English.Copeh.M. R. Indian.U. Sacr.manpehtlukwinnoke——womanmuhltehdokke——headbuhkpok——hairtiihtomitomoi.eyesahchutitumut.nosekiunik——tsono.mouthkohl——kal.teethsiihshi——beardchehsakikhetcheki——armsahlah——keole.handsemhshimtsemut (fingers).footmai'hmatktamoso.bloodsahkchedik——sunsunhtukusas.windtoudikleyhi——rainyohroluhollo——snowyohlyola——firepohpaupo.watermehmmemmem.earthkirrhkosh——
In the paper of No. 134 the import of a slight amount of likeness between the Upper Sacramento vocabulary and the Jakon is overvalued. The real preponderance of the affinities of the group taken in mass is that which its geographical position induces us to expectà priori. With the Shasti, &c. the Copeh has the following words in common:—
English.Copeh.Shasti, etc.headbuhkuiak, S.hairteihtiyi, P.teethsiihitsa, P.earmahtmu-mutsh, L.eyesahasu, P.footmatpats, L.sunsunhtsul, P.thoumihmai, S.
and, probably, others.
The Copeh is spoken at the head of Putos Creek.
Observe that the Copeh forwaterismem, as it is in the languages of the next group, which we may provisionally call—
VII.The Pujuni.—Concerning this we have a notice in Hale, based upon information given by Captain Suter to Mr. Dana. It was to the effect that, about eighty or a hundred miles from its mouth, the river Sacramento formed a division between two languages, one usingmomi, the otherkik=water.
The Pujuni, &c. saymomi; as did the speakers of the Copeh.
For the group we have the (a) Pujuni, (b) Secumne, and (c) Tsamak specimens of Hale, as also the Cushna vocabulary, from the county Yuba, of Schoolcraft; the Cushna numerals, as well as other words, being nearly the same as the Secumne,e. g.
English.Secumne.Cushna.onewiktewikte-m.twopenpani-m.threesapuisapui-m.fourtsitsui-m.fivemaukmarku-m(mahkum?).
So are several other words besides; as—
headtsolchole.haironoono.earbono'bono.eyeilhin.sunokookpi.
VIII.The Moquelumne Group.—Hale's vocabulary of the Talatui belongs to the group for which the nameMoquelumneis proposed, a Moquelumne Hill (in Calaveras county) and a Moquelumne River being found within the area over which the languages belonging to it are spoken. Again, the names of the tribes that speak them end largely in-mne,—Chupumne, &c. As far south as Tuol-umnecounty the language belongs to this division, as may be seen from the following table; the Talatui being from Hale, the Tuolumne from Schoolcraft; the Tuolumne Indians being on the Tuolumne River, and Cornelius being their great chief, with six subordinates under him, each at the head of a different ranchora containing from fifty to two hundred individuals. Of these six members of what we may call the Cornelian captaincy, five speak the language represented by the vocabulary: viz.
The sixth band is that of the Aplaches (? Apaches), under Hawhaw, residing further in the mountains.
English.Tuolumne.Talatui.headhownahtiket.hairesokmunu.eartolkoalok.eyehúntehwilainosenítouk (?).mouthahwúkhube (?).skywutshawitçuk.sunheamhahhi.dayhemaahhiúmu.nightkowwillahkawil.darknesspozattahhunaba.firewúkahwike.waterkíkahkík.stonelowwaksawa.
As far west as the sea-coast languages of the Moquelumne group are spoken. Thus—
A short vocabulary of the San Rafael is Moquelumne.
So are the Sonoma dialects, as represented by the Tshokoyem vocabulary and the Chocouyem and Yonkiousme Paternosters.
So is theOlamentkeof Kostromitonov in Baer's Beiträge.
So much for the forms of speech to the north of the Gulf of San Francisco. On the south the philology is somewhat more obscure. The Paternosters for theMission de Santa Claraand theVallee de los Tularesof Mofras seem to belong to the same language. Then there is, in the same author, one of theLangue Guiloco de la Mission de San Francisco. These I make Moquelumne provisionally. I also make a provisional division for a vocabulary called—
IX.The Costano.—The tribes under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores were five in number; the Ahwastes, the Olhones, or Costanos of the coast, the Romonans, the Tulomos, and the Altatmos. The vocabulary of which the following is an extract was taken from Pedro Alcantara, who was a boy when the Mission was founded,A. D.1776. He was of the Romonan tribe.
English.Costano.Tshokoyem.manimhentai-esse.womanratichmakuleh-esse.boyshínísmukyokeh (small).girlkatrakoyah.headúlemoloh.eartuorusahlohk.eyerehinshut.noseúshuk.mouthwerperlapgup.tonguetasseklehntip.toothsíítkuht.necklanihelekke.footkolokoyok.bloodpayankichawh.skyrenemelihlih.sunishmenhih.moonkolmapululuk.staragwehhittish.daypuhe (light)hiahnah.nightmoor (dark)kawul.fireroretaonwikih.watersiikihk.riverorushpolah.stoneereklepeh.Ikahnahkahni.thoumenemih.hewahcheikkoh.theynekumsahmukkam.allketemukkam.whomatomahnti.eatahmushyohlomusih.drinkowahtoushu.runakamtohahihchiah.seeatempimahellih.
This shows that it differs notably from the Tshokoyem; the personal pronouns, however, being alike. Again, the word forman=l-aman-tiyain the San Rafael. On the other hand, it has certain Cushna affinities.
Upon the whole, however, the affinities seem to run in the direction of the languages of the next group, especially in that of the Ruslen:—
Lest these last three coincidences seem far-fetched, it should be remembered that the phonesis in these languages is very difficult, and that the Ruslen orthography is Spanish, the Costano being English. Add to this, there is every appearance, in the San Miguel and other vocabularies, of therbeing something more than therinbrand, &c. every appearance of its being some guttural or palatal, which may, by a variation of orthography, be spelt byl.
Finally, I remark that the-main the Costanoratich-ma=woman, is, probably, the-mein the Soledadmue(=man) andshurish-me(=woman), and theamk(ank) of the Ruslenmuguy-amk(=man) andlatrayam-ank(=woman); (?)latraya=ratich. Nevertheless, for the present I place the Costano by itself, as a transitional form of speech to the languages spoken north, east, and south of the Bay of San Francisco.
X.The Mariposa Languages.—In the north of Mariposa county, and not far south of the Tuolumne area, the language seems changed, and theCoconoonsis spoken by some bands on the Mercede River, under a chief named Nuella. They are said to be the remnants of three distinct bands each, with its own distinct language.
English.Coconoons.Tulare.headotoutno.hairtoluscelis.eartooktook.nosethedicktuneck.mouthsammackshemmak.tonguetalcotchtalkat.toothtaleetalee.sunsuyouoop.moonoffaumtaahmemna.startchietassahel.dayhialtahoh[39].firesottolossel.waterilleckillick.
XI.The Salinas Group.—This is a name which I propose for a group of considerable compass; and one which contains more than one mutually unintelligible form of speech. It is taken from the river Salinas, the drainage of which lies in the counties of Monterey and San Luis Obispo. The southern boundary of Santa Cruz lies but a little to the north of its mouth.
The Gioloco may possibly belong to this group, notwithstanding its reference to the Mission of San Francisco. Thealla, andmut-(inmut-ryocusé), may = theahayandi-mit-a(sky) of the Eslen.
The Ruslen has already been mentioned, and that in respect to its relations to the Costano. It belongs to this group.
So does the Soledad ofMofras; which, though it differs from that of Hale in the last half of the numerals, seems to represent the same language.
So do the Eslen and Carmel forms of speech; allied to one another somewhat more closely than to the Ruslen and Soledad.
So do the San Antonio and San Miguel forms of speech.
The Ruslen; Eslen; San Antonio and San Miguel are, probably, four mutually unintelligible languages.
The Salinas languages are succeeded to the south by the forms of speech of—
XII.The Santa Barbara Group.—containing the Santa Barbara, Santa Inez, and San LuisObispolanguages.
XIII.The Capistrano Group.—Capistrano is a name suggested by that of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano. The group, I think, falls into two divisions:—
XIV.The Yuma languages.—At the junction of the Gila and Colorado stands Fort Yuma, in the district of the Yuma Indians. They occupy each side of the Colorado, both above and below its junction with the Gila. How far they extend northwards is unknown, probably more than 100 miles. They are also calledCuchans, and are a fierce predatory nation, encroaching equally on tribes of their own language and on aliens.
From theseYumaIndians I take the name for the group now under notice. It contains, besides the Yuma Proper, the Dieguno of San Diego and the Coco-maricopa.
The Coco-maricopa Indians are joint-occupants of certain villages on the Gila; the population with which they are associated beingPima. Alike in other respects, the Pima and Coco-maricopa Indians differ in language, as may be seen from the following table, confirmatory of the testimony of numerous trustworthy authorities to the same effect.
English.Pima.Cuchan.Cocomaricopa.Dieguno.manhuthepatshapatch{àycutcht.epatch.womanhahrisinyakseniactsun.Indianhuupmetepaie————headmouk{ecoutsucherowo}——estar.andumwelthoocouohairptmukeetche——hiletar.earptnahauksmythl————nosetahnk————hu.mouthchinits————ah.tongueneuenepulche————toothptahanaredoche————beardchinyoyahboineh————handmahahtkeesalcheissalisselh.foottetaghtemetchslipaslapyaametchehamulyay.skyptchuwikamma————suntahsnyatch————moonmahsahuthlya————staruonklupwalaie————snowchiahhalup————firetahiaawohhouse——watersuntikahahaachekha.Iahannyat——nyah.heyeutahhabritzk————oneyumakosinsandekhina.twokuakhavickhavekahawue.threevaikhamukhamokahamuk.fourkiikchapopchampapachapop.fivepuitasserapsarapsuap.
San Diego lies in 32-1/2° north latitude, a point at which the philology diverges—in one direction into Old California, in another into Sonora. I first follow it in the direction of
Old California.
San Diego, as has just been stated, lies in 32-1/2° north latitude. Now it is stated in the Mithridates that the most northern of the ProperOldCalifornian tongues, theCochimi, is spoken as far north as 33°. If so, the Dieguno may beOldCalifornian as well asNew; which I think it is; believing, at the same time, thatCochimiandCuchanare the same words. Again, in the following Paternoster the word forsky=ammaiin the Cuchan vocabulary.
Cochimi of San Xavier.
fatherskyPennayumake¸nambà yaaambayujui miyà mo;namemenconfessandloveallBuhumombojuatammagkomendàhinogodoñodemuejueg gkajim;
andskyearthfavourPennayùla bogodoño gkajim, guihiambayujup maba yaake¸ametedecuinyi mo puegiñ;
skyearthYaa m blihula mujuaambayup mo dedahijua,amet ê nò guìlugui hi pagkajim;
thisdaydayTamadàyaaibo tejueg quiluguiqui pe¸mijich ê mòuibo yanno puegiñ;
andmanevilGuihitamma yaa gambuegjula ke¸pujuiambinyijua pennayala dedaudugùjua, giulugui pagkajim;
andalthoughandGuihi yaa tagamuegla hui ambinyijua hidoomo puhuegjua,he doomo pogonunyim;
andearthblessTagamuegjuaguihi usimahelke¸ammet èdecuinyimo,
evilguihi yaa huiambinyi yaa gambuegpea pagkaudugum.
Lastly, in 33° north latitude; the language of[40]San Luis ElRey, which is Yuma; is succeeded by that of San LuisObispo, which is Capistrano.
I conclude, then, that the Yuma language belongs to the southern parts ofNewand the northern part ofOldCalifornia.
Of recent notices of any of the languages of Old California,eo nomine, I know none. In the Mithridates the information is pre-eminently scanty.
According to the only work which I have examined at first-hand, theNachrichten von der Americanischen Halbinsel Californien(Mannheim, 1772; in the Mithridates, 1773), the anonymous author of which was a Jesuit missionary in the middle parts of the Peninsula, the languages of Old California were—
This is what we learn from what we call the Mannheim account; the way in which the author expresses himself being not exactly in the form just exhibited, but to the effect that, besides the Waikur with its dialects, there were five others.
The Waikur Proper, the language which the author undernotice was most especially engaged on, and which he says that he knew sufficiently for his purposes as a missionary, is the language of the middle part of the peninsula. How far the Utshiti, and Layamon were dialects of it, how far they were separate substantive languages, is not very clearly expressed. The writer had Utshis, and Utshipujes, and Atschimes in his mission, "thoroughly distinct tribes—lauter verschiedene Völcklein." Nevertheless he always speaks as if the Waikur tongue was sufficient for his purposes. On the other hand, the Utshiti is especially mentioned as a separate language. Adelung makes it a form of the Waikur; as he does the Layamon, and also the Cora and Aripe. Then there comes a population calledIka, probably the Picos or Ficos of Bagert, another authority for these parts. Are these, the sixth population of the Mannheim account, the unknown tribes visited by Linck? I think not. They are mentioned in another part of the book asknown.
To the names already mentioned
add
and you have a list of the tribes with which a missionary for those parts of California where the Waikur languages prevailed, came in contact. Altogether they gave no more than some 500 individuals, so miserably scanty was the population.
The occupancies of these lay chiefly within the Cochimi area, which reached as far south as the parts about Loretto in 26° north latitude; the Loretto language being the Layamon. This at least is the inference from the very short table of the Mithridates, which, however little it may tell us in other respects, at least informs us that the San Xavier, San Borgia, and Loretto forms of speech were nearer akin to each other than to the Waikur.
English.St. Xavier.S. Borgia.Loretto.Waikur.skyambayujubambeink——terereka-datemba.earthametamate-guang——datemba.fire——usiussi——mantämmatamatammati.fatherkäkkaihamkeneda——son——uisaham——tshanu.
The short compositions of Hervas (given in the Mithridates) show the same.
The Waikur.—This is the language of what I have called the Mannheim account, namely the anonymous work of a Jesuit missionary of the Waikur country published at Mannheim.
It gives us the following specimens—Waikur and German:
Kepè-dáretekerekádatembidai;unser Vatergebogene Erddu bist;ei-rìakatuikè-pu-me;dich o daserkennen alle werden;tshakárrake-pu-metitschie;loben allewerdenLeut und;ecùngracia-riacúmecarètekerekadatembitschie;deingratia o dasshabenwerden wirgebogene Erdund;eirijebarrakemitipujaupedatembadir o dassgehorsamen werdenMenschenalleheerErd,paeeijebarrakereaënakéa;wiedirgehorsamendrobenseynd;kepecunbu.kepekenjatúpeuntairi;unserSpeisunsgebediesertag;catèkuitscharakèteitschiekepecunatacamaraunsverzeheduundunserBöses;paèkuitscharrakèrecatètschiecavapeatukiàrakeperujake;wieverzehenwirauchdieBösesuns thun;catètikakambàtêitschie;unshelfeduund;cuvumeràcatèuèatukiàra;wollen werden NichtwiretwasBöses;kepekakunjapeatacaratschie.Amen.unsbeschutzevonBösenund.Amen.
The compoundtekereka-datembi=bent land=sky=heaven.
To this very periphrastic Paternoster we may add the following fragments of the Waikur conjugation:—
Bè}amukirere ={ego ludo.Eitu ludis.Tutâuille ludit.Catènos ludimus.Petèvos luditis.Tucávailli ludunt.
Bè}amukiririkeri ={ego lusi.Eitu lusisti.Tutâuille lusit.Catènos lusimus.Petèvos lusistis.Tucávailli luserunt.
Amukirimè =ludere.Amukiri tei =lude.Amukiri tu =ludite.
Bè-ri}amukiririkarikara ={I wish I had not played.Ei-riThou &c.Tutâu-riHe &c.Catè-riWe &c.Petè-riYe &c.Tucáva-riThey &c.
Of thePericuspoken at the south extremity of the peninsula, I know no specimens.
We now turn to that part of the Yuma area which lies along the course of the Gila, and more especially the parts along the Cocomaricopa villages, of which one portion of the occupants speak a language belonging to the Yuma, the other one belonging to the Pima class.
This latter leads us to the languages of the northern provinces of Mexico—
Sonora and Sinaloa.
For these two provinces, the languages for which we have specimens fall into five divisions:-
That the Pima group contains the Pima Proper, the Opata, and the Eudeve, may be seen from the Mithridates. That the language of the Papagos, or Papago-cotam, is also Pima, rests upon good external evidence. Whether the speech of the Ciris, and population of the island of Tiburon and the parts opposite, be also Pima, is at present uncertain; though not likely to be so long, inasmuch as I believe that Mr. Bartlett, the Boundary Commissioner, is about to publish samples, not only of this, but of the other languages of Sonora.
West of the Pima lies the Tarahumara, and south of it the Hiaqui, succeeded by the Tubar and Cora of Sinaloa.
The following Paternosters of these four languages may be compared with the Opata dialect of the Pima. The words that, by appearing in more than one of them, command our attention and suggest the likelihood of a closer relationship than is indicated in the Mithridates, or[41]elsewhere, are in italics.
Opata.