[433]The Dankaba observation is of somewhat doubtful accuracy.[434]The Tanut longitude depends on only one stellar observation for L.M.T.[435]Jean’s longitude for T’in Shaman, which is the site of the French post and therefore also of the rest-house where the Cortier observation was taken, differs so materially from the latter that it cannot be accepted. It is described (like the position he gives for Iferuan) as “d’après F. Foureau,” but I can find no record in the account of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission to justify this statement.[436]My camp at Auderas was situated about 400 yards east of the camp site which the Foureau-Lamy Mission occupied and where, therefore, Foureau’s observation was probably made. This difference accounts for the discrepancy in our longitudes. The Cortier map shows an astronomically fixed point at Auderas which, when measured on the copy in my possession, gives these co-ordinates, but they are not recorded in the table on the second sheet of the map, as are the other positions in Air. Foureau’s latitude is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably smaller than the other four; if this result is omitted from the average, the latitude becomes even higher than it is given in the table.[437]Foureau’s latitude for Iferuan is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably higher than the other four; if this result is omitted the average practically coincides with my observation, which was taken on the identical spot.[438]The altitudes obtained by me from boiling-point observations and aneroid readings are not given; they are numerous but have not been fully worked out.APPENDIX IITHE TRIBAL ORGANISATION OF THE TUAREG OF AIRDivisionI.The People of the King.DivisionII.The Itesan and Kel Geres.DivisionIII.The Kel Owi.DivisionIV.The Tuareg of Damergu.DivisionV.Unidentified tribes, generic names, etc.The work of Barth and Jean has been incorporated in these tables; further reference to these authors is therefore omitted. Alternative name forms from these and other sources are given in brackets below the spelling which has been adopted to conform as far as possible with the rules of the Royal Geographical Society’s Committee on names.(N) and (S) respectively signify “noble” and “servile” tribes.In many cases no territorial identification is given, as tribes have changed their areas very greatly since 1917-18, nor have they settled down permanently to occupy other ranges since then. When Northern Air was cleared by the French patrols, the tribes were moved south, and for the most part they are therefore now in the neighbourhood of Agades, or in the Azawagh or even further south. But they are arranged in a disorderly fashion and are always moving from place to place; any attempt to give their present areas would be fruitless, since they will probably prove to be only temporary. The process of returning north had already commenced in 1922 and has presumably continued since then. Such locations as are given in the tables refer to periods prior to 1917 unless the contrary is stated.The left-hand column gives the name of the original tribal stock so far as it has been possible to trace one. The next column gives the names of the tribes and sub-tribesformed by the original group. It is often impossible to state for certain whether large tribes are still to be described as such, or whether they have become independent tribes with subsidiary clans. Thus the whole classification must be considered approximate. It is designed to carry one stage further the system commenced by Barth, and continued by Jean. Where these two authorities are stated to have made mistakes or to have been inaccurate, the brevity of such phrases, occasioned as it has been by the use of a tabular form of arrangement, does not denote more than an expression of different opinion. It is intended to convey no disparagement, but merely to obviate circumlocution. The remarks in the right-hand column are intended to be read in conjunction with the relevant parts of the text of this book to which they are supplementary.Division I. The People of the King.Group.Tribes and sub-tribes.Notes.1.KelFerwan.KelFerwan(N.).From its present name the group was originally in Iferuan (Ighazar) valley, whence probably expelled to W. and S. by Kel Owi. Original name unknown. Possibly not originally of same stock as others in division, and perhaps immigrant from W. Tribes ranged over S.W. Air, N.W. Damergu, and W. Tegama, but since 1917 nearly all the nobles have settled in Katsina, leaving Imghad in old areas. Great raiders westward. About 4320 souls according to Jean.Irawattan(N.).At T’intabisgi (S. Talak plain). The only “I name” tribe recorded in the group.KelAzel(N.).At T’intabisgi.KelTadele.Large tribe now partially independent of Kel Ferwan group. Described by Jean as servile and by others as noble; explanation being probably that both castes occur as sub-tribes. Apparently originally an Ahaggar tribe which with its Imghad came to Air; if this was due to conquest by an Air tribe, the confusion of status is comprehensible.KelTadele(N.).⎰⎱Talak-Zurika area. They own Zelim and Tuaghet pools in Fadé, a part of which is also theirs. Their chief is Rabidin.Tehammam(S.).Imuzurak(S.).W. Tegama and S.W. Air. Some nobles of this name in Damergu are wrongly described by Jean as Imghad of the Ikazkazan. The Imghad Imuzurak were probably captured from the noble sept.Imuzuran(S.).At T’intabisgi. The name is abusive, meaning “Donkey droppings.” Reputed very fair skinned.Iberdianen(S.)At Araten.(Berdianen)Jekarkaren(S.).At Araten.Igedeyenan(S.).At Azel.(Gedeyenan)(Iguendianna)Isakarkaran(S.).At T’intabisgi. Both names are wrongly given by Jean as separate units.(Zakarkaran)Ideleyen(S.).At T’intabisgi.Ikawkan(S.).Do.Eghbaren(S.).Do.The last eight servile tribes represent nuclei captured in the W. They are of Tuareg, Arab and Moroccan origin, but have been assimilated to the People of the Veil.Ifoghas(S.).Tafadek area. Said by Jean to be Imghad of the Kel Ferwan and to have come from the Kel Antassar stock (unidentified) S. of Timbuctoo. They came to Air about 1860 and settled under the Amenokal; they were allowed to retain noble privileges. Their inclusion in the Kel Ferwan group indicates that the latter may be of W. origin.(Ifadeyen) (?).Believed to be noble. Included by Jean among the Kel Ferwan Imghad, but for a more probable attribution see Div. I. Group 6.2.(KelTadek).No original name is traceable, but that of “Tamgak” is suggested. They were named from the Tidik (or Tadek) valley N. of Tamgak and the Ighazar. One of the oldest tribes in Air. They possessed the country from Agalenge to Tezirzak in Fadé and N. Air. They had the Kel Fares to E. and Kel Tamat to W., and covered area from Temed to just N. of Ighazar. Now scattered all over Air. Their chief is Ahodu of Auderas.KelTadek(N.).Tadek valley and Gissat. Now scattered and in small numbers. Their original name is unknown.KelUmuzut(N.).Agades area, and Damergu. Practically separate from the other tribes in the division.(Kalenuzuk)KelTefgun(N.).At Tefgun mosque, Ighazar. A small personal tribe of Ahodu’s own family; keepers of the mosque for at least five generations.KelAghimmat(?).Probably a sub-tribe of the Kel Tadek.(Kelghimmat)KelTakermus(N.).KelGaret.Garet plain, C. Air. Not to be confused with the Kel Garet of the Kel Geres. From a place S. of Agellal pronounced “Anigara.”KelGaret(N.).KelAniogara(?).KelAnu Wisheran.KelAnuwisheran(N.).At Anu Wisheran, C. Air. Very nomadic and ancient; now in Tegama.KelEzelu(N.).Ezelu valley, S. of above.KelGaret(S.).A fortuitous collection of Imghad in the Garet valley. The existence of two Kel Garet may be compared with the two Kel Garet in Div. II. Group 5, with whom there may be some connection.KelIzirza(N.).Izumzumaten(N.).KelGiga(S.).At Agejir, S. Bagezan. Probably assimilated to the Ittegen.Ittegen(S.).Large Imghad section of the Kel Tadek. Their “I name” is the only one in the Kel Tadek group, and they are probably dependent on some parent tribe, possibly the Kel Giga. They have broken away to form a new tribal group, the modern Kel Bagezan (q.v.sub Kel Owi).(Etteguen)KelAggata(?N.).Have recently joined the Kel Tadek (Groups 3 and 4).3 and 4.ImmikitanandImezegzil.The alternative attribution of many tribes to these two groups makes it difficult to distinguish them apart. The reason for the confusion is that both groups occur in areas predominantly Kel Owi, where they form isolated islands of extraneous people dependent upon the Añastafidet. Both groups were probably in occupation of N.E. Air when Kel Owi arrived; latter proved unable to eliminate them completely, and the remnants consequently fell under their influence and were thus variously described as belonging to one or other division. The two groups perhaps represent a single stock with theImmikitanpredominant, but in later times certainly acquired, as here shown, co-equal status. Immikitan are known to have been among first Tuareg in Air.Immikitan.(Amakeetan)Immikitan(N.).Also calledElmiki. Originally, after immigration, in N. Central Air. Now isolated nuclei of this division live among people of Div. II. There are also Immikitan in Div. IV. Jean has rightly not accepted popular account that they are Kel Owi owing to recent association.KelTegir(N.).At Tegir near Assatartar.(Kel Teguer)KelAssatartar(N.).A geographical synonym for the above.KelAggata.KelAggata(N.).Aggata area. This tribe did not move south after the 1917 episode, and thus became affiliated to Kel Tadek. Their chief is El Haj Saleh at Agades.KelTadenak(N.).Placed by Barth at Tadenak, E. of Agellal, and later by Jean at Intayet on Anu Maqaran valley.(Ikaradan) (S.).Placed by Jean at Aggata, but the word means Tebu in Air Temajegh; the nucleus almost certainly consists of Tebu living near their masters and not a separate tribe.KelMawen(?).Placed by Jean at N’Ouajour, which is probably In Wadjud near Taruaji. No information.(Kel Maouen)(Kel Assarara)Wrongly placed by Jean in this group either on account of confusion with Kel Assatartar or perhaps because Kel Assarara inhabited Assarara area as Immikitan before the arrival of the Kel Owi (see above). The only Kel Assarara to-day in existence are Kel Owi (q. v.).Imezegzil.Originally N. of the Immikitan in the Agwau-Afis-Faodet area before arrival of Kel Owi. Jean thinks only two tribes can be assigned to this group, the Kel Faodet and Kel Tagunar, but others seem to belong. The group is surrounded by Kel Owi, who are especially strong in the originally most important area of the tribe, namely Agwau. They are now all in the Agades area.(Imezegzil) (N.).No independent Imezegzil survive, but its existence is remembered in the Agwau area. Remnants are probably represented by the Kel Afis.KelAfis.(Kel Afess)KelAfis(N.).At Afis, N. Air. They are called the “big men,” the Imezegzil. In the wider geographical term, Kel Afis includes some Kel Owi living in the village. Jean rightly calls Kel Afis a separate tribe which probably represents the oldest part surviving to the Imezegzil.Azanierken(S.).Imghad of the above, but living further W. at Tanutmolet in Ighazar. Their “I name” indicates antiquity, and the fact that the Kel Afis possessed such an old tribe indicates that the latter were the parent stock of group.KelTanutmolet(S.).Izarza.A group of serfs living among Kel Owi at this village, whose population has come to be called Kel Tanutmolet, which is also used as a variant for theAzanierken. I have a note that these Kel Tanutmolet serfs are also called Izarza, which may be a corrupt form for Azanierken. They are now only two or three families.KelFaodet(N.).At Faodet in the upper Ighazar.KelTagunar(?).At Tagunet in the upper Ighazar.5.Imaqoaran.Originally in W. Central Air. Although belonging to a category of the People of the King, they were never much under his authority.Imaqoaran(N.).In the Agellal area. Very small, only five families are said to survive. See Kel Wadigi.(Immakkorhan)(KelAgellal)Are probably in great part Imaqoaran, especially when Kel Agellal is used in a general or geographical sense (cf. Kel Agellal, Div. III. Group 4).KelWadigi.KelWadigi(N,).In Wadigi valley, E. of Agellal. Small unimportant group of recent origin, consisting of Kel Agellal Imaqoaran, Kel Agellal Ikazkazan, and people from Ighazar.KelTefis(N.).At Tefis.KelAreitun(S.).Imghad of above in Areitun village, W. of Anu Wisheran (not the Areitun N. of Agellal).KelSidawet(N. and S.).At Sidawet village. A sedentary group of mixed parentage and doubtful origin. Also ascribed to Izeyyakan, but on account of the established origin of the Kel Agellal Imaqoaran and Kel Zilalet, whose villages are in same area as Sidawet, they are all probably of the same parentage.(Kel Sadaouet)KelZilalet(N. and S.).Zilalet village. Wrongly described as an independent tribe by Jean.6.Both the last are mixed village groups of people of all castes.Ifadeyenand KelFadé.No more information is available than that given in the preceding chapters (see pp.399and400).Division II. The Itesan and Kel Geres.Note: All these tribes are in the Southland, and their present areas are not, therefore, specified.Group.Tribes and sub-tribes.Notes.1.Itesan.Probably one of the original tribes of the Kel Innek who invaded Air from the Chad direction. Being the preponderant tribe in Air, the Itesan were driven from the country by the Kel Owi when the latter arrived. Though now in the Southland, the Itesan still play a prominent rôle in electing the Amenokal of Air.(Kel)T’Sidderak.Named from a group of hills N. of Auderas.KelTagei.“The People of the Dûm Palm,” possibly a totemic name or else derived from name of a valley so-called. There are many such in Air, in particular one N. of Auderas is probably responsible for the name. Not to be confused with the people in Div. III. Group I.(Kel Tagay)(? also Tagayes)KelBagezan.Originally inhabiting the mountains so called. Not to be confused with other later Kel Bagezan.(Kel Maghzen- Kel Bagezan)KelAllaghan.“The People of the Spears.”(Alaren)(Emallarhsen).Probably a misreading for “Im” or “In Allaghan” (where the prefix takes the place of “Kel”), and therefore identical with above.(Itziarrame).Probably a corrupt name, perhaps a mistake for the above.(Kel)Telamse.The second is probably the right form, and is derived from the name of a village and hills near Auderas.(Kel T’ilimsawin)KelMafinet.Named after a valley tributary to the Auderas valley.KelDuga.The second is probably the right form, and is derived from Mount Dogam, N. of Auderas.(Kel Dogam).KelUye.Kel Wadigi, from a valley E. of Agellal, has been suggested as a more correct version. In this case the tribe would more probably belong to the Kel Agellal of the Kel Unnar in Group 3, but the derivation is doubtful.KelManen.Given by Barth as a tribe of the Itesan.Imanen.With the two following tribes they seem to represent the oldest stock of people who invaded Air from the E. These Imanen are obviously of the same stock as the Imanen of the Azger Lemta division of Tuareg in the N.KelInnek.Are given by Barth as a part of the Itesan. While the name may have survived as a tribal name, it is more properly applicable to all the people who came from the E. when Air was invaded. The existence of such a tribe name among the Itesan, whose original name it may have been, is, however, proof of the accuracy of Bello’s statement.Ijanarnen.This tribe is given by Bello as one of those who originally invaded Air from the E. The occurrence of such a tribe in the Itesan group, according to Barth, substantiates the supposition made above and in the body of the book.(Ijaranen)2.Tetmokarak.Tetmokarak.(Tedmukkeren)KelTeghzeren.Kel Teghzeren may be a corruption of “Kel Intirzawen” derived from the name of the Asclepias Gigantica. The Kel Teghzeren appear to be the principal tribe of the Tetmokarak, and are possibly the parent group.KelAzar.Perhaps derived from a place of that name in the upper Anu Maqaran valley, C. Air.(Kel)Ungwa.The origin of the name is doubtful, for “ungwa” seems in Kanuri to mean “village.” The name may be a form of Kel Unnar (see below), another Kel Geres group.(Oung Oua)(Kel Ungwar)Tashel.(Taschell)(Tashil)Isherifan.Of which the Isherifan in Damergu were probably a part.KelAtan.Tegama.See also the People of Tegama in the Damergu group. The two septs are probably of the same stock; they are more fully discussed in the body of the book.Kerfeitei.The second version is perhaps more correct.(? Kel Feitei)(Kel)Ighelaf.From a group of wells in E. Damergu.(Ighlab)Escherha.InardafZerumini.3.KelUnnar.The Kel Ungwa may be the same people, but there is no information.KelUnnar.Tarenkat.Alwalitan.A patronymic, from the common personal name among the Tuareg, Al Wali.Gurfautan.Probably also a patronymic.KelAgellal.From Agellal in C. Air, and not to be confused with the present Kel Agellal (Div. I. Group 5).(Kel Aghellal)KelTaiagaia.?, unless a corruption in the manuscripts of European authors of Kel Agellal.4.KelAnigara.(Kel)Anigara.There are two places called Anigara (Aniogara) near Agellal, and this group might be named from either of them. The present Kel Aniogara are a sub-tribe of the Kel Garet (in Div. I. Group 2).Tafarzas.No information.Zurbatan.Do.Izenan.Do.Tanzar.Do.5.KelGaret.Doubtless originally from the Garet Mts. and plain in C. Air, and not to be confused with the Kel Garet of Div. I., of whom, however, these people may have been a part which moved S. when the Itesan also went.KelGaret.The people originally inhabiting the plain of that name.KelGaret N’Dutsi.I.e.the “Kel Garet of the Mountain,” who lived in the mountains in the same area.Aiawan.No information.Tiakkar.Do.Irkairawan.Do.Tadadawa, KelTamei.These are grouped together, largely perhaps because not enough is known to separate their various tribes. Their tribes are given without comment, as there is little available on record.Tadadawa.? the Tadara of Barth.KelTamel.KelAmarkos.KelIntadeini.Probably from a place Intadeini on the Anu Maqaran, C. Air.KelUfugum.Tegibbut.(Tgibbu)Iburuban.(Iabrubat)Toiyamama.Irmakaraza.Perhaps connected with the name Anu Maqaran.Note.—Barth also gives the following unidentified names of Kel Geres tribes:Kel n’Sattafan(the Black People), which is also the name of the family of the Amenokal according to Bello: this tribe, if it is a tribe at all, may be attributed to the Itesan group;Tilkatine;Taginna;Riaina, andAlhassan.The caste of these tribes is not specified, but all the principal units, at any rate, may be assumed noble. The tribes have simply been enumerated here for purposes of record and comparison. They are not adduced as ethnological material comparable with that provided by the lists of tribes in Divisions I. and III.Division III. The People of the Añastafidet or Kel OwiGroup.Tribes and sub-tribes.Notes.1.Imaslagha.The Kel Azañieres, and therefore the Imaslagha, with the Izeyyakan and Igururan, are said to be the oldest of the Kel Owi division.Imaslagha.KelAzañieres.Kel Azañieres (N.).In the Azañieres mountains.Kel Intirzawen (S.).West of the southern Kel Nugguru in the Intirzawen and T’ilisdak valley, S. of Auderas.KelTaghmeurt(N.).In the Taghmeurt Mts. It has certain unspecified servile tribes.(Tagmart)KelAssarara.In the Assarara and Agwau area, N.E. Air, at the places mentioned. Their chief in Barth’s day was Annur, paramount chief of Air.Kel Assarara (N.).⎫⎪⎪⎬⎪⎪⎭Along the great valley of N.E. Air.Kel Agwau (N.).Kel Igululof (N.).Kel Oborassan (S.).Kel Anu Samed (S.).Kel T’intellust (S.).The last is wrongly placed by Jean in Group 2 with the Kel Tafidet.Igururan(Igururan) (N.).Apparently now extinct in name.KelFares(N.).At Fares N. of Agwau; now near Agades. Their position is confirmed by Barth, but the place is called Tinteyyat. Their original name was probably Igururan, but since the extinction of the parent stock they rank as connected with the Imaslagha group. The “I name” Igururan may have been a group name in the first place.KelZegedan.Name recorded by Barth but not now traceable. May be connected with Kel Bagezan, whose position might be described as 1½ days from T’intellust.Izeyyakan(N.).By some described as People of the King, but placed by Jean, probably rightly, in this group. Formerly a noble portion of the inhabitants of Auderas.Imarsutan(N.).The same considerations as above apply. Wrongly placed at Auderas. Said to have come from unidentified place called Arsu.Imarsutan(N.).A comparatively modern tribe said to have been formed from remnants of the old tribe.KelTagei(S.).Perhaps a totemic name, but readily derived from any place abounding in “dûm palms.” Perhaps but not necessarily a conquered part of Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. Div. II Group 1).(Kel Teget)(? Kel Tintagete)KelErarar.Name means “People of the Plain,” and probably refers to plain N. of T’intellust, near which Barth also places them. Name may therefore be generic and applicable to various sections in group.2.Igermaden.The name is radically connected with Jerma or Garama in the Fezzan.Igermaden.Igermaden(N.).At Ajiru, E. of Bagezan. The people of Belkho, paramount chief of Air after Annur.KelAjiru(N.).Perhaps an alternative name for above, for the sedentary element among them.KelAssatartar(N.).The name of the inhabitants of Assatartar other than the Immikitan element there (see Div. I Groups 3 and 4).(Immikitan(N.)).Of Assatartar; have become to be considered connected with Igermaden owing to propinquity and gradual absorption.(KelTagermat(N.)).Perhaps a confusion for Kel Taghmeurt in Group 1; placed by Barth at unidentified place, Azuraiden, E.N.E. of T’intellust, corresponding roughly with Taghmeurt mountains.Igademawen.Wrongly placed by Jean in Imaslagha group.(Ikademawen)Igademawen(N.).Afasas and Beughqot areas E. of Bagezan. The name suggests analogies to Kel Mawen of Immikitan in Div. I. Groups 3 and 4. Perhaps a part of group was here absorbed as in case of Kel Assartartar.(Kel Mawen?)KelNabaro(?).Nabaro villages near Tabello, E. of Bagezan.KelTafidet(N.).Also given, but wrongly I think, as an independent tribe in this group. Lived in the Tafidet Mts. with unspecified servile tribes.Kel Tafidet.Kel Anfissac.Anfissac well E. of T’imia massif.KelIntirzawen(S.).A part of the same tribe which is also servile to Kel Azañieres in Group 1.KelAgalak(?).Placed by Jean in this group. The name is well known but tribe was not identified by me.Jean also places some Ifadeyen, some Ikazkazan of Garazu in Damergu, and some people with generic name of Kel Ighazar in this group; but he is, I think, mistaken in doing so.3.Imasrodang.In the Ighazar, whence they have acquired the generic name of Kel Ighazar. The latter are placed by Jean in Group 2, but they are certainly a separate stock, namely, the Imasrodang, who are co-equal with Igermaden.KelIghazar.The headman of the group is Abdulkerim, now living at Azzal near Agades, but formerly settled at T’intaghoda.KelT’intaghoda(N.).At T’intaghoda. Reputed to be Holy Men.KelTamgakorImedideran.Some serfs and some free wild men living in Tamgak, historically belonging to, but never subjected by, Kel T’intaghoda. Their status is undefined, for their inherent nobility is recognised.KelElar(N.).⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭All at various points in the Ighazar between Iferuan and Iberkom.KelIberkom(N.).(Kel Abirkom)(Kel Aberkan)KelSeliufet(N.).KelIferuan(N.).Not to be confused with Kel Ferwan in Div. I.KelTedekel(?).Now believed to be extinct. Originally also in Ighazar, but said to have become merged with other clans.(Kel Fedekel)(Fedala)4.Ikazkazan.The tribe as such of this name has disappeared in the various large groups into which it has become divided. It is considered the junior group of the Kel Owi Confederation, the others being called from their chief constituent parts the Kel Tafidet and Kel Azañieres. The use of these territorial names corresponds in the Ikazkazan to the use of the names of the big subgroups, the Kel Tamat, Kel Ulli, etc.KelTamat.A sub-group named from the Tamat acacia tree. It is the great northern sub-group of the Ikazkazan, corresponding with the Kel Ulli in the south. It would include all the northern Ikazkazan had some tribes not broken off to virtual independent status.KelTamat(N.).In part near Agellal, where it has contributed to form Kel Agellal. Also at Ben Guten in W. Air. There is also a section in Damergu under the Kel Ulli grouping.KelTubuzzat(N.).W. Air. In some respects almost independent.KelAgellal(N.).Agellal village. The local tribe of this name is composed of Kel Tamat, or Kel Tubuzzat and of certain People of the King (see Div. I. Group 5).(Kel Wadigi)Formed of certain composite Kel Agellal and other People of the King (see Div. I. Group 5).Ibanderan(? S.)Sakafat in W. Air, and also in S.W. Air.KelLazaret.As above.(Kel Azaret)Igerzawen.Do.Alburdatan(S.).At Auderas.Ifagarwal(? S.).At Issakanan in S.W. Air.(Afaguruel)Adamber.At T’in Wafara, which is unidentified.Azenata.No information.KelTakrizat(N.).At Takrizat in N. Air. Having unspecified servile tribes, including perhaps some of the above.KelTagei(N.).Distinct from Kel Tagei (S.) in Group 1. Possibly, but not necessarily, connected with Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. Div. II. Group 1), W. Air.KelGharus.KelGharus(N.).Gharus valley, Lower Ighazar. Very nomadic and perhaps the largest tribe in Air.Ahaggaren(S.).Talak plain. Serfs of Kel Gharus but, having had a noble origin in the north in Ahaggar, are considered quasi-noble in status.KelTattus.Unidentified.KelUlli.Meaning the “People of the Goats.” Collective name for all the Ikazkazan in S. Air and Damergu.KelUlli.Tegama and Damergu.Imuzurak(S.).Probably a part of older Imuzurak (N.) in Div. IV.(Isherifan(N.)).Holy Men. Gamram area (cf. Div. II. Group 2 and Division IV.).Ifadalen(N.).Damergu.KelTamat(N.).Do. (Cf. above.)The Kel Ulli group, though nominally Ikazkazan and probably including other tribes than those given above, seem to have absorbed a number of early Tuareg in Damergu. Their presence in this group has led to the suspicion that the latter, instead of being absorbed by an extraneous group of Tuareg, namely, the Kel Owi, really represent the true Ikazkazan stock, which was not in truth a Kel Owi family or clan at all, but a mass of people who joined forces with the latter at an early period of their sojourn in Air.5.Independent tribes.Among the Kel Owi there are a number of independent tribes of servile status. Their existence is not paralleled in the other divisions. They owe allegiance, not to any particular noble tribe, but directly to the Añastafidet. They are consequently more emancipated than most Imghad, a phenomenon which confirms the greater cultural development of the Kel Owi.KelNugguru(S.).Divided into two parts. That of the north called the Toshit (part) N’Yussuf in the Assada valley is actually under Ahodu of Auderas. The southern part between Bagezan and Taruaji Mts. is under Khodi, who claims to be headman of Auderas.Kel Idakka.A part of, or synonymous with, one of above.Kel Taferaut.Do.KelBagezan(S.).In Bagezan under Mineru or El Minir. A recent composite tribe, not to be confused with Kel Bagezan in Div. I.Group 1. Made up of Ittegen of Kel Tadek (Div. I. Group 2) and several other elements.Kel Bazezan.Ittegen.KelTowar.A sedentary group, principally of serfs, at Towar, S. Bagezan.KelT’imia(N.).Nobles of various, but all Kel Owi, tribal origins living at T’imia village under Fugda.KelTaranet.Unidentified.KelTafasas.Unidentified, unless the inhabitants of the villages along the Afasas valley, E. of Bagezan.Division IV. The Tuareg of DamerguA. People of the King.B. People of the Añastafidet.Tribe and sub-tribe.Notes.A. People of the King.The oldest tribes in Damergu, as might be expected, are all of the People of the King. They do not belong to any of the Air tribes of this category; like most of the latter, they probably represent the oldest stock of Tuareg in these regions.It has not been possible to identify the names of the stock or stocks to which the tribes belonged, so no larger grouping has been attempted.Ifoghas(N.).The Ifoghas certainly represent a stock as well as a tribe, but it has not been ascertained whether among the Damergu Ifoghas several tribal divisions are recognised, nor whether the under-mentioned tribes were originally of the Ifoghas group. Though very poor and fallen on evil days, they are considered Holy Men, and would be more readily recognised as noble were their state of destitution less severe. They are the Ifuraces of the classics and have related groups in other parts of the Sahara.KelTamizgidda(N.).Meaning the People of the Mosque, Holy Men. Farak area. (See further note below.)(Misgiddan)(? Mosgu)Isherifan(N.).In Damergu since the earliest time. The name is equivalent to “Ashraf,” or Descendants of the Prophet. Gamram area. (See further note below.)“Mallamei.”A name given by Jean. It appears to be a Hausa equivalent of one of the above names, indicating that the tribe is holy.The last three names (probably only two names are really involved) are not really proper names. They are descriptive names connected with the attribution of sanctity to the men of these clans. In view of the well-known application of such a description to the Ifoghas wherever this tribe appears, it is quite justifiable to suppose that these clans, which incidentally are known to have inhabited Damergu from remote times, are really tribes of the Ifoghas stock.Izagaran.(Izagharan) (? N).In Damergu from earliest times.Izarzaran(? N.).Name recorded by Jean.Igdalen(N.).A stock known to have entered these parts with the very first Tuareg to arrive. Subdivisions of this stock are not known unless some of the other Damergu tribes and Air clans previously mentioned must so be classed.S. of Agades, W. Tegama and N. Damergu. Holy Men. Very fair. Said not to carry arms.(Kel Tadek). KelUmuzut(N.).A semi-independent tribe of the Kel Tadek stock (see Div. I. No. 2). N. Damergu.Ifadeyen(N.).Now live in Azawagh and Damergu (see Div. I. No. 6).B. People of the Añastafidet.Ikazkazan.KelUlli.Including various unspecified sub-tribes (N.) and (S.).Ifadalen(S.).Wrongly placed by Jean as an independent tribe in Damergu. They are Holy Men and probably were of the same stock as tribes in category A (above), but at one time were subjected by the Ikazkazan.The Isherifan are wrongly given by Jean as a People of the Añastafidet, probably on the grounds that they were at one time conquered by Belkho, chief of the Igermaden (see Div. III. No. 2).The Ikazkazan and Immikitan of Elakkos are specifically referred to at length in the text of the book.Division VVarious unlocated and unidentified tribes; generic tribal names; more important village groups of mixed origins owing to breakdown of tribal organisation under sedentary conditions.KelAgellal.See Div. I. Group 5 and Div. III. Group 4. Originally an Imaqoaran area, but these, with Ikazkazan of various tribes and people from Ighazar, formed the present Kel Agellal. Principally noble, but also some Imghad. Agellal village.KelZilalet.See Div. I. Group 5. Zilalet village.KelSidawet.Do. Sidawet village.KelAuderas.Principally Kel Aggata (q.v.Div. I. Groups 2 and 4) and KelNugguru(q.v.Div. III. Group 5). All Imghad except three or four families of Kel Aggata and Ahodu’s own dependents from Kel Tadek who came when he was given the chieftainship of the village by the French at the time of the Foureau-Lamy expedition. Auderas village.KelT’imia.All noble Kel Owi, but derived from many different tribes. Present inhabitants occupied village after the Kel T’imia of the Kel Geres went out. T’imia valley. See Div. III. Group 5.KelTowar.Mixed Imghad of Kel Owi with one or two nobles from Kel Bagezan and Imasrodang. Towar village.KelAgades.Not a strict term: only used in a geographical sense. The real inhabitants of Agades are called Emagadezi (videChap. III). Songhai colony left in the sixteenth century, and people from all other tribes make up population, which is principally Imghad. Since 1917, when they lost their camels, many of the Tuareg from N. Air settled in Agades, or in the neighbourhood.KelIn Gall.Population composed of Songhai, Igdalen and some Aulimmiden in addition to Kel Ferwan and Ikazkazan. There are probably some Ifoghas both here and also at the three Tagiddas. In Gall area.Ikaradan.The Temajegh name for the Tebu, of which there are probably several groups in Air captured on raids; notably one group, a part of the Kel Aggata.Izeran.Given by Barth as a tribal name, but as the word (in the correct form, Izghan) means “Kanuri” in Temajegh, the same considerations apply as in the case of the Ikaradan. Many Kanuri groups are known to have been captured on raids.KelIghazar.A generic term for all the tribes living in the Ighazar. They are principally Imasrodang Kel Owi.KelAghil.Given by Barth as Kel Aril. A generic term meaning the “People of the South,” and applied especially to the Kel Geres.KelAtaram.Meaning the “People of the West,” applied especially to the Tuareg and Moors of Timbuctoo, and the Aulimmiden and Tuareg of the Mountain, in the Western Desert.KelInnek.Given by Barth as a tribal name. But it means the “People of the East,” and is similar to the above names.KelT’isemt.(Kel Tecoum) Meaning the “People of the Salt.” According to Jean it is applied to a tribe in the Telwa valley, but appears to be in the nature of a nickname given to people who made the collecting of Agha a trade. It is given to the southern Kel Nugguru generally (q.v.Div. III. Group 5) and to the people of the Tagiddas and the Ifoghas of Damergu. The People of the Tagiddas in any case are probably of the Ifoghas, so that Kel T’isemt may have been the name of a large division of the latter on the analogy of the “Kel Ulli” division of the Ikazkazan.Idemkiun.Seems to be the tribal name of which Tademekka is the feminine form. According to Cortier (Appendix toD’une Rive à l’Autre du Sahara) this tribe survives in Air, but I have been unable to trace the name. They are probably a part of the Tuareg who settled in Air and further west during the very first migrations which took place.KelTalak.A generic name for all the tribes which roam about the Talak plain.
[433]The Dankaba observation is of somewhat doubtful accuracy.[434]The Tanut longitude depends on only one stellar observation for L.M.T.[435]Jean’s longitude for T’in Shaman, which is the site of the French post and therefore also of the rest-house where the Cortier observation was taken, differs so materially from the latter that it cannot be accepted. It is described (like the position he gives for Iferuan) as “d’après F. Foureau,” but I can find no record in the account of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission to justify this statement.[436]My camp at Auderas was situated about 400 yards east of the camp site which the Foureau-Lamy Mission occupied and where, therefore, Foureau’s observation was probably made. This difference accounts for the discrepancy in our longitudes. The Cortier map shows an astronomically fixed point at Auderas which, when measured on the copy in my possession, gives these co-ordinates, but they are not recorded in the table on the second sheet of the map, as are the other positions in Air. Foureau’s latitude is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably smaller than the other four; if this result is omitted from the average, the latitude becomes even higher than it is given in the table.[437]Foureau’s latitude for Iferuan is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably higher than the other four; if this result is omitted the average practically coincides with my observation, which was taken on the identical spot.[438]The altitudes obtained by me from boiling-point observations and aneroid readings are not given; they are numerous but have not been fully worked out.
[433]The Dankaba observation is of somewhat doubtful accuracy.
[433]The Dankaba observation is of somewhat doubtful accuracy.
[434]The Tanut longitude depends on only one stellar observation for L.M.T.
[434]The Tanut longitude depends on only one stellar observation for L.M.T.
[435]Jean’s longitude for T’in Shaman, which is the site of the French post and therefore also of the rest-house where the Cortier observation was taken, differs so materially from the latter that it cannot be accepted. It is described (like the position he gives for Iferuan) as “d’après F. Foureau,” but I can find no record in the account of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission to justify this statement.
[435]Jean’s longitude for T’in Shaman, which is the site of the French post and therefore also of the rest-house where the Cortier observation was taken, differs so materially from the latter that it cannot be accepted. It is described (like the position he gives for Iferuan) as “d’après F. Foureau,” but I can find no record in the account of the proceedings of the Foureau-Lamy Mission to justify this statement.
[436]My camp at Auderas was situated about 400 yards east of the camp site which the Foureau-Lamy Mission occupied and where, therefore, Foureau’s observation was probably made. This difference accounts for the discrepancy in our longitudes. The Cortier map shows an astronomically fixed point at Auderas which, when measured on the copy in my possession, gives these co-ordinates, but they are not recorded in the table on the second sheet of the map, as are the other positions in Air. Foureau’s latitude is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably smaller than the other four; if this result is omitted from the average, the latitude becomes even higher than it is given in the table.
[436]My camp at Auderas was situated about 400 yards east of the camp site which the Foureau-Lamy Mission occupied and where, therefore, Foureau’s observation was probably made. This difference accounts for the discrepancy in our longitudes. The Cortier map shows an astronomically fixed point at Auderas which, when measured on the copy in my possession, gives these co-ordinates, but they are not recorded in the table on the second sheet of the map, as are the other positions in Air. Foureau’s latitude is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably smaller than the other four; if this result is omitted from the average, the latitude becomes even higher than it is given in the table.
[437]Foureau’s latitude for Iferuan is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably higher than the other four; if this result is omitted the average practically coincides with my observation, which was taken on the identical spot.
[437]Foureau’s latitude for Iferuan is based upon five observations, one of which is appreciably higher than the other four; if this result is omitted the average practically coincides with my observation, which was taken on the identical spot.
[438]The altitudes obtained by me from boiling-point observations and aneroid readings are not given; they are numerous but have not been fully worked out.
[438]The altitudes obtained by me from boiling-point observations and aneroid readings are not given; they are numerous but have not been fully worked out.
THE TRIBAL ORGANISATION OF THE TUAREG OF AIR
DivisionI.The People of the King.
DivisionII.The Itesan and Kel Geres.
DivisionIII.The Kel Owi.
DivisionIV.The Tuareg of Damergu.
DivisionV.Unidentified tribes, generic names, etc.
The work of Barth and Jean has been incorporated in these tables; further reference to these authors is therefore omitted. Alternative name forms from these and other sources are given in brackets below the spelling which has been adopted to conform as far as possible with the rules of the Royal Geographical Society’s Committee on names.
(N) and (S) respectively signify “noble” and “servile” tribes.
In many cases no territorial identification is given, as tribes have changed their areas very greatly since 1917-18, nor have they settled down permanently to occupy other ranges since then. When Northern Air was cleared by the French patrols, the tribes were moved south, and for the most part they are therefore now in the neighbourhood of Agades, or in the Azawagh or even further south. But they are arranged in a disorderly fashion and are always moving from place to place; any attempt to give their present areas would be fruitless, since they will probably prove to be only temporary. The process of returning north had already commenced in 1922 and has presumably continued since then. Such locations as are given in the tables refer to periods prior to 1917 unless the contrary is stated.
The left-hand column gives the name of the original tribal stock so far as it has been possible to trace one. The next column gives the names of the tribes and sub-tribesformed by the original group. It is often impossible to state for certain whether large tribes are still to be described as such, or whether they have become independent tribes with subsidiary clans. Thus the whole classification must be considered approximate. It is designed to carry one stage further the system commenced by Barth, and continued by Jean. Where these two authorities are stated to have made mistakes or to have been inaccurate, the brevity of such phrases, occasioned as it has been by the use of a tabular form of arrangement, does not denote more than an expression of different opinion. It is intended to convey no disparagement, but merely to obviate circumlocution. The remarks in the right-hand column are intended to be read in conjunction with the relevant parts of the text of this book to which they are supplementary.
Note: All these tribes are in the Southland, and their present areas are not, therefore, specified.
Note.—Barth also gives the following unidentified names of Kel Geres tribes:Kel n’Sattafan(the Black People), which is also the name of the family of the Amenokal according to Bello: this tribe, if it is a tribe at all, may be attributed to the Itesan group;Tilkatine;Taginna;Riaina, andAlhassan.
The caste of these tribes is not specified, but all the principal units, at any rate, may be assumed noble. The tribes have simply been enumerated here for purposes of record and comparison. They are not adduced as ethnological material comparable with that provided by the lists of tribes in Divisions I. and III.
A. People of the King.
B. People of the Añastafidet.
Various unlocated and unidentified tribes; generic tribal names; more important village groups of mixed origins owing to breakdown of tribal organisation under sedentary conditions.