrolese peasantry hurl down rocks, roots, and trunks of pine trees, as well as sending a "deadly hail" from their rifles along the "whole line" of the defenceless army below.
Notice the richness of detail. What words help to make the description of their destruction more vivid? "Bounding", "thundering", "gathering speed", "headlong way", "launched down", "powerless foe", "deadly hail", "fearful storm", "crushed to death", "tumbled, horse and man, into the choked and swollen river".
Notice the contrast of this paragraph with the picture in the second paragraph of this vision of the gallant invading army.
What is the subject of the last paragraph? The reflections of the author.
Of what does he speak? Of the wonders and beauties of creation and the sad power that man possesses of spoiling and staining these wonders by giving rein to his own "evil ambitions and fierce revenges".
How has he emphasized this? By the use of exclamation, question, ellipses, and the mention of the "serpent" as the symbol of evil.
How does the interrogative form of the sentence give it vividness? Contrast the effect of saying, "Who would willingly linger on the hideous details?" with "No one would willingly linger", etc. The author does not expect an answer, he throws the sentence into the question form for the rhetorical effect. The reader pays more attention to the thought by trying to find an answer to the question.
What is the value of the ellipses in "Sorrowful that man ... should come"? It is stronger than saying, "It is sorrowful that man ... should come". The subject and verb are omitted, as they are not strong words, and "Sorrowful" is placed in the most prominent position on account of its importance.
In these three pictures, what is the constant element? The scene used as the background. All three visions take place in the Tyrol, two of them on the banks of the Inn River. They are three companion pictures of this historic mountain province.How does this style compare with that which you find in other lessons? It is abrupt and abounds in many rhetorical forms—ellipses, use of the present tense, exclamation, direct address, and accumulation of details.Would it be suitable for all prose expression? No; it is impassioned prose, full of emotion and picturesque detail. The smoother, more regulated sentence-structure, such as is in place in ordinary narration, would be too cold for these descriptions. On the other hand, this style is not suitable for expressing a quiet mood or giving a clear explanation. It is too turbulent, and would pall upon the reader if continued at too great length, but it is often very suitable in an oratorical selection.
In these three pictures, what is the constant element? The scene used as the background. All three visions take place in the Tyrol, two of them on the banks of the Inn River. They are three companion pictures of this historic mountain province.
How does this style compare with that which you find in other lessons? It is abrupt and abounds in many rhetorical forms—ellipses, use of the present tense, exclamation, direct address, and accumulation of details.
Would it be suitable for all prose expression? No; it is impassioned prose, full of emotion and picturesque detail. The smoother, more regulated sentence-structure, such as is in place in ordinary narration, would be too cold for these descriptions. On the other hand, this style is not suitable for expressing a quiet mood or giving a clear explanation. It is too turbulent, and would pall upon the reader if continued at too great length, but it is often very suitable in an oratorical selection.
The pupils should finally read the lesson aloud, to show how they have appreciated the story.
Before studying these lessons in supplementary reading, it is suggested that the teacher read again what has been said on "Extensive Reading", p. 39 of this Manual.
(Third Reader, page 86)
You have read the story of South-West Wind, Esq., in the Third Reader.Who were the persons mentioned in this story? Three brothers, Schwartz, Hans, and Gluck.What were their characters? Schwartz and Hans were rich but very miserly; they were quarrelsome, drunken, and cruel. Gluck was kind, polite, and unselfish.How did Gluck show these qualities? He admitted the stranger into the house for shelter from the rain, when he knew his brothers would punish him for so doing; he asked politely to take the stranger's cloak, when the water dripping from it was putting the fire out; and he offered him his share of the mutton, although he knew it meant that he must go without his own supper.When the older brothers returned what did they do? They tried to punish Gluck and to force the stranger out of the house.What happened? They were hurled to the ground by the stranger, who was much stronger than they supposed.What other punishment did they receive? The roof was blown off the house while they slept, and their beautiful valley, together with their crops and cattle, was utterly destroyed by the heavy rains.Who was the stranger? He left his card with "South-West Wind, Esq." written on it.Now the story in the Reader is only the first chapter of a longer story, which relates what fortune came to the three brothers. What should you expect would happen to them? I should expect that Schwartz and Hans would have more troubles, and that Gluck would be rewarded for his kind-heartedness.
You have read the story of South-West Wind, Esq., in the Third Reader.
Who were the persons mentioned in this story? Three brothers, Schwartz, Hans, and Gluck.
What were their characters? Schwartz and Hans were rich but very miserly; they were quarrelsome, drunken, and cruel. Gluck was kind, polite, and unselfish.
How did Gluck show these qualities? He admitted the stranger into the house for shelter from the rain, when he knew his brothers would punish him for so doing; he asked politely to take the stranger's cloak, when the water dripping from it was putting the fire out; and he offered him his share of the mutton, although he knew it meant that he must go without his own supper.
When the older brothers returned what did they do? They tried to punish Gluck and to force the stranger out of the house.
What happened? They were hurled to the ground by the stranger, who was much stronger than they supposed.
What other punishment did they receive? The roof was blown off the house while they slept, and their beautiful valley, together with their crops and cattle, was utterly destroyed by the heavy rains.
Who was the stranger? He left his card with "South-West Wind, Esq." written on it.
Now the story in the Reader is only the first chapter of a longer story, which relates what fortune came to the three brothers. What should you expect would happen to them? I should expect that Schwartz and Hans would have more troubles, and that Gluck would be rewarded for his kind-heartedness.
CHAPTER II
Read the second chapter of this longer story calledThe King of the Golden River.Give me the main points in this chapter?1. The valley was turned into a desert.2. The brothers became goldsmiths.3. The mug4. Gluck's wish that the river would turn into gold5. The voice from the furnace6. The dwarf7. The King told Gluck how the river could be turned into gold.What are the characters of the two brothers in this chapter? They were very dishonest and even tried to mix copper with the gold. They were drunken and wasted their money, and they were lazy and cruel.Describe the mug that was being melted. It had been given to them by their uncle, and Gluck was very fond of it. It was made of gold almost in the form of a human face. The face was fierce and red, the eyes were bright, the beard and whiskers were of fine gold, and the hair was of fine spun gold, forming the handle of the mug.While the mug was being melted in the furnace, what did Gluck see as he looked out of the window? The range of mountains overhanging Treasure Valley, with the mountain tops shining in the sunset.This is a lovely description of a sunset in the mountains. Pick out the details of the picture. "Rocks ... all crimson and purple with the sunset", "bright tongues of fiery cloud", "the river ... a waving column of pure gold", "the double arch of a broad purple rainbow", "flushing and fading alternately in the wreaths of spray".What words suggest colours? "Crimson", "purple", "fiery", "pure gold", "purple rainbow", "flushing", "fading".What did this picture suggest to Gluck? It made him wish that the river were really gold.Describe the dwarf who came out of the furnace. He was a foot and a half high; his hair and beard were long, curled, and delicate, and his face was copper-coloured.Account for the dwarf being in such a place. It was owing to the malicious enchantment of a king stronger than himself that he had been turned into the golden mug, and, when the mug was melted, Gluck poured out the metal, and, thus freed the King of the Golden River from the power of his enemy.How did the King show his gratitude? He told Gluck how the river could be turned into gold.What must Gluck do in order to gain this end? He must climb to the top of the mountain and cast three drops of holy water into the stream at its source.
Read the second chapter of this longer story calledThe King of the Golden River.
Give me the main points in this chapter?
1. The valley was turned into a desert.2. The brothers became goldsmiths.3. The mug4. Gluck's wish that the river would turn into gold5. The voice from the furnace6. The dwarf7. The King told Gluck how the river could be turned into gold.
What are the characters of the two brothers in this chapter? They were very dishonest and even tried to mix copper with the gold. They were drunken and wasted their money, and they were lazy and cruel.
Describe the mug that was being melted. It had been given to them by their uncle, and Gluck was very fond of it. It was made of gold almost in the form of a human face. The face was fierce and red, the eyes were bright, the beard and whiskers were of fine gold, and the hair was of fine spun gold, forming the handle of the mug.
While the mug was being melted in the furnace, what did Gluck see as he looked out of the window? The range of mountains overhanging Treasure Valley, with the mountain tops shining in the sunset.
This is a lovely description of a sunset in the mountains. Pick out the details of the picture. "Rocks ... all crimson and purple with the sunset", "bright tongues of fiery cloud", "the river ... a waving column of pure gold", "the double arch of a broad purple rainbow", "flushing and fading alternately in the wreaths of spray".
What words suggest colours? "Crimson", "purple", "fiery", "pure gold", "purple rainbow", "flushing", "fading".
What did this picture suggest to Gluck? It made him wish that the river were really gold.
Describe the dwarf who came out of the furnace. He was a foot and a half high; his hair and beard were long, curled, and delicate, and his face was copper-coloured.
Account for the dwarf being in such a place. It was owing to the malicious enchantment of a king stronger than himself that he had been turned into the golden mug, and, when the mug was melted, Gluck poured out the metal, and, thus freed the King of the Golden River from the power of his enemy.
How did the King show his gratitude? He told Gluck how the river could be turned into gold.
What must Gluck do in order to gain this end? He must climb to the top of the mountain and cast three drops of holy water into the stream at its source.
CHAPTER III
What are the main facts in this chapter?1. The brothers returned and beat Gluck because the mug was a total loss.2. Schwartz and Hans fought.3. Schwartz was arrested.4. Hans stole a cupful of holy water.5. Hans taunted Schwartz.6. Hans attempted to change the river to gold. (1) The dog; (2) the fair child; (3) the old man.7. Hans was changed into the Black Stone.What characteristics of the older brothers are shown in this chapter? They were drunken, brutal, quarrelsome, dishonest, malicious, and selfish.Why are the dog, the child, and the old man introduced into the story? To show how indifferent Hans was to the suffering of animals, children, and aged people. The sight of these helpless creatures should have aroused his pity.Were there any indications in the story that Hans would be unsuccessful? Yes, there was "a strange shadow"; the air "seemed to throw his blood into a fever"; "a dark gray cloud came over the sun"; "long, snake-like shadows"; "leaden weight of the dead air"; "flash of blue lightning"; "tongues of fire"; "flashes of bloody light".Why was Hans unsuccessful? He had led a bad life, had been dishonest, and had been selfish to the dog, the child, and the aged man.Show that it was an appropriate punishment that Hans should be turned into a Black Stone. His heart was as hard as stone, and his deeds were black.
What are the main facts in this chapter?
1. The brothers returned and beat Gluck because the mug was a total loss.
2. Schwartz and Hans fought.
3. Schwartz was arrested.
4. Hans stole a cupful of holy water.
5. Hans taunted Schwartz.
6. Hans attempted to change the river to gold. (1) The dog; (2) the fair child; (3) the old man.
7. Hans was changed into the Black Stone.
What characteristics of the older brothers are shown in this chapter? They were drunken, brutal, quarrelsome, dishonest, malicious, and selfish.
Why are the dog, the child, and the old man introduced into the story? To show how indifferent Hans was to the suffering of animals, children, and aged people. The sight of these helpless creatures should have aroused his pity.
Were there any indications in the story that Hans would be unsuccessful? Yes, there was "a strange shadow"; the air "seemed to throw his blood into a fever"; "a dark gray cloud came over the sun"; "long, snake-like shadows"; "leaden weight of the dead air"; "flash of blue lightning"; "tongues of fire"; "flashes of bloody light".
Why was Hans unsuccessful? He had led a bad life, had been dishonest, and had been selfish to the dog, the child, and the aged man.
Show that it was an appropriate punishment that Hans should be turned into a Black Stone. His heart was as hard as stone, and his deeds were black.
CHAPTER IV
What is the main theme of this chapter? Schwartz's attempt to turn the river into gold.What are the chief incidents recorded?1. Gluck paid Schwartz's fine.2. Schwartz refused water to the child, the old man, and to the spirit of Hans.3. He was also changed to a Black Stone.What were the indications that Schwartz would be unsuccessful? There was a "black cloud rising out of the West"; "a mist of the colour of blood"; "waves of the angry sea"; "bursts of spiry lightning"; "the sky was like ... a lake of blood"; "its waves were black, like thunderclouds"; "their foam was like fire"; "the lightning glared into his eyes".
What is the main theme of this chapter? Schwartz's attempt to turn the river into gold.
What are the chief incidents recorded?
1. Gluck paid Schwartz's fine.
2. Schwartz refused water to the child, the old man, and to the spirit of Hans.
3. He was also changed to a Black Stone.
What were the indications that Schwartz would be unsuccessful? There was a "black cloud rising out of the West"; "a mist of the colour of blood"; "waves of the angry sea"; "bursts of spiry lightning"; "the sky was like ... a lake of blood"; "its waves were black, like thunderclouds"; "their foam was like fire"; "the lightning glared into his eyes".
CHAPTER V
What is the theme in the last chapter? Gluck's attempt to turn the river into gold.Give the main incidents.1. The priest gave him holy water.2. He gave water to the aged man and the child.3. He gave his last drop of water to the dying dog.4. The dog was transformed into the King of the Golden River.5. He gave Gluck three drops of dew.6. Gluck cast the water into the river.7. Treasure Valley again became a fertile garden, and Gluck became very rich.What were the indications that Gluck would be successful? After giving the old man some water, the "path became easier"; "grasshoppers began singing"; there was "bright green moss"; "pale pink starry flowers"; "soft belled gentians"; "pure white transparent lilies"; "its waves were as clear as crystal".What strong contrast is brought out in this story? There is a contrast between this chapter and the two preceding ones. Gluck's conduct is so different from that of Schwartz and Hans; and the aspect of nature, as it appears to him, is very different from the scenes viewed by his brothers.Describe Treasure Valley after it was changed. The "fresh grass sprang beside the new streams"; "creeping plants grew"; "young flowers opened"; "thickets of myrtle and tendrils of vine cast lengthening shadows"; "his barns became full of corn and his house of treasure".Why did Gluck deserve so much kindness? He had been hospitable to South-West Wind, Esq.; had suffered hunger and punishment on his account; had been industrious; had freed the King of the Golden River from his enchantment; had obeyed his instructions; had felt sorry for Hans; had paid Schwartz's fine; and had shown mercy to animals and helpless people.Was there anything said about the two older brothers? Yes, there are two black stones, which people still call "The Black Brothers", at the top of the cataract. This story tells how these stones came to be there.
What is the theme in the last chapter? Gluck's attempt to turn the river into gold.
Give the main incidents.
1. The priest gave him holy water.
2. He gave water to the aged man and the child.
3. He gave his last drop of water to the dying dog.
4. The dog was transformed into the King of the Golden River.
5. He gave Gluck three drops of dew.
6. Gluck cast the water into the river.
7. Treasure Valley again became a fertile garden, and Gluck became very rich.
What were the indications that Gluck would be successful? After giving the old man some water, the "path became easier"; "grasshoppers began singing"; there was "bright green moss"; "pale pink starry flowers"; "soft belled gentians"; "pure white transparent lilies"; "its waves were as clear as crystal".
What strong contrast is brought out in this story? There is a contrast between this chapter and the two preceding ones. Gluck's conduct is so different from that of Schwartz and Hans; and the aspect of nature, as it appears to him, is very different from the scenes viewed by his brothers.
Describe Treasure Valley after it was changed. The "fresh grass sprang beside the new streams"; "creeping plants grew"; "young flowers opened"; "thickets of myrtle and tendrils of vine cast lengthening shadows"; "his barns became full of corn and his house of treasure".
Why did Gluck deserve so much kindness? He had been hospitable to South-West Wind, Esq.; had suffered hunger and punishment on his account; had been industrious; had freed the King of the Golden River from his enchantment; had obeyed his instructions; had felt sorry for Hans; had paid Schwartz's fine; and had shown mercy to animals and helpless people.
Was there anything said about the two older brothers? Yes, there are two black stones, which people still call "The Black Brothers", at the top of the cataract. This story tells how these stones came to be there.
(Fourth Reader, page 39)
The pupils have readScrooge's Christmas, in the Fourth Reader. They have also read the synopsis ofA Christmas Carolat the beginning of the lesson. If theyhave read the first fourstavesof the carol in a general way, they will be in a better position to study intensively the last stave, or chapter, which is the lesson in the Reader. They will understand the causes that have changed this "covetous old sinner" to the man "who knew how to keep Christmas Day well". This lesson should be taken up near Christmas. The pupils will discuss Stave I, after having read it at home.
Stave I
What is the title of this work? A Christmas Carol.Why is it called a carol? In England, it is the custom for bands of singers, called "waits", to go from house to house on Christmas Eve. The author calls this ghost story of Christmas a carol in prose, for it pictures the joys and sorrows of this season.What does a stave mean? It keeps up the idea of a carol. Each chapter is called a stave, or stanza of the carol.What is the title of the first stave? "Marley's Ghost."Who was Marley? He had been Scrooge's partner, but was now dead. He had been as miserly as Scrooge himself.Where is the scene laid? In London.When? On Christmas Eve.Describe Scrooge. "Oh but he was a tight-fisted hand ... one degree at Christmas". (See Stave I ofA Christmas Carol.)Notice the wonderful accumulation of strong adjectives and phrases in this description. Why does the author use so many? He wishes to emphasize the cold miserliness of this man.What is the first incident? Scrooge's treatment of his nephew, who has invited him to dinner on Christmas Day.What does this incident show? His churlishness, and his contempt for those who spend money freely.What is the next incident? His refusal to subscribe to any charities in the city.What comes next? The account of his treatment of Bob Cratchit.What does this show? His meanness and tyranny.When he returns from his supper, what does he encounter? Marley's Ghost.What does the ghost tell him? How it must wander through the world without rest, in atonement for Marley's cruelties and his neglect of other people. It laments his misspent life.What does it promise to do to Scrooge? It promises to send him "Three Spirits".What good description is found in Stave I? Besides the character sketch of Scrooge, there is a picture of Christmas Eve in the London streets, in the paragraph beginning "Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened".
What is the title of this work? A Christmas Carol.
Why is it called a carol? In England, it is the custom for bands of singers, called "waits", to go from house to house on Christmas Eve. The author calls this ghost story of Christmas a carol in prose, for it pictures the joys and sorrows of this season.
What does a stave mean? It keeps up the idea of a carol. Each chapter is called a stave, or stanza of the carol.
What is the title of the first stave? "Marley's Ghost."
Who was Marley? He had been Scrooge's partner, but was now dead. He had been as miserly as Scrooge himself.
Where is the scene laid? In London.
When? On Christmas Eve.
Describe Scrooge. "Oh but he was a tight-fisted hand ... one degree at Christmas". (See Stave I ofA Christmas Carol.)
Notice the wonderful accumulation of strong adjectives and phrases in this description. Why does the author use so many? He wishes to emphasize the cold miserliness of this man.
What is the first incident? Scrooge's treatment of his nephew, who has invited him to dinner on Christmas Day.
What does this incident show? His churlishness, and his contempt for those who spend money freely.
What is the next incident? His refusal to subscribe to any charities in the city.
What comes next? The account of his treatment of Bob Cratchit.
What does this show? His meanness and tyranny.
When he returns from his supper, what does he encounter? Marley's Ghost.
What does the ghost tell him? How it must wander through the world without rest, in atonement for Marley's cruelties and his neglect of other people. It laments his misspent life.
What does it promise to do to Scrooge? It promises to send him "Three Spirits".
What good description is found in Stave I? Besides the character sketch of Scrooge, there is a picture of Christmas Eve in the London streets, in the paragraph beginning "Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened".
Stave II
What is described in this chapter? The visit of the first spirit.What was it? The "Ghost of Christmas Past".Read me a description of it. "It was a strange figure ... like a child ... which it held under its arm".What does the spirit do? It forces Scrooge to accompany it and shows him former Christmas scenes in his life.What are these scenes? Scrooge as a solitary boy at school; his boyhood stories,Ali BabaandRobinson Crusoe;his sister; Fezziwig's ball; Scrooge's sweetheart; scenes in her married life.What is the mood of these different scenes? There is humour, and a great deal of fun, as well as some pathos. It is all told in a lively style.What are the best descriptions? Fezziwig's ball, and the remembrance of the scenes inAli Baba.
What is described in this chapter? The visit of the first spirit.
What was it? The "Ghost of Christmas Past".
Read me a description of it. "It was a strange figure ... like a child ... which it held under its arm".
What does the spirit do? It forces Scrooge to accompany it and shows him former Christmas scenes in his life.
What are these scenes? Scrooge as a solitary boy at school; his boyhood stories,Ali BabaandRobinson Crusoe;his sister; Fezziwig's ball; Scrooge's sweetheart; scenes in her married life.
What is the mood of these different scenes? There is humour, and a great deal of fun, as well as some pathos. It is all told in a lively style.
What are the best descriptions? Fezziwig's ball, and the remembrance of the scenes inAli Baba.
Stave III
What is told in this chapter? The visit of the second spirit.Who was it? The "Spirit of Christmas Present".What does it show Scrooge? Scenes of Christmas shopping; Christmas out-of-doors; the Grocers; Bob Cratchit'sfamily, the goose, their dinner, the puddings; the miner's home; the lighthouse keepers; the sailors; Scrooge's nephew at home—blindman's bluff, forfeits, Yes and No; vision of "Ignorance" and "Want".What do all these scenes go to show? How different kinds of people keep Christmas; how kind and merry most people are at this season of the year: and how some have to struggle in order to get this one day's pleasure.Select some examples of humour. Peter's conceit, some of the descriptions of the grocery stores, the anticipations lest harm befall the goose and the pudding.Select any examples of pathos. The references to Tiny Tim.Select and read the best descriptions. The grocery stores, the fruit stores, the goose, the pudding.
What is told in this chapter? The visit of the second spirit.
Who was it? The "Spirit of Christmas Present".
What does it show Scrooge? Scenes of Christmas shopping; Christmas out-of-doors; the Grocers; Bob Cratchit'sfamily, the goose, their dinner, the puddings; the miner's home; the lighthouse keepers; the sailors; Scrooge's nephew at home—blindman's bluff, forfeits, Yes and No; vision of "Ignorance" and "Want".
What do all these scenes go to show? How different kinds of people keep Christmas; how kind and merry most people are at this season of the year: and how some have to struggle in order to get this one day's pleasure.
Select some examples of humour. Peter's conceit, some of the descriptions of the grocery stores, the anticipations lest harm befall the goose and the pudding.
Select any examples of pathos. The references to Tiny Tim.
Select and read the best descriptions. The grocery stores, the fruit stores, the goose, the pudding.
Stave IV
What is told in this chapter? The visit of the third spirit.What was it? The "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come".What does it show Scrooge? A vision of his death—how he is plundered by laundress, charwoman, and undertaker; the phantom of Death; Scrooge's creditors; the grave.Had these scenes actually taken place? No, but they will be realized if Scrooge does not change his manner of thinking and living.What is the effect of these three visions? Scrooge promises the "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come" "I will honour Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year".Why are the scenes in this chapter not so pleasant as those that the two former spirits had shown him? The scenes that the first spirit had brought before him were his joys at the Christmas season before he had hardened his heart; those that the second spirit had shown were scenes in the lives of people who do something for others and enjoy themselves in the true Christmas spirit; those that the last spirit had shown were the sordid scenes which would be sure to come if he did not change his attitude toward life. The last scenes shown him by the third spirit furnish a strong contrast to the others.
What is told in this chapter? The visit of the third spirit.
What was it? The "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come".
What does it show Scrooge? A vision of his death—how he is plundered by laundress, charwoman, and undertaker; the phantom of Death; Scrooge's creditors; the grave.
Had these scenes actually taken place? No, but they will be realized if Scrooge does not change his manner of thinking and living.
What is the effect of these three visions? Scrooge promises the "Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come" "I will honour Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year".
Why are the scenes in this chapter not so pleasant as those that the two former spirits had shown him? The scenes that the first spirit had brought before him were his joys at the Christmas season before he had hardened his heart; those that the second spirit had shown were scenes in the lives of people who do something for others and enjoy themselves in the true Christmas spirit; those that the last spirit had shown were the sordid scenes which would be sure to come if he did not change his attitude toward life. The last scenes shown him by the third spirit furnish a strong contrast to the others.
Stave V
What does this chapter relate? How Scrooge actually kept Christmas Day.What were the other chapters about? The first and the last were the only chapters where he was awake. Chapters Two, Three, and Four are visions or dreams. Notice how the phantom changed into the bed-post.This chapter should be studied closely. Who wrote this story? Charles Dickens, an English novelist.Do you know any other good stories by the same author?David Copperfield,The Pickwick Papers,Nicholas Nickleby.Yes, we have had extracts in the Readers from these books.What lessons are they?The Pickwick Club on the Ice, in theThird Book;David Copperfield's First Journey Alone, andThe Indignation of Nicholas Nicklebyin theFourth Book.Some day you must read these stories.David Copperfieldtells us a great deal about Dickens' early days.The Pickwick Papersis full of humour in scenes such as that depicted inThe Pickwick Club on the Ice, and has some fine characters in it, andNicholas Nicklebygives a vivid picture of the brutality existing in some schools in England at the time the book was written.
What does this chapter relate? How Scrooge actually kept Christmas Day.
What were the other chapters about? The first and the last were the only chapters where he was awake. Chapters Two, Three, and Four are visions or dreams. Notice how the phantom changed into the bed-post.
This chapter should be studied closely. Who wrote this story? Charles Dickens, an English novelist.
Do you know any other good stories by the same author?David Copperfield,The Pickwick Papers,Nicholas Nickleby.
Yes, we have had extracts in the Readers from these books.
What lessons are they?The Pickwick Club on the Ice, in theThird Book;David Copperfield's First Journey Alone, andThe Indignation of Nicholas Nicklebyin theFourth Book.
Some day you must read these stories.David Copperfieldtells us a great deal about Dickens' early days.The Pickwick Papersis full of humour in scenes such as that depicted inThe Pickwick Club on the Ice, and has some fine characters in it, andNicholas Nicklebygives a vivid picture of the brutality existing in some schools in England at the time the book was written.
(Fourth Reader, page 270)
The pupils will have read the account of the stirring combat between Fitz-James and Roderick Dhu. They will be curious to know the circumstances that led up to this combat and also the conclusion of the story.
The aim of the teacher is to lead the pupils to appreciate the construction of the story, the fine character sketches, and the descriptions of natural scenery, as well as to give them an impression of Highland life. The pupils will take delight in the rapid movement of the verse and in the deeds of valour.
Some passages should be dwelt upon at greater length by the teacher, and others more lightly touched upon, so that the connections of the various parts will be understood. A close and tedious consideration of all the lines would not show a good critical taste, as some passages are very fine, while others have only ordinary merit.
The teacher should disclose the identity of Fitz-James as James V of Scotland and should explain the cause of the exile of the Douglas Family. He should also sketch the life of rebellion and consequent outlawry led by some of the Highland clans before they were reduced to submission.
CANTO I
The teacher should study with the pupils the Invocation of the three opening stanzas and ask them to read the first canto. He should next discuss it briefly, as suggested in the following outline:What are the main divisions of the first canto?1. The chase2. Description of the Trossachs3. Description of Ellen Douglas4. Description of Fitz-James.Why is the story of the chase introduced? It brings Fitz-James alone into the enemy's country, where he meets Ellen Douglas, and prepares the way for the adventures that follow.What is the story of the chase? The hundred huntsmen and the horses and the dogs become wearied in the long pursuit after the stag. One huntsman alone is left to enter the deep ravine where the stag escapes.This description of the Trossachs made the spot famous, and ever since it has been a favourite resort of tourists.
The teacher should study with the pupils the Invocation of the three opening stanzas and ask them to read the first canto. He should next discuss it briefly, as suggested in the following outline:
What are the main divisions of the first canto?
1. The chase2. Description of the Trossachs3. Description of Ellen Douglas4. Description of Fitz-James.
Why is the story of the chase introduced? It brings Fitz-James alone into the enemy's country, where he meets Ellen Douglas, and prepares the way for the adventures that follow.
What is the story of the chase? The hundred huntsmen and the horses and the dogs become wearied in the long pursuit after the stag. One huntsman alone is left to enter the deep ravine where the stag escapes.
This description of the Trossachs made the spot famous, and ever since it has been a favourite resort of tourists.
CANTO IIThe Island
What are the divisions of this canto?1. The departure of the huntsmen2. Description of the minstrel3. The story of Roderick's love4. Return of the Clan-Alpine5. Malcolm Graeme6. The quarrel.What is the value of this canto? It explains many facts that we did not understand. Among others, it shows us the relation of the Douglases to the King and to Roderick Dhu. It tells of the love of Malcolm Graeme for Ellen and of Roderick's hopeless love for her. It shows us Roderick's noble traits of character and the fearful cruelties of which he is capable. He cannot possibly win Ellen's love.
What are the divisions of this canto?
1. The departure of the huntsmen2. Description of the minstrel3. The story of Roderick's love4. Return of the Clan-Alpine5. Malcolm Graeme6. The quarrel.
What is the value of this canto? It explains many facts that we did not understand. Among others, it shows us the relation of the Douglases to the King and to Roderick Dhu. It tells of the love of Malcolm Graeme for Ellen and of Roderick's hopeless love for her. It shows us Roderick's noble traits of character and the fearful cruelties of which he is capable. He cannot possibly win Ellen's love.
CANTO IIIThe Gathering
What are the main divisions of this canto?1. Roderick's determination to renew hostilities2. Brian the Hermit3. The ceremony4. The message of the Fiery Cross5. Roderick's devotion to Ellen6. The gathering.What are the best passages in this canto?1. Description of Loch Katrine2. The coronach3. Hymn to the Virgin.Why are funeral and wedding scenes introduced? These serve to show how the message of the Fiery Cross was looked upon as more important than even death or marriage.What insight into the life of the clansmen is furnished in this canto?1. The superstition of the Highlanders. This is shown in Brian's faith and in the weird ceremonies in connection with the Fiery Cross.2. The method of mustering the clans by means of the message of the Fiery Cross.3. Their funerals and weddings.Notice also the vigour of the stanzas that describe the flight of Malise.
What are the main divisions of this canto?
1. Roderick's determination to renew hostilities2. Brian the Hermit3. The ceremony4. The message of the Fiery Cross5. Roderick's devotion to Ellen6. The gathering.
What are the best passages in this canto?
1. Description of Loch Katrine2. The coronach3. Hymn to the Virgin.
Why are funeral and wedding scenes introduced? These serve to show how the message of the Fiery Cross was looked upon as more important than even death or marriage.
What insight into the life of the clansmen is furnished in this canto?
1. The superstition of the Highlanders. This is shown in Brian's faith and in the weird ceremonies in connection with the Fiery Cross.
2. The method of mustering the clans by means of the message of the Fiery Cross.
3. Their funerals and weddings.
Notice also the vigour of the stanzas that describe the flight of Malise.
CANTO IVThe Prophecy
Give the main themes in this canto.1. Return of Malise2. Norman's guard3. The augury and the prophecy4. Return of Fitz-James to Ellen Douglas5. The ring6. Blanche of Devan7. Death of Murdoch8. Fitz-James meets Roderick Dhu.What are the best stanzas? The ballad of "Alice Brand".Why is this ballad introduced? It shows the character of Scottish minstrelsy, the belief in the world of fairies, and the lesson of hope that at the darkest moment the hour of happiness may be near. It furnishes another example of Allanbane's prophetic insight.The introduction: "The rose is fairest when it is budding new." Why is this stanza appropriate? It shows the tenderness of Norman's love, as contrasted with the fierce warfare in which he is engaged.Why is Blanche of Devan introduced? To furnish an example of Roderick's cruelty, so that Fitz-James should feel justified in punishing him. Blanche of Devan also warns Fitz-James of Murdoch's treachery. This stanza explains theallusions in the lesson in theFourth Book, for example: "a braid of your fair lady's hair", and "There lies red Murdoch stark and stiff".What characteristics of Roderick are shown in the canto?1. His care for the defenceless in his clan2. His cruelty to his enemies3. His hospitality4. His superstition.What was the prophecy?Who spills the foremost foeman's lifeThat party conquers in the strife.What is the value of the prophecy in the poem? It furnishes a reason for the eagerness of the clansmen to take the life of the huntsman, as the former would then "conquer in the strife".
Give the main themes in this canto.
1. Return of Malise2. Norman's guard3. The augury and the prophecy4. Return of Fitz-James to Ellen Douglas5. The ring6. Blanche of Devan7. Death of Murdoch8. Fitz-James meets Roderick Dhu.
What are the best stanzas? The ballad of "Alice Brand".
Why is this ballad introduced? It shows the character of Scottish minstrelsy, the belief in the world of fairies, and the lesson of hope that at the darkest moment the hour of happiness may be near. It furnishes another example of Allanbane's prophetic insight.
The introduction: "The rose is fairest when it is budding new." Why is this stanza appropriate? It shows the tenderness of Norman's love, as contrasted with the fierce warfare in which he is engaged.
Why is Blanche of Devan introduced? To furnish an example of Roderick's cruelty, so that Fitz-James should feel justified in punishing him. Blanche of Devan also warns Fitz-James of Murdoch's treachery. This stanza explains theallusions in the lesson in theFourth Book, for example: "a braid of your fair lady's hair", and "There lies red Murdoch stark and stiff".
What characteristics of Roderick are shown in the canto?
1. His care for the defenceless in his clan2. His cruelty to his enemies3. His hospitality4. His superstition.
What was the prophecy?
Who spills the foremost foeman's lifeThat party conquers in the strife.
What is the value of the prophecy in the poem? It furnishes a reason for the eagerness of the clansmen to take the life of the huntsman, as the former would then "conquer in the strife".
CANTO VThe Combat
Give the main events in this canto.1. Roderick guides Fitz-James to neutral ground2. The combat3. Douglas surrenders4. The games5. The popularity of Douglas.What is the most striking part of this canto? The story of the combat.Why? It is a fine example of Scottish bravery and chivalry.What Scottish characteristics are found in this canto?1. The character of Scottish games in the city2. The fickleness of the mob3. The chivalrous conduct of the combatants.
Give the main events in this canto.
1. Roderick guides Fitz-James to neutral ground2. The combat3. Douglas surrenders4. The games5. The popularity of Douglas.
What is the most striking part of this canto? The story of the combat.
Why? It is a fine example of Scottish bravery and chivalry.
What Scottish characteristics are found in this canto?
1. The character of Scottish games in the city2. The fickleness of the mob3. The chivalrous conduct of the combatants.
CANTO VIThe Guard-room
What are the main themes in this canto?1. The rough soldiers2. Ellen presents the ring3. The battle of Beal' an Duine4. Death of Roderick5. Ellen's request to James6. Happiness of the Douglases and of Malcolm Graeme7. Farewell to the Harp.Why are the rough soldiers introduced? This passage furnishes a good description of the character of the soldiers, and shows the power of Ellen's quiet dignity and modesty.What is the value of the battle of Beal' an Duine? It affords an opportunity to the valiant Roderick to imagine himself in battle, so that when death comes he does not realize that it finds him a prisoner and his clan vanquished.How does the poem end? Ellen, her father, and Malcolm Graeme are united and happy, and Fitz-James reveals his identity and shows his magnanimity.What should be read in connection with the last three stanzas? The first three stanzas of the poem. They are an Invocation to Scottish minstrelsy. We now have the Farewell.Which cantos do you consider are the best? The first and the fifth.Why? The first contains such wonderful word-pictures and the fifth seems to be the crisis of the story. The interest is not sustained in the sixth canto, as one knows matters are sure to be adjusted.
What are the main themes in this canto?
1. The rough soldiers2. Ellen presents the ring3. The battle of Beal' an Duine4. Death of Roderick5. Ellen's request to James6. Happiness of the Douglases and of Malcolm Graeme7. Farewell to the Harp.
Why are the rough soldiers introduced? This passage furnishes a good description of the character of the soldiers, and shows the power of Ellen's quiet dignity and modesty.
What is the value of the battle of Beal' an Duine? It affords an opportunity to the valiant Roderick to imagine himself in battle, so that when death comes he does not realize that it finds him a prisoner and his clan vanquished.
How does the poem end? Ellen, her father, and Malcolm Graeme are united and happy, and Fitz-James reveals his identity and shows his magnanimity.
What should be read in connection with the last three stanzas? The first three stanzas of the poem. They are an Invocation to Scottish minstrelsy. We now have the Farewell.
Which cantos do you consider are the best? The first and the fifth.
Why? The first contains such wonderful word-pictures and the fifth seems to be the crisis of the story. The interest is not sustained in the sixth canto, as one knows matters are sure to be adjusted.
Little deeds of kindness,Little words of love,Make our earth an Eden,Like the heaven above.
—Brewer
God make my life a little light,Within the world to glow,—A little flame that burneth bright.Wherever I may go.
The world is so full of a number of things,I'm sure we should all be as happy as kings.
—Stevenson
Be kind and be gentleTo those who are old,For dearer is kindnessAnd better than gold.
Politeness is todoandsayThe kindest thing in the kindest way.
Two ears and only one mouth have you;The reason, I think, is clear:It teaches, my child, that it will not doTo talk about all you hear.
Whene'er a task is set for you,Don't idly sit and view it,Nor be content to wish it done;Begin at once and do it.
Work while you work, play while you play;This is the way to be cheerful and gay.All that you do, do with your might;Things done by halves are never done right.
—Stodart
Five things observe with care,—Of whom you speak, to whom you speakAnd how, and when, and where.
—Gray
See that little sunbeamDarting through the room,Scattering the darkness,Lighting up the gloom.Let me be a sunbeamEverywhere I go,Making glad and happyEvery one I know.
Sing a song of seasons!Something bright in all!Flowers in the summer,Fires in the fall!
—Stevenson
Do all the good you can,In all the ways you can,To all the people you can,Just as long as you can.
When you come to think of it,The day is what you make it;And whether good, or whether bad,Depends on how you take it.
Slumber, slumber, little one, nowThe bird is asleep in his nest on the bough;The bird is asleep, he has folded his wings,And over him softly the dream fairy sings:
Lullaby, lullaby—lullaby!Pearls in the deep—Stars in the sky,Dreams in our sleep;So lullaby!
—F. D. Sherman
Dare to be true; nothing can need a lie.
The face you wear, the thoughts you bring,A heart may heal or break.
He who is good at making excuses is seldom good for anything else.—Franklin
He who is good at making excuses is seldom good for anything else.—Franklin
Tobegood is the mother of todogood.
I'll not willingly offend,Nor be easily offended;What's amiss I'll try to mend,And endure what can't be mended.
A man of words and not of deeds,Is like a garden full of weeds;For when the weeds begin to grow,Then doth the garden overflow.
Little children, you must seekRather to be good than wise,For the thoughts you do not speakShine out in your cheeks and eyes.
—Alice Cary
To tell a falsehood is like the cut of a sabre; for though the wound may heal, the scar of it will remain.—Sadi
To tell a falsehood is like the cut of a sabre; for though the wound may heal, the scar of it will remain.—Sadi
All that's great and good is doneJust by patient trying.
'Tis a lesson you should heed,Try, try again;If at first you don't succeed,Try, try again.
If a task is once begun,Never leave it till it's done;Be the labour great or small,Do it well, or not at all.
For every evil under the sun,There is a remedy, or there is none.If there be one, try to find it;If there be none, never mind it.
There are many flags in many lands,There are flags of every hue,But there is no flag in any landLike our own Red, White, and Blue.
The inner side of every cloudIs always bright and shining;And so I turn my clouds about,And always wear them inside out,To show the silver lining.
I would not hurt a living thing,However weak or small;The beasts that graze, the birds that sing,Our Father made them all.
Little drop of dew,Like a gem you are;I believe that youMust have been a star.When the day is bright,On the grass you lie;Tell me then, at nightAre you in the sky?
—F. D. Sherman
How beautiful is the rain!After the dust and the heat,In the broad and fiery street,In the narrow lane,How beautiful is the rain!
—Longfellow
In spring, when stirs the wind, I knowThat soon the crocus buds will show;For 'tis the wind who bids them wakeAnd into pretty blossoms break.
—F. D. Sherman
O, pause and think for a momentWhat a desolate land it would be,If, east or west, the eye should restOn not a single tree!
—Gray
It was only a sunny smile,And little it cost in the giving,But it scattered the night,Like the morning light,And made the day worth living.
Keep pushing—'tis wiserThan sitting aside,And dreaming and sighing,And waiting the tide.In life's earnest battle,They only prevailWho daily march onward,And never say "fail".
One step and then another,And the longest walk is ended.One stitch and then another,And the largest rent is mended.One brick and then another,And the highest wall is made.One flake and then another,And the deepest snow is laid.
Speak the truth and speak it ever,Cost it what it will.He who hides the wrong he did,Does the wrong thing still.
Whichever way the wind doth blow,Some heart is glad to have it so;Then blow it east or blow it west,The wind that blows, that wind is best.
We should make the same use of books that the bee does of a flower: he gathers sweets from it, but does not injure it.
We should make the same use of books that the bee does of a flower: he gathers sweets from it, but does not injure it.
I smile, and then the Sun comes out;He hides away whene'er I pout;He seems a very funny sun,To do whatever he sees done.And when it rains he disappears;Like me, he can't see through the tears.Now isn't that the reason whyI ought to smile and never cry?
—F. D. Sherman
If fortune, with a smiling face,Strew roses in our way,When shall we stoop to pick them up?To-day, my friend, to-day.If those who've wronged us own their faults,And kindly pity pray,When shall we listen and forgive?To-day, my friend, to-day.
Are you almost disgusted with life, little man?I will tell you a wonderful trickThat will bring you contentment if anything can—Do something for somebody, quick.Are you very much tired with play, little girl?Weary, discouraged, and sick?I'll tell you the loveliest game in the world—Do something for somebody, quick.
"Were it not for me",Said a chickadee,"Not a single flower on earth would be;For under the ground they soundly sleep,And never venture an upward peep,Till they hear from me,Chickadee-dee-dee!"
—Sidney Dayre
The world at noon belongs to the sun,At eve to the home-coming herds;But while the dew is early—very, very early—The world belongs to the birds.As still as in a dream lie the meadows and the stream,'Neath the soaring and outpouring of the birds.
—Wetherald
I know, blue modest violets,Gleaming with dew at morn—I know the place you come from,And the way that you are born!When God cuts holes in Heaven,The holes the stars look through,He lets the scraps fall down to earth,—The little scraps are you.