FOOTNOTES:[70]Shrove-tide cakes—with the PG. pronunciation, exceptst.[71]G. Knochen (bones).[72]A teacher asked a class—If I were to cut an apple in two, what would you call one of the pieces? "Ahalf." And in four? "Afourth." And if I cut it in eight equal pieces, what would one of them be? "Asnit!"[73]Compare—O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!Hysterica passio, thou climbing sorrow,Thy element's below.—King Lear, act 2, sc. 4, speech 20, v. 54.—A. J. Ellis.[74]The German word appears to begautschenwithout then. So Schmeller (Bayerisches Wörterbuch, 2, 87) "gautschen,getschen, schwanken, schaukeln." Adelung (Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, 2, 439) explains it as a technical paper-maker's word for taking the sheets out of the mould and laying them upon the press-board,Gautschbret. He adds that a carrying chair was formerly called aGautsche, and refers it toKutscheand Frenchcoucher.—A. J. E.[75]Compare Papageno's song in Mozart'sZauberflöte:Der Vogelfänger bin ich jaStets lustig, heisa, hopsasa.—A. J. Ellis.[76]Known probably throughout England. Known to me, a Londoner, from earliest childhood.—A. J. Ellis.[77]The geographical names at the close of Chapter I. p. 6, are Kentucky, Safe Harbor, Syracuse, and Pinegrove. The drags are aloes (pronounced as in Latin!), paregoric, citrine ointment, acetic acid, hiera piera, cinnamon, Guiana pepper, gentian, cinchona, opium, hive syrup, senna and manna mixed, sulphate of zink, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, aniline, logwood, Epsom salts, magnesia, cordial, cubebs, bichromate of potash, valerian (G. Baldrian), laurel berries, cochineal.[78]Rhymes plaguey, even in English localities.[79]As if from the plantelder, instead of Swiss halde, asteepordeclivity—the name being Swiss.[80]And Shellabarger, American Minister to Portugal, 1869.[81]The 'b' and 'v' of the two forms have changed place.[82]These names, with Rauch, Bucher, the Scotch Cochran, etc., are still pronounced correctly in English speaking localities in Pennsylvania; and at Harrisburg, 'Salade' rhymesholid'y.[83]The organists Thunder and Rohr gave a concert in Philadelphia some years ago. In New York I have seen the names 'Stone and Flint,' and 'Lay and Hatch,' where the proper name takes precedence.[84]In the following inscription on a building, 'bei' instead of 'von' shows an English influence. The author knew English well: was a member of the state legislature, had a good collection of English—but not of German books—and yet preferred a German inscription—ERBAUET BEI JOHN & MARIA HALDEMAN 1790.Inscriptions are commonly in the roman character, from the difficulty of cutting the others.[85]As in 'Chladori' forChladni, in the American edition of the Westminster Review for July, 1865. The name Slyvons stands on the title-page as the author of a book on Chess (Bruxelles, 1856), which M. Cretaine in a similar work (Paris, 1865) gives as Solvyns. Upon calling Mr. C.'s attention to this point, he produced a letter from the former, signedSolvyns.[86]The forms of this name are Ferree, Ferrie, Fuehre, Ferie, Verre, Fiere, Firre, Ferry, Feire, Fire; and as 'Ferree' is now pronouncedFree, this may be a form also. In the year 1861, when in Nassau, I observed that the English visitors pronounced the name of a building in four modes, one German and three not German—Bâdhaus, Bath-house, Bad-house, and Bawd-house.[87]LatinHIBRIDA. I have marked the first English syllable short to dissociate it from thehigh-breedof gardeners and florists, which 'hȳbrid' suggests.
[70]Shrove-tide cakes—with the PG. pronunciation, exceptst.
[70]Shrove-tide cakes—with the PG. pronunciation, exceptst.
[71]G. Knochen (bones).
[71]G. Knochen (bones).
[72]A teacher asked a class—If I were to cut an apple in two, what would you call one of the pieces? "Ahalf." And in four? "Afourth." And if I cut it in eight equal pieces, what would one of them be? "Asnit!"
[72]A teacher asked a class—If I were to cut an apple in two, what would you call one of the pieces? "Ahalf." And in four? "Afourth." And if I cut it in eight equal pieces, what would one of them be? "Asnit!"
[73]Compare—O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!Hysterica passio, thou climbing sorrow,Thy element's below.—King Lear, act 2, sc. 4, speech 20, v. 54.—A. J. Ellis.
[73]
Compare—O, how this mother swells up toward my heart!Hysterica passio, thou climbing sorrow,Thy element's below.—King Lear, act 2, sc. 4, speech 20, v. 54.
—A. J. Ellis.
[74]The German word appears to begautschenwithout then. So Schmeller (Bayerisches Wörterbuch, 2, 87) "gautschen,getschen, schwanken, schaukeln." Adelung (Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, 2, 439) explains it as a technical paper-maker's word for taking the sheets out of the mould and laying them upon the press-board,Gautschbret. He adds that a carrying chair was formerly called aGautsche, and refers it toKutscheand Frenchcoucher.—A. J. E.
[74]The German word appears to begautschenwithout then. So Schmeller (Bayerisches Wörterbuch, 2, 87) "gautschen,getschen, schwanken, schaukeln." Adelung (Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, 2, 439) explains it as a technical paper-maker's word for taking the sheets out of the mould and laying them upon the press-board,Gautschbret. He adds that a carrying chair was formerly called aGautsche, and refers it toKutscheand Frenchcoucher.—A. J. E.
[75]Compare Papageno's song in Mozart'sZauberflöte:Der Vogelfänger bin ich jaStets lustig, heisa, hopsasa.—A. J. Ellis.
[75]Compare Papageno's song in Mozart'sZauberflöte:
Der Vogelfänger bin ich jaStets lustig, heisa, hopsasa.—A. J. Ellis.
[76]Known probably throughout England. Known to me, a Londoner, from earliest childhood.—A. J. Ellis.
[76]Known probably throughout England. Known to me, a Londoner, from earliest childhood.—A. J. Ellis.
[77]The geographical names at the close of Chapter I. p. 6, are Kentucky, Safe Harbor, Syracuse, and Pinegrove. The drags are aloes (pronounced as in Latin!), paregoric, citrine ointment, acetic acid, hiera piera, cinnamon, Guiana pepper, gentian, cinchona, opium, hive syrup, senna and manna mixed, sulphate of zink, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, aniline, logwood, Epsom salts, magnesia, cordial, cubebs, bichromate of potash, valerian (G. Baldrian), laurel berries, cochineal.
[77]The geographical names at the close of Chapter I. p. 6, are Kentucky, Safe Harbor, Syracuse, and Pinegrove. The drags are aloes (pronounced as in Latin!), paregoric, citrine ointment, acetic acid, hiera piera, cinnamon, Guiana pepper, gentian, cinchona, opium, hive syrup, senna and manna mixed, sulphate of zink, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, aniline, logwood, Epsom salts, magnesia, cordial, cubebs, bichromate of potash, valerian (G. Baldrian), laurel berries, cochineal.
[78]Rhymes plaguey, even in English localities.
[78]Rhymes plaguey, even in English localities.
[79]As if from the plantelder, instead of Swiss halde, asteepordeclivity—the name being Swiss.
[79]As if from the plantelder, instead of Swiss halde, asteepordeclivity—the name being Swiss.
[80]And Shellabarger, American Minister to Portugal, 1869.
[80]And Shellabarger, American Minister to Portugal, 1869.
[81]The 'b' and 'v' of the two forms have changed place.
[81]The 'b' and 'v' of the two forms have changed place.
[82]These names, with Rauch, Bucher, the Scotch Cochran, etc., are still pronounced correctly in English speaking localities in Pennsylvania; and at Harrisburg, 'Salade' rhymesholid'y.
[82]These names, with Rauch, Bucher, the Scotch Cochran, etc., are still pronounced correctly in English speaking localities in Pennsylvania; and at Harrisburg, 'Salade' rhymesholid'y.
[83]The organists Thunder and Rohr gave a concert in Philadelphia some years ago. In New York I have seen the names 'Stone and Flint,' and 'Lay and Hatch,' where the proper name takes precedence.
[83]The organists Thunder and Rohr gave a concert in Philadelphia some years ago. In New York I have seen the names 'Stone and Flint,' and 'Lay and Hatch,' where the proper name takes precedence.
[84]In the following inscription on a building, 'bei' instead of 'von' shows an English influence. The author knew English well: was a member of the state legislature, had a good collection of English—but not of German books—and yet preferred a German inscription—ERBAUET BEI JOHN & MARIA HALDEMAN 1790.Inscriptions are commonly in the roman character, from the difficulty of cutting the others.
[84]In the following inscription on a building, 'bei' instead of 'von' shows an English influence. The author knew English well: was a member of the state legislature, had a good collection of English—but not of German books—and yet preferred a German inscription—
ERBAUET BEI JOHN & MARIA HALDEMAN 1790.
Inscriptions are commonly in the roman character, from the difficulty of cutting the others.
[85]As in 'Chladori' forChladni, in the American edition of the Westminster Review for July, 1865. The name Slyvons stands on the title-page as the author of a book on Chess (Bruxelles, 1856), which M. Cretaine in a similar work (Paris, 1865) gives as Solvyns. Upon calling Mr. C.'s attention to this point, he produced a letter from the former, signedSolvyns.
[85]As in 'Chladori' forChladni, in the American edition of the Westminster Review for July, 1865. The name Slyvons stands on the title-page as the author of a book on Chess (Bruxelles, 1856), which M. Cretaine in a similar work (Paris, 1865) gives as Solvyns. Upon calling Mr. C.'s attention to this point, he produced a letter from the former, signedSolvyns.
[86]The forms of this name are Ferree, Ferrie, Fuehre, Ferie, Verre, Fiere, Firre, Ferry, Feire, Fire; and as 'Ferree' is now pronouncedFree, this may be a form also. In the year 1861, when in Nassau, I observed that the English visitors pronounced the name of a building in four modes, one German and three not German—Bâdhaus, Bath-house, Bad-house, and Bawd-house.
[86]The forms of this name are Ferree, Ferrie, Fuehre, Ferie, Verre, Fiere, Firre, Ferry, Feire, Fire; and as 'Ferree' is now pronouncedFree, this may be a form also. In the year 1861, when in Nassau, I observed that the English visitors pronounced the name of a building in four modes, one German and three not German—Bâdhaus, Bath-house, Bad-house, and Bawd-house.
[87]LatinHIBRIDA. I have marked the first English syllable short to dissociate it from thehigh-breedof gardeners and florists, which 'hȳbrid' suggests.
[87]LatinHIBRIDA. I have marked the first English syllable short to dissociate it from thehigh-breedof gardeners and florists, which 'hȳbrid' suggests.
Specimens of English as badly spoken by Germans who have an imperfect knowledge of it, are common enough, but they seldom give a proper idea of its nature. The uncertainty between sonant and surd is well known, but like the Cockney withh, it is a common mistake to suppose that the misapplication is universal,[88]for were this the case, the simple rule of reversal would set the speakers right in each case.
It is true that the German confounds Englishtandd, but he putstfordmore frequently thandfort. In an advertisement cut from a newspaper at Schwalbach, Nassau, in 1862—
Ordres for complet Diners or simples portions is punctually attented to and send in town—
Ordres for complet Diners or simples portions is punctually attented to and send in town—
there seems to be a spoken reversal oftandd, but I take 'send' to be an error of grammar, the pronunciation of the speaker being probablyattentet, andsent. "Excuse my bad riding" (writing) is a perversion in speech. A German writes 'dacke'take, 'de'the, 'be'be, 'deere'deer, 'contra'country, and says:—
I am æbple [able] to accommodeted with any quantity of dis kins of Ruts [kinds of roots]. Plies tirectad to ... Sout Frond Stread ... nort america.
I am æbple [able] to accommodeted with any quantity of dis kins of Ruts [kinds of roots]. Plies tirectad to ... Sout Frond Stread ... nort america.
Here there is an attempt at the German flatp(p. 11) in thebof 'able'; the surdthof 'north' and 'south' becomest, and the sonantthof 'this' becomesd—'with' remaining under the old spelling. Thepof 'please' remains, butdof 'direct' becomest; and while finaltof 'front' and 'street' becomesd, the firsttin 'street,' and that in 'directed,' are kept pure by surdsandcay. The rule of surd to surd and sonant to sonant is neglected in most of the factitious specimens of broken English.
The next is an instructive and a genuine example, being the record of a Justice of the Peace in Dauphin County (that of Harrisburg, the State Capital). It will be observed that the complainant bought a house, and being refused possession, makes a forcible entry and is resisted. The spelling is irregular, as in 'come' and 'com,' 'the' and 'de,' 'did' and 'dit,' 'then' and 'den,' 'nothin' and 'nosing,' 'house' and 'hause,' 'put' and 'but,' 'open' and 'upen.'
The said ... sait I dit By de hause and I went in de hause at de back winder and den I dit upen de house and Dit take out his forniture and nobotty Dit disstorbe me till I hat his forniture out; I did but it out in de streat Before the house; and then he dit Com Wis a barl and dit nock at the dore that the Dore dit fly open and the molding dit Brack louse[89]and then I dit Wornt him not to come in the hause and not to put anneysing in the hause and he dit put in a barl Into the hause and I did put it out and he dit put it in again and then he did put In two Sisses[90]and srout the barl against Me; and then I dit nothin out anneymore and further nosing more; Sworn & Subscript the Dey and yeare above ritten before me.... J. P.—Newspaper.
The said ... sait I dit By de hause and I went in de hause at de back winder and den I dit upen de house and Dit take out his forniture and nobotty Dit disstorbe me till I hat his forniture out; I did but it out in de streat Before the house; and then he dit Com Wis a barl and dit nock at the dore that the Dore dit fly open and the molding dit Brack louse[89]and then I dit Wornt him not to come in the hause and not to put anneysing in the hause and he dit put in a barl Into the hause and I did put it out and he dit put it in again and then he did put In two Sisses[90]and srout the barl against Me; and then I dit nothin out anneymore and further nosing more; Sworn & Subscript the Dey and yeare above ritten before me.... J. P.—Newspaper.
The beginning and close follow a legal formula. The PG. idiom which drops the imperfect tense runs through this, in expressions such as 'I did open,' 'I did put,' 'I did warned,' etc.; but as might be expected, the English idiom is also present, in 'I went' and 'he throwed.' Making allowance for reminiscences of English spelling, and the accidents of type, this is an excellent specimen of the phases of English from German organs. It shows that sonants and surds do not always change place, as indid,nobody,disturb,out,that,not,come, which are not necessarily turned intotit,nopotty,tisdurp,oud,dad,nod,gum.[91]
In the foregoing example, the finaltofwent(where some might have expected 'wend'),ditfor 'did,'hatfor 'had,'streat,worntfor 'warned,'put,sroutfor 'throwed,' andsubscript,—is for Latin-AT-US, English-ed, and as this istin German, it is retained by the language instinct, even when represented by 'd,' as ingol-d. Were there not something different from mere accident here, Grimm's Law would be a delusion. Thetofout,disturb, and the first one instreet, is due to the surdsbeside it, or in the Germanausandstrasze.
Inthe,de;then,den;wis;anneysing,nosing;srout, the sonantthbecomesdby glottōsis,[92]and the surd onesby otōsis, ortby glottosis also, and 'nothing' is more likely to become nossing or notting, than nodding—and Englishzis not known to many German dialects. On the other hand,zas the representative of sonantth, is legitimate in the broken English of a Frenchman.
Thepof 'open' and thegof 'against' are influenced by the German formsöffnenandgegen.
In "I dit nothin out annezmore"—anyis made plural, and 'did out' (for the previous 'put out') seems to be a reminiscence of the Germanausthun.
In these ballads Mr. Leland has opened a new and an interesting field in literature which he has worked with great success, for previous writers wanted the definite, accurate knowledge which appears in every page of Hans Breitmann, and which distinguishes a fiction like the Lady of the Lake from afigment like Hiawatha. Here we have an attempt to represent the speech of a large class of Europèan[93]Germans who have acquired English imperfectly, and who must not be confounded with the Pennsylvania German, altho the language of the two may have many points in common.
Apart from their proper function, and under their present spelling, the Breitmann ballads have but little philologic value. Instead of being the representative of an average speech, they contain forms which can hardly occur, even when influenced by the perversity of intentional exaggeration, such as shbeed, shdare, shdory, ghosdt, exisdt, lefdt, quesdions, excepdion, and where the sonantdoccurs beside the surdsh,f, andt, in the lines:—
'De dimes he cot oopsetted11oopsettet.In shdeerin lefdt und righdt.22G. recht.Vas ofdener3as de cleamin shdars43G. öfter4shtarrss.Dat shtud de shky5py6nighdt.'5sky.6G.bei.
In these pages anaveragespeech is assumed as the basis of comparison, and also the average German who does one thing or avoids another in language. In such examples of bad English, surd and sonant (p,b;t,d;k,gay) must be confused, and German words like 'mit' forwith, and 'ding' (rather than 'ting' or 'sing') forthing, may be introduced at discretion, as in Mr. Leland's use ofding,mit,blitzen,erstaunished (for-isht),Himmel,shlog, and others.
When German and English have the same phrase, it should be preserved,book(G.buch) has a sonant initial and a surd final in both languages; a German therefore, who brings his habits of speech into English, will not be likely to call a book aboog,poog, orpook; and Mr. Leland's habits as a German scholar have led him to writebook,beer(andbier),fear,free,drink,denn,trink,stately,plow,born,dokter,togeder,hart(hard),heart,tead(dead),fought,frolic,goot,four,hat(had, hat,—but in the latter sense it should have beenhet),toes,dough(though),tousand,pills, etc. Under this rule, his 'ploot' and 'blood' (G. blut) should have beenblut:—
bennypennydwicetvicepeforebeforeprownbrownblaceplacefifdyfiftypeginbeginpybyblasterplastergisskisspehindbehintprowbrowbreestpriestledletpluebluesedto setcreengreenmighdymightyponebonestreedshtreetdeerstearspack n.backpravebrafeveetfeetdelltellpallbăllprantybrandyvifdeenfifteendentenpeardbeartpreakbreakvinefinedwelvetvelfpecausebecausspringsbringsswidevite
In cases where the two languages do not agree in phase, either phase may be taken, as in 'troo' or 'droo' for Englishthroughwith a surd initial, beside Germandurchwith a sonant; but as German cognate finals are more likely to be surd than sonant (as in lockwouth for logwoodat the end of Ch. I. p. 6),goot,hartandholt, as breitmannish forms, are better thangood,hard, andhold. Mr. Leland practically admits this, as in 'barrick' (G.berg, a hill), which, however, many will take for abarrack.[94]The following have a different phase in German and English:—
day taydoor toor-hood -hootred retding tingdream treamhund- huntertsaid setdirsty tirstydrop tropmiddle mittlesaddle sattledone tonefader faterpad pathdrink trink
butk, and the pure final Germanswould turndtotin 'bridges,' 'brackdise,' 'outsides,' 'holds,' 'shpirids;' it would turngtokin 'rags,' and it makes 'craps' (crabs) correct. The power of Englishzcan scarcely be said to belong to average German, or to the breitmannish dialect; it should therefore bessin 'doozen,' 'preeze' (breeze), and 'phaze.' When it is present it occurs initial, and we have 'too zee' once, against numeroussinitials like see, sea, say, so, soul, six.
The ballads have many irregularities in spelling like—as, ash; is, ish; one, von; two, dwo; dwelf, dwelve, twelve, zwölf (for tvelf); chor, gorus; distants, tisaster; dretful; tredful; eck (the correct form), egg; het, head, headt; groundt, cround, croundt; land, lantlord, Marylandt; shpirid, shpirit, shbirit; drumpet, trumpet; foorst, foost, first, virst; fein, vine; went, vent; old, olt, oldt; teufel, tyfel, tuyfel.
EnglishJis placed in soobjectixe, objectified, jail, jammed, juice, jump (shoomp, choomp); it is represented byshin shoost, shiant, shinglin; bych(correctly) in choin, choy, choke, enchine; byg,dgin change, hedge; and byyin Yane and soobjectifly—which is not objectionable. EnglishChremains in catch, child, chaps (and shaps), fetch, sooch, mooch; and it becomesshin soosh (such), shase, sheek.
EnglishShis proper in shmoke, shmile, shplit, shpill, shpoons, shtart, shtick, shtrike, shtop, shvear; it is omitted in smack, stamp, slept; and it is of doubtful propriety in ash (as), ashk, vash (was), elshe, shkorn, shkare, shky.
EnglishDfinal is often writtendtthat the word may be recognised and the sound oftsecured, as in laidt, roadt, shouldt, vouldt, findt, foundt, roundt (and round), vordt (and vord), obercoadt. Englishedand its equivalents should beetortin broken English, as in loadet, reconet, pe-markt, riset, signet, rollet, seemet, slightet, declaret, paddlet, mate (made), kilt;-edbeing wrong, as in said, coomed, bassed, scared, trinked, smashed, rooshed, bleased.
EnglishF,V,W, receive the worst treatment, and are judged by the eye rather than by speech. Germanfolgenand Englishfolloware turned into 'vollow'; Germanweilis 'vhile' and 'while.' Other examples are wind and vindow; vhen, vhenefer (turning not only Germanv, but Englishvintof), fery forvery,—but svitch, ve (we), veight, vink, are proper. The following example is from 'Schnitzerl's Philosopede'—
'Oh vot ish all1dis eartly pliss?1olinfolly.Oh, vot ish4man's soocksess?22sooccess.Oh, vot is various kinds3of dings?3sturnsdintot.Und vot is4hoppiness?4issorish, not both.Ve find a pank node in de shtreedt,55shtreet.Next[-sht]6dings6der pank ish7preak!6dingss.7drequiresb.Ve folls1und knocks our outsides8in,8G.seit, and finals, requiret.Ven ve a ten-shtrike make.'
FOOTNOTES:[88]A boy in the street in Liverpool (1866) said to a companion—"'e told me to 'old up my 'ands an' I 'eld em up." He did not sayhup,han'hI,hem.[89]Compare with a word in the following note sent to a druggist in Harrisburg, Pa. "Plihs leht meh haf Sohm koh kohs Peryhs ohr Sähmting darhts guht vohr Ah lihttel Dahg Gaht lausse vor meh." [Louseforlooseis common in the north of England. Thus in Peacock's Lonsdale Glossary (published for the Philological Society, 1869) we find: "Louse,adj.(1) loose. O.N.laus, solutus. (2) Impure, disorderly.—v.t.to loose. "Tolowse'em out on t' common" = To let cattle go upon the common.—To be at a louse-end.To be in an unsettled, dissipated state.—Lous-ith'-heft,n.a disorderly person, a spendthrift."—A. J. Ellis.][90]Thetwoshows that this is a plural. When recognised, it will be observed that the law of its formation is legitimate.[91]For the word 'twenty-five,' the speaking and singing machine of the German Faber saidtventy-fife, in imitation of its fabricator, usingtandfbecause they occur in the German word. Similarly, feif forfiveappears in the following joke from an American German newspaper:—"Ein Pennſylvaniſch-Deutſcher hatte zwei Pferde verloren und ſchickte folgende Annonce: Ei loſt mein tu Horſes! Der wonne iſt a Sarrelhors, langen Schwanzthäl, ſchort abgekuthet, aber weederum ausgrown; der annerwonn is bläcker, aber mit four weiht Fieht un en weiſzen Strich in his Fähs. Hu will bring mein tu Horſes bäck to mi, will rezief feif Thalers reward."[92]Hald.Analytic Orthography, § 294.[93]This accent is not wanted for Englishmen of the present day. Noah Webster (Dissertations on the English Language, Boston U.S. 1789, p. 118) says: "Our modern fashionable speakers accentEuropeanon the last syllable but one. This innovation has happened within a few years.... Analogy requiresEuro'peanand this is supported by as good authorities as the other." He adds in a footnote. "Hymeneanandhymenealare, by some writers, accented on the last syllable but one; but erroneously. Other authorities preserve the analogy." Milton hashymenéan, P. L. 4, 711. Milton's line "Epicurean, and the Stoic severe," P. Reg. 4 280, is strange, however the word may be accented; Shakspere's "keep his brain fuming; Epicúrean cooks," A. and C., act 2, sc. 1, sp. 9, v. 24, is distinct enough. If the long diphthong or vowel in Latin were a proper guide, we should have to sayinimī'cal,doctrī'nal,amī'cable. These words are accented on the same plan as those taken from the French. And this would give the commonEurō'pean, which is now strictly tabooed.—A. J. Ellis.[94]The probable breitmannish form of scythes is given in these pages. Compare "Pargerswill, Box [Parkersville, Bucks] Kaundie Pensilfäni."
[88]A boy in the street in Liverpool (1866) said to a companion—"'e told me to 'old up my 'ands an' I 'eld em up." He did not sayhup,han'hI,hem.
[88]A boy in the street in Liverpool (1866) said to a companion—"'e told me to 'old up my 'ands an' I 'eld em up." He did not sayhup,han'hI,hem.
[89]Compare with a word in the following note sent to a druggist in Harrisburg, Pa. "Plihs leht meh haf Sohm koh kohs Peryhs ohr Sähmting darhts guht vohr Ah lihttel Dahg Gaht lausse vor meh." [Louseforlooseis common in the north of England. Thus in Peacock's Lonsdale Glossary (published for the Philological Society, 1869) we find: "Louse,adj.(1) loose. O.N.laus, solutus. (2) Impure, disorderly.—v.t.to loose. "Tolowse'em out on t' common" = To let cattle go upon the common.—To be at a louse-end.To be in an unsettled, dissipated state.—Lous-ith'-heft,n.a disorderly person, a spendthrift."—A. J. Ellis.]
[89]Compare with a word in the following note sent to a druggist in Harrisburg, Pa. "Plihs leht meh haf Sohm koh kohs Peryhs ohr Sähmting darhts guht vohr Ah lihttel Dahg Gaht lausse vor meh." [Louseforlooseis common in the north of England. Thus in Peacock's Lonsdale Glossary (published for the Philological Society, 1869) we find: "Louse,adj.(1) loose. O.N.laus, solutus. (2) Impure, disorderly.—v.t.to loose. "Tolowse'em out on t' common" = To let cattle go upon the common.—To be at a louse-end.To be in an unsettled, dissipated state.—Lous-ith'-heft,n.a disorderly person, a spendthrift."—A. J. Ellis.]
[90]Thetwoshows that this is a plural. When recognised, it will be observed that the law of its formation is legitimate.
[90]Thetwoshows that this is a plural. When recognised, it will be observed that the law of its formation is legitimate.
[91]For the word 'twenty-five,' the speaking and singing machine of the German Faber saidtventy-fife, in imitation of its fabricator, usingtandfbecause they occur in the German word. Similarly, feif forfiveappears in the following joke from an American German newspaper:—"Ein Pennſylvaniſch-Deutſcher hatte zwei Pferde verloren und ſchickte folgende Annonce: Ei loſt mein tu Horſes! Der wonne iſt a Sarrelhors, langen Schwanzthäl, ſchort abgekuthet, aber weederum ausgrown; der annerwonn is bläcker, aber mit four weiht Fieht un en weiſzen Strich in his Fähs. Hu will bring mein tu Horſes bäck to mi, will rezief feif Thalers reward."
[91]For the word 'twenty-five,' the speaking and singing machine of the German Faber saidtventy-fife, in imitation of its fabricator, usingtandfbecause they occur in the German word. Similarly, feif forfiveappears in the following joke from an American German newspaper:—
"Ein Pennſylvaniſch-Deutſcher hatte zwei Pferde verloren und ſchickte folgende Annonce: Ei loſt mein tu Horſes! Der wonne iſt a Sarrelhors, langen Schwanzthäl, ſchort abgekuthet, aber weederum ausgrown; der annerwonn is bläcker, aber mit four weiht Fieht un en weiſzen Strich in his Fähs. Hu will bring mein tu Horſes bäck to mi, will rezief feif Thalers reward."
[92]Hald.Analytic Orthography, § 294.
[92]Hald.Analytic Orthography, § 294.
[93]This accent is not wanted for Englishmen of the present day. Noah Webster (Dissertations on the English Language, Boston U.S. 1789, p. 118) says: "Our modern fashionable speakers accentEuropeanon the last syllable but one. This innovation has happened within a few years.... Analogy requiresEuro'peanand this is supported by as good authorities as the other." He adds in a footnote. "Hymeneanandhymenealare, by some writers, accented on the last syllable but one; but erroneously. Other authorities preserve the analogy." Milton hashymenéan, P. L. 4, 711. Milton's line "Epicurean, and the Stoic severe," P. Reg. 4 280, is strange, however the word may be accented; Shakspere's "keep his brain fuming; Epicúrean cooks," A. and C., act 2, sc. 1, sp. 9, v. 24, is distinct enough. If the long diphthong or vowel in Latin were a proper guide, we should have to sayinimī'cal,doctrī'nal,amī'cable. These words are accented on the same plan as those taken from the French. And this would give the commonEurō'pean, which is now strictly tabooed.—A. J. Ellis.
[93]This accent is not wanted for Englishmen of the present day. Noah Webster (Dissertations on the English Language, Boston U.S. 1789, p. 118) says: "Our modern fashionable speakers accentEuropeanon the last syllable but one. This innovation has happened within a few years.... Analogy requiresEuro'peanand this is supported by as good authorities as the other." He adds in a footnote. "Hymeneanandhymenealare, by some writers, accented on the last syllable but one; but erroneously. Other authorities preserve the analogy." Milton hashymenéan, P. L. 4, 711. Milton's line "Epicurean, and the Stoic severe," P. Reg. 4 280, is strange, however the word may be accented; Shakspere's "keep his brain fuming; Epicúrean cooks," A. and C., act 2, sc. 1, sp. 9, v. 24, is distinct enough. If the long diphthong or vowel in Latin were a proper guide, we should have to sayinimī'cal,doctrī'nal,amī'cable. These words are accented on the same plan as those taken from the French. And this would give the commonEurō'pean, which is now strictly tabooed.—A. J. Ellis.
[94]The probable breitmannish form of scythes is given in these pages. Compare "Pargerswill, Box [Parkersville, Bucks] Kaundie Pensilfäni."
[94]The probable breitmannish form of scythes is given in these pages. Compare "Pargerswill, Box [Parkersville, Bucks] Kaundie Pensilfäni."
Chickis, near Columbia, Pennsylvania,Feb. 16, 1870.