SEVENTEENTH STUDY

Part Two

Review I, II, and parts 1 and 2 of III.

3. Far more of the Old Testament belongs to the department ofPoetrythan appears in the Authorized Version, the Bible in common use. The He´brew mind was poetic rather than prosaic, and the thought of this people naturally fell into the form of poetry. But there is a great difference between our poetry or verse and that of the He´brews. With us there is apt to be rhyme, never sought by the Bible poet; or else a certain measure in length of line or emphasis on certain vowel sounds, the "feet" or "meter," in the verse, equally unknown in the Bible. He´brew verse consists in a peculiar symmetry and balance of clauses, which is called "parallelism," for instance:

"He will not suffer thy foot to be moved:He that keepeth thee will not slumber.Behold, he that keepeth Is´ra-elShall neither slumber nor sleep" (Psa. 121. 3, 4).

Poetry is to be found in nearly all parts of the Old Testament. There are:

1.)Odes, as the song of Mir´i-am (Exod. 15), of Deb´o-rah (Judg. 5), and the book of Lam-en-ta´tions. In the latter book there is an acrostical arrangement, each stanza beginning in the original text with a letter of the He´brew alphabet, and arranged in their order.

2.)Lyric poems, songs of emotion or feeling, as most of the Psalms.

3.)Dramatic poems, illustrative of action, as Job and the Song of Sol´o-mon.

4.Oratoryfigures extensively in the Old Testament, as we should expect to find in the literature of any Oriental people, among whom the public speaker exercises a mighty influence. The orations ordiscourses of the Bible are sometimes in prose, sometimes in poetry, sometimes in both forms of expression. The speeches in the book of Job, Sol´o-mon's dedicatory prayer (2 Chron. 6), almost the entire book of Deu-ter-on´o-my, the opening chapters of Prov´erbs, and many of the discourses of the prophets belong to this department. Note how readily the passage in Deut. 8. 7-9 falls into verse:

"For the Lord thy God bringeth thee into a good land,A land of brooks of water,Of fountains and depths,Springing forth in valleys and hills;A land of wheat and barley,And vines and fig trees and pomegranates;A land of oil olives and honey," etc. (Rev. Ver.)

5.Philosophy, or "wisdom-literature," is also found in the Old Testament. The book of Prov´erbs is a collection of the "sayings of the sages" among the Is´ra-el-ites; while Ec-cle-si-as´tes is a series of connected essays on human life.

6.Prophecyis a distinct form of literature in the Bible. The word "prophecy" in the Scriptures means not "foretelling," or "prediction," but "forthtelling," speaking under a divine power, whether of past, present, or future. It is not to be forgotten that the books of Josh´u-a, Judg´es, Sam´u-el, and Kings were called by the Jews "the former prophets," and were all regarded as prophetic, although they contained history. The prophets used freely either the prose form or verse form in their messages. Their writings may be classified under:

1.)Prophetic Discourse, the message of the Lord concerning nations, often called "the burden," the counterpart of the modern sermon, as in Isa. 1. 1-31; Ezek. 34.

2.)Lyric prophecy, in the form of song, as in Zeph-a-ni´ah, Isa. 9. 8 to 10. 4, and many other instances.

3.)Symbolic prophecy, or the use of emblems, as Jer-e-mi´ah's girdle (Jer. 13), the potter's wheel (Jer. 18), or E-ze´ki-el's tile (Ezek. 4).

4.)The prophecy of Vision, of which instances are: I-sa´iah's call (Isa. 6); Jer-e-mi´ah's vision (Jer. 1. 11-16); E-ze´ki-el's vision of the cherubim (Ezek. 1); "the valley of dry bones" (Ezek. 37); and Zech-a-ri´ah's vision of the candlestick (Zech. 4).

5.)The prophecy of Parable, as "the vineyard" (Isa. 5), also in Ezek. 15; "the eagle" (Ezek. 17). There are many parables in theOld Testament, but the master in this form of teaching was the Prophet of Gal´i-lee in the gospels.

6.)The prophecy of Dialogue, either between the prophet and Je-ho´vah or more frequently between the prophet and the people, as in the book of Mal´a-chi.

7.)Dramatic prophecy, in which Je-ho´vah himself is represented as speaking, generally introduced by the words "Thus saith Je-ho´vah."

A close analysis will perhaps show other forms of prophetic teaching, as "The Doom Song" and "The Prophetic Rhapsody"; but in our judgment these also may be included in the classification given above. (See footnote with the opening of this lesson.)

Blackboard Outline

I.Imp.The Bible as Hist. Eth. Doc. Dev. Lit. [Illust.]II.Diff.1. Div. chap. ver. 2. Lit. ming.III.Class.1. Hist, 1.) Prim. 2.) Const. 3.) Nat. 4.) Eccl.2. Per. Narr. J. B. R. D. E. E. J. E.3. Poet. Heb. ver. 1.) Od. 2.) Lyr. 3.) Dram.4. Orat. Sol. Deut. Prov. Proph.5. Phil. "Wis.-Lit." Prov. Eccl.6. Proph. "Forthtell." "For. proph." 1.) Pro. Disc. 2.) Lyr. pro. 3.) Sym. pro. 4.) Pro. Vis. 5.) Pro. Par. 6.) Pro. Dia. 7.) Dram. pro.

6. Proph. "Forthtell." "For. proph." 1.) Pro. Disc. 2.) Lyr. pro. 3.) Sym. pro. 4.) Pro. Vis. 5.) Pro. Par. 6.) Pro. Dia. 7.) Dram. pro.

Review Questions

Review the questions withPart Oneof this lesson. What are the first and second classes of literature in the Bible? What is the third class? Wherein does He´brew poetry differ from Eng´lish verse? What three kinds of poetry are found in the Old Testament? Give examples under each kind. What is the fourth class of literature in the Bible? Name some instances under this class. Are the discourses of the Bible in prose or in poetry? What is the fifth class of biblical literature? By what other name is this class known? Give two examples of this class, and state the differences between them. What is the sixth literary department in the Bible? What is the meaning of the word "prophecy"? In what form, prose or poetry, did the prophets speak? What are the seven kinds of prophecy found in the Bible? Define each kind. Give illustrations of each class.

How We Got Our Bible

Part One

I.Name.Here is a volume which we call "The Holy Bible." The word "bible" means "books"—biblia, plural of Greekbiblion, "book." So the Bible is "The Sacred Book," and by its very name calls attention to the fact that it is not one book, but many: 39 books in the Old Testament, 27 in the New—66 books in the Bible. Its composite nature is not less important for us to keep in mind than its unity. Especially is this true of the Old Testament, of which we speak mainly in this lesson.

II.Origin.How came these books into being? This is a question of the "higher criticism"—that is, the study of subjects back of and above those belonging to the meaning of the text; not higher because more important, but higher because pertaining to an earlier period. Certain conclusions, however, may be accepted.

1. Much of the contents of the Bible, especially of the Old Testament, was givenorally, through stories, songs, and poems recited, through prophetic discourses, and through traditions handed down from generation to generation—a method of instruction universal before books were printed.

2. These oral teachings werewritten, some at the time when they were given, others later, sometimes after generations of oral repetition. The writing of different portions of the Bible was carried on at various times, in various places, and by various writers; perhaps through 1,600 years, and by more than 40 writers, most of whom have remained unknown. In the writing and rewriting He´brew scholars of Old Testament times did not hesitate to modify the older works as they saw reasons for so doing. We respect the "works of authors," and would not alter the language of Chaucer or Milton or Macaulay; but He´brew prophets and scribes in early times cared more for the contents than for the authorship of their sacred books.

3. As long as there were prophets in Is´ra-el and Ju´dah to declare the will of the Lord the need of a written and authoritative Scripture was scarcely recognized. But prophecy ceased about B. C. 450,and then began thework of the great scribes, of whom Ez´ra was the chief, in bringing together, editing, and copying the sacred books. Perhaps about B. C. 400 the Old Testament was practically complete. But it is evident that the precise text was not fixed for centuries afterward, as the earliest translation (the Septuagint; see below) shows that a text was followed different from that now read. The text of the He´brew Bible was not finally adopted until later than A. D 200.

III.Language.1. Nearly all the Old Testament was written in He´brew, the language of the Is´ra-el-ites, called by the As-syr´i-ans on their monuments "the tongue of the west country," in the Bible "the lip of Ca´naan" (Isa. 19. 18) or "the Jews' language" (2 Kings 18. 26).

2. Certain parts of Dan´iel and Ez´ra and one verse of Jer-e-mi´ah (Jer. 10. 11) were written in Ar-a-ma´ic (2 Kings 18. 26, "Syr´i-an language"), often, though inaccurately, called Chal´dee.

IV.Form.1. The books of the Old Testament werewritten upon parchment, the prepared skins of animals. The letters were large, and a manuscript roll embraced generally only one book; and several rolls were needed for the longer books.

2. Their use was almost entirelylimited to the synagogue, and few copies were ever owned by private persons. After touching the roll of an inspired book one must wash his hands in running water before touching anything else.

3. When the synagogue rolls were well worn they were cut up into smaller pieces foruse in the schools, where the Bible was the only text-book. When worn out they were burned or buried. The Jews did not preserve ancient writings, which is one reason why all the manuscripts of the Bible are of comparatively modern date.

Blackboard Outline

Review Questions

What is the origin and meaning of the word "Bible"? What does this word suggest as to the books of the Bible? How many books does the Bible contain? What is meant by "the higher criticism"? How was much of the Bible given? How and when were the books written? How long was the writing in progress? Did the writers of the Bible change the documents as they wrote them? How long was there little need of a written revelation? When were the writings of the Old Testament brought together? Name the leader in this work. At what time was the Old Testament completed? Was the precise text of the Bible fixed at that time? What evidence is there of more than one accepted text? In what language was most of the Old Testament written? What other language was also used? What parts of the Old Testament were in this other language? In what form were the books of the Old Testament preserved? What was their principal use? What hindered the private ownership of the books? What use was made of the old rolls of the Scriptures? How were they finally disposed of?

Part Two

V.Early Versions.The captivity of the Jews in Bab-y-lo´ni-a led to a change in their spoken language, so that they could no longer understand the ancient Hebrew of the Bible, and translations, or "versions," became necessary. Note that in Ez´ra's Bible class (Neh. 8. 7) translators were employed, and their names are given.

1.The Targums. These translations from the Hebrew to the vernacular, or common speech, of the Jews were calledTargums. Men were trained to give them, as the sacred text was read, sentence by sentence, in the synagogue. This translator was called a "meturgeman." For centuries these translations, or Targums, remained unwritten, were handed down orally, and were jealously guarded. Not until after A. D. 200 was the writing of the Targums authorized by Jewish custom.

2.The Septuagint.The conquests of Al-ex-an´der, B. C. 330, made the Greek language dominant in all the lands of the east, and the Jews dispersed among these countries needed their writings in theGreek tongue, which was used almost everywhere in the synagogues outside of Ju-de´a. To meet this need theSeptuagintversion arose in Al-ex-an´dri-a, beginning about B. C. 285. The name Septuagint, meaning "seventy," arose from a legend that the version was made by seventy men, each in a separate room, translating all the books; and the result showed the rendering alike, word for word! The Septuagint became the current Bible of the Jews in all lands except, perhaps, Pal´es-tine.

3.The Vulgate.After Rome became the world's capital, and the Latin language came into general use, especially west of Al-ex-an´dri-a, in the Christian churches came a demand for the Bible in Latin. Many versions of certain books were made, but the one that at last superseded all the earlier translations was that prepared by Jerome, about A. D. 400. This was called "the Vulgate," from the Latinvulgus, "the common people." This was the Bible in general use until the Reformation. But as the Latin language in its turn ceased to be spoken the Bible was lost to the common people throughout Europe, and was known only to scholars, mostly in the monasteries.

VI.Modern Versions.Of these multitudes have been made; but we will notice only a few of the most important in the line of succession leading to our English Bible.

1.Wyclif's Bible.John Wyclif was "The Morning Star of the Reformation," preaching in England one hundred and fifty years before Luther in Germany. Finding the Latin Bible inaccessible to the common people, he prepared a version in the English of his time, aided by other scholars. The New Testament was first translated, beginning with the book of Revelation, in 1357, and nearly all the Old Testament was translated by 1382, two years before Wyclif died. This translation was made from the Vulgate, not from the original Hebrew and Greek. As printing had not yet been invented it was circulated in manuscript only, yet was read widely.

2.Tyndale's Bible.After the invention of printing and the great Reformation there was an awakened interest in the Bible. William Tyndale, a scholar in Hebrew and Greek, gave his life to the translation of the Scriptures, was exiled, and was martyred in 1536 on account of it. His New Testament in 1525 was the first printed in English, and it was followed by the Pentateuch in 1530. No one man ever made a better translation than Tyndale, which has been followed in many renderings by nearly all the later versions.

3.The Great Bible.Omitting the versions of Coverdale, Matthew, and Taverner, we come to the first authorized version, made under the direction of the English prime minister, Thomas Cromwell, edited by Miles Coverdale, and published in 1539. It received its name from its size, and from the fact that a copy of it was required to be placed in every church in England.

4.The Geneva Biblewas translated by a company of English exiles in Switzerland, and appeared in 1560. It was more convenientin form than the earlier editions, was divided into verses, and printed in Roman letters—traits which made it popular, especially among the nonconformists in England.

5.The Bishops' Biblewas prepared under the direction of Matthew Parker, archbishop under Queen Elizabeth, by eight bishops of the Church of England, and appeared in 1572. It had a limited circulation, because it was really not quite as good as the Geneva Bible; but it was the official version in England from 1572 to 1611.

6.The Douai Bible.All the above-named versions, and many others, were the work of Protestants. The Roman Catholics of England found a version of their own a necessity; and, as they were not allowed to prepare and publish one in England, the task was undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics on the Continent. The New Testament was published at Rheims, in France, in 1582; the Old Testament at Douai, in Belgium, in 1610. This translation was made from the Latin Bible of Jerome, and its marginal notes set forth the Roman Catholic views. It is still the English Bible of the Roman Catholic Church.

7.The King James Version.In the reign of James I of England many versions were in circulation, and for the sake of uniformity a new translation was ordered by the king. This was made by forty-seven scholars, occupying about three years, and was issued in 1611. It became by degrees the standard English Bible, "The Authorized Version," as it is called. It is the Bible which is still circulated by the million every year, the Bible familiar to every reader.

8.The Revised Version.The advance in scholarship, the increasing knowledge of the ancient world, and the discovery of old manuscripts unknown to earlier translators, caused a demand, not for a new Bible, but for a revision of the text and of the translation in common use. The Church of England led in the movement, but invited the coöperation of scholars in every denomination of Great Britain and America. In 1881 the New Testament appeared, and in 1885 the entire Bible. Students everywhere recognized the Revised Version as a great improvement upon the Authorized Version, but it comes very slowly into use by the people.

9.The American Revised Version.In the preparation of the Revised Version of 1885 the American scholars proposed more radical changes than the English revisers would admit. It was arranged that the Americans should have their list of proposed changespublished at the end of the version, but they should not publish any Bible containing them in the text until 1900. The American revisers continued their organization, and, aided by experience, made a new revision throughout, which was published both in England and America as "The American Revised Version," in 1901. This work is by most students regarded as, upon the whole, better than the Revised Version of 1885 and the best translation of the Bible that has yet appeared.

Blackboard Outline

I.Name."H. B."Biblia.39. 27. 66.II.Orig."Hi. Crit." 1.Ora.St. so. po. pro. trad.2.Writ.1,600 y. 40 wri. "Works of authors."3.Work of scr.B. C. 400. Text not uniform.III.Lang.1. Heb. 2. Aram.IV.Form.1. Writ. parch. 2. Use in syn. 3. Use in sch.V.Ear. Ver.1. Tar. 2. Sept. 3. Vul.VI.Mod. Ver.1. Wyc. 1382. 2. Tyn. 1525, 1530. 3. Gr. Bib. 1539. 4. Gen. Bib. 1560. 5. Bish. Bib. 1572. 6. Dou. Bib. 1582, 1610. 7. K. Jam. Ver. 1611. 8. Rev. Ver. 1881, 1885. 9. Am. Rev. Ver. 1901.

Mod. Ver.1. Wyc. 1382. 2. Tyn. 1525, 1530. 3. Gr. Bib. 1539. 4. Gen. Bib. 1560. 5. Bish. Bib. 1572. 6. Dou. Bib. 1582, 1610. 7. K. Jam. Ver. 1611. 8. Rev. Ver. 1881, 1885. 9. Am. Rev. Ver. 1901.

Review Questions

Review and answer again the questions on Sections I, II, III, IV of this lesson. What is meant by "versions"? How did versions of the Old Testament become necessary to the Jews? What were these versions called, and how did they arise? How were they preserved? What called forth the Septuagint Version? In what language was it? When was it prepared? What was the Jewish legend concerning it? How did the Vulgate arise? Who made it? Why did it receive that name? What did the Vulgate become? Repeat the names of the three most important early versions. Name the nine most important modern versions. Who was Wyclif? When did he live? When did his translation of the Bible appear? How was it circulated? What two events in modern times increased the desire for the Bible in the language of the people? What is said of Tyndale's version? What was the Great Bible? Who directed its preparation? Who edited it? When was it published? What was the Geneva Bible? Wherein did it differ from earlier Bibles? Give the facts concerning the Bishops' Bible—originator, translators, date, characteristics. What was the history of the Douai Bible? Where is that Bible used? Tell the facts about the Authorized Version. How did the Revised Version arise? How was it prepared? What new version has recently appeared, and how is it regarded?

FOOTNOTES:[1]The chronology of the Bible is not a matter of the divine revelation, and scholars are not agreed with respect to the dates of early Scripture history. The system of chronology commonly found in reference Bibles is that of Archbishop Usher, who lived 1580-1656, long before the modern period of investigation in Bible lands. According to this chronology A´dam was created B. C. 4004, the flood took place B. C. 2348, and the call of A´bra-ham was B. C. 1928. But it is now an attested and recognized fact that kingdoms were established in the Eu-phra´tes valley and beside the Nile more than 4000 years before Christ. All of Usher's dates earlier than the captivity of the Jews in Bab´y-lon are now discarded by scholars. We give in these lessons no dates earlier than the call of A´bra-ham, which is doubtfully placed at B. C. 2280, and regard none as certain before B. C. 1000.[2]When the birth of Christ was adopted as an era of chronology, about A. D. 400 a mistake of four years was made by the historian who first fixed it. Hence the year in which Christ was born was in reality B. C. 4.[3]We give Mount Hor the traditional location, east of the Desert of Zin; but there is strong reason for finding it west of the Desert of Zin, near Ka´desh-bar´ne-a.[4]Called in the Revised Version "guilt offering."[5]This is called in the Revised Version "the meal offering"; that is, the offering to God of a meal to be eaten. It might be called "food offering."[6]According to Josephus; the fact is not stated in the Bible.[7]The ecclesiastical year began with the month Abib, or Nisan, in the spring: the civil year with the month Ethanim in the fall.[8]The Old Testament name for the Sea of Gal´i-lee is Chin´ne-reth (ch as k), a word meaning "harp-shaped."[9]The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem, and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is discussed in Geikie's Hours with the Bible, footnote with chapter 13.[10]With regard to the destruction of the Ca´naan-ites: 1. Such destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It was observed by the Ca´naan-ites, who were among the most wicked of ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary if Is´ra-el was to be kept from the corruption of their morals, and upon Is´ra-el´s character depended the world in after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the Ca´naan-ites a vastly greater number of the Is´ra-el-ites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries.[11]With Jeph´thah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to Je-ho´vah in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant freebooter, in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only captives taken in war, but also the children of the worshipers, were offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. 6. 7), this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the Is´ra-el-ite worship.[12]With regard to Da´vid's crimes against U-ri´ah and his wife, note that no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or would have cared for it afterward; while Da´vid submitted to the prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and showed every token of a true repentance.[13]Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to Da´vid, they were strongly opposed to Sol´o-mon, and gave aid to his enemy Jer-o-bo´am (1 Kings 11. 29-39).[14]The dimensions as given in the Bible are all in cubits, a measure of uncertain length, which I have estimated at eighteen inches; consequently all the figures given in this study are to be regarded as approximate, not exact.[15]There is no mention of either the table or the candlestick in Sol´o-mon's temple, but instead ten tables and ten candlesticks in the Holy Place (2 Chron. 4. 7, 8). The table and candlestick were in the tabernacle, and were also in the second and third temples; but it is uncertain whether they actually stood in the temple of Sol´o-mon.[16]Nearly all the material in this lesson is drawn in an abbreviated form from The Literary Study of the Bible, by Richard G. Moulton (Boston D. C. Heath & Co.), a masterpiece on this subject, strongly recommended to the student. I have, however, ventured to vary from Dr. Moulton's classification on some minor points—J. L. H.

[1]The chronology of the Bible is not a matter of the divine revelation, and scholars are not agreed with respect to the dates of early Scripture history. The system of chronology commonly found in reference Bibles is that of Archbishop Usher, who lived 1580-1656, long before the modern period of investigation in Bible lands. According to this chronology A´dam was created B. C. 4004, the flood took place B. C. 2348, and the call of A´bra-ham was B. C. 1928. But it is now an attested and recognized fact that kingdoms were established in the Eu-phra´tes valley and beside the Nile more than 4000 years before Christ. All of Usher's dates earlier than the captivity of the Jews in Bab´y-lon are now discarded by scholars. We give in these lessons no dates earlier than the call of A´bra-ham, which is doubtfully placed at B. C. 2280, and regard none as certain before B. C. 1000.

[2]When the birth of Christ was adopted as an era of chronology, about A. D. 400 a mistake of four years was made by the historian who first fixed it. Hence the year in which Christ was born was in reality B. C. 4.

[3]We give Mount Hor the traditional location, east of the Desert of Zin; but there is strong reason for finding it west of the Desert of Zin, near Ka´desh-bar´ne-a.

[4]Called in the Revised Version "guilt offering."

[5]This is called in the Revised Version "the meal offering"; that is, the offering to God of a meal to be eaten. It might be called "food offering."

[6]According to Josephus; the fact is not stated in the Bible.

[7]The ecclesiastical year began with the month Abib, or Nisan, in the spring: the civil year with the month Ethanim in the fall.

[8]The Old Testament name for the Sea of Gal´i-lee is Chin´ne-reth (ch as k), a word meaning "harp-shaped."

[9]The account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem, and is so printed in the Revised Version. The subject is discussed in Geikie's Hours with the Bible, footnote with chapter 13.

[10]With regard to the destruction of the Ca´naan-ites: 1. Such destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world. 2. It was observed by the Ca´naan-ites, who were among the most wicked of ancient peoples. 3. It was necessary if Is´ra-el was to be kept from the corruption of their morals, and upon Is´ra-el´s character depended the world in after ages. 4. As a result of failing to extirpate the Ca´naan-ites a vastly greater number of the Is´ra-el-ites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries.

[11]With Jeph´thah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to Je-ho´vah in all Bible history; and this was by an ignorant freebooter, in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood. When we consider that the practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world, and that not only captives taken in war, but also the children of the worshipers, were offered (2 Kings 3. 26, 27; Mic. 6. 7), this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the Is´ra-el-ite worship.

[12]With regard to Da´vid's crimes against U-ri´ah and his wife, note that no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act, or would have cared for it afterward; while Da´vid submitted to the prophet's rebuke, publicly confessed his sin, and showed every token of a true repentance.

[13]Notice that while the prophets had been friendly to Da´vid, they were strongly opposed to Sol´o-mon, and gave aid to his enemy Jer-o-bo´am (1 Kings 11. 29-39).

[14]The dimensions as given in the Bible are all in cubits, a measure of uncertain length, which I have estimated at eighteen inches; consequently all the figures given in this study are to be regarded as approximate, not exact.

[15]There is no mention of either the table or the candlestick in Sol´o-mon's temple, but instead ten tables and ten candlesticks in the Holy Place (2 Chron. 4. 7, 8). The table and candlestick were in the tabernacle, and were also in the second and third temples; but it is uncertain whether they actually stood in the temple of Sol´o-mon.

[16]Nearly all the material in this lesson is drawn in an abbreviated form from The Literary Study of the Bible, by Richard G. Moulton (Boston D. C. Heath & Co.), a masterpiece on this subject, strongly recommended to the student. I have, however, ventured to vary from Dr. Moulton's classification on some minor points—J. L. H.

Transcriber's Note:Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Obvious punctuation errors repaired.

Back to Index Next