English.Cook.1803.D. C.A. C.womanquadnecuaniquanieyeeveranuberenuberenammurruck.nosemuidjemugidmuiguimeoun.earkoidgicuengi-lia{cuegnilia}gounreek.vaiguiouagui
Lhotsky's Vocabulary stands more alone. With the Vocabulary of 1803 and Dentrecasteaux's Vocabulary, it has but three (or two) coincidences:—tongue,minaLh.;mene, Voc. of 1803: water,lugana, Lh.;lia, Voc. 1803: drink,lugana, Lh.;laina, Voc. 1803. With Allan Cunningham's Vocabulary it has fourteen words in common and three coincident:—nose,minerana, Lh.;meoun, A. C.: tongue,mina, Lh.;mim, A. C.: fire,lope, Lh.;lope. A. C.. Brown and Cunningham coincide a little more than Cunningham and Lhotsky. It is perhaps safe to say, that for the South of Van Diemen's Land the language, as represented by its vocabularies, is radically one.
Van Diemen's Land, North.—In Lhotsky's Vocabulary seven words are marked W, four E, and one S, as being peculiar to the western, eastern and southern parts of the island. One of the four words marked E is found in the Port Dalrymple Vocabulary, being the only word common to the two,e. g.wood,mumanara, E.;moumra, Port Dalrymple. The coincidence of the North and South is as follows:—
English.Port Dalrymple.Lhotsky.eartiberatiepitserata.eyeelpinalepina.leglangnalangana,foot.hawkgan henen heneningenana.posteriorswabredewabrede.manlusuinalooudouenne.nightlivorelevira.sealeganalugana,fresh water.toothianeyana.
English.Port Dalrymple.Brown & D. C.bellymaguelenilomongui.birdiolaoille.kangarootarameitara.lipsmonamogudilia.nosemedouermugid.stonelenn pareneloine.toothianecanan.armsregoularilia.
About thirty-five words are common to Lhotsky and the Vocabularies of Brown and Dentrecasteaux. From the foregoing observations we may conclude that for the whole of Van Diemen's Land (as far as represented by the Vocabularies) the language is radically one.
Such are the groups as spread over limited areas and confined within natural boundaries. The affinity of speech between different islands is another question.
Preliminary to this we must eliminate the Malay from the Negrito. The full knowledge that this has been done imperfectly invalidates all that we have arrived at; so that, once for all, it may be stated, that what is asserted respecting the amount of words common to two localities is asserted subject to the condition of their being true Negrito and not Malay.
Andaman and Samang.—Few words in common; one coincident, and that borrowed in all probability from a third language.
New Guinea and Waigioo.By Waigioo is meant the Waigioo of Arago, and the Undetermined Vocabulary of Dentrecasteaux. They have about forty words in common, and the following are coincident:—
English.Waigioo?New Guinea?handcocani, D.konef.bellysgnani, A.sneouar.cheekganga foni, A.gaiafoe.breastmansou, A.soussou.eyestagueni, D.tadeni.eyelidsinekarnei, A.karneou.footcourgnai, A.oekourae,heel.fireclap, A.ap, afor.hairsenoumebouran, A.sonebrahene.kneecapugi, A.one-pouer.rainmei, D.meker.sandsaine, D.iene,Malay.nose{sauny, D.}soidon,mouth.soun, A.stuff(made of bark of tree),male, D.maran,Malay.
New Guinea and New Ireland.—Forest and Dalrymple:—fish,een, F.;hissou, D. Mal.: fire,for, F.;eeff, D. Mal.: sand,yean, F.,coon, D.: sun,ras, F.;nass, D: star,mak, F.;maemetia, D. Dalrymple and Utanata.—Upwards of twenty-five words in common:—Earth,taar, D.;tiriMal.; Ut.: eat,nam nam, D.;nemuka, Ut.: tongue,hermangh, D.;mare, Ut.Dalrymple and Lobo.—About thirty words in common:—arms,pongliman, D.;nimango, Ut., Mal: belly,balang, D.;kanborongo, Ut.: tongue,hermangh, D.;kariongo, Ut.
Port Praslin and Carteret Bay(taken together), andUtanata and Lobo(taken together).—For the sake of comparison, the whole of the words that the two (or four) Vocabularies have in common are exhibited, and by their side the equivalents in Latin and in Greek.
English.Utan. Lob.P. P. and C. B.Latin.Greek.armnimangolimakbrachiumὠλἐνη.backtergumνῶτον.bellykan-borongobalaventerγαστήρ.beardbarbaπώγον.budmanokmaniavisὃρνις.breastpectusστῆθος.blackikokoguiamnigerμέλας.coughwourulou-korotussisβήξ.dogwurepoulcanisκύων.dancesalioχορεύομαι.eyesmatatongomataoculusὃφθαλμος.—browswurapouli matandisuperciliumὀφρύς.earaurisὀῦς.eatedoἐσθίω.fishpiscisἰχθύς.footkaingobalan kekepesπούς.fingernimango sorilimadigitusδάκτυλος.fireignisπῦρ.greatmagnusμέγας.haircrinisθριξ.handmanusχεῖρ.hogbooibouriporcusχοῖρος.headoepauwpoukloukcaputκεφάλη.kneekairigo-woko{tangoulou}genuγόνυ.kekendipougaigimouthosστόμα.moonlunaσελήνη.neckcollumτράχηλος.nosenasusρίς.nononοὐ.rednapetiarotararuberἐρυθρός.runcurroτρέχω.sugar-canetonguekariongokermealinguaγλῶσσα.thighfemurμηρός.teethdensὀδόυς.water{malar}moloumaquaὕδωρ.waranyesoroioimoναιχί.
With thirty-seven words in common, the two Negrito languages have seventeen coincident; with thirty-seven words in common; the two classical languages have nine coincident. The evidence, therefore, of the affinity of the Papua and New Ireland is stronger than of the Latin and Greek, as determined from identicaldata.
New Ireland and Manicolo.—The Port-Praslin and Carteret Bay Vocabularies being dealt with as one for New Ireland, and the three dialects being treated as one for Manicolo, we have, out of twenty-eight words in common, the following coinciding:—yes,io, P. P.;io, C. B.;io, Manic.: eye,mata, P. P.;matak, C. B.;mala,maleo,mataeo, Man.,Mal.: banana,ounnC. B.;pounha,ounra,ounro, Man.,Mal.: canoe,kouan, C. B.;naoure,goia,koure, Manic,Mal.: tooth,ninissai, P. P.;insik, C. B.;indje, Tanean: testes,puen, P. P.;boua bouinini,boua ini, Man.: beard,kam-bissek, C. B. (incam besser, Dalr.);oungoumie,vingoumie, Man.,Mal.: breast,boroick, C. B.;berenhenham, Man.; ear,palalignai, P. P.;pralen, C. B.;manbalenhi, Manic.; hair,nihouge, D.;anaoko, Man.
Manicolo and Mallicollo.—Eighteen words in common, the following coincident:—Bread-fruit,baloe, Man.;barabe, Mall.: cocoa-nut,venoure, Man.;naroo, Mall.: eye,mataeo, Man.;maitang, Mall.,Mal.: ear,tagnaini, Man.:talingan, Mall.,Mal.: bird,menouka, Man.;moero, Mall.,Mal.: head,batcha, Man.;basaine, Mall.: hog,boi boi, Man.;brrooas, Mall.,Mal.: no,tae, Man.;taep, Mall.: water,ouine, Man.;ergour, Mall.: drink,kanou,nanou, Man.;nooae, Mall.
Mallicollo and Tanna.—Sixteen words in common:—cocoa-nuts,naroo, Mall.;nabooy, Tann.: drink,noaee, Mall.;nooee, Tann.,Mal.: eye,maitang, Mall.;manee maiuk, Tann.,Mal.: ears,talingan, Mall.;feeneenguk, Tann.,Mal.: bird,möeroo, Mall.;manoo, Tann.,Mal.: hog,brrooas, Mall.;boogas, Tann., Mal.: navel, nemprtong, Mall.;napeerainguk, Tann.: teeth,reebohn,warrewuk, Mall.;raibuk, Tann.; water,ergour, Mall.;namawarain, Tann.: woman,rabin, Mall.;naibraan, Tann.,Mal.
Tanna and Mallicollo(taken together)and New Caledonia.—Neither with Mallicollo or Tanna alone, nor with Mallicollo and Tanna taken together, as compared with New Caledonia, do we find more words coincident than the following:—Cocoa-nut,naroo, M.;nabooy, T.;neeoo, N. Cal.,Mal.: drink,noaee, M.;nooee, T.;oondoo, N. Cal.: head,noogwanaium, T.;garmoin(Cook),vangue, (L. B.), N. Cal.: yams,oofe, Tann.;oobe, N. Cal., Mal.: yes,eeo, Tann.;elo, N. Cal.: no,taep, Mall.;nda, N. Cal.
Next in order comes the comparison between the Vocabularies of Van Diemen's Land and South Australia.
Port Dalrymple and King Georges Sound(Nind and Astrol.):—Wound,barana, P. D.;bareuk, N.: wood,moumbra, P. D.;pourn, N.: hair,kide, P. D.;kaat, N.: thigh,degagla, P. D.;tawal, N.: kangaroo,taramei, P. D.;taamour, N.: lips,mona, P. D.;mele, K. G. S.: no,poutie, P. D.;poualt,poort, K. G. S.: egg,komeka, P. D.;kierkee, K. G. S.: bone,pnale, P. D.;nouil, K. G. S. (bone of bird used to suck up water) N.: skin,kidna, P. D.;kiao?K. G. S.: twokateboueve, P. D.;kadjen, K. G. S. (N.). Fifty-six words in common.
Port Dalrymple and Gulf St. Vincent.—Mouth,mona, P. D.;tamonde, G. S. V. (a compound word, sincetaais mouth, in K. G. S.): drink,kible, P. D.;kawe, G. S. V.: arm,anme, P. D.;aondo(also shoulder), G. S. V.: hawk,gan henen henen, P. D.;nanno, G. S. V.: hunger,tigate, P. D.;takiou, G. S. V.: head,eloura: P. D.;ioullo, G. S. V.: nose,medouer[20], P. D.,modla, G. S. V.: bird,iola,pallo, G. S. V.: stone,lenn parenne, P. D.;poure?G. S. V.: foot,dogna, P. D.;tenna, G. S. V.: sun,tegoura[21], P. D.;tendo, G. S. V. Seventy words in common.
Port Dalrymple and Jervis's Bay.—Wound,barana, P. D.;karanra, J. B.: tooth,iane, P. D.;ira, J. B.: skin,kidna,P. D.;bagano, J. B.: foot,dogna, P. D.;tona[22], J. B.: head,eloura, P. D.;hollo, J. B. Fifty-four words in common. What follows is a notice of some miscellaneous coincidences between the Van Diemen's Land and the Australian.
English.Van Diemen's Land.Australia.earscuengilia, 1803gundugeli, Men. D.thightula, Lh.dara, Men. D.stone{pure, Adel.}lenn parene, P. D.voye, K. G. S.breastpinenana, Lh.voyene, Men. D.skinkidna, P. D.makundo, Teichelman.daymegra, Lh.nangeri, Men. D.runmella, Lh.monri, Men. D.feetperre, D. C.birre[23].littlebodenevoued, P. D.baddoeen, Grey.lipmona, P. D.tameno (upper lip), ditto.eggkomeka, P. D.muka,egg,anything round, Teichel.treemoumra, P. D.worra (forest), Teichel.mouth}kamy, Cook.}kame{speak.}J. B.tonguemouth.tooth}kane, P. D.cry.speaklegdarra, P. J.lerai.kneegorook, ditto.ronga, D. C.moontegoura, P. D.kakirra, Teichelman.nosemedouer, P. D.{mudla, ditto.moolya, Grey.hawkgan henen henen, P. D.gargyre, ditto.hungertegate, P. D.taityo, Teichelman.laughpigne, P. D.mengk, Grey.moonvena, 1835.yennadah, P. J.daymegra, 1835.karmarroo, ditto.fireune, 1803.yong, ditto.dewmanghelena,rainmenniemoolong.waterboue lakade{neylucka, Murray, P. D.bado, ditto.lucka, Carpentarian.
Such is the similarity amongst the Negrito languages, as taken in their geographical sequence, and as divided into three groups. Between the Andaman and Samang there is no visible similarity or coincidence. From New Guinea to New Caledonia there is a series of coincidences; and there is also similarity between the Australian and Van Diemen'sLand. But it is far from following that, because languages will form groups when taken in geographical succession, they will also form groups when the sequence or succession shall be interrupted. Tested by another method there is an affinity as follows:
English.Manicolo.New Guinea.armsme, menini, maininimango, L.,Mal.bellytchan-hane, tchaene{kanborongo, L.sgnani, W.boworeamure, Ut.drinkcanou{makinu, L.}Mal.quinenne, A.eyemala, mateomame, U.; matatongo, U.,Mal.sunouioiajauw, U.tonguemia, mimeaeomare, Ut.womanvenime, vignivi{mawina. L.}Mal.viene, A.yesioaroa, U., oro, L.eartagnaini, ragnengo{kanik, kananie, A.}Mal.tantougni, W.fishane, gnieneiene, A.,Mal.nosen-helenony, A.waterouire{ouara, A.,Mal.war, F.teethongneoualini, analini, W.shouldersoutalen-buien-hanepoupouni,Waig.
English.New Caledonia.New Ireland.antkinkiakan, P. P.toothinouaninsik, C. B.,Mal.birthmanoumane, C. B., Mal.cheekspoangueparing, D.eyebrowspoutchie-banghiepouli-matandi, P. P.fireafi, hieppbia.footbakatiengue{kekeign, D.balankeke, C. P.kneesbanguelighapougaigi, P. P.tonguecoubmeigha, coumeankermea.moonndankalan, P. P.walkouaneminan.rainodaous, D.,Mal.nosemandeemboussou, P. P.sleepkingoheim, D.blackganneguiam.sunniangatnaas, D.navelpadan-bourigne, pamboranpouta, P. P.,Mal.seadenedan (water), D.,Mal.weepngotignek, C. B.
English.New Caledonia.Manicolo.backdonnhadienhane diene.eargueningragnengo.goodkapareickkapai.headbanguebatcha.moonmanocmele.nondataie.testes{quienbeighabona.yabinguebouenini.wateroeouire,Mal.
English.New Caledonia, D. C.Waigioo, D. C., &c.eargueningguenani.fishicaicanne,Mal.teethinouananaliné, Undetermined, D. C.
Notwithstanding doubtful words certain, it seems that there is evidence of the most unlike of the languages between Waigioo and New Caledonia (inclusive) being not more unlike than the most dissimilar of the Indo-European tongues. That this statement may be enlarged seems probable by the following parallels:—
feet{perre,V. D. L.}petiran, C. B.perelia (nails),do.beardkongine,V. D. L.{gangapouni,Waig.yenga,Mal.birdmouta,V. D. L.manouk,Mal.chinkamnena,V. D. L.gambape,Waig.eyemeul,Austrmatta,Pap.andMal.tooth{canan}V. D. L.{gani,mouth,Waig., D.ianeinsik,teeth, P. P.,Mal.yaneforeheadcaberra,Port Jacksonkabrani,Waig.sandgune,V. D. L.coon, yean.wood}gui,V. D. L.kaibus,Pap.andMal.treehair{yoka}Australianihouge, New Ir.roukasunjinji}Australianiangat, N. C.startchindaiearkoyge,V. D. L.gaaineng, N. C.
English.Van Diemen's Land,D. C. L. B.New Caledonia,D.C., L.B.mouthmouguiwangue and mouanguia.armhouana, gounapingue.shoulders{bagny}bouheigha.baguyfirenubaafi, hiepp, nap,Mal.knees{rangalia}banguiligha.rougadeadmatamackie.noneudinola.earscuegni-liaguening.nailspereloignipihingui.hairpeliloguenibouling, poun ingue.teethpegui{penoungha.paou wangue.fingersbeguiabadouheigha.nosemonguimandec, vanding.sleepmakunyakingo.
English.Andaman.Miscellaneous.earquaka{cuengi,V. D. L.gueening,N. C.handgoniegong,Aust., or V. D. L.mouthmornamona,V. D. L.nosemellee{mudla}V. D. L.medouersunahayjauw,Utan.thighspoyepengue paan,N. C.woodkiantetanghee,N. C.
The author concluded his paper with the following observations:—
1. For all that is known to the contrary, the Negrito tongues of Sumatra, Borneo, Timor, the Moluccas, Formosa and several smaller islands of whose languages we have no specimens; may be in any relation whatever to any other language, and to each other.
2. The Andamanee and Samang may be in any relation to any other Negrito tongue, or to each other, beyond that of mere dialect.
3. The languages hitherto known of New Guinea, New Ireland, the Solomon's Isles, New Caledonia, Tanna, and Mallicollo, are related to each other,at leastas the most different languages of the Indo-European tribe are related.
4. The known languages of Australian are related to each other,at leastin the same degree.
5. The Van Diemen's Land and Australian are similarly related.
6. Classified in divisions equally general with the Indo-European, the Negrito dialects (as far as they are known by their vocabularies) cannot fall into more than four, and may possibly be reducible to one; the data being up to a certain point sufficient to determine radical affinities, but nowhere sufficient to determine radical differences.
7. The ethnographical division, according to physical conformation, coincides with the ethnographical division according to language, only so far as the former avoids the details of classification. With the minute subdivisions of the French naturalists the latter coincides least.
8. The distinction between the Negritos and the Malays seems less broad when determined by the test of language, than it does when measured by physical conformation.
9. The notion of the hybridism of the Papuas, arising from the view of their physical conformation, is in a degree confirmed by the nature of their language; although even the physical evidence is not absolute,i. e.on a par with that respecting the hybridism of the Griquas and Confusos.
10. With two[24](if not more) Negrito tribes, whereof the evidence of language is wholly wanting, physiological differences indicate a probability of difference of language, equal to the difference between any two Negrito languages of which we have specimens.
11. Even in the physiological classifications we are far from being sure that the whole number of Negrito tribes has been described.
English.Ombay.New Zealand.Malay.Ticopia.Timor.Savoo.Arago.Astrolabe.Astrolabe.Astrolabe.Raffles.Parkinson.noseimounihihiouidongissouenurswanga.eyesinirkokanohimatamatamatamadda.headimocilakadou, oupokokapalaordouulukatow.mouthibirkamangaimouloutnhoutou——lara voulou.teethvessinihoguiguitnifonehan——chinirakatakouaidjengotkaoue——pagave.hairinibatalagaoudouramboutraoulou——row.eariverlakataringakoupingtarinha——coodelou.necktameni?kakitengkokteoua——lacoco.breasttercodoumadadaou————belly[25]tekapanakoporeproutmimi, lahakabonduloo.posteriorstissoukou————————voorai.pudendumglessi——————————bosomamioupankoufata fata——sousou.shouldersiklessinepoko iwibahoutouaga oupoko ——kooloogoono.armibarana——————————handouinedingatanghanrima——wulaba.fingertetenkilei——————————thumbsetenkoubassikoro-matouadjempolmaikao————thighitênaowhapahafaci——tooga.legirnkawae waevetisvae——aen-vaibo.kneeicieiboukatouriloukoutpoko touri——routou.footmakalata——kakivai——dureala.tailimbilitakaikoubountot——————bowmossa————ten hassaou————arrowdota——panafana————knifepissokoti kotipissaukoffe——bussee,iron.