1.Dieguno or Comeyei,2.Kechi,3.San Luis Obispo,4.H'hanafrom the drainage of the Sacrament,5.Tehamafrom the drainage of the Sacrament,6.Coluzfrom the drainage of the Sacrament,7.Noanafrom the drainage of the Sacrament,8.Diggersfrom the drainage of the Sacrament,9.Diggers of Napa Valley.10.Makaw of Upper California.
SeeCalifornians.
There is also a Piros vocabulary for the parts about El Paso: also a notice (under the word) that theMutsunesIndians speak a dialect of the Soledad.
Old California.—As a general rule, translations of the Pater Noster shew difference rather than likeness: in other words, as a general rule, rude languages are more alike than then Pater Nosters make them. The reasons for this lie in the abstract nature of many of the ideas which it is necessary to express; but for the expression whereof the more barbarous forms of speech are insufficient.
This creates the necessity for circumlocutions and other expedients. In no part of the world is this more manifest than in Old California; a district for which ourdataare of the scantiest. I think, however, that they are sufficient to shew that the Northern forms of speech, at least, are Yuma.
English.O. Californian.Yuma.man(homo)tamaepatsh.man(vir)uami——womanwuctuseenyack.——wakoesinyax.——huaginseen.childwhanuhailpit.——wakna——fatherihamlothmocul.——kakkaniquioche.——kenedanile.——kanamba——mothernadatile.sonuisaihamhomaie.sisterkenassaamyuck.headagoppiestar.eyearibikaayon.tonguemabelaipailya—Mohave.handnaganasith'lfootagannapahameelyay.skyambeinkammaya—Mohave.earthametomut—Cuchan.————ammartar—Mohave.waterkahalaha—Dieguno.————ahha—Mohave.fireusihouse—Cocomaricopa.sunibonyatz.dayibonomasup.moongommahullya.——ganehmajeie——
The Pima group.—One of Mr. Bartlett's vocabularies is of the Opata form of speech. (Ludwig.)
Tequima, according to the same authority is another name for the same language: in which there is a vocabulary by Natal Lombardo; Mexico. 1702, as well as anArte de la Lengua Tequima, vulgarmente llamada Opata.
AVocabulario de las Lenguas Pima, Eudeve, y Serisis said, by De Souza, to have been written by Fr. Adamo Gilo a Jesuit missionary in California.—Ditto—v.Pima.
Exceptions, which the present writer overlooked, are taken in the Mithridates to the statement that the Opata and Eudeve Pater-nosters represent the Pima Proper. They agree with a third language from the Pima country—but this is not, necessarily, the Pima. Hence, what applies to thePimerianmay or may not apply to the Pima Proper.
Nevertheless, the Pima belongs to the same class—being, apparently, more especially akin to the Tarahumara. I have only before me the following Tarahumara words (i. e.the specimens in the Mithridates) through which the comparison can be made. They give, however, thus much in way of likeness and difference.
English.Tarahumara.Pima.manrehojeorter.——tehojecheeort.————huth.womanmukioo-oove.————hahri.wifeupioo-if.headmoólamouk.eyepusikioupewe.tonguetenilaneuen.hairquitshilamoh.————ptmuk.foottalatetaght.firenaikitahi.suntaieatahs.————tasch.moonmaitsacamahsa.————massar.Inepeahan.twoguocacoka.——ocakuak.
Buschmann connects the Pima with the Tepeguana.
Another complication.—In Turner's Extract from a MS. account of the Indians of the Northern Provinces of New Spain I find that Opa (Opata?) is another name for the Cocomaricopaswhose language is that of the Yuma. This is true enough—but is the Opata more Yuma than the text (which connects it with the Hiaqui &c.) makes it?
The Pima, Hiaqui, Tubar, Tarahumara, and Cora as a class.—An exception to the text is indicated by the footnote of page 357. The Mithridates connects the Cora and Tarahumara with the Astek and with each other. The Astek elements of the Hiaqui, as indicated by Ribas are especially alluded to. So are the Tarahumara affinities of the Opata. All this is doing as much in the way of classification as is done by the present author—as much or more.
As much, or more, too is done by Buschmann; who out of the Cora, Tarahumara, Tepeguana and Cahita (the latter a representation of the section to which the Yaqui belongs) makes hisSonora Class—Sonorischer Sprachstamm. As a somewhat abnormal member of this he admits the Pima.
Of the Guazave there is a MS.Arteby P. Fernando Villapane—Ludwig.
That thedatafor the Tepeguana are better than the text makes them has already been suggested. Buschmann has used materials unknown to the present writer.
See Ludwigin voc. Tepeguana.
Pirinda and Tarasca.—The statement that there is a Pirinda grammar is inaccurate. There is one of the Tarasca; to which the reader is referred.
But this is not all. Under the titlePirindain Ludwig we find that De Souza says of Fr. Juan Bravo, the author of a grammar of the Lengua Tarasca "fue maestro peritissimo de la lengua Pirinda llamada Tarasca." This makes the two languages much more alike than the present paper makes them. The present paper, however, rests on the Pater-nosters. How inconclusive they are has already been indicated.
⁋ The following table, the result of a very limited collation gives some miscellaneous affinities for the Otomi.
Englishman.Otominanyehe.Maya &c.uinic.Paducawensh.Englishwoman.Otomidanxu.Mayaatan=wife.Englishwoman.Otominsu.Talatuiessee.Englishhand.Otomiye.Talatuiiku.Englishfoot.Otomiqua.Maya &c.oc.Englishblood.Otomiqhi.Maya &c.kik.Englishhair.Otomisi.S. Miguelte-asa-kho.Englishear.Otomigu.S. Migueltent-khi-to.Englishtooth.Otomitsi.Attacapaods.Englishhead.Otomina.Sekumneono=hair.Englishfire.Otomitzibi.Pujuneça.Englishmoon.Otomitzona.Kenayssin=star.Englishstone.Otomido.Cumanchtoo-mepee.Englishwinter.Otomitzaa.Cumanchotsa-inte.S. Gabrielotso.Englishfish.Otomihua.Maya &c.cay.Englishbird.Otomittzintzy.Maya &c.tchitch.Englishegg.Otomimado.Poconchimolo.Englishlake.Otomimohe.Pimavo.Englishsea.Otomimunthe.U. Sac. &c.muni=water.Englishson.Otomitsi.——ti.——batsi.——iso.Natcheztsitsce=child.Englishmeat.Otominhihuni.——ngoe=flesh.Mexicannacatl=flesh.Englisheat.Otomitsa.Talatuitsamak.Englishgood.Otomimanho.Sekumnewenne.Englishrabbit.Otomiqhua.Huastecacoy.Englishsnake.Otomiqqena.Mayacan.Englishyes.Otomiha.Cumanchhaa.Englishthree.Otomihiu.Mexicanyey.Huastecaokh.
The other two are as follows.
(2.)The Otomi with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse.
Englishman.Otominanyche.Kuanchuanan.Cantonnam.Tonkinnam.Englishwoman.Otominitsu.——nsu.Kuanchuaniu.Cantonniu.Tonkinnu.Englishson.Otomibatsi.——iso.Kuanchuadsu.Cantondzi.Miansa.Maplupossa.Playaposo.——naputhœ.Passukoposaho.Englishhand.Otomiye.Siuanlohe.Cochin Chinaua=arm.Englishfoot.Otomigua.Peyha=leg.Papeha, ho=do.Kuanchuakio.Cantonkoh.Moitaykcho.Englishbird.Otomittzintey.Mayachechetch.Tonkintcheni.Cochin Chinatching.Englishsun.Otomihiadi.Cantonyat.Englishmoon.Otomirzana.Siuanlodzan.Teinason.Englishstar.Otomitze.Tonkinsao.Cochin Chinasao.Maplushia.Playshâ.——sha.Passukoza.Colaunassa.Englishwater.Otomidehe.Tibettchi.Mianzhe.Mapluti.Colauntui.Englishstone.Otomido.Cochin Chinata.Tibetrto.Englishrain.Otomiye.Chuanchuayu.Cantonyu.Colaunyu.Englishfish.Otomihua.Chuanchuayu.Cantonyu.Tonkinka.Cochin Chinaka.Playya.Moanka.Englishgood.Otomimanho.Teilungwanu.Englishbad.Otomihing.——hio.Chuanchuao.Tonkinhu.Playgyia.Englishgreat.Otominah.——nde.——nohoc.Chineseta, da.Anamdai.Playdo, uddo.Peynio.Englishsmall.Otomittygi.Passukotcheka.Englisheat.Otomitze tza.Chineseshi.Tibetshie.Miantsha.Myammasa.Englishsleep.Otomiaha.Chuanchuawo, uo.
(2.)The Maya, with the languages akin to the Chinese en masse.
Englishson.Mayalakpal.——palal=children.Myammalugala.Teilunglukwun.Englishhead.Mayapol, hool.Kalaunmollu.Englishmouth.Mayachi.Chuanchuakeu.Cantonhou.Tonkinkau.Cochin Chinakau.Tibetka.Englishhand.Mayacab.Huastecacubac.Maplutchoobah=arm.Playtchoobah=do.Passukotchoobawh=do.Englishfoot.Mayauoc, oc.Chuanchuakio.Cantonkon.Moitaycho.Englishsun.Mayakin.Colaunkoni.Moanknua.Teiyakawan.Teilungkangun.Peykanguan.Englishmoon.Mayau.Chuanchuayue.Englishstar.Mayaek.Meankie.Miammakyi.Englishwater.Mayaha.Miammaya.Englishrain.Mayachaac.Maplutchatchang.Passukotatchu.Englishsmall.Mayamehen.Tonkinmon.Englisheat.Mayahanal.Tonkinan.Playang.Englishbird.Mayachechitch.Tonkintchim.Englishfish.Mayaca.Tonkinka.Englishgreat.Mayanoh.Peynio.
The Acoma.—Two vocabularies from a tribe from the Pueblo of San Domingo, calling themselves Kiwomi, and a third of the Cochitemi dialect, collected by Whipple, are compared, by Turner, with the Acoma, of which they are dialects. Turner proposes the names Keres for the group. Buschmann, writingafter him, says, "I name this form of speechQuera"—"ich nenne dies Idiom Quera."
The notice of the "outward signs" is not so clear as it should be. It means that two of the languages, the Taos and Zuni, run into polysyllabic forms—probably (indeed almost certainly) from composition or inflexion; whereas the Tesuque (which is placed incontrastwith the Zuni) has almost a monosyllabic appearance. This phenomenon appears elsewhere;e. g.in the Attacapa, as compared with the tongues of its neighbourhood. Upon the whole, the Zuni seems to be most aberrant of the group—saving the Moqui, which has decided Paduca affinities. They are all, however, mutually unintelligible; though the differences between them may easily be over-valued.
English.Acoma.Cochetime.Kiwomi.manhahtratsehachthehatshthe.womancuhucoyonicuyauwi.hairhahtratni——hatre.headnushkaine——nashke.facehowawinni——skeeowa.eyehoonaine——shanna.noseouisuine——wieshin.mouthouicani——chiaca.tonguewatchhuntni——watshin.one——ishkaisk.two——kuomi'tuomi.three——chamitshabi.four——kianakiana.five——tamataoma.six——chisachisth.seven——maicanamaichana.eight——cocomishiacocumshi.nine——maecomaieco.ten——'tkatzcahtz.
Texas.—p.101.—"Ini and Tachi are expressly stated to be Caddo, &c. as it is from the name of the last that the wordTexasis derived &c."—The nameTeguasis a name (other than native) of the population which calls itself Kiwomi. Word for word, this may (or may not) be Taos. It is only necessary to remember the complication here indicated. The exact tribe which gave the name to Texas has yet to be determined.
The Witshita.—Allied to one another the Kechis and Wacos (Huecos) are, also, allied to the Witshita.—See Turner, p. 68.
English.Kichai.Hueco.mancaiuquanoqutstodekitz.womanchequoikecahheie.headquitatsoatskiestacat.hairitscosoishkesteatz.faceitscotichcoh.earatikorosoortz.eyequideecokidik.nosechuscaraotisk.mouthhokinnikahcok.tonguehahtokhotz.toothathneshoahtk.handichsheneishk'ti.footusinicos.fireyecenietohatz.waterkiokohkitsah.onearishcocheos.twochoshowitz.threetahwithcotow.fourkithnucotetahquitz.fivexs'toweoishquitz.sixnahitowkiash.seventsowetatekiowhitz.eightnaikinukatekiatou.ninetaniorokatchoskitte.tenx'skaniskittewas.
Turner makes these three languages Pawni. In the present text the Witshita is made Caddo. It is made so on the strength of the numerals—perhaps overhastily.
That a language may be Pawni without ceasing to be Caddo, and Caddo without losing its place in the Pawni group is suggested in the beginning of the paper. Turner's table (p. 70), short as it is, encourages this view.
The truth is that the importance of the Caddos and Pawnis, from an ethnological point of view, is inordinately greater than their importance in any other respect. They are, however, but imperfectly known.
In Gallatin's first paper—the paper of the Archæologia Americana—there is a Caddo vocabulary and a Pawni vocabulary; and all that be said of them is that they are a little more like each other, than they are to the remaining specimens.
When the paper under notice was published the Riccaree was wholly unknown. But the Riccaree, when known, was shewn to be more Pawni than aught else. This made the Pawni a kind of nucleus for a class.
⁋ Somewhat later the Caddo confederacy in Texas took prominence, and the Caddo became a nucleus also.
The true explanation of this lies in the highly probable fact that both the Caddo and Pawni are members of one and the same class. At the same time I am quite prepared to find that the Witshita (though compared with the Caddo by myself) is more particularly Pawni.
That the nearest congeners of the Caddo and Pawni class were the members of the Iroquois, Woccoon, Cherokee, andChocta group I believed at an early period of my investigations; at a time (so to say) before the Riccarees, and the Californian populations were invented. If this doctrine were true, the Caddo (Pawni) affinities would run eastwards. They may do this, and run westwards also. That they run eastwards I still believe. But I have also seen Caddo and Pawni affinities in California. The Caddo numeralone=whiste; in Secumne and Cushnawikte,wiktem. Again the Caddo and Kichie forwater=koko,kioksh. Meanwhile kik is a true Moquelumne form. This I get from a most cursory inspection; or rather from memory.
Upon the principle that truth comes out of error more easily than confusion I give the following notice of the distribution or want of distribution of the numerous Texian tribes.
These last may belong as much to Louisiana as to Texas—as, indeed, may some of the others. Those marked * are apparently extinct. At any rate, they are not found in any of the recent notices.
Finally, Mr Burnett mentions the San Pedro Indians.
The previous list shews that the obliteration of the original tribes of Texas has been very great. It shews us this at the first view. But a little reflection tells us something more.
Like Kanzas and Nebraska, Texas seems to have scarcely any language that is peculiar to itself; in this respect standing in strong contrast to California. The Caddo belongs to the frontier. The Pawni forms of speech occur elsewhere. The Adahi is probably as much the property of Louisiana as of Texas. The Cumanch, Chocta &c. are decidedly intrusive. The nearest approach to a true Texian form of speech is the Attacapa. No wonder it is isolated.
The Adahi, is has, at least the following affinities.
Englishman.Adahihaasing.Ottowahsheegae.Onondagoetschinak.Abenakiseenanbe=vir.Abenakiarenanbe=homo.Englishwoman.Adahiquaechuke.Muskogehoktie.Choctahhottokohyo.Osagewako.Sack and Foxkwyokih.Ilinoisickoe.Nanticokeaequahique.Delawareokhqueh.Algonkin. &c.squaw.Tacullichaca.Englishgirl.Adahiquoâtwistuck.Chikkasawtake.Choctahvilla tak.Caddonuttaitesseh.Oneidacaidazai.Micmacepidek.Englishchild.Adahitallahening.Adahitallahache=boy.Omahawshinga shinga.Ottocheechinga.Quappashetyïnka.Englishfather.Adahikewanick.Chetimachakineghie.Chikkasawunky.Choctahaunkke.Englishmother.Adahiamanic.Caddoehneh.Siouxenah,eehong.Tuscaroraena.Wyandotaneheh.Kencyanna.Eskimoamama.Englishhusband.Adahihasekino.Chetimachahichehase.Winebagoeekunah.Tacullieki.Tchuktchiuika.Englishwife.Adahiquochekinok.Adahiquaechuke=woman.Tuscaroraekening=do.Cherokeeageyung=woman.Chetimachahichekithia.Chetimachahichehase=man.Englishson.Adahitallehennie.Caddohininshatrseh.Omahaweeingyai.Minetareeejinggai.Winebagoeeneek.Oneidayung.Englishbrother.Adahigasing.SalishasintzahOttawasayin=elder.Ojibbewayosy aiema.Englishhead.Adahitochake.Caddodachunkea=face.Caddodokundsa.Englishhair.Adahicalatuck.Chippewyanthiegah.Kenayszugo.Miamikeelingeh=face.Englishface.Adahiannack.Chetimachakaneketa.Attacapaiune.Eskimokeniak.Englishear.Adahicalat.Cherokeegule.Passamaquoddychalksee.Englishnose.Adahiwecoocal.Montaugcochoy.Micmacuchichun.Englishbeard.Adahitosocat.Attacapataesh=hair.Natchezptsasong=hair.Chetimachachattie.Englisharm.Adahiwalcat.Taculliolâ.Chippewyanlaw.Englishnails.Adahisicksapusca.Catawbaecksapeeah=hand.Natchezispehse=hand.Englishbelly.Adahinoeyack.Winebagoneehahhah.Eskimoneiyuk.Englishleg.Adahiahasuck=leg.Chetimachasauknuthe=feet.Chetimachasaukatie=toes.Chetimachasau=leg.Osagesagaugh.Yanctonhoo.Ottohoo.Pawneeashoo=foot.Siouxsee, seehuh=do.Nottowaysaseeke=do.Dacotaseehukasa=toes.Nottowayseeke=do.Englishmouth.Adahiwacatcholak.Chetimachacha.Attacapakatt.Caddodunehwatcha.Natchezheche.Mohawkwachsacarlunt.Senecawachsagaint.Sack and Foxwektoneh.Mohicanotoun.Englishtongue.Adahitenanat.Chetimachahuene.Uchécootincah.Choctahissoonlush.Knistenauxotayenee.Ojibbewayotainani.Ottawatenanian.Englishhand.Adahisecut.Adahisicksapasca=nails.Choctahshukba=his arm.Chikkasawshukbah=do.Muskogesakpa=do.Kenayskona.Attacapanishagg=fingers.Omahawshagai.Osageshagah.Mohawkshake.Yanctonshakai=nails.Ottoshagai=do.Englishblood.Adahipchack.Caddobaaho.Passamaquoddypocagun.Abenakibagakkaan.Mohicanpocaghkan.Nanticokepuckcuckque.Miaminihpeekanueh.Englishred.Adahipechasat.Natchezpahkop.Englishfeet.Adahinocat.Micmacukkuat.Miamikatah.Tacullioca.Chippewyancuh.Ilinoisnickahta=leg.Delawarewikhaat=do.Massachusettsmuhkout=do.Ojibbewayokat=do.Englishbone.Adahiwahacut.Ottowahoo.Yanctonhoo.Dacotahoohoo.Ojibbewayokun.Miamikaanih.Eskimoheownik.Eskimooaecyak.Englishhouse.Adahicoochut.Nachezhahit.Muskogechookgaw.Choctahchukka.Catawbasook.Taculliyock.Englishbread.Adahiokhapin.Chetimachaheichepat chepa.Englishsky.Adahiganick.Senecakiunyage.Englishsummer.Adahiweetsuck.Uchéwaitee.Englishfire.Adahinang.Caddonako.Eskimoignuck.Eskimoeknok.Eskimoannak.Englishmountain.Adahitolola.Tacullichell.Englishstone, rock.Adahiekseka.Caddoseeeeko.Nachezohk.Englishmaize.Adahiocasuck.Nachezhokko.Englishday.Adahinestach.Muskogenittah.Chikkasawnittuck.Choctahnittok.Englishautumn.Adahihustalneetsuck.Choctahhushtolape.Chikkasawhustillomona.Chikkasawhustola=winter.Englishbird.Adahiwashang.Choctahhushe.Sack and Foxwishkamon.Shawnoewiskiluthi.Englishgoose.Adahinickkuicka.Chetimachanapiche.Ilinoisnicak.Ojibbewaynickak.Delawarekaak.Shawnoeneeake.Englishduck.Adahiahuck.Eskimoewuck.Englishfish.Adahiaesut.Cherokeeatsatih.Englishtree.Adahitanack.Dacotatschang.Ilinoistoauane.Miamitauaneh=wood.Englishgrass.Adahihasack.Chikkasawhasook.Choctahhushehuck.Uchéyahsuh=leaf.Chikkasawhishe=do.Englishdeer.Adahiwakhine.Uchéwayung.Englishsquirrel.Adahienack.Sack and Foxaneekwah.Nanticokenowekkey.Abenakianikesses.Knistenauxannickochas.Englishold.Adahihansnaie.Caddohunaisteteh.Nottowayonahahe.Englishgood.Adahiawiste.Dacotahaywashta.Yanctonwashtai.EnglishI.Adahinassicon.Cherokeenaski.Englishkill.Adahiyoeick.Caddoyokay.Catawbaeekway.Englishtwo.Adahinass.Algonkin, &c.nis,ness,nees.
Mexico-Guatemala.—The details of the languages of Mexico and Guatemala that are neither Mexican Proper (Astek) or Maya are difficult. Availing myself of the information afforded by my friend Mr. Squier, and the bibliographical learning of Ludwig, I am inclined to believe
1. That all the following forms of speech are Maya; viz. Chiapa, Tzendal (Celdal), Chorti, Mam, Pocoman (Poconchi), Populuca, Quiche, Kachiquel, Zutugil (Yutukil), Huasteca.
2. That the Zoque, Utlateca, and Lacondona may or may not be Maya.
3. That the Totanaca; and
4. The Mixteca are other than Maya.
5. That, if the statement of Hervas be correct, the Zapoteca, the Mazateca, the Chinansteca, and the Mixe are in the same category.
The Tlapaneka according to Humboldt is a peculiar language.—Ludwig in voc.
I have done, however, little or nothing, in the way of first hand work with the languages to the South of Sinaloa and the West of Texas. I therefore leave them—leave them with a reference to Ludwig's valuable Bibliotheca Glottica, for a correction of my statement respecting the non-existence of any Indian forms of speech in New Grenada. The notices underv. v.Andaquies,Coconucos,Correquajes,Guaques,Inganos, will shew that this is far from being the case.
The present paper has gone over so large a portion of North America that it is a pity not to go over the remainder. The ethnology of the Canada, and the British possessions akin to Canada contains little which is neither Eskimo or Algonkin, Iroquois or Athabaskan. Of new forms of speech like those of which Oregon and California have given so many instances it exhibits none. Everything belongs to one of the four above-named classes. The Bethuck of Newfoundland was Algonkin, and so were the Blackfoot, the Shyenne and Arrapaho. Indeed, as has been already stated, the Eskimo and Athabaskan stretch across the Continent. The Blackfoot touches the Rocky Mountains. Of the Sioux class the British possessions shew a sample. The Red River district is Assineboin; the Assineboins being Sioux. So are a few other British tribes.
Upon the whole, however, five well-known families give us all that belong to British America to the East of the Rocky Mountains. As the present paper is less upon the Algonkin, Sioux and like classes than upon the distribution of languages over the different areas of North America this is as much as need be said upon the subject.
For the Northern two-thirds of the United States,East of the Mississippi, the same rule applies. The Sioux area begins in the West. The Algonkin class, of which the most Northern branch belongs to Labrador, where it is conterminous with the Eskimo, and which on the west contains the Blackfoot reaches as far south as South Carolina—the Nottoways being Algonkin. The enormous extent of this area has been sufficiently enlarged on. Meanwhile, like islands in an Ocean, two Iroquois district shew themselves. To the north the Iroquois, Hurons and others touch the Lakes and the Canadians frontier, entirely separated from the Tuscaroras who give a separate and isolated area in California. Whether the Iroquois area, once continuous, has been broken-up by Algonkin encroachments, or whether the Iroquois &c. have been projected into the Algonkin area from the South, or, whethervice versa, the Tuscaroras are to be considered as offsets from the North is a matter for investigation. The present writer believes that south of N. L. 45. (there or there about) the Algonkins are intrusive.
N. L. 35. cuts the Cherokee, the Woccoon, the Catawba, and the Chocta area—to the west of which lies of the Mississippi.
Between the frontier of Texas, the aforesaid parallel, and the Ocean we have Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
Now here the displacement has been considerable. The part played by the Algonkins, Iroquois, and (it may be added) the Siouxis here played by the Cherokees, the Choctahs, and the Creeks. Whatever is other than Creek, Choctah, and Cherokee is in a fragmentary form. The details of what we know through vocabularies are as follows:—
In the way of internal evidence (i.e.the evidence of specimens of language) this is all we have what may be called thefragmentarylanguages of the South Eastern portion of the United States. Of the Choctah, Creek, Chikkasah, and Cherokee we have an abundance, just as we have of the Algonkin and Eskimo. It is, however, the fragmentary tribes, the probable representatives of the aboriginal population, which we more especially seek.
As may be expected the fragmentary languages are (comparatively speaking) isolated. The Woccon and Catawba, indeed, are thrown into the same class in the Mithridates: but the Natchez and Uche are, by no means, closely akin. Why should they be? Such transitional forms as may once have existed have been obliterated. Nevertheless, both have miscellaneous affinities.
So much for the languages represented by specimens. In the way of external evidence I go no further than the Mithridates, and the Archæologia.
With the exception of the Woccons the Catawba and a few words from the Timuacana, the Mithridates, gives no specimens—save and except those of the Choctah, Cherokees, and Chikkasah. These two last it looks upon as the representative languages and calls themMobilianfrom Mobile. Hence, the question which was put in Texas is,mutatis mutandis, put in Florida. What languages are Mobilian? What other than Mobilian?
The Woccons are either only or chiefly known through a work of Lawson's. They were conterminous with the Algonkin Pamticoughs (intrusive?), and the Cherokees.
The Catawba lay to the south of the Woccon. Their congeners are said to be
In the South lay the Timuacana—of which a few words beyond the numerals are given.
In West Florida and Alabama, the evidence (I still follow the Mithridates) of Dr. Pratz scarcely coincides with that of the account of Alvaz Nuñez de Vaca. This runs thus.
In the island of Malhado were spoken languages of
On the coast—
Of migrants from the East to the West side of the Mississippi, the Mithridates gives—
The Taensa are stated to be a branch of the Natchez.
The Caouitas are, perhaps, word for word the Conchattas; also the Coosa, Coosada, Coshatta.
TheStincardsare, word for word, the Tancards=Tuncas=Tunicas.
Dr. Sibley gives usChetimachaas a name; along with specimens of the Chetimacha, Uche, Natchez, Adahi, and Attacapa as languages.
Word for word,Chetimachaseems toChecimeca;Appelusa,Apalach;Biluxi(perhaps the same);Pascagoula,Muscogulge. How, however, didChichimecaget so far westwards?
We are scarcely, in the condition to speculate much concerning details of the kind. It is sufficient to repeat the notice that the native languages of the parts in question are in a fragmentary condition; the Uche being the chief representative of them. Whether it wereSavaneric[49], or not, is uncertain. It is, certainly,notShawanno, or Shawno,i. e.Algonkin. On the contrary it is, as is to be expected, from the encroachments and displacements of its neighbourhood a very isolated language—not, however without miscellaneous affinities—inter aliathe following.