Ætna, Mount,381.Agriculture,American,346;in England, winning swamp lands for,335;recent developments of,345.Alaska, changes on the coast of,96.Ants taking food underground,319;work of the, on the soil,318.Apsides, revolution of the,61,62.Arabians, chemical experiments of the,13.Arches, natural, in cavern districts,258.Artesian wells,258,259.Arts, advance of Italian fine,19.Asteroids,53;motions of, about their centres and about the sun,53.Astronomers, the solar system and the early,79.Astronomy,31-80;growth of, since the time of Galileo,33,34;the first science,10.Atmosphere, 97-206;along the tropical belt,102;as a medium of communication between different regions,99;deprived of water, containing little heat,105;beginning of the science of the,117;counter-trade movements of the,105;envelope of the earth,98;expansion of, in a hollow wall during the passage of a storm,114;heat-carrying power of the,105;heights to which it extends,99;in water,99;movements no direct influence on the surface of the earth,122;movements of the, qualified by the condition which it encounters,118;of mountains,98;of the seashore,98;of the earth,98;of the sun,73;snow as an evidence of,65;supplying needs of underground creatures,331;uprushes of,101,102;upward strain of the, next the earth,107;weight and motion of the,120,121.Atmospheric circulation of the soil,330,331;envelopes,97.Aurora borealis,168.Avalanches,210-213;dreaded, in the Alpine regions,212;great, in the Swiss Oberland,211,212;rocky,175-177.Axis,imaginary changes in the earth's,59;of the earth's rotation,58;polar, inclined position of,58;polar, nodding movement of the axes,54;rotations of the planetary spheres on their axes,56.Barometer, causes of changes in the,117,118.Basalts,309.Beaches,93,142,144;boulder,142,143;pebbly,142;sand,144.Beetles, work of, on the soil,318,319.Belief of the early astronomers about the solar system,79.Bergschrund, the,214.Birds and mammals contributing to the fertility of the soil,319."Blanketing,"269.Bogs,climbing,331-334;lake,331-333;peat,334,335;quaking,334.Botany, rapid advance in,14,15.Boulders,217,220.Breakers,135,137,139.Bridges, natural,257,258.Canals of Mars,67.Cañon, newly formed river cutting a,195.Cataracts,193.Caves,253-258,261;architecture of,255-258;hot-water,261;mammoth cave,258;stalactites and stalagmites on the roof and floor of,257.Chasms,140,141.Chemistry,6,12,14;advance of,12;modern, evolving from the studies of alchemists,13,14.Chromosphere,73.Civilization of the Icelanders,384.Cliffs, sea-beaten,132,141,142.Climate,changes of, due to modifications of the ocean streams,153;effect of the ocean on the,147;of the Gulf Stream,149,150.Clouds,159;formation of,162,163;shape of,163;water of, usually frozen,207;cloud-making, laws of,161,162.Coast,changes on the Scandinavian,96;line, effect of tide on the,145;of Greenland,226;of New Jersey sinking,95;marine, changes in,95.Cold in Siberia,243.Comets,47,50;collisions of,50;kinship of meteorites and,48;omens of calamity to the ancients,50;the great, of 1811,49,50.Cones. See underVolcanoes.Conflict between religion and science,20,22;between the Protestant countries and the followers of science,20.Continental shelves,125.Continents and oceans,83;changes in position of,91;cyclones of the,111;forms of,90;proofs that they have endured for many years,92;shape of,84,96.Coral reefs,153,353.Corona, realm of the,73.Craters. See underVolcanoes.Crevasse, a barrier to the explorer,218.Crevice water,250.Curds,214.Currents,coral reefs in Florida affecting the velocity of,153;equatorial,150;of the Gulf Stream,147-149;hot and cold, of the sea,102;ocean,145;oceanic action of trade winds on,145;effect on migration of,157;icebergs indicating,243;surface, history of,172;uprushing, near the equator,106.Cyclones,111;cause of,111;of North America,111;secondary storms of,112.Deltas,173,187.Deposits, vein,260,261.Deserts, interior,158.Dew,159,160;a concomitant of cloudless skies,160,and vegetation,160;formation of,159-161.Diablerets,174.Diagram of a vein,260;showing development of swamp,335;how a portion of the earth's surface may be sunk by faulting,374;growth of mangroves,340;the effect of the position of the fulcrum point in the movement of the land masses,94.Diameter of our sphere at the equator,62;of the earth,82.Dikes,192,293;305-310;abounding in volcanic cones,305;cutting through coal,306;driven upward,307;formation of,305,310;material of,307,308;representing movements of softened rock,309;their relation to volcanic cones,307;variations of the materials of,307,308;waterfalls produced by,192;zone of,306.Dismal Swamp,95,333.Distances,general idea of,27;good way to study,27,28;training soldiers to measure,28.Doldrums,104,109;doldrum of the equator,109;of the hurricane,109.Drainage, imperfect, of a country affected by glaciers,242.Dunes,123,124,325,326,387;moulded,387.Duration of geological time,389.Dust accumulations from wind, in China,122.Earth,a flattened sphere,82;air envelope of the,98;amount of heat falling from the sun on the,41;antiquity of the,391;atmosphere of the,98;attracting power of the,127;axis of the rotation of the,58;composition of the atmosphere of the,98;crust of the, affected by weight,93;deviation of the path of the, varied,61;diameter of the,82;of the, affected by loss of heat,131;difference in altitude of the surface of the,83;discovery that it was globular,31,32;effect of imaginary changes in the relations of sun and,59;effect of the interior heat of the,309,310;effect of the sun on the,60,61;formerly in a fluid state,82;imaginary view of the, from the moon,81;important feature of the surface of the,83;jarring caused by faults,367;surface of the, determined by heat and light from the sun,57;most important feature of the surface of the,83;motion of the, affecting the direction of trade winds,103;movements,366;natural architecture of the,377;no part of the, exempt from movement,384;parting of the moon and,396;path of the, around the sun,55,56,59,60;revolving from east to west,103;shrinking of the, from daily escape of heat,89;soil-covering of the,343;study of the,81-96;swaying,385;tensions, problem of,371;tremors, caused by chemical changes in the rocks,385;tropical belt of the,74;viewed from the surface of the moon,311,312;water store of the,125.Earthquakes,277,278,280,356,358,370-384,388-390;accidents of,358;action of,356;agents of degradation,383,384;basis of,367;certain limitations to,380,381;Charleston, of 1883,374,375;countries, architecture in,381;echoes,369,370;damages of,377,390;effect of,on the soil,375;the surface of the earth,371;formed by riving of fissures,382;great, occurring where rocks have been disturbed by mountain-building,381,382;Herculaneum and Pompeii destroyed by an,277,280;Italian, in 1783,371,372;important, not connected with volcanic explosions,381;Jamaica, in 1692,372,376;Lisbon, in 1755,368,369,373,374,381;maximum swing of,369;measuring the liability to,386,387;mechanism of,370,371;method of the study of, followed by Mr. Charles Mallet,382,383;Mississippi, in 1811,373,374,380,381;movement of the earth during,377;originating from a fault plane,367,369,370;originating from the seas,358,375;oscillation of,376;poised rocks indicating a long exemption from strong,388;Riobamba, in 1797,375;shocks of, and their effect upon people,383;the direct calamities of Nature,386;waves of,389.Earthworms,317-319;taking food underground,319.Eclipses, record of ancient,130.Electrical action in the formation of rain and snow,164.Elevations of seas and lands,83.Energy indestructible,23.Envelope, lower, of the sun,74.Equator,diameter of our sphere at the,62;doldrum of the,109;updraught under the,102;uprushing current near the,106.Equinoxes, precession of the,61,62.Eskers,221.Expansion of air contained in a hollow wall during the passage of the storm,114.Experiment, illustrating consolidation of disseminated materials of the sun and planets,40.Falls. SeeWaterfalls.Fault planes,382.Feldspar,324.Floods,180,197;rarity of, in New England,121;river, frequent east of Rocky Mountains,198.Föhns,121.Forests, salicified,124.Fossilization,354-356.Fulcrum point,95.Galactic plane,45.Galongoon, eruption of,294.Geological work of water,168-206.Glacial action in the valleys of Switzerland,224;periods,63,243,246;in the northern hemisphere,246;waste,324.Glaciation,effect of,in North America,241;in Central America,234;South America,234.Glaciers,207-249;action of ice in forming,230-232;Alaskan,216;continental,225,239,240;discharge of,220;exploring,220;extensive, in Greenland and Scandinavia,244;former, of North America,232,234;map of, and moraines near Mont Blanc,217;motions of,213;retreat of the,228,230,235;secrets of the under ice of,221;speed of a,224;study of, in the Swiss valleys,222;testimony of the rocks regarding,228;when covered with winter snows,216;valley,216.Gombridge, 1830,74.Gravitation, law of,4.Greeks' idea of the heavens,31;not mechanically inventive,22.Gulf Stream, current of the,147.Heat,amount of, daily escaping from the earth,89;amount of, falling from the sun on the earth,41;belief of the ancients regarding,42;dominating effect on air currents of tropical,104;energy with which it leaves the sun,41;internal,of the earth,88,89;of the earth's interior,309,310;sun, effect on the atmosphere of the,100;Prof. Newcomb's belief regarding the, of the sun,52;radiation of the earth's, causing winds,101;solar,41;tropical, and air currents,104.Hills, sand,123.Horizontal pendulum,384.Horse latitudes,104."Horses,"261.Hurricanes,107,110,317;commencement of,107;doldrum of,109;felt near the sea,110;in the tropics,110.Hypothesis,nebular,34,35,39,52,56;working,4,5.Ice action,effect of intense,222,223;in forming glaciers,230,232;recent studies in Greenland of,239;depth of, in Greenland,227;effect of, on river channels,196;effect of, on stream beds,196;