English.Loucheux.Kenay.white manmanah-gool-ait.Indiantenghie[34]teena =man.Eskimonak-high.windetsee.head windnewatsee.fair windjeatsee.watertchon[35]thun-agalgus.sunshethiechannoo.moonshet-silltlakannoo.starskumshaetssin.meatbehkutskonna.deeret-han.headumitzaissagge.armtchiegenskona.legtsethan.coatchiegee.blankettsthee.knifetlaykissaki.fortjetz.yeseh.noilluck-wha.farnee-jah.nearneak-wha.strongnehaintah.coldkateitleektckchuz.longkawa.enoughekcho, ekatarainyo.eatbeha.drinkchidet-leh.comechatchoo.go awayeenio.Iseesu.thouninnan.(my)father(se) tsaystukta.(my)son(se) jayssi-ja.
The notices upon the American languages at the British Association between the date of the last paper but one and the next were:
That the Bethuk of Newfoundland was American rather than Eskimo—Report for 1847.Transactions of the Section p. 115.
That the Shyenne numerals were Algonkin—Report for 1847.Transactions of Sections p. 123.
That neitherThe Moskito, norThe Botocudo language were isolated.—Ibid.
READBEFORE THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY,MAY 13TH 1853.
The languages of the south-western districts of the Oregon territory are conveniently studied in the admirable volume upon the Philology of the United States Exploring Expedition, by Mr Hale. Herein we find that the frontier between that territory and California is most probably formed by the Saintskla, Umkwa, and Lutuami languages, the Saintskla being spoken on the sea-coast, the Umkwa lying to the east of it, and the Lutuami east of the Umkwa. All three, in the present state of our knowledge, belong to different philological divisions. It is unnecessary to add, that each tongue covers but a small geographical area.
The Paduca area extends in a south-eastern direction in such a manner as to lap round the greater part of California and New Mexico, to enclose both of those areas, and to prolong itself into Texas; and that so far southwards as almost to reach the Gulf of Mexico. Hence, except at the south and the north-west, the Californian languages (and indeed the New Mexican as well) are cut off and isolated from the other tongues of America by means of this remarkable extension of the Paducas. The Paduca tongues dip into each of these countries as well as lap round them. It is convenient to begin with a Paduca language.
TheWihinastis, perhaps, an Oregon rather than a Californian language; though at the same time it is probably common to the two countries. It can be shown to be Paduca by its vocabulary in Mr. Hale's work, the Shoshoni being the language to which it comes nearest; indeed Mr. Gallatin calls the Wihinast the Western Shoshoni. Due east of the Wihinast come the Bonak Indians, currently believed to be Paduca, but still requiring the evidence of a vocabulary to prove them so.
The true Shoshoni succeed; and these are, probably, Oregon rather than Californian. At any rate, their language falls within the study of the former country. But the Uta Lake is truly a part of the great Californian basin, and the Uta language is known to us from a vocabulary, and known to be Paduca:
English.Uta[36]Comanch[37]suntaptaharp.moonmahtotsmush.starquahlantztáarch.mantooonpayahtooavishchee.womannaijahwyapee.boyahpatstooanickpee.girlmahmatswyapeechee.headtutspáaph.foreheadmuttock——facekooelpkoveh.eyeputtyshoenachich.nosemahvetahmoopee.mouthtimpteppa.teethtongtahnee.tongueahohahako.chinhannockquell——earninknahark.hairsuoohparpee.neckkolphtoyock.armpooirmowa.handmasseermowa.breastpaytoko.footnampnahap.horsekahvahteheyar.serpenttoeweroenoheer.dogsahreetsshardee.catmoosah——firecoonkoona.foodoof——waterpahpahar.
The Uta being thus shown to be Paduca, the evidence in favour of other tribes in their neighbourhood being Paduca also is improved. Thus—
The Diggers are generally placed in the same category with the Bonaks, and sometimes considered as Bonaks under another name.
The Sampiches, lying south of the Uta, are similarly considered Uta. Special vocabularies, however, are wanting.
The Uta carry us from the circumference of the great basin to an angle formed by the western watershed of the Rio Grande and the rivers Colorado and Gila; and the language that comes next is that of the Navahos. Of these, the Jecorillas of New Mexico are a branch. We have vocabularies of each of these dialects tabulated with that of the Uta and collected by the same inquirer.
Mr. Hale, in the "Philology" of the United States Exploring Expedition, showed that the Tlatskanai and Umkwa were outlying languages of the great Athabaskan family.
It has since been shown by Professor Turner that certain Apatch languages are in the same interesting and important class, of which Apatch languages the Navaho and Jecorilla are two.
Now follows a population which has stimulated the attention and excited the wonder of ethnologists—the Moqui. The Moqui are they who, occupants of some of the more favoured parts of the country between the Gila and Colorado, have so often been contrasted with the ruder tribes around them—the Navaho and Uta in particular. The Moqui, too, are they whose ethnological relations have been looked for in the direction of Mexico and the semi-civilized Indians of Central America. Large towns, regular streets, stone buildings, white skins, and European beards have all been attributed to these mysterious Moqui. They seem, however, to be simply Indians whose civilization is that of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. The same table that gives us the Uta and Navaho vocabularies, gives us a Moqui one also. In this, about eight words in twenty-one are Uta.
Languages allied to the Uta, the Navaho, and the Moqui, may or may not fill up nine-tenths of what an Indian would call the Doab, or a Portuguese the Entre Rios,i. e.the parts between the two rivers Gila and Colorado. Great as has been the activity of the American surveyors, the exploration is still incomplete. This makes it convenient to pass at once to the head of the Gulf of California. A fresh language now presents itself, spoken at the head of the peninsula (or Acte) ofOldCalifornia. The vocabulary that has longest represented this tongue is that of the Mission of Saint Diego on the Pacific; but the language itself, extended across the head of theActe, reaches the mouth of the Colorado, and is prolonged, to some distance at least, beyond the junction of the Gila.
Of the Dieguno language—for such seems to be the Spanish name for it—Dr. Coulter has given one vocabulary, and Lieut. Whipple (U. S. A.) another. The first is to be found in the Journal of the Geographical Society, the second is the second part of Schoolcraft's "History, &c. of Indian Tribes." A short but unique vocabulary of Lieutenant Emory, of the language of the Cocomaricopas Indians, was known to Gallatin. This is closely allied to the Dieguno.
A Paternoster in Mofras belongs to the Mission of San Diego. It has not been collated with the vocabularies, which are, probably, too scanty to give definite results; there is no reason, however, to doubt its accuracy:—
Nagua anall amai tacaguach naguanetuuxp mamamulpo cayuca amaibo, mamatam meyayam canaao amat amaibo quexuic echasau naguagui ñañacachon ñaguin ñipil meñeque pachís echeyuchap oñagua quexuíc ñaguaich ñacaquaihpo ñamechamec anipuchuch-guelichcuíapo. Nacuíuch-pambo-cuchlich-cuíatpo-ñamat. Napuija.
Athirdbranch, however, of this division, constituted by a language called the Cuchañ, of which a specimen is given by Lieut. Whipple (vide supra), is still nearer to the latter of those two forms of speech.
There can be but little doubt that a combination of sounds expressed by the letterst'hlin the Dieguno tongue, represents the sound of the Mexicantl; a sound of which the distribution has long drawn the attention of investigators. Common in the languages of Mexican, common in the languages of the northern parts of Oregon, sought for amongst the languages of Siberia, it here appears—whatever may be its value as a characteristic—as Californian. The names of the Indians whose language is represented by the specimens just given are not ascertained with absolute exactitude. Mofras mentions the Yumas and Amaquaquas.
The Mission of San LuisRey de Francia(to be distinguished from that of San LuisObispo) comes next as we proceed northwards.
Between 33-1/2° and 34°, a new language makes its appearance. This is represented by four vocabularies, two of which take the designation from the name of the tribe, and two from the Mission in which it is spoken. Thus, the Netela language of the United States Exploring Expedition is the same as the San Juan Capistrano of Dr. Coulter,and the San Gabriel of Dr. Coulter the same as the Kij of the United States Exploring Expedition.
The exact relation of these two languages to each other is somewhat uncertain. They are certainly languages of the same group, if not dialects of the same language. In the case ofrandl, a regular letter-change exists between them. Thus Dr. Coulter's tables give us
English.San Gabriel.San Juan Capistrano.moonmuarrmioil.waterpaarapal.earthungkhurekhel.saltungurrengel.hotorokhalek.
whilst in the United States Exploring Expedition we find—
English.Kij.Netela.moonmoarmoil.starsuotsuol.waterbarpal.bearhumarhunot.
Of these forms of speech the San Gabriel or Kij is the more northern; the San Juan Capistrano or Netela being the nearest to the Dieguno localities. The difference between the two groups is pretty palpable. The San Gabriel and San Juan numerals of Mofras represent the Netela-Kij language.
It is remarked in Gallatin's paper that there were certain coincidences between the Netela and the Shoshoni. There is no doubt as to the existence of acertain amountof likeness between the two languages.
Jujubit, Caqullas, and Sibapot are the names of San Gabriel tribes mentioned by Mofras. The Paternoster of the three last-named missions are as follows:—
Langue de la Mission de San Gabriel.—Y Yonac y yogin tucu pugnaisa sujucoy motuanian masarmí magin tucupra maīmanó muísme milléosar y ya tucupar jiman bxi y yoné masaxmí mitema coy aboxmi y yo mamaínatar momojaích milli y yakma abonac y yo no y yo ocaihuc coy jaxmea main itan momosaích coy jama juexme huememes aích. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Mission de San Juan Capistrano.—Chana ech tupana ave onench, otune a cuachin, chame om reino, libi yb chosonec esna tupana cham nechetepe, micate tom cha chaom, pepsum yg cai caychame y i julugcalme cai ech. Depupnn opco chame chum oyote. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Mission de San Luiz Rey de Francia.—Chamna cham meg tu panga auc onan mo quiz cham to qai ha cua che nag omreina h vi hiche ca noc ybá heg gá y vi an qui gá topanga. Cham na cholane mim cha pan pitu mag ma jan pohi cala cai qui cha me holloto gai tom chama o gui chag cay ne che cal me tus so lli olo calme alla linoc chame cham cho sivo. Amen. Jésus.
The following is the Paternoster of the Mission of San Fernando. It is taken from Mofras:—
Y yorac yona taray tucúpuma sagoucó motoanian majarmi moin main monó muismi miojor y iactucupar. Pan yyogin gimiarnerin majarmi mi fema coyó ogorná yio mamarimy mii, yiarmá ogonug y yoná, y yo ocaynen coijarmea main ytomo mojay coiyamá huermí. Parima.
The Mission of San Fernando lies between that of San Gabriel and Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara's channel (between 34° and 34-1/2° N. L.) runs between the mainland and some small islands. From these parts we have two vocabularies, Revely's and Dr. Coulter's. The former is known to me only through the Mithridates, and has only three words that can be compared with the other:—
English.Revely's.Coulter's.onepacàpaka.twoexcòshkoho.threemapjamasekh.
The Mission of Santa Ines lies between that of Santa Barbara and that of San Luis Obispo, in 35-2/3 N. L.; which last supplies a vocabulary, one of Dr. Coulter's:—
English.San Luis Obispo.Santa Barbara.watertooh.stonetkeupkheup.threemishamasekh.bowtakhaakha.saltteputipi.
This is the amount of likeness between the two forms of speech—greater than that between the Netela and Dieguno, but less than that between the Netela and Kij.
Dr. Coulter gives us a vocabulary for the Mission of San Antonio, and the United States Exploring Expedition one from San Miguel, the latter being very short:
English.San Miguel.manluai, loai, logua.womantlene.fathertata.motherapai.sonpaser, pasel.daughterpaser, pasel.headto-buko.hairte-asakho.earste-n-tkhito.nosete-n-ento.eyest-r-ugento.moutht-r-eliko (lak-um,St. Raph.)
With the San Antonio it has six words in common, of which two coincide:e. g.in San Antonioman=luah,mother=epjo. Besides which, the combinationtr, and the preponderance of initials int, are common to the two vocabularies. San Antonio is spoken about 36-1/2° N. L. The numerals, too, are very similar, since theki-andka-in the San Antonio numeration forone,two, seems non-radical:—
English.San Miguel.San Antonio.onetohiki-tol.twokugsuka-kishe.threetlubahiklap'hai.fourkesakisha.fiveoldratoultraoh.sixpaiatepainel.seventepate'h.eightsratelshaanel.ninetedi-trupteta-tsoi.tentrupatsoeh.
It is safe to say that these two vocabularies represent one and the same language.
About fifty miles to the north-west of St. Miguel lies La Soledad, for which we have a short vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:—
English.La Soledad.manmue.womanshurishme.fatherni-ka-pa.motherni-ka-na.sonni-ki-nish.daughterni-kaheadtsop.hairworokh.earsotsho.noseus (oos,Castano).eyeshiin (hin,Talatui).mouthhai.
The wordnika, which alone denotesdaughter, makes the power of the syllabickadoubtful. Nevertheless, it is probably non-radical. In ni-ki-nish, as opposed to ni-ka-na, we have an apparent accommodation (umlaut); a phenomenon not wholly strange to the American form of speech.
Is this the only language of these parts? Probably not. The numerals of language from this Mission are given by Mofras, and the difference between them and those of Mr. Hale is as follows:—
English.Mofras Sol.Hale's Sol.oneenkalahimitna.twooultesutshe.threekappeskap-kha.fouroultezimutjit.fivehaliizonparuash.sixhali-skakemiminuksha.sevenkapka-maiuduksha.eightoulton-maitaitemi.ninepakkewatso.tentam-chaktmatsoso.
There is some affinity, but it is not so close as one in another quarter;i. e.one with the Achastli and Ruslen.
Between 36° and 37° N. L. lies the town of Monterey. For this neighbourhood we have the Ruslen east, and the Eslen west, the latter being called also Ecclemachs. Bourgoing and De La Manon are the authorities for the scanty vocabularies of these two forms of speech, to which is added one of the Achastli. The Achastli, the Ruslen, and the Soledad of Mofras seem to represent one and the same language. The converse, however, does not hold good,i. e.the Soledad of Hale is not the Eslenes of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon. This gives us four languages for these parts:—
1. The one represented by the San Miguel and San Antonio vocabulary.
2. The one represented by the Soledad of Hale.
3. The one represented by the Soledad of Mofras, the Achastli of De La Manon, and the Ruslen of Bourgoing.
4. The one represented by the Eslen of Bourgoing and the Ecclemachs of De La Manon, and also by a vocabulary yet to be noticed, viz. that of the Mission of Carmel of Mofras.
English.Carmel.Eslen.Soledad(of Mofras).Ruslen.onepekpekenkalaenjala.twooulhajulhajoultesultis.threekoulepjulepkappeskappes.fourkamakousjamajusoultizimultizim.fivepemakalapemajalahaliizonhali-izu.sixpegualanaipeguatanoihalishakemhali-shakem.sevenkulukulanaijulajualaneikapkamaikapkamai-shakem.eightkounaileplajulep jualaneioultonmaiultumai-shakem.ninekakouslanaijamajas jualaneipakkepacke.tentomoilatomoilatamchakttamchait.
We now approach the parts of California which are best known—the Bay of San Francisco in 38° N. L. For these parts the Mission of Dolores gives us the names of the following populations:—1. Ahwastes. 2. Olhones (Costanos or Coastmen). 3. Altahmos. 4. Romonans. 5. Tulomos.
For the same parts we have vocabularies of four languages which are almost certainly mutually unintelligible. Two are from Baer'sBeiträge; they were collected during the time of the Russian settlement at Ross. One represents the language of certain Indians calledOlamentke, the other that of certain Indians calledKhwakhlamayu. The other two are from the second part of Schoolcraft. One is headed Costano = the language of the Indians of the coast; the other Cushna. The language represented by the Cushna vocabulary can be traced as far inland as the Lower Sacramiento. Here we find the Bushumni(or Pujuni), the Secumni, the Yasumni, the Yalesumni, the Nemshaw, the Kiski, the Huk, and the Yukae tribes, whose languages, or dialects, are represented by three short vocabularies, collected by Mr. Dana, viz. the Pujuni, the Sekumne, and the Tsamak.
The following extract shows the extent to which these three forms of speech agree and differ:—
English.Pujuni.Sekumne.Tsamak.mançunemailikmailik.womankelekelekule.child——maidumonai——daughter——eti——headtçutçúltsoltçultçul.hairoionooi.earonóbonoorro.eyewatçailhil.nosehenkasuma——mouthmolósim——necktokotókkuikulut.armmawahkalut.handtçapaimatamsultortamtçut.fingerstçikikupbititcikikup.legpaipodobimpi.footkatuppaipai.toetapbiti——househĕhĕ——bowōlumni————arrowhuiā————shoes——solum——beads——hawūt——skyhibi————sunokooko——dayokoeki——night——po——fireçasaça.watermomi, mopmopmomi.riverlókolókmumdimunti.stoneoo——treetçatsa——grapes——muti——deerwilkutkut.bird——tsit——fish——pala——salmonmaimai——name——ianó——goodhukwennehuk.bad——tçoçmaidik.old——hawil——new——be——sweet——sudúk——sour——oho——hasten——iewa——runtshelgewa——walkiyewiye——swimpi————talkwiwinaenun——sing——tsol——dance——paio——onetiwikte——twoteenepen——threeshupuisapui——fourpeheltsi——fivemusticmauk——sixtini, o (sic)tini, a (sic)——seventapuipensi (?)sic.——eightpetsheitapau (?)sic.——ninematshummutsum——tentshapanakaaduk——
On the Kassima River, a tributary of the Sacramiento, about eighty miles from its mouth lives a tribe whose language is called the Talatui, and is represented by a vocabulary of Mr. Dana's. It belongs, as Gallatin has suggested, to the same class with the language of San Raphael, as given in a vocabulary of Mr. Hale's:—
English.Talatui.San Raphael.mansawelamantiya.womanesuukulaish.fathertataapi.daughterteleai.headtikitmolu.earalokalokh.eyewilaishuta.noseukhuke.mouthhubelakum.handikuakue.footsubeikoio.sunhihi.dayhiumuhi.nightka-wilwalay uta.firewikewaik.waterkikkiik.stonesawalupoii.birdlune, tikakalis.housekodjakoitaya.onekenatekenai.twooyo-kooza.threeteli-kotula-ka.fouroiçu-kowiag.fivekassa-kokenekus.sixtemebopatirak.sevenkanikuk (?)sicsemlawi.eightkauindawusuya.nineooiumarask.tenekuyekitshish.
North of San Francisco, at least along the coast, we have no vocabularies of any language undoubtedly and exclusively Californian. Thus, the Lutuami, the Shasti and Palaik are, in all probability, common to California and Oregon. Of each of these languages Mr. Hale has given us a vocabulary. The Lutuami live on the headwaters of the river and lake Tlamatl, or Clamet, conterminous on the south-east with the Palaiks, and on the south-west with the Shasti. The affinity between the Palaik and Lutuami seems to be somewhat greater than that between the Lutuami and Shasti.
And now we have goneroundCalifornia; for, conterminous, on the east, with the Lutuami and Shasti are the Wihinast and Paduca with whom we began, and it is only by the comparatively narrow strip of country occupied by the three tribes just enumerated that the great Paduca area isseparated from the Pacific. How far the Shasti and Palaik areas extend in the direction of the head-waters of the Sacramiento is uncertain. A separate language, however, seems to be represented by a vocabulary, collected by Mr. Dana from the Indians who lie about 250 miles from its mouth. From the Lutuami, the Shasti, the Palaik, and Jakon, northwards, and from the Pujuni, Talatui and other dialects lower down the river, it seems distinct. It is just more like the Jakon than any other form of speech equally distant. Neither is it Shoshoni:—
Engl.U. Sacr.sunsas.firepo.watermeim. momiPuj.Tsam.mopSek.hairto-moi.eyetu-mut.armkeole.fingertsemut. tamtçut = handTsam.legtole. koloTalat.footktamoso.kneehuiuk.deernop.salmonmonok.nosetsono. tusinaJakon. sumaSek.mouthkal. khaiJakon. haiSoledad.chinkentikut.foreheadtei.knifekelekele.ironkelekele.grapeuyulu.rushtso.eatba, bas.seewila.gohara.
Slight as is this preponderance of affinity with the Jakon, it is not to be ignored altogether. The displacements between the two areas have been considerable and though the names of as many as five intermediate tribes are known, we have no specimens of their languages. These tribes are—
1. The Kaus, between the rivers Umkwa and Clamet, and consequently not far from the head-waters of the Sacramiento.
2. 3. The Tsalel and Killiwashat, on the Umkwa.
4. The Saintskla between these and the Jakon, the Jakon being between the Tlatskanai and Umkwa.
Now as these last are Athabaskan, there must have been displacement. But there are further proofs. North of the isolated and apparently intrusive Tlatskanai lie the Nsietshawus—isolated and apparently intrusive also; since they belong to the great Atna stock of Frazer's River.
The Jakon, then, and the Indians of the Upper Sacramiento may belong to the same stock—a stock which will be continuous in its area in case intermediate tribesprove referable to it, and interrupted in its area if they do not. At any rate, thedirectionof the Jakons is important.
The following Paternosters from Mofras, referable to the parts about San Francisco, require fixing. They can probably be distributed among the languages ascribed to that district—not, however, by the present writer:—
Langue de la Mission de Santa Clara.—Appa macréne mé saura saraahtiga elecpuhmem imragat, sacan macréne mensaraah assuevy nouman ourun macari pireca numa ban saraahiga poluma macréne souhaii naltis anat macréne neéna, ia annanet macréne meena, ia annanet macréne macrec équetr maccari noumbasi macro annan, non maroté jessember macréne in eckoué tamouniri innam tattahné, icatrarca oniet macréne equets naccaritkoun och á Jésus.
Langue de la Mission de Santa Ines.—Dios caquicoco upalequen alapa, quiaenicho opte; paquininigug quique eccuet upalacs huatahuc itimisshup caneche alapa. Ulamuhu ilahulalisahue. Picsiyug equepe ginsucutaniyug uquiyagmagin, canechequique quisagin sucutanagun utiyagmayiyug peux hoyug quie utie lex ulechop santequiyung ilautechop. Amen. Jesus.
Langue de la Vallée de Los Tulares.—Appa macquen erignimo, tasunimac emracat, jinnin eccey macquen unisínmac macquen quitti éné soteyma erinigmo: sumimac macquen hamjamú jinnan guara ayei; sunnun maquen quit ti enesunumac ayacma; aquectsem unisimtac nininti equetmini: junná macquen equetmini em men.
Langue Giuluco de la Mission de San Francisco.—Allá-igamé mutryocusé mi zahuá on mi yahuatail cha usqui etra shon mur tzecali Ziam pac onjinta mul zhaiíge Nasoyate chelegua mul znatzoitze tzecali zicmatan zchütülaa chalehua mesqui pihuatzite yteima omahuá. Emqui. Jesus.
Langue Chocouyem du Rio del Sacramento.—Api maco su lileco ma nénas mi aués omai mácono mi taucuchs oyópa mi tauco chaquenit opú neyatto chequenit opu liletto. Tu maco muye genum ji naya macono sucuji sulia mácono mácocte, chaue mat opu ma suli mayaco. Macoi yangia ume omutto, ulémi mácono omu incapo. Nette esa Jesus.
Langue Joukiousmé de la Mission de San Raphael.—Api maco sa líleto manénas mi dues onía mácono michauka oiopa mitauka chakenit opu negata chàkenit opu lilèto, tumako muye quenunje naya macono sucuji snlia macóno masojte chake mat opu ma suli mayaco maco yangìa ume omut ulemi macono omu in capo. Netenti Jesus.
The numerals given by Mofras are as follows:—