HICKORY SHUCKWORM

Figure 9. Injury to nuts caused by first generation larvae of the pecan nut casebearer.

The adults deposit eggs in grooves on the tips or bases of the nuts. Second-generation larvae which hatch from these eggs also feed in the nuts. Less injury is produced by this generation because the nuts are larger and each larva requires only one or two nuts to complete its development. Pupation takes place in the hollowed out nuts,Figure 13, and the moths emerge from late July to early September.

A third generation usually follows, but the shells of the nuts have become hard, and only a few of them are penetrated by the larvae. Instead, they feed in the shucks. A number of third-generation larvae construct hibernacula, while the remainder pupate and appear as adults, emerging from late August to October. These adults deposit eggs, which hatch into fourth-generation larvae. If nuts are available, their shucks constitute the principal food of the larvae of this generation. In the absence of nuts, the larvae feed on buds and leaf stems. Overwintering hibernacula are constructed by the partially grown larvae by the middle of November[2].

Control.—The necessity for control of this pest may be determined by examination of the trees when the shoots appear in the spring. If a number of them are wilted, the following control measures probably will be required.

A spray application should be made when eggs of the first generation appear on the tips of the young nuts in late April or May. The period of egg deposition usually coincides with the completion of pollination, at which time the tips of the nuts turn brown. Satisfactory control may be obtained by using any of several insecticides. See spray schedule,page 4.

Ordinarily, only one application of spray is required to control the nut casebearer. However, if trees surrounding the treated area are not sprayed, moths may enter the sprayed area and a serious infestation of second-generation larvae may develop. Under these circumstances, a second spray may be required in June or early July when second-generation eggs are deposited[6],[11].

The hickory shuckworm,Laspeyresia caryana(Fitch), frequently causes severe injury to pecans. In the late summer and fall the shucks are tunneled out. As a result, the nuts are slower to mature and the kernels do not develop properly. The shucks stick to the nuts and fail to open, thus increasing the difficulty of harvest.

The adult shuckworm is a dark, grayish-black moth with a wing span of a little over one-half inch. The larva is white with a light brown head. It attains a length of three-eighths inch at maturity.

The winter is passed by the larvae in fallen pecan or hickory shucks. They pupate in late winter and emerge as adults during the spring. The adults deposit eggs principally on hickory trees on the leaves and young nuts, and the larvae feed in developing nuts in early summer.

Succeeding generations develop in pecan shucks. Before pupating, the larvae cut a hole to the outside, and then spin a cocoon. When the moth emerges, the empty pupal skin is left projecting from the hole and can be seen afterward on the shuck. As many as five generations may be completed each year before the last generation larvae go into hibernation.

Control.—No economical chemical control for the shuckworm has been developed. Cultural measures will aid in reducing populations. Plowing during July and August to turn under the infested shucks is relatively effective. The larvae are unable to mature in the decaying shucks, and the adults cannot emerge from the soil. Care should be taken to completely cover the fallen shucks, but the depth of plowing should be regulated or damage to the roots will result.

Figure 10. Location of overwintering cocoons, or hibernacula, of the pecan nut casebearer.

The pecan weevil,Curculio caryae(Horn), is a late-season pest of pecans in Texas. In years when severe infestations occur, this insect may destroy a large portion of the pecan crop. The kernels are eaten out by the larvae.

The adult is a brownish weevil which is about three-eighths inch long. The female has a snout which is as long as the body; the male’s is somewhat shorter.

The weevil appears in late August and early September. After the nut kernels have hardened, the female chews a hole in the shell and deposits her eggs in little pockets in the nuts. Creamy white grubs hatch from the eggs and feed inside the nuts during the fall, attaining a length of about three-fifths inch. When they reach maturity, the grubs chew a hole about one-eighth inch in diameter in the shell, emerge from the nut and drop to the ground in late fall and early winter. They burrow in the soil to a depth of 4 to 12 inches and construct a cell. Some individuals remain in the larval stage until the following fall when pupation occurs. Other larvae do not transform to pupae until the succeeding year. The adults appear during the summer, following pupation. The entire life cycle requires from 2 to 3 years, most of this time being spent in the soil.

Figure 11. Overwintered larva of the pecan nut casebearer and characteristic injury to the developing shoots.

Control.—Frequently, certain trees in the orchard are more heavily infested than others, since the adults usually do not go far from the tree upon which they developed. The time at which insecticide applications should be made to control this insect can be determined by jarring the trees. Begin checking the first week in August. A large sheet should be placed under a tree and the limbs jarred with a padded pole. The weevils drop to the ground and remain motionless for a short period, at which time they may be counted. When three or more weevils are jarred from each tree, an application of spray containing 6 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water should be made[8].

Figure 12. Eggs of the first generation pecan nut casebearer deposited on the tips of the young nuts.

The adults of several species of stink bugs and plant bugs suck the sap from young pecan nuts causing an injury known as black pit, in which the interior of the nuts turns black. The injured nuts fall from the trees before the shells harden.

Feeding by the insects after shell hardening,Figure 14, produces brown or black spots on the kernels. Areas affected taste bitter, but the remainder of the kernel is unaffected.

Stink bugs are familiar to everyone. Plant bugs resemble them and are usually shades of brown, smaller and narrower in body outline.

Plant bugs and stink bugs overwinter in the adult stage in debris on the ground. In the spring, the adults are attracted to growing vegetation such as cover crops or weeds, where they deposit their eggs. The immature bugs develop on low-growing vegetation. When they reach maturity, their wings are fully developed and they fly to pecan trees. A few eggs may be deposited on pecan trees, but the young bugs apparently are unable to develop on them. Only the adults are present in sufficient number to inflict economic injury. There may be as many as four generations each year.

Control.—Although certain insecticides will control these pests, the number and frequency of spray applications necessary for control would not be economical.

Care should be taken to keep weeds down in the orchard during the growing season. Winter cover crops should be plowed down early in the spring so they will not be attractive to the adults coming out of hibernation. If this operation is delayed, the bugs will leave the cover crop when it is removed and migrate to the trees in large numbers.

These soft-bodied insects appear during the summer and fall. They suck the sap from the leaves, causing them to turn yellow or brown and fall to the ground. Heavy infestations may cause defoliation in the late summer reducing the nut crop in the current and succeeding year.

The black pecan aphid,Melanocallis caryaefoliae(Davis), is about one-sixteenth inch long when full grown, robust and greenish black. Its back is decorated with tubercles.

Bright yellow blotches up to one-fourth inch in diameter appear around the punctures produced by the feeding of this insect.

The yellow aphids,Monelliaspp., which attack pecans inflict injury similar to that caused by the black pecan aphid. However, the large yellow blotches on the leaves do not result from their feeding. A sticky substance called “honeydew” is secreted by these insects creating an ideal medium for sooty mold fungus to develop[5].

Both black and yellow aphids overwinter in the egg stage in crevices in the bark. In the spring the eggs hatch, and the aphids begin feeding on the leaves. Many generations are completed each year. Only females, which may be wingless or winged, are produced during the growing season. The winged individuals fly to different parts of the tree or to other trees. In the fall, males and females appear and eggs are deposited under the bark.

Figure 13. Pupa of the second generation of the pecan nut casebearer in a hollowed out nut.

Usually, these insects are not present in sufficient numbers to cause serious injury until mid or late summer. Infestations earlier in the season rarely assume damaging proportions. As is the case with mites, aphid populations may increase, following the application of certain insecticides applied for the control of the pecan nut casebearer or following treatment with bordeaux mixture for pecan scab disease control.

Figure 14. Southern green stink bug on developing nuts.

Control.—When damaging infestations appear, the trees should be sprayed with either 1 pound of 12 percent gamma BHC wettable powder; or 1 pint of 40 percent nicotine sulfate plus 3 pounds of soap; or 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder[9].

These tiny pests attack the leaves usually on the underside causing irregular brown areas to appear. Trees which are heavily infested appear scorched and may lose their leaves in late summer or fall.

Mites usually are light green and are just large enough to be seen without the aid of a hand lens. They are wingless and feed principally on the underside of the leaves along the midrib. Colonies of them produce webs in which molted skins and eggs may be found. The life cycle of mites is very short and several generations occur each year. Large populations may develop during the late summer and fall.

The use of certain insecticides for the control of the pecan nut casebearer or bordeaux mixture for scab control frequently contributes to increases in mite populations later in the season.

Control.—Mites may be controlled in three ways when damaging infestations develop. An application of 2 pounds of wettable sulfur per 100 gallons of water may be made; 6 pounds of wettable sulfur per 100 gallons of water may be added to the spray applied for the control of the nut casebearer; and repeated applications of zineb included in a regular spray schedule for pecan scab control will effectively control mites. However, a single application of zineb is not effective[7].

On occasion, this insect,Acrobasis juglandis(LeB.), develops to damaging numbers and causes economic injury. Early in the spring the larva feeds on unfolding leaves and buds. It may prevent leaf development for weeks, resulting in a greatly decreased yield of nuts.

The adult is a dark gray moth marked with brown. Its forewings, which have a spread of about two-thirds inch, are gray with black blotches. There is a reddish mark near the base of the forewings.

The immature larva is brown, but changes to dark green as it develops to a length of one-half inch. It has a shiny, brownish black head and is enclosed in a gray case which completely covers the body and is borne in a position nearly perpendicular to the leaf on which the larva is feeding.

The pecan leaf casebearer overwinters as an immature larva in a hibernaculum around a bud. It emerges in late March or early April as the buds open. The larvae mature in April, May and June and transform into pupae within their gray cases,Figure 15. The moths are present from May until early August. Eggs are deposited during this period on the underside of the leaves. The larvae which hatch from these eggs develop slowly, and do not attain a length of more than one-sixteenth inch during that season. They construct little winding cases in which they live. Their feeding produces irregular blotches on the leaf surface,Figure 16. Before the leaves drop in the fall, the larvae migrate to the buds, and construct their overwintering hibernacula. Only one generation is completed each year.

Control.—Control of this insect is accomplished by spraying for the pecan nut casebearer. See spray schedule,page 4. The insecticides recommended for nut casebearer control also reduce infestations of the leaf casebearer.

Figure 15. Overwintered larvae of pecan leaf casebearer in their cases.

Figure 16. Summer injury to the leaves by the pecan leaf casebearer.

The pecan phylloxera,Phylloxera devastatrisPerg., and the pecan leaf phylloxera,P. notabilisPerg., produce galls on the new growth of pecans. Leaves, twigs and nuts may be affected.

The galls are conspicuous swellings,Figure 17, which attain a size of from one-tenth to 1 inch in diameter. They are caused by a soft-bodied insect which is closely related to aphids.

The winter is passed in the egg stage in crevices in the bark. In the spring, the egg hatches and the tiny nymph feeds on the tender, young growth, apparently secreting a substance which stimulates the plant tissues to develop into galls.

After the nymph reaches maturity, a number of eggs are deposited inside the gall. The young nymphs of the succeeding generation develop within the gall, which splits open in 1 to 3 weeks, liberating them. Several generations follow during the summer and fall, as long as there is fresh young growth on the tree. From 4 to 5 weeks are required for each generation[4].

Control.—The dormant oil spray recommended for obscure scale control will prevent the development of phylloxera. If dormant oil is not applied, use 2 pints of nicotine sulfate plus 6 pounds of soap; 3 pounds of 25 percent malathion wettable powder; or two and a half pounds of 10 percent gamma isomer BHC wettable powder per 100 gallons of water when the leaves are one-third grown.

Sawfly larvae,Periclistasp. and others, feed on the foliage of pecans during April and early May. The larvae, which are light green, chew holes in the leaves. Usually the midrib and veins are left intact, giving the leaflets a lacy appearance,Figure 18.

The adults closely resemble wasps, except that they are not “wasp-waisted.”

Fig. 17. Developing galls of the pecan phylloxera. Note the open gall on the lower leaf.

Control.—The larvae may be controlled with an application of 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder or 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.

Figure 18. Sawfly injury to pecan foliage.

Many species of May beetles may damage pecans early in the spring. The beetles appear only at night and spend the day concealed beneath the surface of the soil. They feed on the young leaves and prevent the foliage from developing.

Beetles of the most common species are one-half to three-fourths inch long and shiny dark brown. They are attracted to lights and are observed commonly on porches or screen doors at night. The larvae are the grubworms, or white grubs, which feed in the soil on the roots of many plants.

The female beetle deposits eggs in the soil, where the larva develops. Most species require two summers for the larva to mature. Pupation is accomplished in a cell which is constructed in the ground in the fall of the second year. The beetles emerge the following spring. Both larvae and adults may be found in the soil during the winter.

Control.—May beetles are usually a problem in orchards which are not cultivated because the larvae feed on the roots of the sod cover. Cultivation of the orchard periodically will reduce the food supply of the grubs, and smaller infestations of adults will appear the following year. Where cultivation is not feasible, sprays will control the adults. Apply 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder; 4 pounds of lead arsenate; or 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water when damage by this insect is severe[9].

The pecan cigar casebearer,Coleophora caryaefoliella(Clem), may be damaging in some years. The larva feeds on the leaves, producing tiny holes. It constructs a light brown, cigar-shaped case about one-fourth inch in length which encases it throughout development.

Control.—The spray applied for control of the nut casebearer will usually prevent significant injury by the cigar casebearer. See spray schedule,page 4.

The webs produced by the fall webworm,Hyphantria cunea(Drury), are familiar to everyone. Leaves are eaten by the larvae which live in loosely woven, dirty white webs,Figure 19.

The adult is a white moth which may have black or brown spots on the forewing. Its wings have a span of about 1 inch.

The larvae are pale yellow spotted with black. They attain a length of 1 inch when full grown and are covered with long black and white hairs.

The insect overwinters as a pupa in lightly woven cocoons in debris on the soil or under the bark. In the spring the adults emerge and lay masses of greenish white eggs on the leaves. The caterpillars which hatch from the eggs feed on the leaves in colonies under webs which they construct. After feeding for a month to 6 weeks, the larvae crawl down the tree and pupate in loose cocoons in debris, under bark, or in loose soil. Adults appear during the summer and deposit eggs for the second generation. The larvae of this generation feed extensively until fall, crawl down the tree and pupate for the winter.

Control.—Light infestations on a few trees can be eliminated by pruning out the affected branches and burning them. If this method of control is not practicable, the trees should besprayed with 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder; 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder; or 3 pounds of lead arsenate per 100 gallons of water[9].

Figure 19. Web of the fall webworm on a pecan limb.

During the spring and summer, the walnut caterpillars,Datana integerrimaG. & R. and others, may strip the leaves from branches or entire small trees. The adult is a moth with a wingspan of 1½ to 2 inches. The forewings are light brown with darker wavy lines. The hindwings are lighter in color without lines.

The immature larva is reddish brown with narrow yellowish lines that extend the length of the body. The full-grown larva is almost black with two grayish lines on the back and two on the sides. Many long, soft gray hairs are distributed over the body.

This insect overwinters in the pupal stage in the soil. The adult emerges in the spring and deposits eggs in masses on the underside of the leaves,Figure 20. The larvae feed in colonies on the leaves for about 3 weeks. At periodic intervals, the groups of larvae move to the trunk to molt and, after shedding their skins, they return to the leaves to feed until the next molt. They do not encase themselves in webs. There are two generations each year, the first appearing in late spring and early summer, the second in later summer and fall. Larvae of the second generation complete development and crawl down to pupate in the soil.

Control.—When these insects become abundant enough to defoliate portions of the tree, they may be controlled by applying a spray containing 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder; 3 pounds of lead arsenate; or 1 pound of 25 percent parathion wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.

Figure 20. Walnut caterpillar adults and egg mass on a pecan leaflet.

Several species of catocalas,Figure 21, among themCatocala maestosaHlst., may strip the leaves of pecans in the spring leaving only the midribs. The caterpillars are very dark gray and attain a length of about 3 inches when full grown. They are very active when disturbed and move with a looping motion. Both the caterpillars and the moths are well camouflaged. When they rest on the trees during the day, their color so harmonizes with the color of the bark that they are frequently indistinguishable.

Control.—One application of 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water controls this pest. Although the majority of catocala larvae reach maturity before the time to spray for the nut casebearer, a number of them will be killed when the recommended spray is applied for the latter insect.

In the spring and early summer a number of buds and small nuts may be covered with foamy white masses. Inside these masses are several small insects called spittlebugs,Clastoptera obtusa(Say). The white froth is produced probably to maintain an artificial high humidity, which is required for development. The adults resemble leafhoppers and fly actively during the summer.

This insect has not been known to cause any significant injury on pecans in Texas.

The pecan bud moth,Gretchena bolliana(Sling.), damages nursery stock and freshly top-worked pecans. The greenish larvae feed in the axils of the newly set buds and in the terminalsof young trees, causing extensive branching. There are several generations each year.

Figure 21. Moth of the pecan catocala.

Control.—This insect may be controlled by applying a spray containing 2 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water.

The adult twig girdler,Oncideres cingulata(Say) (O. texanaof some authors), girdles twigs and branches, weakening them so that they fall off or die on the tree,Figure 22. This insect is active during the late summer and early fall. Many twigs may be found on the ground under a severely infested tree. Secondary branching may occur and the number of bearing twigs is reduced.

The twig borer is a grayish brown beetle one-half to five-eighths inch in length with a broad gray band over the middle of the wing covers. Its head is reddish brown and bears a pair of long antennae, which extend beyond the abdomen on the male.

The larva is a white legless grub about three-fourths inch long when it reaches maturity.

This insect overwinters as a partially grown larva in a twig on the tree or ground. It develops rapidly in the spring feeding in the twig. Following pupation, the adult emerges in late August or early September. The female systematically girdles twigs and deposits eggs in the severed portion since the larva is unable to develop in healthy sapwood. The eggs hatch in a few weeks into larvae which remain small until the following spring when they complete development, pupate and emerge as adults in the late summer and fall. There is one generation annually, although some individuals require 2 years to mature[1].

Control.—Infestations may be reduced by removing girdled branches from the trees and the ground and burning them.

Chemical control is also effective. The trees should be sprayed with 4 pounds of 50 percent DDT wettable powder per 100 gallons of water when the first injured branches are observed in late August or early September. Two or three applications at 2-week intervals may be required for most effective control[9].

The red-shouldered shot-hole borer,Xylobiops basilare(Say), and other shot-hole borers also injure trees in a devitalized condition. The larvae feed in wood, pupate and emerge as adults through round holes about one-eighth inch in diameter in the bark. Many of these holes may be observed in close proximity to each other.

Control.—Since this insect feeds on dying or dead wood, prunings and dead limbs should be removed from the orchard and burned.

Adequate fertilizer and water will keep trees in a healthy condition and prevent injury by this pest.

The flatheaded apple tree borer,Chrysobothris femorata(Oliv.), and other species of flatheaded borers attack unhealthy or recently transplanted pecan trees by burrowing in the bark and sapwood of the large branches and trunk. Their presence is indicated by the appearance of darkened, depressed areas in the bark from which traces of frass may protrude. When these portions of the bark are removed, shallow winding burrows packed with sawdust may be observed. The burrows usually are on the sunny side of the trunk or branch, but may extend completely around and penetrate the wood to a depth of 2 inches. Young trees may be girdled by this insect.

The adult beetle is about one-half inch long, broad and blunt at the head end and tapering to a point posteriorly. Its wing covers, which have a metallic sheen, are dark colored and corrugated.

The larva, or borer, which is legless and yellowish white, attains a length of 1¼ inches when full grown. Immediately behind the head is a broad, flattened expanded area from which the insect takes its name.

The winter is passed by larvae in varying stages of development within the tree. In the spring, they change to pupae in their burrows, emerging as adults during the spring and summer. The female beetles deposit their eggs in cracks or bruises in the bark. The larvae which hatch from these eggs feed during the remainder of the season and pass the winter. There is only one generation each year.

Figure 22. Adult twig girdler and characteristic injury to twig.

Control.—The beetles are attracted to trees or areas of trees in a devitalized condition, induced by transplanting, drouth, sunscald, bruises or poor growing conditions. The trees must be kept in a healthy, vigorous condition by proper fertilization and watering. On young or transplanted trees, wrapping the trunks in early spring before the adults appear is the only effective control known for these insects. Injury can be prevented by thoroughly wrapping the entire trunk from ground level to the branches with heavy paper or other wrapping material. The wrapping should be tied securely with twine and should be maintained on the tree for 2 years. Regular observations should be made to see that the twine does not girdle the tree.

In older trees, the borers can be removed with a sharp knife. Care should be taken to injure as little of the healthy wood as possible. If the wound is extensive, it should be trimmed and then painted with a commercial tree paint or with a mixture of one part creosote and three parts coal tar. Dead and dying limbs and trees should be removed from the orchard each year and burned before the following spring. If they are not burned, the borers in them may mature and re-infest surrounding trees. Commercial tree borer preparations are of little value in controlling this insect.

The obscure scale,Chrysomphalus obscurus(Comst.), is a pest of considerable importance, particularly in the more arid portions of the State. The tiny insect under its scale covering sucks the sap from the limbs and branches, causing them to lose their leaves and die back from the tips. The tree is so devitalized by the feeding of this insect that it is made vulnerable to attack by wood borers.

The scale covering over a full-grown female is about one-eighth inch long and is usually dark gray, and closely resembles the bark of the tree. Infested limbs appear to have had wood ashes sprinkled over them,Figure 23. Numerous pits appear in the bark where the insects feed, producing a roughened appearance.

Figure 23. Severe infestation of obscure scale on a pecan twig.

The winter is passed by the female scales under their coverings on the bark. Eggs laid in the spring hatch into tiny, salmon-colored crawlers which move about for a short time, then settle down and insert their beaks. While they are feeding, a scale covering develops which is made up of secreted wax and cast skins.

The females never move again from the spot they have selected, but the adult males develop wings and emerge from their scale coverings to mate with the females. Only one generation is produced each year.

Control.—When damaging populations develop, a spray application of 3½ gallons of 97 percent miscible dormant oil per 100 gallons of water during the dormant season will keep this pest under control.

When possible, fungicides for disease control and insecticides for insect control should be combined in the spray tank and applied to the trees in one operation. The spray materials should be applied evenly and thoroughly to all the leaf and nut surfaces to provide a chemical barrier to disease organisms and insects. Do not neglect the tops of the trees. Diseases and insects can harbor and multiply in all unsprayed areas of the tree.

Thorough coverage with spray materials is essential for effective control. As a guideline, apply approximately 1 gallon of spray mixture for each foot of tree height. Apply 20 gallons to a 20-foot tree and 40 gallons to a 40-foot tree, etc.

Various types of spray machines for application of fungicides and insecticides to pecan trees are available. The spray machines employeither a high pressure hydraulic pump, high pressure centrifugal pump or low pressure high air velocity systems. All the machines are portable and are equipped with a gasoline engine or operate from a truck or tractor power takeoff shaft.

For pecan spraying, a tank having a minimum capacity of 300 gallons is desirable. The pump should deliver 20 to 30 gallons per minute and maintain a pressure of 400 to 600 pounds per square inch while operating. A spray gun which is adjustable to produce a mist spray for spraying small trees or the lower canopy of large trees and a narrow stream that will reach the tops of tall trees is essential.

For safety and durability high pressure rubber hose having an inside diameter of three-fourths inch should be used with all high pressure spray machines.

[1]Bilsing, S. W., 1916; Life history of the pecan twig girdler. Journal Econ. Ent. 9:110-115.

[2]Bilsing, S. W., 1927; Studies on the biology of the pecan nut casebearer. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 347, 71 pp.

[3]Bilsing, S. W., 1941; An economical method of removing Spanish moss (Tillandsia usenoides) and Ball moss (Tillandsia recurvata) from trees. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 747.

[4]Dobbins, Traber Norman, 1932; The biology of the pecan phylloxera. Master’s Degree Thesis, Texas A. and M. College.

[5]Dorman, Harvey S., 1934; The life history of the yellow pecan aphidMonellia nigropunctataGranovsky. Master’s Degree Thesis. Texas A. and M. College.

[6]King, D. R. and David W. Rosberg, 1955; Experiments for the control of pecan insects and diseases, 1954. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 1786.

[7]King, D. R. and David W. Rosberg, 1956; Control ofTetranychus hicoriaeMcG. on pecans. Journal Econ. Ent. 49 (3):404-5.

[8]Nickels, C. B., 1952; Control of the pecan weevil in Texas. Journal Econ. Ent. 45 (6): 1099-1100.

[9]Osburn, M. R., A. M. Phillips, William C. Pierce, and John R. Cole, 1954; Insects and diseases of the pecan and their control. USDA Farmers Bulletin 1829, 56 pp.

[10]Rosberg, David W., 1950; Control of pecan diseases in 1950. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 1330.

[11]Rosberg, David W. and D. R. King, 1954; Pecan disease and insect control experiments in Texas, 1953. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 1671.

Extension agents

can furnish you the latest information on farming, ranching and homemaking. They represent both The Texas A. & M. College System and the United States Department of Agriculture in your county.

Most county extension agents have their offices in the county courthouse or agriculture building. They welcome your visits, calls or letters for assistance.

This publication is one of many prepared by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service to present up-to-date, authoritative information, based on results of research. Extension publications are available from your local agents or from the Agricultural Information Office, College Station, Texas.

Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. The Texas A. & M. College System and United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8, 1914, as amended, and June 30, 1914.

10M-3-59. Reprint.

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